Engine Gas Dynamics

Lesson 6 –Flow with Friction

 12–6 ■ ADIABATIC DUCT FLOW WITH
FRICTION (FANNO FLOW)
Wall friction associated with high-speed flow through short devices with
large cross-sectional areas such as large nozzles is often negligible,
and flow through such devices can be approximated as being
frictionless.
But wall friction is significant and should be considered when studying
flows through long flow sections, such as long ducts, especially when
the cross-sectional area is small.
In this section we consider compressible flow with significant wall friction
but negligible heat transfer in ducts of constant cross-sectional area.
Consider steady, one-dimensional, adiabatic flow of an ideal gas with
constant specific heats through a constant-area duct with significant
frictional effects.
Such flows are referred to as Fanno flows.

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 1V1   2V2  V  constant Continuity equation
x-Momentum
equation

F T2 P2 Entropy
P1  1V1  P2   2V2 
2 2 friction s  s  c  ln   R  ln   0
2 1 p
T P change
A 1 1

V12 V22 V2
h1   h2   h01  h02  h0  h   constant Energy
2 2 2 equation

h  c p T For an ideal gas

V12 V22
T1   T2   T01  T02 
2c p 2c p
V2
T0  T   constant
2c p
P1 P2
Control volume for adiabatic flow in  Equation
a constant-area duct with friction. 1T1  2T2 of state
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 Consider a gas with known properties R, k, and cp. For a specified inlet
state 1, the inlet properties P1, T1, 1, V1, and s1 are known. The five
exit properties P2, T2, 2, V2, and s2 can be determined from the above
equations for any specified value of the friction force Ffriction.

T-s diagram for adiabatic

frictional flow in a constant-
area duct (Fanno flow).
Numerical values are for air
with k = 1.4 and inlet
conditions of T1 = 500 K, P1 =
600 kPa, V1 = 80 m/s, and an
assigned value of s1 = 0.

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 From the Fanno line and the equations
1. All the states that satisfy the conservation of mass, momentum, and
energy equations as well as the property relations are on the Fanno line.
2. Friction causes entropy to increase, and thus a process always
proceeds to the right along the Fanno line. At the point of maximum
entropy, the Mach number is Ma = 1. All states on the upper part of the
Fanno line are subsonic, and all states on the lower part are supersonic.
3. Friction increases the Mach number for subsonic Fanno flow, but
decreases it for supersonic Fanno flow.
4. The energy balance requires that stagnation temperature remain
constant during Fanno flow. But the actual temperature may change.
Velocity increases and thus temperature decreases during subsonic
flow, but the opposite occurs during supersonic flow.
5. The continuity equation indicates that density and velocity are inversely
proportional. Therefore, the effect of friction is to decrease density in
subsonic flow (since velocity and Mach number increase), but to
increase it in supersonic flow (since velocity and Mach number
decrease).
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 Friction causes the
Mach number to
increase and the
temperature to
decrease in subsonic
Fanno flow, but it does
the opposite in
supersonic Fanno flow.
The effects of friction on the properties of Fanno flow
Property Subsonic Supersonic
Velocity, V Increase Decrease
Mach number, Ma Increase Decrease
Stagnation temperature, T0 Constant Constant
Temperature, T Decrease Increase
Density, ρ Decrease Increase
Stagnation pressure, P0 Decrease Decrease
Pressure, P Decrease Increase
Entropy, s Increase Increase

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 Property Relations for Fanno Flow
Differential control volume for adiabatic
flow in a constant-area duct with friction.
Continuity equation
d dV
  dV  V  d   0  
 V
x-Momentum equation

PAc   P  dP  A   Ffriction  m V  dV   mV

 Ffriction
dPA   Ffriction   AV  dV or dP   V  dV  0
A
 fx 2  4A f x  A dx V 2 f x
 Ffriction   w  dAs   w   p  dx    V     dx     V   dP 
2
 dx  V  dV  0
 8  Dh 2 Dh 2 Dh
1 dP fx dV
2
      dx  0
kMa P 2 Dh V

Energy equation
 k 1  dT 2  k  1 Ma 2 dMa
T0  T  1   Ma 2   constant 
 2  T 2   k  1 Ma 2 Ma
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 Substitute Mach number for Velocity
dV dMa 1 dT
2V  dV  2MakRT  dMa  kRMa  dT    2
   
V Ma 2 T
V2 V2
2V  dV  2 dMa  dT
Ma T
dV dMa
 
 k  1 Ma 2 dMa
  or
dV

2
 
dMa
V Ma 2   k  1 Ma Ma
2
V 2   k  1 Ma Ma
2

Assume Ideal gas

dP dT d 
 dP   R  dT  RT  d    
P T 
dP dT dV dP

2  2  k  1 Ma 2
dMa
   
P T V P 2   k  1 Ma 2
Ma
fx 4 1  Ma 2 
 dx    dMa
Dh kMa  2   k  1 Ma 
3  2

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 Determining
In 1933 Nikuradse (Prandtl’s student) glued grains of sand of known size to inside of pipes

Colebrook Equation

Moody Chart – Graphical Representation of Colebrook Equation

Laminar flow: =16/Re

Turbulent flow 
4f
Increasing wall 
roughness
Smooth pipe

Re
Haaland Correlation = ±2% Colebrook Equation (most of area)

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 Moody Chart, Fig A-12 Cengel

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 fL * 1  Ma 2 k  1
   ln 
 k  1 Ma 2
Dh kMa 2
2k 2   k  1 Ma 2
fL  fL *  fL *
 
Dh  Dh  1  Dh  2


1  6.9   /D  
1.11

 1.8 log    
f  Re  3.7 
1/2
P 1  k 1 

P * Ma  2   k  1 Ma 2 
T k 1
 The length L* represents the distance
T * 2   k  1 Ma 2 between a given section where the
1/2 Mach number is Ma and a real or
V *  k 1 
  Ma  imaginary section where Ma* = 1.
V*   2   k  1 Ma 
2

 k 1 /  2 k 1
P0 0 1  2   k  1 Ma 
2

 *  
P0  0 Ma 
*
k 1 

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 Choked Fanno Flow
Friction causes subsonic Fanno
flow in a constant-area duct to
accelerate toward sonic
velocity, and the Mach number
becomes exactly unity at the
exit for a certain duct length.
This duct length is referred to as
the maximum length, the
sonic length, or the critical
If duct length L is greater than L,
length, and is denoted by L*.
supersonic Fanno flow is always
sonic at the duct exit. Extending the
duct will only move the location of
the normal shock further upstream.

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 Apply to SI_4cyl_Basic.gtm
Set Exhaust to Adiabatic
Roughness Cast Iron = 0.26 mm
L = 250 mm
D = 38 mm
Roughness/Dia = 0.00684
Re = 34425
= 0.0355

L/Dh = 0.0355*0.250/0.038 = 0.234

Ma1 (max GT-Power) = 0.497 𝑓𝐿 ∗ 1 − Ma 𝑘+1 𝑘 + 1 Ma
L*/Dh1 (Ma = 0.5) = 1.069 𝐷
=
𝑘Ma
+
2𝑘
ln
2 + 𝑘 − 1 Ma
So not choked
𝑓𝐿 𝑓𝐿 ∗ 𝑓𝐿 ∗
L*/Dh2 = 1.069 - 0.234 = 0.836 = −
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷

Ma2 = 0.532 𝑓𝐿 ∗ 1 − Ma 𝑘+1 𝑘 + 1 Ma

= + ln
𝐷 𝑘Ma 2𝑘 2 + 𝑘 − 1 Ma
GT-Power Ma2 = 0.64 (51 mm discretization length)
P02/P0*= 1.283 P01/P0* = 1.346, P02/P01 = 0.953
GT-Power P02/P01 = 0.987333215
www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~devenpor/aoe3114/calc.html
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 Homework Q & A
• Simulation for Lesson 4 & 6 is time based (continuous)
• Use air2, not combustion air
• My results:

Discretization Length (mm) 40 20 10 5 2 1

EGR Mass Flow (g/s) 38.46 36.46 35.78 35.46 35.23 35.15
Percent difference from previous run 2.7% 0.9% 0.5% 0.3% 0.1%
Total Mass Flow (g/s) 683.8 675.5 672.7 671.4 670.4 670.1
EGR % of Total 5.6% 5.4% 5.3% 5.3% 5.3% 5.2%

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 Homework Q & A
• Lesson 6 plots should be Mach Number vs Duct Position

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 Homework Q & A
• Unfortunately, GT-Power won’t make this plot for you
• This is where you get the data for plot

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 • Stagnation properties Summary
• One-dimensional isentropic flow
• Variation of fluid velocity with flow area
• Property relations for isentropic flow of ideal gases
• Isentropic flow through nozzles
• Converging nozzles
• Converging–diverging nozzles
• Shock waves and expansion waves
• Normal shocks
• Oblique shocks
• Prandtl–Meyer expansion waves
• Duct flow with heat transfer and negligible friction (Rayleigh flow)
• Property relations for Rayleigh flow
• Choked Rayleigh flow
• Adiabatic duct flow with friction (Fanno flow)
• Property relations for Fanno flow
• Choked Fanno flow

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