lOMoARcPSD|4172617

Exam 2013, questions and answers - final exam

Mathematics 2A (Griffith University)

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Question 1 [12 marks in total]

(a) C is the curve defined by the equation y = x 3 , starting at x = 0 and finishing at x = 1 . F is a

vector field defined=
as F 5 x 2 y i + 6 xy j . Calculate ∫ F ⋅ d r . [6 marks]
C

r = xi + y j = xi + x3 j so that d=
r dxi + 3 x 2 dx j
F = 5 x 2 y i + 6 xy j = 5 x 2 x3 i + 6 xx3 j = 5 x5 i + 6 x 4 j
Fd r =
(5 x5 i + 6 x 4 j)(dxi + 3 x 2 dx j) =5 x5 dx + 18 x 6 dx

x =1 5 18 143
∫ Fd r = ∫ (5 x + 18 x )dx = [ x 6 + x 7 ]10 =
5 6

c x =0 6 7 42

(b) For the curve described by the position vector: r =

t 2 i − t sin(2t ) j − cos(t )k
π
Find the tangent/velocity vector at t = . [3 marks]
2

dr
= i
d t2( ) −j
d ( t sin(2t ) )
−k
d ( cos(t ) )
2t i {sin(2t ) + 2t cos(2t )} j + sin(t )k
=−
dt dt dt dt
dr π
= π i − {sin(π) + π cos(π)} j + sin( )k= π i + π j + k
dt t = π 2
2

(c) A scalar field f is described by the equation f ( x, y, z ) =3 + x 2 − 3 xyz + cos( yz ) . Find the
π
gradient vector for this field at point (2, 1, ). [3 marks]
2
∂f ∂f ∂f
∇f= i + j + k
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂f
= 0 + 2 x − 3 yz + 0 = 2 x − 3 yz and
∂x
∂f
=+0 0 − 3 xz − z sin( yz ) = − 3 xz − z sin( yz ) .
∂y
∂f
= 0 + 0 − 3 xy − y sin( yz ) =− 3 xy − y sin( yz )
∂z

So ∇f = ( 2 x − 3 yz )i − (3 xz + z sin( yz )) j − (3 xy + y sin( yz ))k

π
the gradient vector for this field at point (2, 1, )
2
π π π π π
∇f = ( 2 × 2 − 3 ×1× )i − (3 × 2 × + sin(1× )) j − (3 × 2 × 1 + 1× sin(1× ))k
2 2 2 2 2
 3π   π  3π  7π
=4−  i −  3π +  j − ( 6 + 1) k =
4− i − j − 7k
 2   2  2  2

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Question 2 [12 marks in total]

(a) (i) Does the power series method apply to the ordinary differential equation
d2y dy
2
+ 2 x + y =?0 Explain why.
dx dx

Solution: Yes – the coefficient of the 2nd derivative is 1 (standard form). The coefficients of
dy/dx and y are finite at x = 0 and have derivatives.

d2y dy
(ii) Use the power series method to find the general solution of 2
+ 2x + y = 0 up to
dx dx
the x 4 term.
[8 marks]

Solution ----Start with y ( x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3 + a4 x 4 + a5 x 5 + a6 x 6 ..... .

Then get y ( x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3 + a4 x 4 + a5 x 5 + a6 x 6 .....

dy
=a1 + 2a2 x + 3a3 x 2 + 4a4 x 3 + 5a5 x 4 + 6a6 x 5 + .....
dx
d2y
2
= 2a2 + 6a3 x + 12a4 x 2 + 20a5 x 3 + 30a6 x 4 .....
dx
d2y
So 2
= 2a2 + 6a3 x + 12a4 x 2 + 20a5 x 3 + 30a6 x 4 .....
dx
dy
2x = 2a1 x + 4a2 x 2 + 6a3 x 3 + 8a4 x 4 + 10a5 x 5 + .....
dx

y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3 + a4 x 4 + a5 x 5 + a6 x 6 .....

Add up these terms to get total coefficients of different terms

a0
Constant term 2a2 + a0 =
0  a2 = −
2
1
Coefficient of x 6a3 + 2a1 + a1 = 6a3 + 3a1 = 0  a3 = − a1
2

5
Coefficient of x 2 12a4 + 4a2 + a2 = 12a4 + 5a2 = 0  a4 = − a2
12
5
So a4 = a0
24

a0 2 a1 3 5
The solution is y = a0 + a1 x − x − x + a0 x 4 + .....
2 2 24

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d2y dy
(b) (i) Solve the differential equation 2
+ 2 + 2y =
0 for the initial conditions
dt dt
y (0) = 1 and y '(0) = 0 .
(ii) Is the system under-damped or over damped? (Explain your answer)
[4 marks]

Solution
d2y dy
First get the general solution of 2
+ 2 + 2y =0
dx dx

This is constant coefficient, 2nd order linear DE – so trying solution y = ekx yields the characteristic
equation k 2 + k + 2 =0 for the DE. This gives

−2 ± (2) 2 − 4 × 2 ×1 −2 ± −4 −2 ± 2i
k = = = = −1 ± i
2 ×1 2 2

=
Recall that e− x ± i x =
e − x e ±ix e − x {cos( x) ± i sin( x)}
Therefore the general solution is:

=y A e− x cos( x) + B e− x sin( x)

Applying boundary conditions:

y (0) = 1
1 = A e−0 cos(0) + B e−0 sin(0) = A

y '(0) = 0 .

dy
dx
{ } {
= A −e − x cos( x) − e − x sin( x) + B − e − x sin( x) + e − x cos( x) }
{ } {
0 =A −e0 cos(0) − e0 sin(0) + B − e0 sin(0) + e0 cos(0) =− A + B =0 }
Therefore A = 1, B = 1, therefore:

=y e − x cos( x) + e − x sin( x)

For the characteristic equation k 2 + k + 2 =0 we have b 2 − 4ac =(2) 2 − 4 ×1× 2 =−4 < 0 ,
therefore the system is under damped.

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Question 3 [12 marks in total]

(a) Suppose that a function f (t ) is a periodic function with a period of 2. Write the Fourier
expansion for this function.

State the formulas used to compute the a and b coefficients in the expansion.
[2 marks]

Solution:
The general formula for Fourier expansion is
∞
  2π   2π  
a0 + ∑  an cos 
f (t ) = nt  + bn sin  nt  
n =1   T   T 
substitute T = 2 to get:

∞
a0 + ∑ ( an cos (π nt ) + bn sin (π nt ) )
f (t ) =
n =1

General formulae for coefficients are:

 2π   2π 
T T T
1 2 2
= a0 = ∫
T 0
f (t )dt ; an ∫
T 0
f (t ) cos  =
 T
nt  dt ; bn

∫
T 0
f (t ) sin 
 T
nt  dt


substitute T = 2 to get:

2 2 2
1
(π nt ) dt; bn ∫ f (t ) sin (π nt ) dt
2 ∫0 ∫
=a0 = f (t )dt ; an f (t ) cos=
0 0

(b) One period of a function f (t ) is defined by

1, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
f (t ) = 
0, 1 < t < 2

Draw a graph of this function between −2 and +6. [1 mark]

Solution:

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(c) Calculate the Fourier coefficient a0 for f (t ) . [1 mark]

Solution:
2 1 2
1 1 1
=a0
20∫ f=
(t )dt
20∫ 1dt + ∫ 0dt =
21

1
a0 = (note that this is the average value for the function f(t))
2

(d) Find a formula for the Fourier coefficients bn of f (t ) for integer n > 0.
Use this to find the values of b3 , b4 . [3 marks]
Solution:
2 1 2
bn = ∫ f (t ) sin (π nt ) dt = ∫ 1× sin (π nt ) dt + ∫ 0 × sin (π nt ) dt
0 0 1

1
 1  1
 − nπ cos (π nt )  =
= − cos (π n ) − cos 0 
nπ 
0

1
= 1 − cos (π n ) 
nπ 

1 1 2 1 1
=
b3 [1 − cos 3=
π] [1 − (−=
1) ] ; b= [1 − cos 4π=] [1 − 1=] 0;
3π 3π 3π 4π 4π
4

(e) A function g (t ) is defined by

e , t ≥ 0
−2 t

g (t ) =  2t
−e , t < 0

Calculate the Fourier transform of g(t), simplify the expression as far as possible.
[3 marks]
Solution:
∞ 0 ∞ 0 ∞

∫ ( −e ) e dt + ∫ e e dt = − ∫ e( 2 ik )t dt + ∫ e −( 2 + ik )t
∫ f (t )e dt =
− ikt − ikt −2 t − ikt −
f (k ) = 2t
dt
−∞ −∞ 0 −∞ 0

0 ∞
 1 ( 2−ik )t   1 
e ( 2 ik )t  =
− +
= − e  +  −
 2 − ik  −∞  2 + ik 0
1  1  2ik
=− −−  =−
2 − ik  2 + ik  4 + k2

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1, − 1 ≤ t ≤ 1
(f) A function h(t ) is defined by h(t ) =  The Fourier transform of h(t) is
0, otherwise
2sin k
h (k ) = . Use stretch or shift theorems to calculate the Fourier transform of f(t) that
k
1, − 0.5 ≤ t ≤ 0.5
is defined by f (t ) =  [2 marks]
0, otherwise
Solution:

Comparison of h(t) with f(t) yields: f (t ) = h(2t )

1 k
Using stretch theorem for Fourier transform: (If f (t ) = h(ct ) then f (k ) = h( ) )
c c

k k
2sin 2sin
1 k 1 2 2
=
f (k ) =h( ) =
2 2 2 k k
2

Question 4 [12 marks in total]

∂ 2u 1 ∂ 2u
(a) The one dimensional wave equation = has a following travelling wave
∂x 2 c 2 ∂t 2
solution u ( x, t ) = f ( x − ct ) + f ( x + ct ) . Show that this solution satisfies an initial condition
∂u ( x, t )
= 0 when t = 0. When c = 1 and the second initial condition is u ( x, 0) = 4e − x , find
2

∂t
the solution that satisfies both initial conditions. Sketch the solution for t = 2, indicating
important parameters on the graph. [3 marks]

Solution:

∂u ( x, t ) ∂
Find: = [ f ( x − ct ) + f ( x + ct ) ] = −cf ( x − ct ) + cf ( x + ct ) , therefore:
∂t ∂t
∂u ( x, t )
= − cf ( x − 0) + cf ( x + 0) = 0 , as required
∂t t =0

From another boundary condition: u ( x, 0) = f ( x − 0) + f ( x + 0)= 2 f ( x)= 4e − x

2

therefore: f ( x) = 2e − x ,
2

and for c = 1 the travelling wave solution is:

−( x −t ) −( x + t )
2 2
=
u ( x, t ) 2e + 2e
−( x − 2 ) −( x + 2 )
2 2
For t = 2 =
u ( x, 2) 2e + 2e and the plot of this function is:

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(b) The separated solutions of the 1D wave equation are solutions of the form X ( x)T (t ) . The
possible separated solutions are listed below.
X ( x) = sin(kx), cos(kx) or a mixture of these terms
T (t ) = sin(kct ), cos(kct ) or a mixture of these terms

X ( x) = e k x , e − k x or a mixture of these terms

T (t ) = e k ct , e − k ct or a mixture of these terms

X ( x) = 1, x or a mixture of these terms

T (t ) = 1, t or a mixture of these terms

Suppose that a guitar string has length π and that the boundary conditions are
u (=
x, t ) =
0, x 0 and that u ( x=, t) =
0, x π

(i) What are the boundary conditions for X ( x) ?

(ii) Find the separated solutions that can match these boundary conditions.
Explain carefully why you reject some solutions and how you use the boundary
conditions.

[6 marks]
Solution:
(i)
Have: u (0, t ) = 0 and u (π , t ) = 0 , therefore using u ( x, t ) = X ( x)T (t ) get: X (0)T (t ) = 0 and
X (π )T (t ) = 0 , as T (t ) ≠ 0 , get X (0) = 0 and X (π ) = 0

(ii) Need to consider 3 cases:

1) X ( x) = sin(kx), cos(kx) or a mixture of these terms that = is X ( x) A cos(kx) + B sin(kx)

but X (0) = 0 = A cos(0) + B sin(0) = A ×1 + B × 0 = A , therefore A = 0 and X ( x) = B sin(kx) .
The second BC is : X (π ) = 0 →
= X (π ) B=
sin(kπ ) 0 , as B ≠ 0 , then k must be such that:
sin(kπ ) = 0
Therefore kπ = nπ or k = n where n = 1, 2, 3,... and X n ( x) = Bn sin(nx) ,
the corresponding T (t=
) is Tn (t ) Dn sin(nct ) + En cos(nct )

2) X ( x) = e k x , e − k x or a mixture of these terms that is X=

( x) Ae kx + Be − kx
as X (0) =0 =Ae0 + Be0 =A ×1 + B ×1 =A + B ⇒ B =− A
=
X ( x) A ( e kx − e − kx )
7

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The second BC is : X (π ) = 0 → X (π ) = A ( e kπ − e − kπ ) = 0 , as e kπ − e − kπ ≠ 0 for k>0 we are forced

to assume A=0 , but then X ( x) = 0 , this is a trivial solution.

3) X ( x) = 1, x or a mixture of these terms that is X ( x= ) Ax + B

as X (0) = 0 = A × 0 + B = B ⇒ B = 0
X ( x) = Ax
The second BC is : X (π ) = 0 → X (π= π 0 , as π ≠ 0 we are forced to assume A=0 , but then
) A=
X ( x) = 0 , this is a trivial solution.

∞
The general solution=
therefore is: u ( x, t ) ∑{a
n =1
n sin(nx) cos(nct ) + bn sin(nx) sin(nct )}

(c) Calculate the following integrals:

7
(i) ∫ t [3δ (t − 1) + δ (t + 2) + δ (t − 3π )] dt
0
∞
π
(ii) ∫ sin t δ (t − 6 ) dt
−∞
[3 marks]
Solution:

(i) Note that the second and the third delta-functions are outside the integration range (-2<0 and
3π > 7 ), so
7 7 7 7

∫ t [3δ (t − 1) + δ (t + 2) + δ (t − 3π )] dt= 3∫ tδ (t − 1)dt + ∫ tδ (t + 2)dt + ∫ tδ (t − 3π )dt

0 0 0 0

= 3 ×1 + 0 + 0 = 3

∞
π π 1
(ii) ∫ sin t δ (t − 6 ) dt = sin 6
−∞
=
2

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