Report Stage2

Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 2015 Course
A Project Stage-II Report on
Manufacturing of a Container using Bio-Composite

Material
By
Mr. Shubham Gunnal Exam. Seat No.71614090L
Mr. Nikhil Maccha Exam. Seat No.71712426G
Mr. Sandip Rathod Exam. Seat No.71712684G
Guide
Prof. R. N. Khachane
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Sinhgad Technical Education Society’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering

[2019-20]
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering , BE (Mechanical Engineering)

Sinhgad Technical Education Society’s
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
Mr. Shubham Gunnal Exam. Seat No.71614090L

Mr. Nikhil Maccha Exam. Seat No.71712426G
Mr. Sandip Rathod Exam. Seat No.71712684G,
have successfully completed the Project Stage – I entitled “Manufacturing of a
Container using Bio-Composite Material” under my supervision, in the partial
fulfilment of Bachelor of Engineering-Mechanical Engineering of Savitribai Phule
Pune University.
Date: - Seal
Place: - Pune
Prof. R. N. Khachane Prof…………….

Guide External Examiner
Dr. N.P. Sherje Dr. A.V. Deshpande

Head of Department Principal

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to thank all those who have contributed in successful completion
of this Project Stage -1 work. I would like to express my sincere thanks to my guide
Prof. R. N. Khachane who have encouraged me to work on this topic and provided
valuable guidance wherever required. I also extend my gratitude to Dr. N. P. Sherje
(H.O.D Mechanical Department) who has provided facilities to explore the subject
with more enthusiasm.
I express my immense pleasure and thankfulness to all the teachers and staff of the
Department of Mechanical Engineering of Smt. Kashibai Navale College of
Engineering for their co-operation and support.
Mr. Shubham Gunnal Sign.……………….
Mr. Nikhil Maccha Sign.……………….
Mr. Sandip Rathod Sign.……………….

Contents
Topic No. Name of Topic Page No.

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Problem statement 1
1.2 Objectives 1
1.3 Scope 1
1.4 Methodology 2
1.5 Organization of Dissertation 6
2 Literature Review 11
2.1 A new class of bio-composite materials of unique

collagen fibres.
2.2 Development of fly ash based new bio composite

material as wood substitute.
2.3 Evolution of a new hybrid bio composite and

evaluation of its mechanical properties.
2.4 Study of Rice Straw Bio composite and a
Comparative Study of Flexural Strength of Various
Bio composite Plywood Material.
2.5 Sustainable Bio composites: Challenges, Potential
and Barriers for Development.
2.6 A Review on composition and properties of banana
fibres

3 Design of proposed work 18
3.1 Element 1
3.2 Element 2
References 21

List of Figures: -
Figure 1.4.1:-Engineered Bio Fibre…………………………………….3
Figure 1.4.2:- High Performance Bio-composite……………………….4
Figure 1.4.3:-Material Manufacturing………………………………….5
Figure 1.4.4:- a) Carder Preforms of natural &PP fibre………………..6
b) Consolidated Composite…………………………………6
Figure 1.5.1:- Bio composite of hemp fiber & polyethylene…………….8
Figure 1.5.2:- Jute Fibre ………………………………………………...9
Figure 2.1.1:-Stress v/s Strain…………………………………………..11

List of Tables:-
Table no.2.2.1-Tested parameters of fly ash……………………………13
Table no.2.3.1-Flexural Strength of Different Samples………………..14
Table no.2.3.2-Compressive Strength of Different Samples…………...14
Table no.2.3.3-Impact Strength of Different Samples………………….14
Table no. 2.4.1-Modulus of rupture of various bio-composites………...15
Table no.2.5.1-Physical Characteristics of Bio-Fibres………………....16
Table no.2.6.1-Physical Properties of banana fibre……………………..17
Table no.2.6.2-Chemical composition of banana fibre…………………17
Table no.2.6.3-Test results of banana fibre……………………………..17

Abstract
There is growing demand for materials that are environmentally friendly and
sustainable. One of the areas of focus right now is the transportation/automotive field.
To reduce the negative impacts on global air quality, human health and global climate.
Several researchers are focusing on bio-based composites. With natural fibers being the
prime choice for fiber reinforced composites. Plastics have become the choice for many
applications due to their long life and attractive properties. Due to its tremendous
growth in applications, plastics are one of the fastest growing segments of the waste
stream. Majority of plastic products are made from petroleum-based synthetic polymers
that do not degrade in land fill site or in a composite like environment. Ecological
concerns have resulted in a renewed interest in natural and compostable materials, and
therefore issues such as biodegradability and environmental safety are becoming
important.

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem statement
In this paper we will focus on material which is related to safety of environment and
human beings. The plastic is biggest threat to environment and its tremendous use. So
to eliminate it and stop the harm to environment we have designed bio composite
material parts. Replace plastic which causes health defects to environment as well as
human beings. And development of good alternative with better properties and
environment friendly.
1.2 Objectives
 To make energy intensive environment friendly material.

 If bio-composite material could be the plastic and/or steel in future since it is
renewable.
 We are trying to build an efficient and cost-effective Design
1.3 Scope
Today, composites research attracts grants from governments, manufacturers and

universities. These investments allow innovation to accelerate. Specialized companies,
such as aerospace composite companies, will find a place in the industry. Two
applications that continue to experience innovative growth are airplane composite
materials and composite sheets for marine use. Other materials such as
environmentally-friendly resins incorporating recycled plastics and bio-based polymers
meet the demand for stronger, lighter and environmentally friendly products. Looking

1
ahead, still to be developed fibers and resins will create even more applications for
everyday and specialized use.
 Develop a better understanding of fiber-matrix interface by producing a more

accurate mathematical model.
 Analyse and evaluate hybrid natural fiber composites to increase properties for
certain automotive components, like incorporating glass fibers or recycled
carbon fibers.
 Incorporate a larger scale production since the processing method in this
research was lab scale.
1.4 Methodology
Various fabrication methods have been investigated for bio-composites. These may be
classified into two categories according to the types of reinforcement used: (i) particle
or short fibres and (ii) continuous fibres. For continuous fibre reinforced bio-
composites, woven fabric preforms processed from natural fibres have been introduced
as there enforcements. Fabrication of laminated composite with four layers of jute
woven fabrics has been done. Prior to their impregnation in the resin matrix, the jute
fabrics were treated with alkali in the biaxial tensile stress state.

2
Figure no.1.4.1- Engineered Bio Fibre
A significant improvement of the mechanical stiffness was achieved in the composite

with the fibres treated with alkali under applied stress. The two main drawbacks of
presently developed bio-composites from its rival glass fibre composites are: poor
moisture resistance and low impact strength. Recent research results show that there is
a large lays either in pre-treatment of the fibres, engineering of fibres or in improving
the chemistry while impregnating the fibres with the matrix polymer. Three-corner
approach in designing bio-composites of superior/desired properties include: bio-fibre
treatment, matrix modification and novel processing. Aim towards the ―synergism‖ is
through above three corner approaches [6]. From research results it was found that
bastfibre (Kenaf, Hemp etc.) based bio-composites exhibit superior flexural and tensile
properties while leaf fibre (Henequen, Pineapple leaf fibre or PALF)) based bio-
composites show very high impact strength. Again through suitable pre-treatment of
bio-fibres like alkali treatment (AT) and/or silane treatment (ST), the water absorption
of the resulting bio-composites could be reduced. Through suitable blend of such
surface treated bio-fibres, engineered natural/bio-fibres could be achieved, as shown in
scheme.
For use in unsaturated polyester bio-composite, a woven fabric from banana and
glass fibres have been prepared. In their woven fabric, banana yarns were used for all
of the warp yarns, whereas glass yarns comprised the weft yarns by alternating them
with the banana yarns. On the other hand, the low velocity impact testing of hemp fibre
reinforced composites, which were prepared using an unsaturated polyester resin and a
needle punched non-woven mat of hemp fibres has been carried out. It was
demonstrated in that the total energy absorbed by the Hemp fibre reinforced bio-
composites was comparable to that absorbed by E-glass fibre reinforced unsaturated
polyester composites. The fabrication of super strength bio-composite has been
described in the scheme 2. Chopped natural fibre reinforced PP composites have been
widely studied in an attempt to benefit from the cost and mechanical properties of these
natural fibres. The fabrication of Kenaf fibre reinforced polypropylene sheets that could
be thermoformed for a wide variety of applications using a compression moulding

3
process utilizing the layered sifting of a micro fine polypropylene powder and chopped
kenaffibres has also been done. Preparation of kenaf fibre reinforced PP composites
using compression moulding by sandwiching PP film with kenaf mats and fabrication
of the same composites from PP and kenaffibres by the press forming of stacked layers
of their mats have been achieved. On the other hand, extrusion technology was also
adopted to process chopped (50-80 mm) natural fibres with materials.
Figure no. 1.4.2:- High Performance Bio-composite

For the preparation of thermoplastic composites such as PP, a commingled technique
was developed for fabricating continuous or discontinuous fibre reinforced composites.

4
Figure 1.4.3:-Material Manufacturing
For the preparation of continuous fibre composites, both the reinforcement and matrix
fibres are commingled into yarns or fabrics, while both fibres are entangled into
nonwoven mats for the preparation of chopped fibre composites. To convert them into
solid composites, heat and pressure are applied to the commingled preforms such that
only the resin fibres within them melt and flow, forming a continuous matrix phase
between the reinforced fibres. This fabrication method has been utilized to manufacture
bio-composites using a carding process , which is used to make uniform blends of Fig.
1: Carding process for mixing natural fibres with PP staple fibres discontinuous natural
fibres such as kenaf or jute with synthetic fibres for use as the matrix (Fig. 1& 2). The
commingled fabrication method using the carding process may be an effective means
of processing bio-composites using long and discontinuous natural fibres, because it
can avoid the process of converting them into continuous yarns, which allows the cost
to be reduced and the fibres to be uniformly distributed in the composites. Here long
fibres refer to fibres whose length is large compared to short fibres with a length
Figure 1.4.4: (a) Carded preforms of natural and PP fibres (b) its consolidated
composite
The limited fibre fraction can be explained by the void content in the bio composites,
which may be caused by the non-uniform packing or the deficiency of the matrix fibres.

5
To incorporate more natural fibres into the bio-composites, the fibre length of both the
natural and matrix fibres may need to be shortened; however, too short fibres may spoil
the processibility of the carding operation, thus further experimental or theoretical
studies are necessary to determine the optimum fibre fraction. New process
development for bio-composite fabrications for commercial applications is the real
challenge of research at the current level of technology so far developed for bio-
composites. Properties: The selection of suitable fibres is determined by the required
values [13-15] of the stiffness and tensile strength of materials.
1.5 Organization of Dissertation:

Bio-composites are divided into non-wood fibres and wood fibres, all of which
present cellulose and lignin. The non-wood fibres (natural fibres) are more attractive
for the industry due to the physical and mechanical properties which they present. Also,
these fibres are relatively long fibres, and present high cellulose content, which delivers
a high tensile strength, and degree of cellulose crystallinity, whereas natural fibers have
some disadvantages because they have hydroxyl groups (OH) in the fiber that can
attract water molecules, and thus, the fibre might swell. This results in voids at the
interface of the composite, which will affect the mechanical properties and loss in
dimensional stability. The wood fibers have this name because almost than 60% of its
mass is wood elements. It presents softwood fibers (long and flexible) and hardwood
fibers (shorter and stiffer), and has low degree of cellulose crystallinity.
The natural fibers are divided into straw fibers, bast, leaf, seed or fruit,
and grass fibers. The fibers most widely used in the industry
are flax, jute, hemp, kenaf, sisal and coir. The straw fibers could be found in many parts
of the world, and it is an example of a low-cost reinforcement for biocomposites. The
wood fibers could be recycled or non-recycled. Thus, many polymers
as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are being
used in wood composites industries.
Flax linen composites work well for applications seeking a lighter weight alternative to
other materials, most notably, applications in automotive interior components and

6
sports equipment. For automotive interiors, Composites Evolution has performed

prototype testing for the Land Rover Defender and the Jaguar XF, with the Defender's
flax composite 60% lighter than the production counterpart at the same stiffness, and
the XF's flax composite part 35% lighter than the production component at the same
stiffness
In sports equipment, Ergon Bikes produced a concept saddle that won first place among
439 entries in the Accessories category at the Eurobike 2012, a major bicycling industry
trade show.VE Paddles has produce a boat paddle blade. Flaxland Canoes has
developed a canoe that has a covering of flax linen. Magine Snowboards has developed
a snowboard that incorporates flax linen. Samsara Surfboards has produced a flax linen
surfboard. Idris Ski's Lynx won an ISPO Award in 2013 for the Lynx ski
Figure no. 1.5.1:-Biocomposite of hemp fibres and polyethylene
WHAT ARE BIOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS?
A bio composite material is a composite material formed by a matrix (resin)

and a reinforcement of natural fibres. These kind of materials often mimic the structure
of the living materials involved in the process keeping the strengthening properties of

7
the matrix that was used, but always providing biocompatibility. The matrix phase is
formed by polymers derived from renewable and non-renewable resources. The matrix
is important to protect the fibers from environmental degradation and mechanical

damage, to hold the fibers together and to transfer the loads on it. In addition, biofibers
are the principal components of biocomposites, which are derived from biological
origins, for example fibers from crops (cotton, flax or hemp), recycled wood,
waste paper, crop processing by-products or regenerated cellulose
fiber (viscose/rayon). The interest in biocomposites is rapidly growing in terms of
industrial applications (automobiles, railway
coach, aerospace, military applications, construction, and packaging) and fundamental
research, due to its great benefits (renewable, cheap, recyclable, and biodegradable).
Biocomposites can be used alone, or as a complement to standard materials, such as
carbon fiber. Advocates of biocomposites state that use of these materials improve
health and safety in their production, are lighter in weight, have a visual appeal similar
to that of wood, and are environmentally superior.
History of Biocomposite Materials

In the early 1900’s, chemical advances drove the development of plastics. Materials
such as vinyl, polystyrene, phenolic and polyester were created and reinforcement was
needed to provide strength and rigidity. Polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride, or
Bakelite as it’s commonly known, was developed by Belgian-born New York chemist
Leo Baekeland in 1907. A thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, formed from an
elimination reaction of phenol with formaldehyde, Bakelite stands as one of the first
plastics made from synthetic components. Its nonconductivity and heat-resistant
properties made the composite widely used in industrial and consumer goods
applications including electrical insulators, radio and telephone casings, kitchenware,
jewellery, pipe stems, and children’s toys. Today’s collectors love the “retro” appeal of
Bakelite. In 1993, in recognition of Bakelite’s significance as the first synthetic plastic,
the American Chemical Society designated Bakelite a National Historic Chemical
Landmark.

8
Figure no.1.5.2:-Jute Fibres
Recognized as the most important decade in the composites industry, the 1930s saw the
development of resins still used today. In 1935, Owens Corning introduced the first
glass fiber and launched the fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) industry. In 1936,
unsaturated polyester resins were patented. Because of their curing properties,
unsaturated polyester resins are the dominant choice for resins in manufacturing today.
In 1938, other higher performance resin systems like epoxies also became available.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Bio-composite materials: -

 Advantages-
1. Lightweight
2. Required Thickness
3. High Strength
4. Low Electrical Conductivity.
5. Easy Bonding
6. Good Damping
7. Low Thermal Expansion
8. Eco-friendly

9
 Disadvantages-
1. Damage susceptibility
2. Long manufacturing time
3. Manufacturing difficulties
4. Low ductility
2. Literature Review
2.1 A new class of bio-composite materials of unique collagen fibers
[2014]- Mirit Sharabi, Yael Mandelberg, Dafna Benayahu, Yehuda Benayahu,
Abdussalam Azem, Rami Haj-Ali,
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Bio Medical Materials 36(2014)71 – 81
Materials Used: Micro-crimped long collagen fiber bundles

Methodology: Soft coral Sarcophyton (Benayahuetal., 2011) was kept frozen pre-
reaping and defrosted before fiber extraction. A piece of colony was reaped to expose
the fibers and the exposed fibers were physically pooled out from the soft coral. They
manually spun around thin U-shaped stainless steel wire to create unidirectional,
straight and organized array of fiber bundles. The aligned fibers were carefully washed
several times in water and then with 70% ethanol. The spun fiber bundles were inserted
to a dialysis membrane (6000–8000 MWCO, Spectra Por) together with 3ml Sodium
alginate solution (3% w/v in DDW, Protanal LF 10-60, FMC Bio Polymer). The
alginate and collagen were cross-linked with a 45mM EDC [N-(3-
Dimethylaminopropyl) - N-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride, Sigma-Aldrich] – NHS
(N-Hydroxyl-succinimide, Sigma-Aldrich).
Parameters Tested:

10
Figure no. 2.1.1:-Stress v/s Strain

Conclusion: The bio-composite has hyper elastic behavior and can be tailored
to yield mechanical properties similar to native tissues. The micro-structure of
the fibers has unique nested coiled arrangement, at both the individual fiber and
the bundle levels, which can explain its hyper elastic response. A new simplified
non linear micro mechanical material model is formulated for the bio-composite
in its axial loading mode in order to predict the overall stress–strain relation from
the in situ response of the fiber and matrix constituents. The prediction of the
model has been verified against tested bio- composites with different fiber
volume ratios.
2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF FLY ASH BASED NEW BIO-COMPOSITES

MATERIAL AS WOOD SUBSTITUTE [2017] : Brijesh Kumar Patel, Vinod
Kumar Verma, A. K. Rai & Abhishek Gaikwad, International Journal of Mechanical
and Production Engineering Vol-7
Materials Used: Fly ash and Human hair

Methodology: The resin is mixed with the fly ash in selected ratio and mixed
with 2% of hardener. First of all the mould is coated by a release anti-adhesive
agent, preventing sticking the mould part to the mould surface. Layer of the resin,

11
fly ash mixture and reinforcing fiber fabric are applied. Hand lay-up techniques
are used for the fabrication and hand roller is use for rolled on the lamina to avoid
entrapped air bubbles and void. This process is repeated with four times. The
part is applied with a load of 200 N for 2 hours and cured at room temperature
for 48 hour. The above steps are repeated for preparation of all samples.
Parameters Tested:
Table no.2.2.1-Tested parameters of fly ash

Conclusion: The tensile, compressive and flexural strength of the developed
composites of different weight percentages of fly ash, human hair are significant.
With the consideration, based on the application and strength required, the
weight percentage of the fly ash in fly ash, human hair could be varied with fixed
weight percentage of epoxy resin. Thus the developed composites would be a
high performing, economical wood substitute.
2.3 Evolution of a new hybrid bio composite and evaluation of its

mechanical properties [2017] : Aman S. Pawar & Abhishek Gaikwad,
International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Vol-7
Materials Used:
Banana fiber, Sisal Fiber, Wheat straw, Resin (CY 230) and Hardener (HY951).
Methodology:
All the specimens are prepared by simply hand layout technique in which, an open
mould is used to fabricate a composite material. The specimens are prepared according
to ASTM and ISO standard for Flexural, Compressive & Impact tests, respectively.

12
Hand lay-up technique is the simplest method of composite processing. The

infrastructural requirement for this method is also minimal. The processing steps are
quite simple.
Table no.2.3.1-Flexural Strength of Different Samples
Table no.2.3.2-Compressive Strength of Different Samples
Table no.2.3.3-Impact Strength of Different Samples

Conclusion: The maximum flexural strength is 111.15 N/mm2, maximum
compression strength is 61.93 N/mm2 and maximum impact strength recorded
is 100.5 J/m of E2 specimen, which contain 20% of banana fiber & 20% of sisal
fiber of the total wt% of the specimen fabricated. It is suggested from the
experimental
Study that specimen E2 can bear up the higher loads when compared to the other
specimen combinations, and can be used as an alternate materials for usual uses.
They have lot of advantages like low density, low price, recyclable,
biodegradable, low abrasive wear, and environment friendly.

13
2.4 Study of Rice Straw Biocomposite and a Comparative Study of

Flexural Strength of Various Biocomposite Plywood Material: Dr.
Mohammed Haneef, Dr. J. Fazlur Rahman, Dr. Mohammed Yunus, Mr. Syed Zameer,
Mr. Shanawaz Patil, Prof. Tajuddin Yezdani, International Journal of Modern
Engineering Research (IJMER) Vol.3
Materials Used: Rice Straw, Sugarcane Bagasse, Spruce Wood, Teak Wood
Table no. 2.4.1-Modulus of rupture of various bio-composites

Conclusion:
Technically teak wood can provide maximum strength fibreboards, but economics of
the material may force alternatives. Plywoods manufactured by rice husk promise good
and almost comparable strength. Although these plywoods can also be manufactured
by some other bio-waste like sugarcane bagasse but there are possible fungal infection
in these material over a period of time.
2.5 Sustainable Bio composites: Challenges, Potential and Barriers

for Development[2014] : Faris M. AL-Oqla and Mohammad A. Omari, , Springer
International Publishing AG 2017 M. Jawaid et al. (eds.)
In this article the researchers have just studied about the bio-composites that are
available in nature and can be used to replace materials that are causing negative

14
impacts on environment.
Table no. 2.5.1-Physical Characteristics of Bio-Fibres

Conclusion:
Bio-composite materials have been adopted in various applications. However, their
implementations as alternatives for conventional materials are relatively slow. This is
due to the fact that bio-composites have several limitations and barriers for development
comparable to traditional materials. The inherent characteristics of their constituents are
one of these limitations. In additions, the improper compatibilities between the fillers
and matrices make the performance uncontrollable and difficult to be predicted.

15
2.6 A Review on composition and properties of banana fibers [2015]:

Ravi Bhatnagar, Gourav Gupta, Sachin Yadav, International Journal of Scientific &
Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 5, May-2015 ISSN 2229-5518
Materials Used: Banana Fiber
Table no.2.6.1:-Physical Properties of banana fibre
Table no.2.6.2:-Chemical composition of banana fibre
Tensile Strength (MPa) 529-914
392-622
27-32
20-24
1-3
Table no. 2.6.3:-Test results of banana fibre

16
Manufacturing Process
Material Selection:-
For use in unsaturated polyester bio-composite, a woven fabric from banana and glass
fibres have been prepared. In their woven fabric, banana yarns were used for all of the
warp yarns, whereas glass yarns comprised the weft yarns by alternating them with the
banana yarns. On the other hand, the low velocity impact testing of hemp fibre
reinforced composites, which were prepared using an unsaturated polyester resin and a
needle punched non-woven mat of hemp fibres has been carried out. It was
demonstrated in that the total energy absorbed by the Hemp fibre reinforced bio-
composites was comparable to that absorbed by E-glass fibre reinforced unsaturated
polyester composites. The fabrication of super strength bio-composite has been
described in the scheme 2. Chopped natural fibre reinforced PP composites have been
widely studied in an attempt to benefit from the cost and mechanical properties of these
natural fibres. The fabrication of Kenaf fibre reinforced polypropylene sheets that could
be thermoformed for a wide variety of applications using a compression moulding
process utilizing the layered sifting of a micro fine polypropylene powder and chopped
kenaffibres has also been done. Preparation of kenaf fibre reinforced PP composites
using compression moulding by sandwiching PP film with kenaf mats and fabrication
of the same composites from PP and kenaffibres by the press forming of stacked layers
of their mats have been achieved.
Production Steps:-
 Collecting the leaves.
 Then soaking them in water for about 25-30 days.
 Then the fibres will be taken out of the leaves and chemically treated to
increase the properties or to strengthen the fibres.
 These fibers are dried and binded on the required product with additional
contents.

17
 Once the first layer is dried, then another layer is applied on top of first layer.
 Layer by layer process will be done to obtain the shape and thickness.
 At the end the structure will be dried and coloured.

18
4. FUTURE PLANS
1. Design specimens to be completed till the end of January
2. Testing of specimens are to be completed till the initial weeks of February
3. The Specimens anomalies are to be studied and rectified in mid February
4. The final product is to be completed during the end of February.

19
References
1. Mirit Sharabi, Yael Mandelberg, Dafna Benayahu, Yehuda Benayahu, Abdussalam
Azem, Rami Haj-Ali, A new class of bio-composite materials of unique collagen
fibers, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Bio Medical Materials 36(2014)71 –
81
2. Brijesh Kumar Patel, Vinod Kumar Verma, A. K. Rai & Abhishek Gaikwad,
Development of fly ash based new bio-composites material as wood substitute,
International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and
Development (IJMPERD) ISSN (P): 2249-6890; ISSN (E): 2249-8001 Vol. 7, Issue
3, Jun 2017, 1-6
3. Aman S. Pawar & Abhishek Gaikwad, Evolution of a new hybrid bio composite
and evaluation of its mechanical properties, International Journal of Mechanical and
Production Engineering Research and Development (IJMPERD) ISSN (P): 2249-
6890; ISSN (E): 2249-8001 Vol. 7, Issue 3, Jun 2017, 275-282
4. Dr. Mohammed Haneef, Dr. J. Fazlur Rahman, Dr. Mohammed Yunus, Mr. Syed
Zameer, Mr. Shanawaz Patil, Prof. Tajuddin Yezdani, Hybrid Polymer Matrix
Composites for Biomedical Applications, International Journal of Modern
Engineering Research (IJMER) Vol.3, Issue.2, March-April. 2013 pp-970-979
ISSN: 2249-6645
5. Swadesh Kumar Singh, Jandhyala N Murthy, PAPN Varma, & D Sailaja, Study of
Rice Straw Biocomposite and a Comparative Study of Flexural Strength of Various
Biocomposite Plywood Materials, Int'l Journal of Advances in Agricultural &
Environmental Engg. (IJAAEE) Vol. 1, Issue 1(2014) ISSN 2349-1523 EISSN
2349-1531
6. Faris M. AL-Oqla and Mohammad A. Omari, Sustainable Biocomposites:
Challenges, Potential and Barriers for Development, Springer International
Publishing AG 2017 M. Jawaid et al. (eds.), Green Biocomposites, Green Energy
and Technology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-46610-1_2

20
7. Ravi Bhatnagar, Gourav Gupta, Sachin Yadav, A Review on Composition and

Properties of Banana Fibers, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research, Volume 6, Issue 5, May-2015 ISSN 2229-5518

21

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Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 2015 Course

A Project Stage-II Report on

Manufacturing of a Container using Bio-Composite

Mr. Shubham Gunnal Exam. Seat No.71614090L

Mr. Nikhil Maccha Exam. Seat No.71712426G

Mr. Sandip Rathod Exam. Seat No.71712684G

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Sinhgad Technical Education Society’s

Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering

Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering , BE (Mechanical Engineering)

Sinhgad Technical Education Society’s

Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering

Mr. Shubham Gunnal Exam. Seat No.71614090L

Prof. R. N. Khachane Prof…………….

Dr. N.P. Sherje Dr. A.V. Deshpande

Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering , BE (Mechanical Engineering)

Mr. Shubham Gunnal Sign.……………….

Mr. Nikhil Maccha Sign.……………….

Mr. Sandip Rathod Sign.……………….

Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering , BE (Mechanical Engineering)

Topic No. Name of Topic Page No.

1.5 Organization of Dissertation 6

2.1 A new class of bio-composite materials of unique

2.2 Development of fly ash based new bio composite

2.3 Evolution of a new hybrid bio composite and

Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering , BE (Mechanical Engineering)

3 Design of proposed work 18

Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering , BE (Mechanical Engineering)

Figure 1.4.1:-Engineered Bio Fibre…………………………………….3

Figure 1.4.2:- High Performance Bio-composite……………………….4

Figure 1.4.3:-Material Manufacturing………………………………….5

Figure 1.4.4:- a) Carder Preforms of natural &PP fibre………………..6

Figure 1.5.1:- Bio composite of hemp fiber & polyethylene…………….8

Figure 1.5.2:- Jute Fibre ………………………………………………...9

Figure 2.1.1:-Stress v/s Strain…………………………………………..11

Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering , BE (Mechanical Engineering)

Table no.2.2.1-Tested parameters of fly ash……………………………13

Table no.2.3.1-Flexural Strength of Different Samples………………..14

Table no.2.3.2-Compressive Strength of Different Samples…………...14

Table no.2.3.3-Impact Strength of Different Samples………………….14

Table no. 2.4.1-Modulus of rupture of various bio-composites………...15

Table no.2.5.1-Physical Characteristics of Bio-Fibres………………....16

Table no.2.6.1-Physical Properties of banana fibre……………………..17

Table no.2.6.2-Chemical composition of banana fibre…………………17

Table no.2.6.3-Test results of banana fibre……………………………..17

Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering , BE (Mechanical Engineering)

Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering , BE (Mechanical Engineering)

1.1 Problem statement

 To make energy intensive environment friendly material.

Today, composites research attracts grants from governments, manufacturers and

Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering , BE (Mechanical Engineering)

 Develop a better understanding of fiber-matrix interface by producing a more

Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering , BE (Mechanical Engineering)

Figure no.1.4.1- Engineered Bio Fibre

A significant improvement of the mechanical stiffness was achieved in the composite

Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering , BE (Mechanical Engineering)

Figure no. 1.4.2:- High Performance Bio-composite

Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering , BE (Mechanical Engineering)

Figure 1.4.3:-Material Manufacturing

Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering , BE (Mechanical Engineering)

1.5 Organization of Dissertation:

Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering , BE (Mechanical Engineering)

sports equipment. For automotive interiors, Composites Evolution has performed