Savitribai Phule Pune University

1. INTRODUCTION
There is growing demand for materials that are environmentally friendly and
sustainable. One of the areas of focus right now is the transportation/automotive field.
To reduce the negative impacts on global air quality, human health and global
climate. Several researchers are focusing on bio-based composites. With natural fibers
being the prime choice for fiber reinforced composites. Plastics have become the
choice for many applications due to their long life and attractive properties. Due to its
tremendous growth in applications, plastics are one of the fastest growing segments of
the waste stream. Majority of plastic products are made from petroleum-based
synthetic polymers that do not degrade in land fill site or in a composite like
environment. Ecological concerns have resulted in a renewed interest in natural and
compostable materials, and therefore issues such as biodegradability and
environmental safety are becoming important. Tailoring new products within a
perspective of sustainable development or eco-design is a philosophy that is applied to
more and more materials. It is the reason why material components such as natural
fibers, biodegradable polymers can be considered as interesting ‘environmentally
safe’ alternatives for the development of new biodegradable composites. Nowadays
production of natural biodegradable polymer composites is an important research
topic on the stage of renewable sources implementation instead of petrochemical
sources. Large variety of natural fibres and their developed surface which increases
adhesion to matrix makes them an attractive filler material. In fibre-reinforced
composites, the fibres serve as reinforcement by giving strength and stiffness to the
structure while the polymer matrix holds the fibres
in place so that suitable structural composites can be made.

1.1 Problem Statement

In this paper we will focus on material which is related to safety of environment and
human beings. The plastic is biggest threat to environment and its tremendous use. So
to eliminate it and stop the harm to environment we have designed bio composite

Dr. D. Y. Patil School of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

1
 Savitribai Phule Pune University

material parts. Replace plastic which causes health defects to environment as well as
human beings. And development of good alternative with better properties and
environment friendly.

1.2 Objectives

1. To make energy intensive environment friendly material.

2. If bio-composite material could be the plastic and/or steel in future since it is

renewable.

1.3 Methodology:

Various fabrication methods have been investigated for bio-composites. These may be
classified into two categories according to the types of reinforcement used: (i)
particle or short fibres and (ii) continuous fibres. For continuous fibrereinforced bio-
composites, woven fabric preforms processed from natural fibres have been
introduced as there inforcements. Fabrication of laminated composite with four layers
of jute [5] woven fabrics has been done. Prior to their impregnation in the resin
matrix, the jute fabrics were treated with alkali in thebiaxial tensile stress state.
Asignificant improvement of the mechanical stiffness was achieved in the composite
with the fibres treated with alkali under applied stress. The two main drawbacks of
presently developed bio-composites from its rival glass fibrecomposites are: poor
moisture resistance and low impact strength. Recent research results show that there is
a large layseither in pre-treatment of the fibres, engineering of fibres or in improving
the chemistry while impregnating the fibreswith the matrix polymer. Three-corner
approach in designing bio-composites of superior/desired properties include:bio-fibre
treatment, matrix modification and novel processing. Aim towards the ―synergism‖
is through above threecorner approaches [6]. From research results it was found that
bastfibre (Kenaf, Hemp etc.) based bio-compositesexhibit superior flexural and tensile
properties while leaf fibre (Henequen, Pineapple leaf fibre or PALF)) based

Dr. D. Y. Patil School of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

2
 Savitribai Phule Pune University

biocomposites show very high impact strength. Again through suitable pre-treatment
of bio-fibres like alkali treatment(AT) and/or silane treatment (ST), the water
absorption of the resulting bio-composites could be reduced. Throughsuitable blend of
such surface treated bio-fibres, engineered natural/bio-fibres could be achieved, as
shown in scheme

For use in unsaturated polyester bio-composite, a woven fabric from banana [7] and
glass fibres have been prepared. In their woven fabric, banana yarns were used for all
of the warp yarns, whereas glass yarns comprised the weft yarns by alternating them
with the banana yarns. On the other hand, the low velocity impact testing [8] of hemp
fibre reinforced composites, which were prepared using an unsaturated polyester resin
and a needle punched non-woven mat of hemp fibres has been carried out. It was
demonstrated in that the total energy absorbed by the Hemp fibre reinforced
biocomposites was comparable to that absorbed by E-glass fibre reinforced
unsaturated polyester composites. The fabrication of super strength bio-composite has
been described in the scheme 2. Chopped natural fibre reinforced PP composites have
been widely studied in an attempt to benefit from the cost and mechanical properties
of these natural fibres. The fabrication of Kenaf [1] fibre reinforced polypropylene
sheets that could be thermoformed for a wide variety of applications using a

Dr. D. Y. Patil School of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

3
 Savitribai Phule Pune University

compression moulding process utilizing the layered sifting of a micro fine

polypropylene powder and chopped kenaffibres has also been done. Preparation of
kenaffibre reinforced PP composites using compression moulding [9] by sandwiching
PP film with kenaf mats and fabrication of the same composites from PP and
kenaffibres by the press forming [10] of stacked layers of their mats have been
achieved. On the other hand, extrusion technology was also adopted to process
chopped (50-80 mm) natural fibres [11] with
.

For the preparation of thermoplastic composites such as PP, a commingled technique

was developed for fabricating continuous or discontinuous fibre reinforced
composites. For the preparation of continuous fibre composites, both the
reinforcement and matrix fibres are commingled into yarns or fabrics, while both
fibres are entangled into nonwoven mats for the preparation of chopped fibre
composites. To convert them into solid composites, heat and pressure areapplied to
the commingled preforms such that only the resin fibres within them melt and flow,
forming a continuous matrix phase between the reinforced fibres. This fabrication
method has been utilized to manufacture bio-composites using a carding process [12],

Dr. D. Y. Patil School of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

4
 Savitribai Phule Pune University

which is used to make uniform blends of

Fig. 1:
Carding process for mixing natural fibres with PP staple fibres discontinuousnatural
fibres such as kenaf or jute with synthetic fibres for use as the matrix (Fig. 1& 2). The
commingled fabrication method using the carding process may be an effective means
of processing bio-composites using long and discontinuous natural fibres, because it
can avoid the process of converting them into continuous yarns, which allows the cost
to be reduced and the fibres to be uniformly distributed in the composites. Here long
fibres refer to fibres whose length is large compared to short fibres with a length of a

Fig. 2: (a) Carded preforms of natural and PP fibres (b) its consolidated
composite
The limited fibre fraction [4 can be explained by the void content in the bio
composites, which may be caused by the non-uniform packing or the deficiency of the
matrix fibres. To incorporate more natural fibres into the bio-composites, the fibre

Dr. D. Y. Patil School of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

5
 Savitribai Phule Pune University

length of both the natural and matrix fibres may need to be shortened; however, too
short fibres may spoil the processibility of the carding operation, thus further
experimental or theoretical studies are necessary to determine the optimum fibre
fraction. New process development for bio-composite fabrications for commercial
applications is the real challenge of research at the current level of technology so far
developed for bio-composites. Properties: The selection of suitable fibres is
determined by the required values [13-15] of the stiffness and tensile strength of

2 LITERATURE SURVEY

 A new class of bio-composite materials of unique collagen

fibers [2014]:
Materials Used: Micro-crimped long collagen fiber bundles
Methodology: Soft coral Sarcophyton (Benayahuetal., 2011) was kept frozen pre-
reaping and defrosted before fiber extraction. A piece of colony was reaped to expose
the fibers and the exposed fibers were physically pooled out from the soft coral. They
manually spun around thin U-shaped stainless steel wire to create unidirectional,
straight and organized array of fiber bundles. The aligned fibers were carefully
washed several times in water and then with 70% ethanol. The spun fiber bundles
were inserted to a dialysis membrane (6000–8000 MWCO, Spectra Por) together with
3ml Sodium alginate solution (3% w/v in DDW, Protanal LF 10-60, FMC Bio
Polymer). The alginate and collagen were cross-linked with a 45mM EDC [N-(3-
Dimethylaminopropyl) - N-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride, Sigma-Aldrich] – NHS
(N-Hydroxy-succinimide, Sigma-Aldrich). The membrane was sealed, flattened and
soaked in 0.1M CaCl2 (Merck) solution to enable ionic gelation of alginate hydrogel

Dr. D. Y. Patil School of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

6
 Savitribai Phule Pune University

through diffusion for 48h at room temperature. Then, the bio-composite was removed
from membrane and frame. Matrix fabrication was conducted as for the bio-
composite, excluding the fiber insertion and cross linking.
Parameters Tested:

Conclusion: The bio-composite has hyper elastic behavior and can be tailored to
yield mechanical properties similar to native tissues. The micro-structure of the fibers
has unique nested coiled arrangement, at both the individual fiber and the bundle
levels, which can explain its hyper elastic response. A new simplified non linear
micro mechanical material model is formulated for the bio-composite in its axial
loading mode in order to predict the overall stress–strain relation from the in situ
response of the fiber and matrix constituents. The prediction of the model has been
verified against tested bio- composites with different fiber volume ratios.

 DEVELOPMENT OF FLY ASH BASED NEW BIO-COMPOSITES

MATERIAL AS WOOD SUBSTITUTE [2017]
Materials Used: Fly ash and Human hair

Dr. D. Y. Patil School of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

7
 Savitribai Phule Pune University

Methodology: The resin is mixed with the fly ash in selected ratio and mixed with
2% of hardener. First of all the mould is coated by a release anti-adhesive agent,
preventing sticking the mould part to the mould surface. Layer of the resin, fly ash
mixture and reinforcing fiber fabric are applied. Hand lay-up techniques are used for
the fabrication and hand roller is use for rolled on the lamina to avoid entrapped air
bubbles and void. This process is repeated with four times. The part is applied with a
load of 200 N for 2 hours and cured at room temperature for 48 hour. The above steps
are repeated for preparation of all samples.
Parameters Tested:

Conclusion: The tensile, compressive and flexural strength of the developed

composites of different weight percentages of fly ash, human hair are significant.
With the consideration, based on the application and strength required, the weight
percentage of the fly ash in fly ash, human hair could be varied with fixed weight
percentage of epoxy resin. And the properties are comparatively high with the
properties of teak wood and medium density fiber boards. Thus the developed
composites would be a high performing, economical wood substitute.

 Evolution of a new hybrid bio composite and evaluation of its

mechanical properties [2017]:

Materials Used: Banana fiber, Sisal Fiber, Wheat straw, Resin (CY 230) and
Hardener (HY951)
Methodology: All the specimens are prepared by simply hand layout technique in
which, an open mould is used to fabricate a composite material. The specimens are
prepared according to ASTM and ISO standard for Flexural, Compressive & Impact

Dr. D. Y. Patil School of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

8
 Savitribai Phule Pune University

tests, respectively. Hand lay-up technique is the simplest method of composite

processing. The infrastructural requirement for this method is also minimal. The
processing steps are quite simple.
Parameters Tested:

Conclusion: The maximum flexural strength is 111.15 N/mm2, maximum

compression strength is 61.93 N/mm2 and maximum impact strength recorded is
100.5 J/m of E2 specimen, which contain 20% of banana fiber & 20% of sisal fiber of
the total wt% of the specimen fabricated. It is suggested from the experimental
study that specimen E2 can bear up the higher loads when compared to the other
specimen combinations, and can be used as an alternate materials for usual uses. The
developed composites are a good substitute for a number of wood based products and
non biogradable material. They have lot of advantages like low density, low price,
recyclable, biodegradable, low abrasive wear, and environment friendly.

 Study of Rice Straw Biocomposite and a Comparative Study of

Flexural Strength of Various Biocomposite Plywood Materials
Materials Used: Rice Straw, Sugarcane Bagasse, Spruce Wood

Dr. D. Y. Patil School of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

9
 Savitribai Phule Pune University

Parameters Tested:

Conclusion: Technically teak wood can provide maximum strength fibreboards, but
economics of the material may force alternatives. Plywoods manufactured by rice
husk promise good and almost comparable strength. Although these plywoods can
also be manufactured by some other bio-waste like sugarcane bagasse but there are
possible fungal infection in these material over a period of time. But the resins that
bonds the rice husk should be replaced with some other bio material as the present
bonding material urea-formaldehyde is cancerous.

 Sustainable Bio composites: Challenges, Potential and Barriers

for Development[2014]:
In this article the researchers have just studied about the bio-composites that are
available in nature and can be used to replace materials that are causing negative
impacts on environment.

Dr. D. Y. Patil School of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

10
 Savitribai Phule Pune University

Conclusion: Bio-composite materials have been adopted in various applications.

However, their implementations as alternatives for conventional materials are
relatively slow. This is due to the fact that bio-composites have several limitations and
barriers for development comparable to traditional materials. The inherent
characteristics of their constituents are one of these limitations. In additions, the
improper compatibilities between the fillers and matrices make the performance
uncontrollable and difficult to be predicted. Therefore, keen selections for the
constituents have to be properly studied and established. Moreover, proper theories
and methodologies have to be examined in order to expand the usage of bio-
composites into wider industrial applications. Recent methodologies for enhancing
better performance in green composites have also to be supported to expand the
development of such type of materials.

1. A Review on Composition and Properties of Banana

Fibers[2015]:

Materials Used: Banana Fiber

Dr. D. Y. Patil School of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

11
 Savitribai Phule Pune University

Parameters Tested:
Tensile Strength (MPa) 529-914
392-622

27-32

20-24

1-3
950-750

3.EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Materials
Human hair fiber collected from the local saloon. The fly ash are the wastes from the
thermal power plant, are collected from the Renusagar Power Plant, Renukoot,
Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh, india. The CY-230 resin of density 1.176 gm/cm3, and
catalyst are collected from the Singhal Chemical Corporation, Meerut, U.P., India

Dr. D. Y. Patil School of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

12
 Savitribai Phule Pune University

Preparation of Mould
The mould is prepared for the tensile, compressive and flexural test of iron sheet on
the basis of ASTM. The mould are welded by the arc welding. The bottom of the
mould is made fram a thick wood. The inner side of the mould is coated with a
releasing wax. The top of the mould is cover with a plywood sheet for applying load.
Fabrication of Composites
The resin is mixed with the fly ash in selected ratio and mixed with 2% of hardener.
First of all the mould is coated by a release anti-adhesive agent, preventing sticking
the mould part to the mould surface. Layer of the resin, fly ash mixture and
reinforcing fiber fabric are applied. Hand lay-up technique are used for the fabrication
and hand roller is use for rolled on the lamina to avoid entrapped air bubbles and void.
This process is repeated with four times. The part is applied with a load of 200 N for 2
hours and cured at room temperature for 48 hour. The above steps are repeated for
preparation of all samples.
Testing Standards
After fabrication, the specimens are to be tested for tensile strength as per ASTM
D638, Compressive strength as
per ASTM D695 and flexural strength as per ASTM D790. The all tested are tested by
the universal testing machine.
Design of experiments (DOE) is the method of predicting the experimental result with
minimum number of runs for a multivariate complex problem. Design expert is a
DOE software which guides in conducting minimum number of experimental run and
analysing the result. Design-Expert 10 is used and mixture design option selected as
the weight percentage one constituent affects is dependent to other constituent. In the
mixture design, number of mixture components is set as only the fly ash and human
hair weight percentage are varied and epoxy resin is kept constant percentage. The
following experimental matrix of 5 number of run (Table 1) is obtained for the tensile,
compressive and flexural strengths as responses. And the tested responses are

Dr. D. Y. Patil School of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

13
 Savitribai Phule Pune University

tabulated (Table 1).

4.CASE STUDY

6. QUANTIFICATION OF RESULT
The result is obtain Design of Expert software and the result are discuss on the Anova
and graph for the tensile, compressive and flexural strength by the The obtained result
show that all tensile, compressive and flexural strength properties are maximum at the
40 Wt% of fly ash in fly ash, human hair mixture with epoxy resin.

Dr. D. Y. Patil School of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

14
 Savitribai Phule Pune University

7. CONCLUSION
The tensile, compressive and flexural strength of the developed composites of
different weight percentages of fly ash, human hair are significant. With the
consideration, based on the application and strength required, the weight percentage
of the fly ash in fly ash, human hair could be varied with fixed weight percentage of
epoxy resin. And the properties are comparatively high with the properties of teak
wood and medium density fiber boards. Thus the developed composites would be a
high performing, economical wood substitute. Causal Productions permits the
distribution and revision of these templates on the condition that Causal Productions
is credited in the revised template as follows: “original version of this template was
provided by courtesy of Causal Productions (www.causalproductions.com)”.

8.FUTURE SCOPE

Dr. D. Y. Patil School of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

15
 Savitribai Phule Pune University

9.REFERENCES
1. Mirit Sharabi, Yael Mandelberg, Dafna Benayahu, Yehuda Benayahu,
Abdussalam Azem, Rami Haj-Ali, A new class of bio-composite materials of
unique collagen fibers, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Bio Medical
Materials 36(2014)71 – 81
2. Brijesh Kumar Patel, Vinod Kumar Verma, A. K. Rai & Abhishek Gaikwad,
Development of fly ash based new bio-composites material as wood
substitute, International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering
Research and Development (IJMPERD) ISSN (P): 2249-6890; ISSN (E):
2249-8001 Vol. 7, Issue 3, Jun 2017, 1-6
3. Aman S. Pawar & Abhishek Gaikwad, Evolution of a new hybrid bio
composite and evaluation of its mechanical properties, International Journal of
Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development
(IJMPERD) ISSN (P): 2249-6890; ISSN (E): 2249-8001 Vol. 7, Issue 3, Jun
2017, 275-282

4. Dr. Mohammed Haneef, Dr. J. Fazlur Rahman, Dr. Mohammed Yunus, Mr.
Syed Zameer, Mr. Shanawaz Patil, Prof. Tajuddin Yezdani, Hybrid Polymer
Matrix Composites for Biomedical Applications, International Journal of
Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) Vol.3, Issue.2, March-April. 2013
pp-970-979 ISSN: 2249-6645

5. Swadesh Kumar Singh, Jandhyala N Murthy, PAPN Varma, & D Sailaja,

Study of Rice Straw Biocomposite and a Comparative Study of Flexural
Strength of Various Biocomposite Plywood Materials, Int'l Journal of
Advances in Agricultural & Environmental Engg. (IJAAEE) Vol. 1, Issue
1(2014) ISSN 2349-1523 EISSN 2349-1531

6. Faris M. AL-Oqla and Mohammad A. Omari, Sustainable Biocomposites:

Challenges, Potential and Barriers for Development, Springer International
Publishing AG 2017 M. Jawaid et al. (eds.), Green Biocomposites, Green
Energy and Technology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-46610-1_2

Dr. D. Y. Patil School of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

16
 Savitribai Phule Pune University

7. Ravi Bhatnagar, Gourav Gupta, Sachin Yadav, A Review on Composition and

Properties of Banana Fibers, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research, Volume 6, Issue 5, May-2015 ISSN 2229-5518

8. Steven Phillips, BIO-COMPOSITE MATERIAL APPLICATIONS TO

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, Structures and Composite Materials Laboratory
Department of Mechanical Engineering McGill University, Montreal

9. Dr A Thimmana Gouda, Jagadish S P, Dr K R Dinesh, Virupaksha Gouda, Dr

N Prashanth, Characterization and Investigation of Mechanical Properties of
Hybrid Natural Fiber Polymer Composite Materials Used As Orthopaedic
Implants for Femur Bone Prosthesis, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil
Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume
11, Issue 4 Ver. II (Jul- Aug. 2014), PP 40-52

10. Mr. Vignesh M, Dr. H. G. Hanumantharaju, Mr. Avinash S, A Study on

Mechanical Properties of Vinylester Based Bio-Composite Material with
Starch as a Filler Material, Mr. Vignesh M et al Int. Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 11( Version 1),
November 2014, pp.42-47

11. V.Subashini, N.Sakthieswaran, G.Shiny Brintha, O.Ganesh Babu, Fabrication

and Study of Mechanical Properties of Composite Panel Using
Sisal/Glass/Basalt Fibres, International Journal for Research in Applied
Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), Volume 4 Issue V, May
2016 ISSN: 2321-9653

12. Shailesh Kumar Singh, Prabhat Kumar Sinha and Earnest Vinay Prakash,
Study Analysis & Application of Bio-Composite Smart Material, The
International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES) || Volume || 4 || Issue
|| 4 || Pages || P.76-82 || 2015 || ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805

13. N. Jaya Chitra* and R.Vasanthakumari, STUDIES ON POLYPROPYLENE

BIO COMPOSITE WITH CORN HUSK WASTE, International Journal of
Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 3, Issue 7, July-2012 ISSN 2229-
5518

Dr. D. Y. Patil School of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

17
 Savitribai Phule Pune University

Dr. D. Y. Patil School of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

18