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Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 28427–28437 www.materialstoday.com/proceedings

ICCMMEMS_2018

A Brief Review of Jute Fibre and Its Composites

Harpreet Singha, Jai Inder Preet Singhb,1,*,Sehijpal Singhc , Vikas Dhawand ,Sunil Kumar Tiwarie
a,e
M.tech Scholar, School of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144402, Punjab
b
Research Scholar, IKG-PTU Kapurthala, (Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana), Ludhiana, India
1
Assistant Professor, School of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144402, Punjab, India
c
Principal, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, 141010, India
d
Director Principal, CGC Landran, Greater Mohali, 140307, India

Abstract

The use of jute fibers as reinforcement for development of composite materials has increased in nowadays because the vexation
shown by the environment due to increase in fuel prices, depletion of fossil fuels, global warming are the major concerns which
force the researchers to work in the area of green composites. The jute fiber reinforced composites also replace old materials such
as steel and wood. The current research ingenuity aims to highlight the concerns and challenges faced during the development of
jute fiber reinforced composites. Fabrication methods of different form of jute fiber reinforced composites have been studied and
their mechanical properties have been reported. Failure mechanism of jute fiber composites has been discussed using scanning
electron microscopy.

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Composite Materials: Manufacturing,
Experimental Techniques, Modeling and Simulation (ICCMMEMS-2018).

Keywords: Jute, natural fiber composites, mechanical properties, life cycle, biodegradability

1. Introduction
Composite materials are those materials which built from two or more constituent materials with considerably
different physical or chemical properties that when joined, to develop composite. Composite materials depend on
the properties of constituent materials, the fibers and the resin used [1]. At present days, the advance composite

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-8146577657.

E-mail address:jaiinderpreetsingh@gmail.com, jaiinder.14740@lpu.co.in

2214-7853 © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Composite Materials: Manufacturing, Experimental Techniques,
Modeling and Simulation (ICCMMEMS-2018).
28428 Jai Inder Preet Singh/ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 28427–28437

material has been broadly used composite in the engineering field due to their noble mechanical properties.
Advantages of this like as corrosion resistance, electrical insulation, more stiffness and strength, fatigue resistance,
lesser in weight than metal, easy process ability at less energy requirement in tooling and assembly costs widely
acceptable in structure application.
The worldwide disposal of millions of tons of plastics, Global environmental concerns, such as decrease in polar
ice caps, increasing global temperature, fast depleting petroleum resources, increasing sea levels etc, have a burden
on environment. Above mentioned are the causes for the requirement to develop green and sustainable products
which are progressively endorsed for defensible development [2]. A lot of advanced research literature is mentioned
on natural fiber reinforced green composites in the way of refining mechanical strength and mark them suitable in
many engineering applications. Green composites are categorized into two categories such as partially
biodegradable and fully biodegradable composites. Partially green composites are the one in which one of the
elements used is derived from the natural resource like reinforcement are natural fibers and epoxy as the matrix
material or synthetic fibers as reinforcement and matrix as PLA. In fully biodegradable composites, both the
elements are derived from the natural resource like natural fibers as a reinforcement and natural polymer such as
PLA, PVA etc as a matrix material [3]. Composite materials that are completely biodegradable, both the matrix and
the reinforcement are obtained from natural resources, are termed as green composites or bio-composites [4].
Essentially the composites prepared from thermosetting resins which cannot be re-produce or recycle. Because of
these aims the attention of composite material going in the direction of the green composite which do not have a
negative effect on the environment and they are bio-degradable, fully sustainable, environment friendly in nature.
Green composites are those composites which are built from natural occurring resin and fibers [1]. Many researchers
are working in the zone of polymer matrix composites with using synthetic resin as a matrix and synthetic fibers as
reinforcement for the enhancement of industrial products. But due to its non-biodegradable nature, there are many
drawbacks towards the environment, global warming, depletion of fossil resources, and rising oil prices have
resulted in increased research for the sustainable development [5].
All the above reasons force the researchers to develop materials that are biodegradable in nature and have good
mechanical properties. Green composites are the superior class of composite materials in which the components
(matrix or reinforcement) are obtained from the nature [6].
There are so many natural fibers which are obtained from nature, such as sisal, coconut, banana, wool, coir, jute,
flax, hemp, cotton, kenaf, abaca, ramie, silk, pineapple [1]. Natural fibers are classified as animal cellulose fibers
and which are further divided into bast, leaf, seed and fruit fibers, etc. as shown in figure 1 [7].

Fig.1. Complete structure of fibers. [7]

There are so many natural occurring polymers and resins, which are used for the making of green composites
such as polyesters containing polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(butylene succinate) (PBSu ), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
(PHB), poly-hydroxyvalerate (PHV), poly lactic acid (PLA), poly-glycolate (PGA) and their co-polymers with
 Jai Inder Preet Singh/ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 28427–28437 28429

different monomer ratios, poly(ethylene succinate) (PESu), soy oil, and lingo phenolic resins etc. [8]. Natural fibers
have several benefits over synthetic fibers. Lot of researches had developed the green composites using different
type of natural fibers as reinforcement and investigate their mechanical properties. This research paper aims to
discuss the development of different forms of jute fiber reinforced polymer composites and their mechanical
characterization as per ASTM standards.

2. Jute
Jute is most commonly used natural fiber as reinforcement in green composites. Jute is a type of bast fibers from
Tiliaceae family and having scientific name is corchorus capsularis because it is extracted from plants of corchorus,
It is one of the low-cost natural fiber and is presently the bast fiber with the maximum production volume. Jute is
intuitive to the Mediterranean but now a days Bangladesh, India, China, Nepal, Thailand, Indonesia, and Brazil
provide the finest type for the growth of jute [9,10]. The overall world production of jute fiber is around 2300x10³ to
2850x10³ tones [10,11]. Jute can grow 2–3.5 m in height and are very brittle, with a low extension to break because
of the high lignin content (up to 12–16%). Jute fibers have a less resistance to moisture, acid and UV light.
Conversely, their fine texture as well as their resistance to heat and fire are providing a widespread range of
applications in industries such as textile, construction, and automotive [12]. The most communal natural fibers used
as bast fibers, such as hemp, jute, flax, kenaf, and sisal etc. [13]. Figure 2 shows the digital view of jute plant and
different form of jute fiber available.

Fig. 2. (a) Jute plant [30]; (b) Raw jute fabric [30]; (c) Unidirectional jute fiber [3]; (d) Woven jute fiber [3].

2.1 Chemical composition of jute fiber

Climatic circumstances, phase and the degradation procedure affect the configuration of fibers and also the
chemical composition. The main chemical constituent of a living tree is water, and all plant cell walls contain
mostly cellulose and hemi-cellulose that are contained with lignin, with smaller aggregate of protein and starch [10].
Basically, natural fibers are contained of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin and other waxy materials which
shown in table 1 in which cellulose is the main constituent of the natural fiber [7]. The stems of the plant are made
from cell and cell walls, these cells could be instituted in the leaves or the sources of plants. It can be induced by
enzymes, such as cellulose. So that, cellulose makes up the preponderance of fibers and offers strength properties
[14]. Figure 3 and 4 shows the structure of lignin and cross sections of jute filament.

2.2 Physical and Mechanical properties of jute fiber

As, the all-natural fibers are lignocellulosic in nature, they possess better acoustic insulation properties along with
the novel thermal properties as compared to the other synthetic fibers. Usually, mechanical properties of synthetic
fibers are better as compared to natural fibers, but that can be further enhanced by different surface treatment of
fibers as alkali treatment, silane treatment etc. Natural fibers are possess high specific modulus, high specific
strength, low densities etc. are the reasons, of high demand in the industries for the improvement of the composites.
The required mechanical characterization of jute fibers are mentioned in Table 2. The tensile strength of glass fiber
is more than that of plant fibers, but the specific modulus of natural fibers is higher than that of glass fibers. Due to
these reasons, the natural fibers are widely used for the different applications in green composites [2]. Fiber
characteristics are the major parameters for enhancing the performance of the natural fiber reinforced polymer based
composites. It has been observed in one of the study that moisture content is having a wide impact on the biolofical
performance of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites [10]. The factors in consideration of fiber chemical
28430 Jai Inder Preet Singh/ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 28427–28437

properties consist of crystalline cellulose content, cell number, aspect ratio and micro-fibrillar angle. Lesser micro-
fibrillar angle and Greater cellulose content are vital for high fiber strength. Natural fibers are generally
characterized by their aspect ratio [23, 24]. The tensile strength, young’s modulus and density of jute fibers are the
main parameter of the physical and mechanical properties as per the researchers.

Figure 3. Structure of Lignin [15] Figure 4 Cross Section of Jute Filament [15]

Table 1. Chemical composition of jute fibers as referred by literature

Cellulose (%) Hemicellulose Lignin (%) Pectin (%) Moisture Wax (%) Other Source
(%) (%)
61-71 13.6-20.4 12-13 ~0.2 ~12.6 0.5 ~0.5-2.0 [16]
61-71.5 13.6-20.6 12-13 2.3 ~1.7 [17]
61-71.5 12-13 13.6-20.4 0.2 12.6 ~0.5 ~8.0 [18]
61.0 20.4 13.0 12.6 [15]
45-63 12-25 4-10 12-13 ~0.5 ~8.0 [7]
71.0 14.0 17.0 0.5 [19]
61-71 14-20 12-13 [20]
61-63 13.0 5-13 0.5 [9]
61-71 14-20 12-13 [10]
58-63 21-24 12-14 ~2 [21]
61-73.2 13.6-20.4 12-16 [12]
72.0 13.0 13.0 [11]

Due to interfacial adhesion the structural analysis has to be done by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The
SEM results are taken at different magnifications and then analyzed. In SEM the mechanical and interfacial
properties has analyzed which identifies the plant fibers matrix adhesion, as it assists both mechanical interlocking
between the microstructures of the jute fibers [15]. Figure 5 shows the SEM images of untreated and treated jute
fiber.
 Jai Inder Preet Singh/ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 28427–28437 28431

Table 2. Properties of jute fiber as reported by different authors

Tensile strength Young’s Elongation at Length (cm) Diameter Density Source
(MPa) modulus (GPa) brake (%) (cm) (g/cm³)

393-773 26.5 1.5-1.8 1.3 [10]

460-553 2.5-1.3 1.16 150-360 .005-0.028 1.3 [21]
393-773 2.5-26.5 1-2 .0025-.02 1.3-1.45 [12]
400-800 10-30 1.5-1.8 1.46 [25]
393 55 1.5-1.8 1.3 [7]
394 55 .001 [18]
300-700 20-50 1.6-4.0 1.3 [26]
393-773 26.5 1.5-1.8 1.3 [27]
393 55 1.3 [1]

Figure 5 a) SEM of jute fiber, b) Untreated fiber, c) Treated jute fiber [15]

3. Jute fiber composites

Jute/soy milk based composites were developed using both woven and non-woven jute fabrics as reinforcement
with the help of compression molding process and then characterized. Different mechanical properties like flexural
strength, tensile strength, elongation at break, tensile and flexural modulus of these composites were recorded and
observed that developed composites showing best properties at the 60wt% reinforcement of jute felt or jute fabric.
Different researchers have analyzed the degradability of the jute composites in various environmental conditions
such as compost soil burial condition. Polymer composites are having wide range of application as auto- motive
sector, structures, toys, tennis racket, indoor furniture, etc. as a replacement of eco-hazardous plastic and plastic
reinforced composites. [29].
The processing of bio-composites are similar like plastics or composite materials. These are also classified as
thermoset and thermoplastic bio-composites. The open mold techniques such as hand lay- up and closed mold
methods such as resin transfer and compression molding methods were used for the fabrication of natural jute fiber
reinforcement thermoset composites. For the short and chopped NFs filament winding, press molding and pultrusion
techniques were also being used. Generally the all natural fiber reinforced polypropylene composites are fabricated
by compounding and extrusion [25]. The most broadly used of the thermosets are the unsaturated polyesters,
epoxies, and phenols. Polypropylenes, polyethylene, and elastomers are the most common thermoplastic matrices
[15]. Different methods of fabrication of jute fiber composites have been proposed by different researchers. Gomes
et.al. [30] proposed three different methods as direct method, Pre-forming method (PF) and Preg-preg sheet method
(PS). Apart from that, some more methods for the development of green composites as injection moulding, hand
lay-up with compression moulding [48,49], Vacuum-assisted resin transfer moulding. Figure 6 shows the fabrication
process of natural fiber green composites.
28432 Jai Inder Preet Singh/ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 28427–28437

Figure 6 shows the fabrication process of natural fiber green composites [30]

3.1. Jute fiber reinforced thermoplastics Composites

The hot press molding method was used for the fabrication of woven jute fiber reinforced PLLA composites.
Woven jute fiber give better mechanical behavior under tensile, flexural, and impact loadings compared to non-
woven composite. It can be resulted that due to higher strengths of PLLA based woven jute fiber composites can be
used for high load bearing applications [31]. The mechanical properties of PLA/ jute fiber composites increase. The
mechanical properties of PLA/jute are less than those of PLA/ramie because ramie fiber is having high strength as
compared to the jute fiber, but the degradation temperature of the PLA-based composites decreases with the addition
of the fiber [5].
The green manufacturing technology for the automotive industry, in the past, some researchers have developed
green materials fully degradable NFRP composites and investigated its mechanical properties with change in fiber
volume fraction and the results shows that with high jute fiber volume fraction can be fabricated by using fiber
mixing, felt making, and hot pressed method. The fibers can be uniformly mixed by this method. Mechanical
property of the composite materials has been tested. Good adhesion is also evidenced by scanning electron
microscope observation [32 and 33].

3.2. Jute fiber reinforced thermosets Composites

Woven Jute Fibers, a category of natural fibers, are being progressively used as a comparison to carbon and glass
fibers used in polymer matrix composites. This is the category of polymer composites in which reinforcement is jute
fibers and matrix as epoxy in general. Most of the researchers did the research with operating parameters and found
that the moisture diffusion rate into composites increases with an increase in the volume fraction of jute fibers in the
matrix. [34] studied the effect of curing temperature on mechanical properties of jute fiber/epoxy based composites
and it has been found that 100°C is the optimum curing temperature for the development of epoxy composites and at
that temperature tensile and flexural strength are maximum as compare to the other curing temperature ranging from
80°C to 120°C.

3.3. Jute fiber hybrid composites

Jute fiber reinforced hybrid composites are the category of the composites in which more than one reinforcement
material would be there along with the matrix material. In most of the case we had seen researchers have developed
the hybrid composites in which they have used jute fiber along with another natural fiber as reinforcement and
polymer as the matrix material. In one of the study, different natural fibers (Jute, bamboo and Kenaf) are used as
reinforcement and unsaturated polyester as matrix material and composites were developed by hand lay-up and
compression moulding technique. During mechanical testing it has found that bamboo/unsaturated polyester
composites and jute/unsaturated composites have similar tensile modulus as compared to kenaf/unsaturated
composites [35]. Hybrid Jute fiber and woven glass fiber/epoxy based composites were fabricated. It has been
observed that with increase in the volume fraction of glass fiber, tensile strength of the composite increases. The
flexural and impact strength of jute/glass woven composites are higher than those of jute woven composites [36].
 Jai Inder Preet Singh/ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 28427–28437 28433

The moisture absorption of natural fibers gives thoughtful apprehension, especially for the products which are
exposed in direct contact with environment. It has been observed that with increase in the water absorption, flexural
and compression strength degraded. The mechanical properties of composites are enhanced due to hybridization of
natural fibers with synthetic fibers reduces the moisture absorption. [37]. The NFs like sisal/jute with glass fiber
composites are now days are much more popular as compare to other synthetic fibers. Due to that the hybrid glass
fiber-sisal/jute reinforced epoxy composites were fabricated and investigated. From the results, it can be found that
sisal-GFRP composites accomplishment good for tensile load and jute-GFRP composites are good for flexural
loading. The performance of these NF composites is lesser than that of the GFRP [38, 39].

3.4 Jute fiber reinforced biodegradable polymers

Jute fiber reinforced biodegradable polymers are the category of the composites in which jute fibers is used as
reinforcement and biodegradable polymer is used as matrix material. There are lot of biodegradable polymers are
available as Poly lactic acid (PLA), poly vinyl alchohal (PVA), Poly hydroxyl-butyrate (PHB). A lot of research
work has been done with the help of all these polymers and it has been observed that there is a wide scope of
research is there in future specially on the machining of these biodegradable polymer composites. Some researchers
investigated the degradation behavior of the natural fiber reinforced composites and effects of aging in water,
enzyme and soil [14]. Biodegradable polymers have newly been introduced numerous fields as alternatives to
traditional materials. Jute fibers are the natural fibers superior on light weight and environmental friendly. PLA is
interesting attention as candidate of nonpetroleum based biodegradable polymer materials with high mechanical
properties, thermal plasticity, processing properties and its biodegradability. It has been suggested as a renewable
and degradable for uses as service ware, composting bag and films used PLA films joined with woven jute fiber in
mat form to fabricate composites by a film stacking technique. The examination of composite fracture by SEM
showed voids in the composite [40]. At last it can be resulted that PLLA based Woven jute fiber composites could
be a better alternate of synthetic fiber composites [31]. The unidirectional composites of jute spun yarn/PLA were
fabricated using compression molding. Before fabricate the specimens, the wound paralleled yarn were dried in
convection oven at 80° C for 2 hours. The molding temperature was effect to the mechanical properties of the
unidirectional composite. It was clear that the impregnation quality and dispersion of bundled fiber were improved
with increasing the curing temperature, hence the achievement ratio of elastic modulus increased. While increasing
the molding temperature, the accomplishment ratio of tensile strength was decreased because of deterioration of jute
fiber [41].
Degradation is process of breakdown of chemical particles by a biological environment. Natural fibers as well as
polymers can be degrades in the presences of oxygen, or anaerobically, without oxygen. Decomposable polymers
and natural fibers begin their life cycle as shown in figure 7, as renewable resources, generally in the form of starch
or cellulose [25].

Figure 7. Flow chat of life cycle of Natural fiber polymer composites [25].
The significant story of green composites is their degradability nature. Figure 7 shows that, after completion of
usable life of product made up from green composite, it can be completely dissolved after buried in the soil and
residual left as carbon dioxide and water. Further this complete bio waster can further use as a fertilizer for fiber
28434 Jai Inder Preet Singh/ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 28427–28437

crops and thus completing the life cycle without effecting to environment. Therefore, green composites are a
renewable, environmentally friendly, and biodegradable in nature [18].

3.5 Applications of jute fibers composites

Natural fibers composites are widely used in a broad range of applications such as infrastructure, automotive and
furniture. An ironic application of natural fibers is in Mercedes-Benz E-class car. Numerous components in this
vehicle like a rear parcel shelf, seat cushion parts, center console and trim, several damping and insulation parts, C-
pillar trim, and door trim panels are developed from natural fibers reinforced polymer composites [42]. Jute as a
material used in many applications as a packaging material, and for roping and domestic purposes. Prospective
upcoming applications of jute fiber reinforced composites contain the automobile sector, the footwear production,
building/construction, home/garden furniture, and the toy industry. The additional applications are false ceilings,
jute/polymer corrugated sheet, roof tiles, chairs, tables, etc. Although the use of jute fiber as the reinforcement phase
in polymer matrix composites has opened up new possibilities for applications in the area of structural materials.
Jute as a single or hybrid fiber has proved promising as a reinforcement material for sustainable and eco-friendly
applications; although further research is required to fully exploit the potential of such composite materials [43, 44].
Figure 8 & 9 shows the general applications of natural jute fiber composites.

Figure 8. Application of green composites as of Dias-Deck Assembly [43].

Figure 9. Application of green composites as Furniture and Roof tile [7].

4. Conclusion

Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites have increased wide interest due to eco-friendly and sustainable
material. Different jute fiber polymer composites have been deliberate as the potential material for the replacement
of synthetic fibers polymer composites. Different researchers carried out the work on polymer composites and
technologies shown that natural fiber composites are comparable and superior to synthetic fiber composites. Jute
fibers are one of the natural fibers which are easily available and cheaper and are having good mechanical
properties. Jute fibers are the present and future raw material not limited to textile applications, but also for green
composites which are used in various applications like automotive, structures, toys and furniture’s etc. Still more
research is required to find new ways to improve the mechanical strength of jute fiber polymer composites. Future
attempts would also be required related to the commercialization of jute fiber reinforced polymer composites.
 Jai Inder Preet Singh/ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 28427–28437 28435

5. Future developments

From the highlighted different fabrication methods of jute fiber reinforced polymer composites and mechanical
characterization, improvement plan can further researched to find new ways to increase the mechanical properties.
The outcome of these researches is expected to assist the future developments and commercial applications of
natural fiber composites for engineering materials. Some of the issues that need to be addressed in future studies
includes:
1. All though a lot of researchers had proposed different fabrication methods for the fabrication of polymer
reinforced composites and also different ways to improve the mechanical strength with the help of different
chemical treatments, fiber orientations, By varying fiber fraction. As natural fibers are prone to moisture, so
removal of moisture leads to improve the fiber/matrix interface and thus rests in improving the mechanical
strength. Optimum heat treatment of fibers and matrix material could be a way to improve the mechanical
strength.
2. Natural fibers are sensitive towards the moisture attack so some fiber treatments are required, which would
enhance strength and moisture durability of the composites. Water resistant coating on the composite surface to
avoid contact between moisture and fiber.
3. A lot of research is going on in the field of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites, but still a lot of efforts
need to put on to explore the commercial utility of the natural fiber composites.

6. Acknowledgements

The author feels thankful for school of Mechanical Engineering and School of Civil Engineering, Lovely
Professional University for giving the support to use the infrastructure for the complete research.

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