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Chapter I - Introduction to the

Chapter I :
(Text Book Ch. 1 & 2)

Steel Design
Introduction to the Steel Design

Subjects:

Chapter I - Introduction to the

I.1 Structural Design
I.2 Loads
Steel Design

I.3 Building Codes

I.4 Design Specifications
I.5 Structural Steel
I.6 Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes
I.7 Design Philosophies
I.8 American Institute of Steel Construction Specification
I.9 Load Factors, Resistance Factors, and Load Combinations for LRFD
I.10 Safety Factors and Load Combinations for ASD
I.11 Probabilistic Basis of Load and Resistance Factors
I.12 Steel Construction Manual 2

I.13 Design Computations and Precision

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I.1 Structural Design

Chapter I - Introduction to the

 Architect Provides The Geometric Shape, partitions and other
“Architectural Details”

Steel Design
 Engineer Verifies the Structural Stability

 Priority is: Safety and Public Protection

 Other Considerations: Economic, Aesthetic, Constructability.

 Labor & ease of construction are more important than the material
cost

 Many Alternatives corresponding to many frame arrangements

should be studied

 Type of used steel: Truss, Frame, composite sections, etc…

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 Idealization of the structure with the applied loads.

I.1 Structural Design

Chapter I - Introduction to the

 Idealization
Steel Design

 Member classifications according to its behavior:

• Beam (Horizontal Elements)

• Column (Vertical Element with Axial Compression Load)

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• Beam-Column (Elements subjected to bending and Axial
Loads)

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I.2 Loads

Chapter I - Introduction to the

 Gravity Loads: Dead Load & Live Load
 Loads are “Estimated”

Steel Design
 Live load position according to the failure mode – critical position
 Mention of the applied Live Load has to be considered
• Slow application for Live Load  Static effect
• Sudden application  Impact consideration
• Fatigue for loads applied and removed many times (rarely to be
considered)
 Wind Load is a special consideration for tall building
 Wind consideration for roof structure – uplift verification
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 Earthquake consideration related to Geographic locations
 Snow load, Rain load and other load types.

I.3 Building Codes

Chapter I - Introduction to the

 Design and construction according to the provisions of building
code Steel Design

 Requirements related to: Safety, Fire Safety, Plumbing, Ventilation…

 Building codes do not give design procedures, just design
requirements and constraints to be verified. (Loads and strength
verifications)
 Specific codes related to group of large cities  “Model codes”
• Uniform building Code
• Standard Building Code
• BOCA Building Officials and Code Administrators
 A unified Building Code: ICC, IBC (joint ICBO, BOCA & SBCCI) 6

 ASCE7 is not a building Code

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I.4 Design Specifications

Chapter I - Introduction to the

 The specifications of most interest to the structural steel designer are
those published by the following organizations:

Steel Design
1. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC): This
specification provides for the design of structural steel
buildings and their connections.
2. American Association of State Highway & Transportation
Officials (AASHTO): This specification covers the design of
highway bridges and related structures.
3. American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way
Association (AREMA): The AREMA Manual for Railway
Engineering covers the design of railway bridges and related
structures.
4. American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI): This specification 7
deals with cold-formed steel.

I.5 Structural Steel

Chapter I - Introduction to the

 Steel is formed by different quantities of cast iron & carbon.

 Characteristics of Steel:
Steel Design

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I.5 Structural Steel

Chapter I - Introduction to the

 Typical Curve of a class of steel known as ductile, or mild, steel.

 Original cross-sectional area is used to compute all stresses.

Steel Design
 Engineering Stress / Engineering Strain (refer to original dimensions)

I.5 Structural Steel

Chapter I - Introduction to the

 Steel called ductile because of its ability to undergo large
deformations before fracturing. Steel Design

 Ductility can be measured by the elongation, defined as:

 Elastic Limit of the material is a stress that lies between the

proportional limit and the upper yield point. 10

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I.5 Structural Steel

Chapter I - Introduction to the

 Idealized Version: (for a ductile)

• Define the Yield Point, Fy.

Steel Design
• Ultimate tensile Strength, Fu; is the maximum value

• Ratio of Stress to Strain within the elastic range;

E = 29,000,000 psi (Young’s modulus, modulus of elasticity)

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I.5 Structural Steel

Chapter I - Introduction to the

 Idealized Version: (high-strength steel)

• A less ductile than mild steel

Steel Design

• There is no well define for yield point & Yield Plateau.

• 0.2% offset method is used to define the Fy value.

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I.5 Structural Steel

Chapter I - Introduction to the

 Properties of Steel Structures: Strength & Ductility according to its
chemical composition.

Steel Design
 Principal component is the IRON.
 Another components with small amount is the carbon.
 Increasing in Carbon  increasing in strength But reduce the
ductility.
 Other Components: manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum,
and silicon.
 Groups of the steel structure:
• Plain Carbon Steels (1% carbon)
• Low-alloy Steels (between 1% & 5%) 13
• High-alloy or specialty steel (higher % carbon % iron / resist to
corrosion)

I.5 Structural Steel

Chapter I - Introduction to the

 Different Grades according to ASTM
Steel Design

 Most Used ASTM A36 or just A36

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I.6 Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes

Chapter I - Introduction to the

 Main objectives of this course are:

• Select the appropriate steel cross section

Steel Design
• Refer to standard section to be selected

• Much more, Economical cross section has to be highlighted

 During the manufacturing, profiles are cut in a standard lengths

65ft and 75ft.

 Common sections for hot-rolled shapes are given in ASCE manual

and according to the ASTM standard (2010b)

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I.6 Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes

Chapter I - Introduction to the

 Standard Sections:

• W-shape, also called a wide-flange shape, consists of two

Steel Design

parallel flanges separated by a single web

W18x50:
W designates the type
18 is the nominal depth parallel to the web
50 is the weight in pounds per foot of length

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I.6 Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes

Chapter I - Introduction to the

• Standard American Standard section or S-shape

‒ Similar to W, but with narrower flange

Steel Design
‒ Inside faces of the flanges slope with respect to the outside
faces.

‒ S18 × 70 S designates the type

18 is the nominal depth parallel to the web
70 is the weight in pounds per foot of length

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I.6 Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes

Chapter I - Introduction to the

• Angle Shape (L):

‒ Available in either equal-leg or unequal-leg angle

Steel Design

‒ “L6 × 6 × 3⁄4” or “L6 × 4 × 5⁄8”

L designates the type

6x6 & 6x4 are the length of legs
3/4” & 5/8” are the leg thichness

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I.6 Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes

Chapter I - Introduction to the

• American Standard Channel, or C-shape:

• Two flanges and a web, with only one axis of symmetry

Steel Design
• “C9 × 20.””

C designates the type

9 is total depth in inches
20 weight in pounds per linear foot

• Exact height rather than nominal

• Sloping inside face

• MC10 × 25—are similar

to American Standard Channels
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I.6 Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes

Chapter I - Introduction to the

• Structural Tee

• Produced by splitting an I-shaped member at mid depth.

Steel Design

• Referred to as a split-tee.

• prefix of the designation is either WT, ST, or MT,

depending on which shape is the “parent”.

• For example, a WT18×105 has a nominal depth of 18

inches and a weight of 105 pounds per foot, and is cut from
a W36 × 210.

• M shape is for
miscellaneous shape
different than W and S 20

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I.6 Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes

Chapter I - Introduction to the

• The HP shape, used for bearing piles,
• same width and depth,

Steel Design
• equal flange and web thicknesses.
• HP-shapes are designated in the same manner as the W-
shape; for example, HP14 × 117.
• Other frequently used cross-sectional shape:
• Bars can have circular, square, or rectangular cross sections
• width is more than 8”
Plate
• width is less than 8”
bar
• Designated by PL for 21
both cases

I.6 Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes

Chapter I - Introduction to the

• Many other considerations, designations and definitions are
provided by the textbook. Steel Design

• Steel pipe, hollow section, HSS, etc….

• Built-up sections, formed from many other standard shapes

connected and gathered together.

• Building up sections is an effective way of strengthening

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I.6 Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes

Chapter I - Introduction to the

 The most commonly used steels for rolled shapes and plate material
are ASTM A36, A572, and A992

Steel Design
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I.6 Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes

Chapter I - Introduction to the

 Cold-formed steel:

• Structural shapes of this type are created by bending thin

Steel Design

material such as sheet steel or plate into the desired shape

without heating.

• Only relatively thin material can be used.

• Versatility, since almost any conceivable cross-sectional shape.

• Cold-working will increase the yield point of the steel.

• Special Design Code AISI2007

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Problem 1: From Chapter I – Text Book

Chapter I - Introduction to the

Steel Design
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Problem 1 (Solution): From Chapter I – Text Book

Chapter I - Introduction to the

Steel Design

26

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Problem 2: From Chapter I – Text Book

Chapter I - Introduction to the

Steel Design
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Problem 2 (Solution): From Chapter I – Text Book

Chapter I - Introduction to the

Steel Design

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