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Myanmar Cupid Forum \ PDF rSwfwrf;

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MMCP Member

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Myanmar E-booktjzpf

Myanmar Cupid Forum

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wwfygonf/ rnfonhftcgrS vdrfrajymwwfyg/
uRefawmfwdkYi,fpOfu ewfarmufqGrf;BuD;avmif;toif;u BuD;rª;
í 0gwGif;ü tywfpOf tdk;pnfAHkarmif;jzifh tvªcHxGufygonf/ vl
wa,mufu zdk;olawmft½kyfBuD;xJ 0ifNyD; uygonf/ xdkt½kyfBuD;udk
atmifqef; tvGefaMumufygonf/ t½kyfudk aMumuf&aumif;vm;[k



 

zcifu qlyljypfwifaomtcg ]zifacgif;xJoGif;xm; b,fheJYvkyfrvJAsmh} [k
jyefajzygonf/
acgif;wkefwkef vnfwkefwkef jzpfaeaom r,fa&Tr,fqdkonfh
tr,fBuD;udkvnf; olaMumufí aMumufaMumif;udkvnf; ol0efcHygonf/
ntdyfvQif rdcifudk zuftdyfavh&Sdí rdcifudk olYbufodkY tNrJvSnfhtdyf
apcsifonf/
tdrfem;&Sd umumqdkifodkYvnf; olroGm;&Jyg/ waeYoü umum
qdkifodkYoGm;í bD-'D aq;vdyfrsm;0,fNyD;vQif csKd;Munhfygonf/ rdcif
odaomtcg uav;tm; aq;vdyfa&mif;vdkufaom ukvm;xHoGm;í qlyl
jypfwifygonf/ qdkif&Sif umumu rdcifudkawmif;yefí atmifqef;
bufvSnfhum ]aemufwcgvm&if befbl;ay;r,f} [k ajymvdkuf&m
atmifqef;u ]befbl;qdkwmbmvJ} [k rdcifudk ar;ygonf/ rdcifu
]befbl;ay;r,fqdkwm ½dkufr,fvdkY ajymwm} [k ajymvdkuf&m? atmifqef;
onf xdkaerSpí umumqdkifodkY roGm;awmhay/
aeraumif;vQif ydkufqHay;rS aq;aomufrnf[k tMuyfudkifwwf
ojzifh atmifqef;onf aeraumif;wdkif; rdcifxHrS aiG'*Fg; av;-ig;q,f
&ygonf/ (xdkacwfu aiGpuúL ay:ao;[ef rwlyg/)
ewfarmufü wqdkifwnf;om&Sdaom umumqdkifodkY roGm;&Jojzifh
olvdkcsifonfh ypönf;rsm;udk uRefawmfu 0,fay;&ygonf/ uRefawmf
vdkcsifonfwYdkudkvnf; olY aiGjzifhyif 0,fcGifhay;ygonf/ nDtpfudk &efjzpf
aomtcg olY aiG jyefay;&ef awmif;wwfygonf/ rdcifu ]eif tpu
bmvdkY ay;ovJ} [k ar;aomtcg ]tdk olu nDtudkcsif;bJuGm bm nmeJY
ajymwmudk;Asmh} [k jyefajzojzifh uRefawmfwdkY &,fMu&ygonf/
atmifqef;onf rnfonhftcgrS vkyfBuHí vnfqnfí rajymwwfyg/



 

ay;cJhvQif ay;cJhonf? vkyfcJhvQif vkyfcJhonf[k yGifhyGifhvif;vif; zGifh[
0efcH wwfygonf/
uRefawmfwdkYrdcifonf tvGef ynmvdkvm;&um; uRefawmfwdkY
ig;ESpfajcmufESpft&G,f a&mufvQif ausmif;xm;ygonf/ atmifqef;onf
ausmif;ae&rSm aMumufojzifh ]traerS aer,f} [k rdcifudk ajymygonf/
(uRefawmfwdkYrdcifudk uRefawmfwkdYu ]tr} [k ac:Muygonf/) taxG;qHk;
om;uav;udk tvGefcspfcifaom rdcifuvnf; atmifqef;udk ausmif;rydkY
&ufbJ cGifhvTwfxm;&ygonf/
uRefawmf 11 ESpfom;t&G,f a&mufaomtcg &SifjyKí udk&if
0wfygonf/ ckESpfESpfausmf &SpfESpfom;&SdaeNyDjzpfaom atmifqef;onf
ausmif;raeao;aomfvnf; uRefawmhfxH aeYpOfvmygonf/ xdkodkYvm&if;
udk&if 0wfcsifpdwf aygufvmojzifh udk&if0wfay;&ef rdcifudk ylqmygonf/
csufaumif;udk,lwwfaom rdcifu ]udk&if0wfw,fqdkwm vG,fwm
r[kwfzl;uG? pmwwfrS 0wfvdkY&wm? rif;vdk pmrwwfwJhvu l udk&if0wfvdkY
b,fjzpfrvJ} [k qGay;vdkufygonf/ ]'Dvdkvm;? 'Dvdkqdk ausmif;aer,f}
[k ajymNyD; atmifqef;onf xdktcsdefrSpí ausmif;aeygawmhonf/
« rSwfcsuf/ /1932-33 ck aumvdyfausmif;a&mufp yxrESpf
üvnf; atmifqef;onf ouFef;0wfí tDwmvD,H bkef;awmfBuD;
OD;avmuexESihftwlvdkufum omoemjyKvkdpdwf jzpfay:vmojzifh
rdcifxH cGifhawmif;bl;ygonf/ rdcifu cGifhrjyKojzifh rvdkufjzpfcJhay/»
þodkYjzifh atmifqef;onf ewfarmuf&Sd 'DyuF&mausmif;ac:
OD;aombdwausmif;om; jzpfvmygonf/
OD;aombdwausmif;onf bkef;BuD;ausmif; jzpfaomfvnf; twef;
ausmif; jzpfygonf/ xdkacwfu xdkausmif;rsKd;udk ]avmu"mwfausmif;} [k
ac:Muygonf/ a&S;pmoufoufoifonfh bkef;BuD;ausmif;ESihf jcm;em;



 

ap&eftwGuf þodkY ac:jcif;jzpf[ef wlygonf/ vufaxmufq&mrsm;
onf vl0wfaMumifrsm;jzpf&m tcsKdU q&mjzpfpmar;yGJ atmifjrifMuí tcsKdU
ratmifjrifMuyg/ uRefawmfwdkY i,fpOfu xdkvufaxmufq&mrsm;onf
vc r&MubJ ESpfukefrS qkaiG &Muygonf/ ESpfpOf ynma&;XmerS
ynmtkyf wa,mufa,muf vmíppfaq;NyD;vQif ausmif;om;rsm;udk
twef;wifay;jcif;? twef;csjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfygonf/ ausmif;tkyf
bkef;awmfBuD;aomf¤if;? vufaxmufq&mrsm;uaomf¤if; twef; wifay;
jcif;? csjcif; rjyKEdkifMuay/
atmifqef;onf ausmif;aeonfhtcsdefrSpí twef;xJü tNrJ
yxr &ygonf/ ausmif;tkyf bkef;awmfBuD;ESifhwuG q&m? q&mrrsm;udk
tvGefaMumuf&GHU½dkaoí tvGeftydk;aoygonf/ pnf;urf;ao0yfjcif;?
wm0efodwwfjcif;? vHkYv0d&d,&Sdjcif;wdkYonf atmifqef;\ADZyif jzpfyg
onf/
xdkADZudk rdzrsm;xHrS &onf[k qdkcsifuvnf; qdkEdkifygonf/
uRefawmfwdkY zcifESifhrdcifrSm tvGef ½dk;om;olrsm;jzpfí rw&m;vkyf&ef
a0;pG? rw&m;vkyfonf[k txifcH&rnfudkyif tvGef aMumufolrsm;
jzpfMuygonf/ wm0efudk tvGefodwwfí wm0efrJh ajymqdkvkyfudkifrIudk
tvGef pufqkyf&GH&Sm Muygonf/
pdwfaeoabmxm;tm;jzifh atmifqef;onf zcifESihf ydkíwlyg
onf/ uRefawmfwdkYzcifonf &SmrS&Sm;aom vlat; wa,mufjzpfí
rnfolYudkrQ &efrjyK/ rdrdudk &efjyKMuvdrfhrnf[kvnf; rxifol jzpfygonf/
tdrfü¤if;? c&D;oGm;vm&mü¤if; rdrdudk,fudk umuG,f&ef rnfonfhvufeuf
udkrQ udkifaqmifavh r&Sdyg/ uRefawmf rSwfrdoavmuf rnfolESihfrQvnf;
&efrjzpfzl;yg/



 

rSwfrdygao;onf/ yxrurÇmppfBuD;(1914-1918) twGif;u
uRefawmfwkdYzcifonf ppfonfawmfrsm; oufomacsmifcsda&;tzGJUwGif
aiGxdef;tjzpf aqmif&Guf&ygonf/ waeYoü vlwa,mufonf(emrnfukd
rSwfrdaomfvnf; xdkol\ tquftEG,frsm;udk iJhnm§ aomtm;jzifh razmfjy
awmhyg) twGif;a&;rª;vufrSwfvdrfjzifh aiGxkwf&m uRefawmfwdkY zcifu
xkwfray;bJ jiif;qdkvdkufygonf/ xdkvlonf &Sufvnf;&Suf? a'govnf;
jzpfojzifh t&ufaomufí tdrfay:odkY wufvmum ]cifAsm;u ppfaMu;
xdef;&vdkY armufwmvm;} ponfjzifh &efp apmfum;vmygawmhonf/
uRefawmfwdkY zcifum; rdrdtdrfay:odkY wufvmí rdrdtm; apmfum;oludk
bmrQrvkyfyg/ vSnfhíyif rMunhfyg/ þrQ onf;cHEdkifpGrf; &Sdolaywnf;/
xufaomrdcifurlum; ]eif bmvlyg;0wmvJ} [kajymum zdeyfjzifh
½dkufrnfjyK&m? trl;orm;vl&rf;um;onf xdkif&Sdcdk;í awmif;yefaom
aMumifhom oufomcGifh &oGm;ygonf/
rdcifonf rnfonhftcgrQ trIrJh trSwfrJh aewwfol r[kwfyg/
c&D;oGm;vm&mwGif EIwuf orÁKa'¨&Gwfvsuf vufuvnf; "m;udkifxm;
avh &Sdygonf/
atmifqef;onf zcifuJhodkY trIrJh trSwfrJh aewwfygonf/
xdkYaMumifhyif i,fpOfu olwyg;\½dkufESufjcif;udkcH&í? BuD;vmaom
tcgüvnf; a&wdrfwGif tESpfcH&ygonf/ rdcifuJhodkY owd 0d&d,&Sdyg
rlum; a&wdrfwGif tESpfcH&rnf r[kwfyg/
i,fpOfu qdkif;wD;aeonfudk pdwf0ifpm;pGm em;axmifaeaom
atmifqef;udk aumifuav; wpfa,mufu cJjzifhaygufí xGufajy;&m
atmifqef;rSm ESzl;ü 'Pf&m&oGm;ygonf/ tjcm;tjzpftysufuav;
wckudkvnf; rSwfrdygao;onf/ waeYwGif olYxuf tenf;i,fBuD;aom
]at;armif} qdkolu atmifqef;udk xdk;Budwf ½dkufESufvdkufygonf/



 

uRefawmfodaomtcg csufaumif;apmifhí xdkaumifuav;udk vufoD;jzifh
xdk;? ajcjzifhvnf;uef ponfjzifh tawmfuav;ESHvdkufygonf/ xdk
aumifuav;u ]awmfawmhuG? rif;nD 'Davmufrembl;} [k jyefajym
onfudk ,ck pma&;ae&if; Mum;a,mifrdvmojzifh jyHK;rdygonf/
atmifqef;um; i,fpOfrSpí usqHk;onfhaeYtxd rnfolYudkrQ
rESdyfpufvdk/ rESdyfpufcJh/ rdrdudkvnf; rnfolurQ ESdyfpuf&ef&Smvdrfhrnf[k
rxifol jzpfygonf/ ]vkyf&Jwmowåd r[kwfbl;? cH&JrS owdåyg} [k
BuD;vmaomtcg rdrdESihf &if;ESD;olrsm;udk rMumcP ajymavh&Sdygonf/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 


(2)
ausmif;om;vli,fb0

a&S;acwftcgu jrefrmausmif; (Vernacular School)? t*Fvdyf

jrefrmausmif; (Anglo-Vernacular School)? t*Fvdyfausmif;
(English School) [lí ausmif;oHk;rsKd;&Sd&m ewfarmufausmif;onf
jrefrmausmif; jzpfygonf/ t*Fvdyfausmif;onf &efukef? rEÅav;wdkY
uJhodkYaom NrKdUBuD;rsm;üom&Sdí ]t*Fvdyf jrefrmausmif;} onf rauG;?
a&eHacsmif;? awmifwGif;BuD;wdkYuJhodkYaom NrKdUuav;rsm;üom &Sdygonf/
NrKdUydkif ½Hk;pdkufaomfvnf; &GmBuD;rQomjzpfaom ewfarmufü ]jrefrmausmif;}
om &Sdygonf/
uRefawmfwdkYi,fpOfu ewfarmufonf ql;wyfrsm;um&Hxm;aom
&GmBuD;jzpfí oabFmqdyfNrKdUjzpfaom rauG;ESihf 36rdkif a0;onf/ rD;&xm;
vrf;vnf; r&Sdao;yg/ um;vrf ;vnf; r&Sdao; jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh
BuD;vmaomtcg atmifqef;onf &if;ESD;aomrdwfaqGrsm;tm; ]usKyf
*sif*vd0gvm;(awmom;)} [k *kPf,l &,farmí ajymqdkavh &Sdygonf/
acwfynm(t*Fvdyfpm) oifvdkvQif ewfarmufü roifEdkifbJ
NrKdUwNrKdU oGm;&ygonf/ 13-ESpf 14-ESpf t&G,fa&mufNyDjzpfaom
atmifqef;onf jrefrmpm 6-wef;atmifjrifNyD;aemuf t*Fvdyfpm
oifvdk&um; tpfudkBuD;ESifh uRefawmfwdkY ynm&ifEdkY aomufpkdYcJhaom
a&eHacsmif; ae&Sife,fausmif;odkY olYudkydkY&ef rdbrsm;udk ylqmygawmhonf/



 

rdbrsm;uomru tpfudktpfrrsm;uyg olYudk uav;[k ,lqxm;Mu
ojzifh wNrKdUwaus;odkYcGJíydkY&ef oabmrwlMuyg/ txl;ojzifh rdcifonf
tcspfqHk; om;uav;udk rcGJEdkifjzpfae&m tenf;i,f BuD;vmonfh
wdkifatmif apmifhqdkif;&ef azsmif;zsajymqdkygonf/ vkyfvdk&mudk rjzpfrae
vkyfwwfaom ZGJ&Sdonfhatmifqef;onf idk,dkylqm½Hkru ]a&eHacsmif;
ausmif;udk rydkYvQif xrif;rpm;} [k aMunmí xrif;rpm;bJ aeygonf/
wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif tpmiwfcHwdkufyGJ qifETJaeygonf/ ol\ pdwf"mwf
udk aumif;pGmodaom rdbrsm;onf aemufqHk;wGif ol\ vkdvm;csufudk
vdkufavsmí a&eHacsmif; ausmif;odkY ydkY&ygawmhonf/ þodkYjzifh 1928-
ckwGif atmifqef;onf a&eHacsmif; ae&Sife,fausmif;om; jzpfvmygonf/

ewfarmufNrdKU
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;aetdrfjywdkuf



 

,ckacwf vli,frsm; odMurnfr[kwfojzihf ae&Sife,fausmif;rsm;
taMumif;udk tenf;i,f azmfjyvdkygonf/ 1920-jynfhESpfrwdkifrDu
ae&Sife,fausmif;rsm; r&Sdao;yg/ tpdk;&u wdkuf½dkuftkyfcsKyfaom tpkd;&
ausmif;rsm;ESifh c&pf,ef omoemjyK ausmif;rsm;om &Sdygonf/ Ak'¨bmom
0ifrsm; BuD;rª;zGifhvSpfaom ausmif;rsm;vnf; tenf;i,f &Sdygonf/
1920-jynhfESpfrwdkifrDu jrefrmjynfü wuúodkvf[k r&SdbJ
]&efukefaumvdyf} ESifh tar&duef omoemjyK q&mBuD;*syfqif (Judson)
udk tpGJjyKí zGifhvSpfxm;aom ]*syfqifaumvdyf} [lí aumvdyfausmif;
ESpfausmif;om &Sdygonf/ (tcsKdUpmtkyfrsm;wGif q&mBuD;*syfqifudk q&m
,k'oef[k¤if;? *syfqifaumvdyfudk ],k'oefaumvdyf} [k¤if; a&;om;Mu
ygonf/) xdkaumvdyfausmif;rsm;onf b*Fvm;jynfe,f umvuwåm;
wuúodkvf\ vufatmufcHjzpf&m xdkwuúodkvfu BuD;rª;vsuf pmar;yGJ
rsm; usif;yjcif;? bGJYrsm;ay;jcif; ponfwdkYudk jyKvkyfygonf/
1920-jynfhESpf0,f ]&efukefwuúodkvf} udk oD;jcm;zGihfvSpf&ef
&nf&G,fvsuf NAdwdoQbk&ifcH qm &,f*sDe,f u&ufa'guf(Sir Regianld
Craddock) BuD;rª ;í ]&ef ukefwuú odkvf tufOya'} w&yf udk a&;qGJ
Muygonf/ NAdwdoQtpkd;&\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm jrefrmwdkYudk tppftrSefynm
wwfapvdkí r[kwfbJ? rdrdwdkY wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyf&mü tultnD&ap½Hk
avmufom ynmoifay;&ef jzpfygonf/
wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif udkvdkeD e,fcsJUorm;rsm;yDyD rdrdwdkY
vufatmufcH vlrsKd;rsm;tm; rdrdwdkY\ udkvdkeDpepftwGuf taxmuf
tuljzpfaprnfh ynma&;rsKd;udkom ay;vdkygonf/
wuúodkvfynmudk vlajrmufjrm;pGm rwwfajrmufapvdkbJ vuf
wqkyfpmrQaom t&m&SdBuD;rsm;\ om;orD;rsm;ESifh "e&Sif ajr&Sifrsm;\
om;orD;rsm;udkom wwfajrmufapvdkygonf/ ,if;odkYjzpf&m omrefvlrsm;



 

wuúodkvfynm roifEdkifatmif ]wuúodkvf tufOya'} udk a&;qGJMu
ygonf/
1920-jynfhESpf 'DZifbmvwGif xkdOya'udk uefYuGufaomtm;jzifh
aumvdyfausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u acgif;aqmifum rdrdwdkYaumvdyfrsm;udk
oydwfarSmufí xGufcGmvmMuygonf/ aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;\ erlem
udk ,lvsuf tjcm;ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; rdrdwdkYausmif;
rsm;udk oydwfarSmufvdkufMuygonf/ ,aeYwdkif ESpfpOf usif;yNrJjzpfonfh
]trsKd;om;aeY} onf xkdausmif;om;oydwfudk tpGJjyKí usif;yjcif;
jzpfygonf/
ausmif;om;oydwf jzpfay:NyD;aemuf ausmif;om;uav;rsm;
ynmoifrysufap&ef oydwfarSmufausmif;om;BuD;rsm;ESifh rsKd;cspfyk*¾dKvfrsm;
OD;pD;aom ]trsKd;om;ynma&;aumifpD} (Council of National
Education) zGJUí ausmif;rsm;zGihfvSpfvsuf ynmoifMum;ay;Muygonf /

xkdausmif;rsm;udk trsKd;om;ausmif; (0g) ae&Sife,fausmif; [k

ac:Muygonf/ trfatOD;armifBuD;(,ck qmarmifBuD;)? q&mBuD; ocif
udk,fawmfrIdif;? 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd ponfh yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;uOD;pD;aom ae&Sife,f
aumvdyfausmif; wausmif;udkvnf; wnfaxmifcJhMuygonf/ odkYaomf
vnf; xdkaumvdyfonf oufqdk;r&SnfcJhyg/
ae&Sife,fausmif;rsm;\ aus;Zl;aMumihf ausmif;om;t&G,f
vlrr,fuav;rsm;onf ynmoifrysuf½Hkru rsKd;cspfpdw"f mwfvnf; &vm
Muygonf/ aemiftcsdefü ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkrsm;wGif¤if;? EdkifiH
a&;wGif¤if; acgif;aqmifjzpfvmolrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh ae&Sife,f
ausmif;xGufrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ wdkif;jynf vGwfvyfa&; wdkufyGJwavQmuf
ü ae&Sife,fausmif;rsm;onf ta&;BuD;aomtcef;rS yg0ifcJhonfudk
rnfolrQ jiif;qdkEdkifrnf r[kwfyg/



 

a&eHacsmif; ae&Sife,fausmif;wGifvnf; atmifqef;onf twef;
wdkif;üyif yxr &ygonf/ 1930-jynhfESpf 7-wef;pmar;yGJwGif paum
vm;&Spf&í ]OD;a&Tcdkqk} udkvnf; &ygonf/ wvvQif aiG 10-usyfusjzihf
oHk;ESpftwGuf paumvm;&Spf qkaiG csDjr§ihfjcif;cH&ygonf/ aemufESpfESpf
Mumaomtcg 10-wef;atmifojzifh xdk paumvm;&Spf qkaiGudk aumvdyf
a&mufonfh yxrESpftxd &cJhygonf/
a&eHacsmif;ae&Sife,fausmif;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf vufa&;
pmapmifjzpfaom ]ausmif;om;pmapmif} wckxkwf&m atmifqef;onf
t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&Guf&ygonf/
atmifqef;\ ]qef;} yHkudk ae&Sife,fausmif;om;b0üvnf ;
awGU&Sd&ygonf/ 1931-ckESpf aEG&moD ausmif;ydwf&uftwGif; arv 18-
&ufaeYwGif uRefawmfwdkYzcifonf ESpfvrQ emrusef;jzpfNyD;aemuf uG,f
vGefoGm;ygonf/ ausmif;ydwf&uftwGif; tdrfjyefvmaom atmifqef;ESihf
ausmif;q&mjzpfaeaom tpfudkOD;b0if;BuD;wdkYonf zciftavmif;udk
oN*ØK[fNyD;rS a&eHacsmif;odkYjyefEdkifMuojzifh ausmif;a&muf aemufusaeMu
ygonf/ q&mwa,muf u ]rif;wdkY bmvdkY aemufus aeovJ} [kar;&m
atmifqef;u ]taz rrmvdkY} [k ajzygonf/ ]tck rmoGm;NyDvm;} [k
q&mu qufar;&m ]qHk;NyD} [k atmifqef;u jyefajzygonf/
xdkodkYajzaMumif;udk xdkq&mu tpfudkBuD;tm;ajymí tpfudkBuD;u
uRefawmfhtm; wqifhjyefajymojzifh uRefawmfhwdkY &,fMu& ygonf/
odkYaomfvnf; ,aeY pOf;pm;Munhfaomtcg atmifqef;\tajzrSm
tvGefwdusonfudk awGU&ygonf/ olajzonfhtwdkif; ol ausmif;
jyefta&muf aemufus&jcif;onf zcif qHk;oGm;aomaMumihf r[kwfbJ
rrmaeaom zcifudk jyKpkae&aomaMumihfjzpfonfrSm rSefayonf/ tb,fh
aMumifhqdkaomf qHk;NyD;aemuf tavmif;udk oN*ØK[f½HkrSwyg; tjcm;vkyf&ef



 

&SdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ xdktcsdefu atmifqef;onf 16-ESpfausmf 17-
ESpfom; t&G,frQom &Sdygao;onf/ xdkt&G,fuyif olonf ausmif;jyef
aemufus&jcif; jyóem\ taMumif;&if;udk &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf jrifol
jzpfygonf/ aemufydkif;ü ol\vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; atmifjrifjcif;onf
jyóemw&yf \ taMumif;&if;udk &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf xdk;xGif;odjrif
wwfaom t&nftcsif;aMumihf[kqdkvQif rSm;rnf rxifay/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 


(3)
&efukefwuúodkvfü

1932-ckESpfwGif atmifqef;onf t*Fvdyfjrefrm q,fwef;udk

jrefrmpmESifhygVdbmomwdkYwGif *kPfxl;jzifhatmifjrifí &efukefwuúodkvfodkY
a&mufvmygonf/ xdkacwfu aumvdyfausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;onf
trsm;tm;jzifh txufwef;vTmESihf tvwfwef;vTmrsm;rS vmMuolrsm;
jzpfí tvGef ]½Id;} xkwfMuygonf/ 0wfpm;qif,if&mü aumif;ayh? vSayh?
qef;ayh qdkonfh t0wfrsm;udkom *kPfwk *kPfNyKdif 0wfqifMuygonf/
xdkacwftcsdefwGif aumvdyfausmif;om;jzpfvmaom atmif qef;onf wrl
xl;jcm;aeygonf/
tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm; pwdkifxkwfoavmuf(0g)*dkufay;oavmuf
atmifqef;onf t0wfudkvnf; *½krpdkuf? tpm;udkvnf; *½krpdkuf?
taetxdkifudkvnf; *½krpdkuf? jzpfovdkaeygonf/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;
bdkauajymifaeatmif zD;vdrf;jyifqifoavmuf atmifqef;onf tNrJ
qHyifpkwfzGm;jzifh aewwfygonf/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;onf ydk;-zJ-uwåD
yg-befaumuf paom taumif;pm;txnfrsm;udk 0wfqifaomfvnf;
atmifqef;um; rEÅav;vHkcsnfwywfEGrf;? yifeDwdkufyHktuÐs? wcgw&H
ouúvyftuÐswywfEGrf; ponfwdkYudkom 0wfqifavh&Sdygonf/ tjcm;
ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\tcef;rsm;udk vSyatmif rGrf;rH cs,fvS,f
xm;Muojzifh tcef;rsm; vSycefYnm;oavmuf atmifqef;\ tcef;onf



 

½IyfyGaeygonf/ wcef;vHk;ü pmtkyfrsm;onf jyefYBuJaeí tuÐsvHkcsnf
wdkYvnf; ae&mtESHtjym;a&mufaeMuygonf/ tdyf&mudkvnf; rnfonfh
tcgrQ rodrf;bJ? jcifaxmifudkvnf; tNrJ axmifxm;ygonf/
oyfoyf,yf,yf aewwfxdkifwwfaomausmifom;rsm;u rnfrQ
ESmacgif;½HIUapumrl? atmifqef;um; ywf0ef;usifudk vHk;0*½krpdkuf? 0wfNrJ
aeNrJtwdkif;yif/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;u olYtm;azmfa&GGpGm EIwfqufaomf
vnf; olujyefí EIwfqufcsifrS EIwfqufonf/ xdkodkYaom atmifqef;udk
ausmif;om;trsm;u ]*Gpm} [k uifyGef;wyfMuonfrSm rxl;qef;vSay/
xkdrQ *Gusaomfvnf; atmifqef;onf tvGefpmzwfol jzpfygonf?
pmzwf&mü ausmif;oifpmtkyfrsm;udkomru tjyiftyrS pmtkyfrsm;
(txl;ojzifh EdkifiHa&;pmtkyfrsm;) udkyg zwfavh&Sdygonf/ zwf&müvnf;
tcef;eD;csif;rsm;twGuf taESmifht&Sufjzpfrnf rjzpfrnfudkyif owdrjyK
EdkifawmhbJ atmfzwfvdku zwfwwfygonf/
atmifqef;onf rdrdudkEIwfqufolrsm;tm; jyefíEIwfqufvdkrS
EIwfqufjcif;? pmatmfzwfvdku zwfjcif;wdkYonf tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;
tm; apmfum;vdkaom armufrmonfh pdwf"mwfaMumihfr[kwf/ pOf;pm;
csif&mpOf;pm;í ywf0ef;usifudk arhaeaomaMumifhomjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihf
yif wcgu t*Fvdyfpmygarmu© rpöwm½dkU'fpf (F.W.W. Rhodes) u
]rifh;nD[m rdk;ay:cPcP wufwufaevdkY igu ajrBuD;ay:jyefa&muf
atmif cscsay;ae&w,f} [k &,farmajymqdkbl;ygonf/
atmifqef;onf bmawG pOf;pm;aeygoenf;/ vlysKdvl&G,fwdkY
obm0tavsmuf rdef;uav;awGtaMumif;udk pOf;pm;aeygovm;/
r[kwfyg/ atmifqef; pOf;pm;aeonfrSm uRefjzpfaeaom tzEdkifiHudk
rnfodkY u,fwif&rnfenf; qdkonhf tvGefBuD;us,faomjyóemrsm;udk
pOf;pm;aeaMumif; ol\ aemufydkif;vkyf&yfrsm;u oufaocHaeygonf/



 

atmifqef;onf avmuGwfvkyfwwfol r[kwfyg/ pdwfxJu
rygbJ avmuGwfpum;awG ajymaejcif;jzifh tcsdefjzKef;vdkol r[kwfyg/
1947-ck Zlvkdifv 29-&ufaeY wdkif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif
]aMuuGJ0rf;enf;aMumif;} tqdkwifoGif;&if; 0efBuD;csKyfa[mif;OD;Eku
atmufygtwdkif; ajymMum;cJhbl;ygonf/
]]tJ'Dvdk awGU&wJhtcgrSm udkatmifqef;[m olrsm;ESihfrwlatmif
xl;jcm;wJh trlt&mawGudk pNyD;awGU&wmyJ/ Oyrm pNyD;awGU&w,fqdk&if
wa,mufESifhwa,muf [uf[ufyufyuf EIwfqufMuw,f/ ol
wa,mufxJubJ bmrSrajymbJ ikwfwkwfxdkifaew,f/ onfawmh
awmfawmfxl;qef;wJhyk*¾dKvfbJvdkY atmufarhNyD; tJ'DaeY tcsdefukefNyD;
jyefcJh&w,f/
tJh'DrSmawGUwJhtaMumif;udk taMumif;jyKNyD; vrf;rSmawGUwJhtcg
b,foGm;rvdkYvJ? b,fuvmwmvJ? bmvkyfrvdkYvJ ponfjzifh EIwfquf
Muw,f/ EIwfqufwJhtcgrSm udktkef;? uRefawmf? udkodef;az? udkausmfNidrf;
wdkYuom tJ'Dvdk EIwfqufMuw,f/ udkatmifqef;uawmh EIwfquf
ayr,fh vSnhfrMunhfbJ a&SmufoGm;csifoGm;wmyJ/ jyefajymcsifrS ajymw,f/
&yfMunhfNyD; a&SmufoGm;csif oGm;wmyJ/
olrajymbl;qdkNyD; olYudk zmodzmomaevdkufayr,fh tJ'DtcgrSm
tydkrygbJ ajymp&m&SdwmvmNyD; ajymwmbJ/ uRefawmfuvJ taMumif;
rodbl;/ awGUwmvJ aemufusaew,f/ waeYusawmh udkodef;azudk tJ'D
udkatmifqef;qdkwJvl[m b,fvdkvlpm;vJ? vrf;awGU&if EIwfqufvdkYvJ
r&bl;? jyHK;vdkYvJ r&bl;/ olYudk vlxl;qef;wrsKd;bJvdkY tJh'Dvdk trSwfonm
xm;vdkufw,f/
aemuf 6 vavmuftMum oleJY&if;&if;ESD;ESD; aygif;MunhfvdkufwJh
tcgusawmh udkatmifqef;[m tydkawGqdk&if bmrS rvkyfcsifbl;?



 

avmuGwfqdkwm omNyD; olt,HktMunfr&Sdao;w,f/ avmuGwfajymaewJh
vlawG[m wa,mufESifhwa,muf nmaewJhvlawGbJ/
'Dawmhum wa,mufESihfwa,muf cspfcspfcifcif &if;&if;ESD;ESD;
aygif;&r,fhvlawG[m avmuGwfawG bmawG tydktvkyfawG ajymaebdkY
rvdkbl;/ ajymp&m&SdwmawG ajym? qdkp&m&SdwmawG qdk? ta&;&SdwJhtcgrS
ajymqdkbdkY? aqG;aEG;p&m&SdwmawG aqG;aEG;bdkY? 'gbJ/
tJ'DtcgrSm oGm;awGUawmh udkatmifqef;[m uRefawmfwdkY xifwJh
twdkif; uwfoD;uwfowf vlwrsKd; r[kwfbJ? twdtusudk vdkvm;wJh
yk*¾dKvfwa,mufqdkNyD; uRefawmfwdkY awGU&w,f}}
1932-33 ck ausmif;zGifhpwGif wuúodkvfor*¾u BuD;rª;vsuf
]bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&; rvkyfoihf} [laom tqdkw&yfudk t*Fvdyf
bmomjzifh pum;&nfvkyGJwck usif;yygonf/ xdktqdkudk uRefawmfwdkY
wifoGif;í udkat;csKd qdkolu uefYuGufygonf/
pum;&nfvkyGJ rjyKvkyfrDuyif þjyóemESihf ywfoufí
&efukefa*Zwf (The Rangoon Gazette) owif;pmwGif tajctwif
a&;om;Muygonf/ taMumif;t&mrSm EdkifiHa&;qHae&um; tjyifrS
EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;vnf; 0ifa&;Muygonf/ xdktcsdefu EdkifiHa&;avmuü
tdE´d,jynfESihf jrefrmjynf cGJa&;wGJa&; jyóemonf xdyfwef;a&mufae
ygonf/
NAdwdoQwdkYonf jrefrmjynfudk oHk;BudrfoHk;vnf(1828-1852-
1885) wdkufcdkufodrf;,lí tdE´d,jynfwGif; xnfhoGif;xm;Muygonf/
tkyfcsKyfa&;udk apmapmydkif;ü rif;BuD;csKyf? aemufydkif;ü 'kwd, bk&ifcH?
xdkYaemuf bk&ifcHu aqmif&Gufonf/ xdkyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf tdE´d,jynf&Sd
bk&ifcHcsKyf\ vufatmufcHrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif
jrefrmjynfonf tdEd́,jynf\ jynfe,fwckrQomjzpfí jrefrmjynf\



 

tkyfcsKyfa&; tBuD;tuJrsm;onf tdE´d,bk&ifcHcsKyf\trdefYudk emcHMu&
ygonf/
jrefrmjynfEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;wGif tdE´d,jynfrS cGJxGufrS wdkif;jynf
twGuf ydkrdktusKd;&Sdrnf[k ,lqolrsm;vnf; &SdouJhodkY tdE´d,jynfESifh
wGJaerS ydktusKd;&Sdrnf[k ,lqolrsm;vnf; &Sdaeygonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh
qdkvQif tdE´d,jynfESihf jrefrmjynf cGJa&;wGJa&;ESifhywfoufí EdkifiHa&;
avmuwGif y#dyu© jzpfaeygonf/ cGJa&;bufrS acgif;aqmifrSm OD;baz
jzpfí? wGJa&;bufrS acgif;aqmifrSm OD;cspfvdIif? a'gufwm barmfwdkY
jzpfMuygonf/ (a'gufwmbarmfonf xdktcsdefrSpí EdkifiHa&;e,fxJ 0if
vmjcif; jzpfygonf/)
y&d,m,ft&mwGif tvGefvdr®myg;eyfaom NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf
cGJa&;wGJa&;jyóemudk rdrdwdkY rqHk;jzwfvdk? jrefrmtrsKd;om;rsm;udk,fwdkif
qHk;jzwfapvdkonf/ xdkodkY qHk;jzwfEdkif&ef a&G;aumufyGJ usif;yay;rnf[k
aMunmygonf/ a&G;aumufyGJ(1932)NyD;í wGJa&;axmufcHaom trwf
avmif;rsm; ydkrdkta&G;cH&aomfvnf; wdusjywfom;pGm rqHk;jzwfEdkifMu
ojzifh NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf (1935-ck jrefrmjynf tkyfcsKyfa&; tufOya'
t&) 1937-ck {NyDv 1-&ufaeYwGif jrefrmjynfudk tdE´d,jynfrS cGJxGuf
vdkufygonf/
aus;vufvlxktay:wGif vGefpGm MoZmBuD;rm;aom bkef;awmf
BuD;rsm;\ tultnDudk &,lvdkaom(0g)EkdifiHa&;wGif bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;udk
ckwHk;vkyfvdkaom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;(txl;ojzifh wGJa&;orm;rsm;)onf
azmfjyyg bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;EdkifiHa&;rvkyfoifh[laom pum;&nfvkyGJwGif
rsm;pGmpdwf0ifpm;Muygonf/ odkYjzpf&m xdkaeYn pum;&nfvkyGJudk ausmif;
om;rsm;omru tjyify EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;yg wufa&muf em;axmifMu
ojzihf wuúodkvfor*¾cef;rBuD;wckvHk; jynhfvQHoGm;ygonf/



 

aumvdyfausmif;a&mufp atmifqef;onf tqdkudk axmufcHí
0ifa&mufaqG;aEG;ygonf/ tqdkudk axmufcHjcif;rSm uRefawmftqdk&Sif
jzpfaeaomaMumihf r[kwfyg/ rdrd,HkMunfcsuftwdkif; axmufcHjcif;om
jzpfygonf/
t*Fvdyfpum;udk a&vnfydkifEdkifpGm rajymwwfao;½Hkru vl*dkuf
rSmvnf; *Guswwjzpfae&um; atmifqef;onf y&dowf\ avSmifajymif
jcif;? atmf[pfjcif;udk cH&ygonf/ odkY&mwGif atmifqef;onf rdrd
ajymvdkonfwdkYudk NyD;qHk;atmif ajymqdkNyD;rSom xdkifygonf/
xdktcsdefuyifvQif atmifqef;onf EdkifiHa&;wGif pdw0f ifpm;í
rdrd,HkMunfcsufudk raMumufr&GHU azmfjyol jzpfygonf/ rsm;pGmaom
aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;onf bGJU&a&;? ausmif;rSxGufaomtcg tvkyf
tudkif aumif;aumif;rGefrGef&a&;wdkYtwGuf jyifqifaeMuaomfvnf;
atmifqef;onfum; EdkifiHa&;twGuf jyifqifaeygonf/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 


(4)
wuúodkvfor*¾ü

1934-ckESpfwGif atmifqef;onf tdkifatpmar;yGJ atmifjrif

NyD;aemuf ausmif;om;EdkifiHa&;udk pwifaqmif&Gufygonf/ xdkESpf
wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾(wuo) trIaqmifa&G;aumufyGJwGif 0if
a&mufí ,SOfNyKdifta&G;cH&m atmifqef;ta&G;rcH&yg/ vlodenf;ao;
onhfjyif ausmifom;trsm;u olYudk vlY*Gpm[kom todtrSwfjyKxm;Muyg
ao;onf/
ta&G;rcH&aomfvnf; atmifqef;onf pdwfysufroGm;yg/ olYtm;
rJray;olrsm;udkvnf; pdwfckroGm;yg/ atmifqef;onf oabmxm;BuD;ol
aywnf;/ rnfrQ oabmxm;BuD;onfudk jrLeDpDy,frif;BuD;a[mif; OD;xGef;
tkef\ 1961-ck urÇmYuav;rsm;aeY 13-2-61 o0PfvTmudk zwf½Ijcif;
tm;jzifh odEdkifygonf/
OD;xGef;tkefu uav;rsm;xHydkYonfh ]OD;av;xGef;tkef\ pum;
vufaqmif} [laom o0PfvTmü atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/
]]yxrOD;qHk; OD;av;taeeJY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk owd&wm
uawmh 1934-ckESpfubJ/ &efukefwuúodkvfrSm wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;
or*¾ trIaqmifa&G;aumufyGJvkyfw,f/ 'DtcgrSm OD;ausmfNidrf;?
OD;odef;azjrihfwdkYu tzGJUwck zGJUpnf;NyD; a&G;aumufyGJ 0ifMuw,f/
udkatmifqef;udk rJxnfhyg? usKyfwdkYwm0ef,lygw,fwJh/ OD;av;u



 

jyefajymvdkufw,f/ ]'gavmuf ½Iodk;wJhvludk rJxnfhvdkufvdkY b,fjzpfrvJ?
rxnfhEdkifbl;Asm} vdkY OD;av;u jyefajymvdkufw,f/ 'DtcgrSm olwdkYu
]cifAsm; awmfawmfacgif;rmwJhvlbJ} vdkY rSwfcsufcsNyD; vufavQmhoGm;
Muw,f/ rJa&wGufNyD;wJhnae udkatmifqef;[m OD;av;&JU tcef;udk
a&mufvmw,f/ cyfvSrf;vSrf;uxJu olu &,farmNyD; vSrf;ajym
vdkufw,f/ ]udkxGef;tkef uRefawmf ta&G;rcH&bl;Asmh [J[J[J} wJh/
tem;a&mufvmawmh OD;av;u ukvm;xdkifxdk;ay;NyD; ]cifAsm; pdwfqdk;csif
qdk;? cifAsm;udk uRefawmfrJrxnfhcJhbl;} vkdY ajymvdkufawmh olu tm;&yg;&
&,farmNyD; ]'grsKd;rS uRefawmfu BuKdufwm? rJwefbdk;qdkwm tJ'Dvdk
xm;&w,fAs/ ta&G;rcH&wm cH&wmu ta&;rBuD;ygbl;/ tjyifvl
taeeYJvJ ausmif;om;udpöawG wjyHKwacgif;BuD; vkyfEdkifygw,f/ wdkifwdkif
yifyifeJY qufaqmif&GufMuwmayghAsm} ponfjzifh 3-em&Davmuf pum;
vufqHkusNyD; oli,fcsif;vkyfazmfaqmifbuftjzpf &if;ESD; oGm;Muw,f/
1935-36 ckESpfusawmhvJ trIaqmifrsm;tjzpf wifajr§muf
cHMu&wJhtcg? ausmif;om;udkatmifqef;[m taxGaxG twGif;a&;rª;
taeeJY tvkyfodyfvkyfjycsifw,f/ 'gayr,fh vkyfazmfudkifzufawGu olY&JU
qufqHrIudk tm;r&ao;wJhtwGuf olY&JUpGrf;&nfudk uavmifjzifhjyapbkdY
tdk;a0r*¾Zif; t,f'Dwm0eftjzpf wm0ef,lapw,f/ vkyfjycsifwm
rvkyf&vdkY olpdwfaumufoGm;ovm;? raumufygbl;/ xm;wJhae&muae
olYpGrf;&nfudk jyNyD; ausmif;om;udpö t00udk aqmif&GufcJhygw,f/ omref
tm;jzifhomqdk&if ig awmf&JUom;eJY ighudk ae&mray;&aumif;vm;qdkNyD;
pdwfvdkufrmefyg *GvkyfrSmbJ/
'gwifvm;? r[kwfao;ygbl;/ vlav;wdkY aoaocsmcsmem;axmif
rSwfxm;aemf/ OD;av;wdkY 1936-ckESpf oydwfarSmufNyD;wJh aemufydkif;
rSmawmif olYudk wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú|ae&mrSmxm;NyD;
aqmif&GufapMuw,f/ 'DvdkvkyfvJ ol[m b,folYudkrS pdwfuGufjcif;?



 

rif;om;BuD;rvkyf&vdkY ywfrBuD;udk xdk;azmufr,fa[hqdkwJh pdwfrsKd;
rxm;bJ oabmxm;BuD;pGm MunfjzLpGm vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm; pDpOfay;wJh
twdkif; pGrf;pGrf;wref vkyfjyjyefygw,f/
'Dvdk jrifhjrwfwJhpdwfxm;awGaMumihf jrefrmtrsKd;om;acgif;aqmif
wifru urÇmuyg todtrSwfjyK&wJh acgif;aqmifBuD; jzpfcJhygw,f/
vlaoayr,fh olYtrnf[m raobJ &mZ0ifrSm tNrJ rSwfwrf;wif
xm;awmhr,fqdkwm uav;wdkY odMuw,f}}
OD;xGef;tkefonf ausmif;om;b0rSpí e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;?
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wdkYü atmifqef;ESihftwl vufwGJaqmif&GufcJhol
jzpfygonf/ atmifqef;\ pdwfaeoabmxm;udk ca&aphwGif;usodol
jzpfygonf/

tdk;a0t,f'DwmtzGJU (1936)



 

1935-36 ck w?u?o trIaqmif a&G;aumufyGJwGif atmifqef;
ta&G;cH&ygonf/ wuo\ tmabmfjzpfaom ]tdk;a0r*¾Zif;} t,f'Dwm
tjzpf wm0ef,l aqmif&Guf&ygonf/ xdkESpf w?u?o onf twuf<uqHk;
tjyif;xefqHk; jzpfygonf/ wuf<ujyif;xefonfESihftrQ rsufESmjzLrsm;
BuD;pdk;aeaom wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;\ zdESdyfrIudkvnf; cH&ygonf/
wuúodkvfausmif;tkyf rpöwmqavmhpf (D.J. Sloss) onf omref
ausmif;tkyfrQomrubJ? tpdk;&ydkif;wGif tvGef 0ifqefYol jzpfygonf/
ynma&;orm;ouf oufom r[kwfbJ tkyfcsKyfa&;orm;wydkif;vnf;
jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifygonf/ jrefrmausmif;om;uav;rsm; NAdwdoQtpdk;&udk
txifBuD;í aMumuf&GHU½dkaovmatmif yHkoGif;ay;vdkol jzpfygonf/
wenf;tm;jzihfqdkvQif jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkYtm; uRefpdwfoGif;ay;vkdol jzpfyg
onf/ rdrdBuKd;udkifqGJwdkif; uonfh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tcGifhta&;
ay;oavmuf rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sdonfh ausmif;om;rsm;udk zdESdyfol jzpfygonf/
rw&m;tcGifhta&;,lvdkaom (0g) uRefpdwf&Sdaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf
ausmif;tkyfBuD;xHü rsufESmvdk rsufESm& vkyfwwfMuygonf/ xdk
ausmif;om;rsm; tdkifpDtufpf? bDpDtufpf ponfh &mxl;BuD;rsm;&atmif
ausmif;tkyfBuD;uvnf; ulnDay;wwfygonf/
tjcm;aomq&mrsm;onfvnf; ausmif;tkyfBuD;udk twk,lum
tvGef jAL½dku&uf qefMuygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf qufqH&mwGif
q&mwynhf oabmrsKd;rxm;bJ uRefocif oabmrsKd;jzifh qufqHMu
ygonf/ ausmif;om;wa,mufonf ausmif;wufcsdefpm&if; ac:&mü ]qm}
xnfhí rxl;rdurl ]rif;wdkYu uRefvlrsKd;? igu ocifrsKd;/ ighjyefrajymESihf}
[kyif armufrmpGm ajymqdkbl;ygonf/
þtawmtwGif; w?u?o tpnf;ta0;wckü Ouú|udkEk
(0efBuD;csKyfa[mif;OD;Ek)u ]or*¾tay:wGif¤if;? rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sdaom
ausmif;om;rsm;tay:wGif¤if; tpdk;&u ESdrfvdrfhrnf} [k a[mrdojzifh



 

wuúodkvf tmPmydkifrsm;u udkEkudk ausmif;rS xkwfypfvkdufMuygonf/
xdktcg ausmif;om;rsm;\ rauseyfrIonf waeYxufwaeY jrifhwuf
vmygonf/ xdktcsdefwGif w?u?o\ tmabmfjzpfaom ]tdk;a0r*¾Zif;}
wGif (A hell hound at large vGwfaeaom i&JacG;BuD;waumif)
[laom aqmif;ygwck ygvmygonf/ xdkaqmif;yg;wGif wuúodkvft&m&Sd
wa,muf taMumif;udk apmif;yg;&dyfjcnf azmfjyxm;ygonf/
tmPmrmef,pfaeaom wuúodkvfausmif;tkyfBuD;onf tdk;a0
r*¾Zif; t,f'Dwmjzpfaom atmifqef;udkac:í aqmif;yg;&Sifudk xkwfazmf
ajymqdk&ef awmif;qkdygonf/ aqmif;yg&Sifemrnfudk xkwfazmfajymqdkvQif
atmifqef;udk rnfodkYrQ ta&;r,l[kvnf; ajymvdkufygao;onf/
trSefrSm ausmif;tkyfBuD;onf aqmif;yg;&Sif rnfol rnf0g jzpfonfudk
&dyfrdaomfvnf; wm0efcHt,f'Dwm\ twnfjyKcsufudk &,lvdkojzihf
atmifqef;udkac:í ar;jcif;jzpfygonf/ acsmhívnf;raysmh? ajcmufívnf;
raMumufwwfaomatmifqef;onf ]t,f'DwmwdkYrnfonf aqmif;yg;&Sif
rsm;\trnfudk xkwfazmfajymqdk½dk; xHk;pHr&Sd/ cifAsm;wdkY vkyfcsifovdk
vkyfMu/ xkwfazmfrajymEdkif} [k jyefajymí ausmif;tkyfBuD;tcef;rS
xGufcJhygonf/ xdkYaMumifh wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;onf atmifqef;udk
ausmif;rSxkwf&ef pDpOfMuygonf/
xdktcsdefwGif uRefawmfonf bDatatmifojzifh ausmif;rSxGufí
t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh xkwfa0onfh wckwnf;aom 0HomEkowif;pmjzpfonfh
]e,l;bm;rm;} (The New Burma) wGif vufaxmuft,f'Dwmtjzpf
aqmif&Gufaeygonf/
1936-ck azazmf0g&Dv 25-&ufaeYxkwf owif;pmrsm;wGif
]udkatmifqef;udkvnf; ausmif;xkwfvdrfhrnf} [laom owif;udk zwf&NyD;
aemuf uRefawmfonf w?u?o odkY oGm;ygonf/ uRefawmfa&mufoGm;csdef



 

wGif ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; usif;y&ef pDpOfaeMuygonf/ rauseyfrI?
epfemrItrsKd;rsKd;ESifh &ifqdkifaeMu&aom ausmif;om;rsm;onf ]oydwf
arSmufr,fuG} [k a<u;aMumfMuum w?u?o cef;rodkY wzGJzGJ a&muf&Sd
vmMuygonf/
OuúXudkEkESifhtcsKdU w?u?o acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ausmif;om;xk
w&yfvHk; oydwfarSmufjcif;udk rvdkvm;? rdrdwdkY trIaqmifrsm;om
pmar;yGJudk oydwfarSmufrnf[k qHk;jzwfxm;Muygonf/ odkYaomfvnf;
Edk;Mum;wuf<uaeaom ausmif;om;xk\ awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwfudk rnfol
wm;EdkiftHhenf;/
tpnf;ta0;wGif tjcm;yk*¾dKvf wa,muf ESpfa,mufavmuf
pum;ajymNyD;aomtcg atmifqef; xygonf/ y&dowf\ MobmoHum;
em;uGJvkrwwf jrnf[nf;oGm;ygonf/ jrefrmbmomjzifhajym&ef pvkduf&m
ukvm;ausmif;om;wa,mufu ]t*Fvdyfvdkajymyg? uRefawmfwdkY jrefrm
pum; aumif;aumif; em;rvnfbl;} [k ajymojzifh atmifqef;onf
t*Fvdyfbmomjzihf ajym&ygawmhonf/
xdkaeYu atmifqef;\ajymyHkqdkyHkonf txufwGif azmfjycJhaom
pum;&nfvkyGJü ajymqdkcJhyHkESifh qDESifha& uGmbdouJhodkY uGmjcm;aeygonf/
t*Fvdyfpum;udk a&a&vnfvnf EdkifEdkifeif;eif; ajymqdkEdkif½Hkru tcsuf
tvufrsm;onfvnf; xdvSrdvS&um; Mum;&olrsm;tzdkY MuufoD;arG;nif;
xp&myif /
av;ESpf(1932 rS 1936)twGif; atmifqef;\ wdk;wufrIonf
csD;usL;avmufayonf/ xdkodkY wdk;wufvmonfrSm tjcm;aMumihfr[kwf?
atmifqef;onf ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif; tvum;raebJ tufcfref;
bmhcf(Edmund Burke)? 'pfpfa&vD(Disraeli) paom t*Fvdyf ygvDref



 

&mZ0ifwGif xif&Sm;ausmfMum;cJhonfh yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;\ rdefYcGef;rsm;udk
tvGwfavmufeD;eD;&atmif zwfxm;aomaMumifh jzpfayonf/
ausmif;om; av;ig;a,mufavmuf pum;ajymNyD;aomtcg
tm;vHk;wnDwnGwfwnf; wuúodkvfudk oydwfarSmuf&ef qHk;jzwfvdkuf
Muavonf/ tcsKdUausmif;om;rsm;onf pdwfr&SnfawmhbJ ]bm av&Snf
aewmvJ? jrefjrefqif;Mu} [k [pfatmfí toifhapmifhaeaom
bwfpfum;rsm;ay:odkY ajy;wufMuygonf/ xdkYaemuf wuúodkvfe,fajrudk
vSnfhywfum a<u;aMumfoHrsm; a<u;aMumfNyD;aemuf oydwfpcef;jyKvkyfrnfh
a&Twd*kefbk&m;odkY csDwufMuygonf/ ausmif;oltcsKdUvnf; vkdufygvmMu
ygonf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;\ ]tacsmfrsm;} um; oydwfarSmufolrsm;udk
avSmifajymifí ae&pfcJhMuygonf/ tcsKdUrjywfom;aom ausmif;om;rsm;
onfvnf; a&Twd*kefbk&m;a&mufNyD;rS ausmif;odkY jyefoGm;Muygonf/
odkYaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkYOD;a&rSm rrsm;vSay/
oydwftiftm;onf tm;&zG,f aumif;ygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;
\ rsKd;cspfpdwfESihf &JabmfpdwfwdkYonf csD;usL;avmufayonf/ rsKd;cspfyk*¾dKvf
rsm;ESihf trsKd;om;owif;pmrsm;uvnf; oydwform;rsm;udk tm;ay;ulnD
Muygonf/ emrnfausmfumwGef;q&mBuD; a&Twav;ac: OD;buav; u
owif;pmwapmifwGif umwGef;a&;qGJNyD;
]]rmpwm qavmhwJhq&m
tmPmygPmjycJhwm/
oydwfudk nDnDnmnm
arSmufvdkufMupdkY 'Dwcg}}

ponfjzifh azmfjyvdkufygonf/



 

twuf<uqHk; oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;wGif
atmifqef;yg0ifcJhonfudk txl;azmfjy&ef vdkrnfrxifyg/ xdkodkY yg0if
cJhonfhtwGuf atmifqef;onf xdkESpf pmar;yGJ(bD-at txufwef;
pmar;yGJ)udk rajzEdkifbJ aemufESpf(1937)rSmrS ajzqdk&ygonf/ wenf;
tm;jzifhqdkvQif atmifqef;tzdkY wESpfykyfoGm;ygonf/ tcsKdU oydwf
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ausmif;om;xka&SUwGif vufoD;vufarmif;wef;í
tmabmiftm&if;oefoefjzifh a[majymMuaomfvnf; uG,f&mwGif pm
cdk;usufMuonf[k od&ygonf/ atmifqef;onfum; rnfonhftcgrS
vkyfief;tay:wGif¤if;? &Jabmf&Jbufrsm; tay:wGif¤if; opömrazmufacs/
wuúodkvfoydwfonf [kdufpul;ausmif;om;rsm;okdYvnf; ul;puf
oGm;avonf/ oydwf\aus;Zl;aMumihf wuúodkvftmPmykdifrsm;onf
xkwfxm;aomausmif;om;rsm;udk jyefívufcH&onhfjyif tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU
wGifvnf; ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk vufcH&ygawmhonf/
t*FvdyfvlrsKd; ausmif;tkyf rpöwmqavmhpfEkwfxGufoGm;&í
jrefrmtrsKd;om; q&mBuD;OD;azarmifwif ausmif;tkyfjzpfvmygonf/
jrefrmtrsKd;om;rsm; taejzihf yxrqHk;tBudrf wuúodkvfausmif;tkyf
jzpfjcif;aywnf;/ xdkYjyif NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf ausmif;om;udpöudk vpfvsL½I
rxm;&JbJ w&m;0efBuD; qmjrbl; acgif;aqmifaom pHkprf;a&;aumfr&Sif
wckzGJUí wuúodkvf tufOya'udk jyifqif&ef pDpOf&ygawmhonf/ xdk
aumfr&SifwGif ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf atmifqef; 0ifa&muf
aqmif&Guf&ygonf/
tjcm;ta&;BuD;aom &vyfwckrSm aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;ESihf
[kdufpul;ausmif;om;rsm; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfvmí ]jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾} [k ay:vmjcif; jzpfygonf/ txufausmfum&Durl
wEkkdifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;[lí r&SdcJhbl;ay/



 

atmifqef;onf xdkEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*¾\ 'kwd,
Ouú|? aemufESpfwGif Ouú|tjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;cH&ygonf/
1936-ckESpf ausmif;jyefzGifhaomtcg atmifqef;onf w?u?o\
'kwd,Ouú|jzpfvmygonf/ Ouú|rSm 0efBuD;a[mif; trf?at? &m&Spf
jzpfygonf/ &m&Spfonf ukvm;vlrsKd;jzpfojzif?h usOf;ajrmif;aom
trsKd;om;a&; pdwf"mwf&Sdonfh ausmif;om;rsm;u &m&Spfukd Ouú| rwif
vkdMuyg/ tjrifus,faom atmifqef;um; bmomra&G;? vlrsKd;ra&G;?
xdkufoifholudk xdkufoihfonfh ae&may;&rnfqdkonhfrludk tNrJpGJudkif
xm;onfhtwdkif; &m&Spfudk Ouú|wifvdkol jzpfygonf/ atmifqef;onf
ukvm;xkdif vkvdkol r[kwfyg/ vkyfief;atmifjrifrI wckwnf;udkom
a&SU½Iol jzpfygonf/ usqHk;onfhaeYtxd atmifqef;wGif xdkpdwf"mwf
tjynhft0 &Sdygonf/ xdkpdwf"mwf(0g)oabmxm;BuD;rIaMumihfyif ol\
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; atmifjrifjcif; jzpfayonf/
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif b0uyif atmifqef;onf wdkif;jynf
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf jyifqifaeol jzpfygonf/ jyifqif&mü tzufzufrS
jyifqifjcif; jzpfonf/ acgif;aqmifrI ay;Ekdifatmif ynmt&nftcsif;ESihf
jynhfpHkap&ef jyifqif½Hkru vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJwavQmufwGif awGUBuHKcHpm;
&rnhf 'ku©trsdK;rsdK;udk &ifqdkifEdkif&efvnf; jyifqifonf/
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftaejzifh w?u?o wGif tdyf? w?u?o
wGif pm;onfu rsm;ygonf/ tdyfaomtcg arGU,m? ukwifay:rSmrtdyf/
wef;vsm;cHkay:rSm jcHKp&m? cif;p&m rygbJ tdyfavh&Sdonf/ w?u?o\
zGm;zufawmf tapmifh OD;uHodef;u rMunhf&ufojzifh tdyf&mcif;ay;aom
tcg ]usKyfu EdkifiHa&;vkyfr,hfvl? axmifxJu xGuf&rSm r[kwfbl;?
'gaMumifh ckuxJu usifhaewm} [k ajymí vufrcHay/ ausmif;ydwf
&ufrsm;twGif; awmvufaus;&Gmrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufavhvmí jyefa&muf



 

vQif aoG;csif;om;csif;rsm;jzpfMuaom awmifolv,form;rsm; rnfrQ
qif;&JMuyHkudk ajymjyavh&Sdonf[k OD;uHodef;u uRefawmhftm; ajymbl;
ygonf/
EdkifiHa&; tppftrSef[lonf pnf;pdrf&Sdonfh tvkyfr[kwf? 'ku©
twd jynhfESufaeonfudk atmifqef; aumif;pGmodonf/ odonhf twdkif;
xdk'ku©rsm;udk &ifqdkifEdkif&ef ausmif;om;b0uyif jyifqifcJhonf/
atmifqef;onf rsufaphuef; wapäraMumuf? rdkuf½l;&J vkyfwwfol
r[kwfay/

w?u?o Ouú| udkatmifqeff;



 

t*Fvdyfpmay? Oa&my&mZ0if? EkdifiHa&;aA'wdkYudk oif,lcJhaom
atmifqef;onf 1937-ck rwfvwGif bDat pmar;yGJudk
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odkYaomfvnf; aemufESpfwGifum; ausmif;om;udpö? EkdifiHa&;udpöwdkYudk
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yxrtBudrf½HI;jcif;ESihf aemufqHk;tBudrf ½HI;jcif;aywnf;/
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tjzpfyif qufvufaqmif&Gufygonf/ Ouú|jzpfxdkufaomfvnf; rvkyf&
ojzifh pdwfaumufroGm;bJ ay;tyfonhfwm0efudk ausyGefpGm aqmif&Guf
ygonf/ xdkYaemuf 1938-39 wGif atmifqef;udk w?u?o Ouú|tjzpf
wifajr§mufMuavonf/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 


(5)
ocifatmifqef;

wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;&&ef ausmif;om;avmuwGif aqmif&Gufae

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udkatmifqef;onf ocifatmifqef; jzpfvmavonf/
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tac:cHí jrefrmrsm;udk uReftjzpfoabmxm;um quf qHMuygonf/
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wdkYjynf? Armpmonf wdkYpm? Armpum;onf wdkYpum;? ocifrsKd;a[h
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oDqdkMuNyD;vQif jrefrmvlrsKd;\ rD;cJjymzHk;jzpfonfh trsKd;om;a&;
pdwf"mwfudk azmfxkwfay;Muygonf/ «wdkYArmoDcsif;udk aemufqufwGJ
u-wGif zwfyg/»



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

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[laom emrnfjzifh EdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;wckudk wnfaxmifEdkifMuavonf/
tpnf;t½Hk;0ifwdkif; rdrdwdkY\emrnfa&SUü armif? udk? OD; ponfwdkYudk
rwyfbJ? ]ocif} [k wyfMuygonf/ Oyrm ]udkuBuD;} qdkolonf tpnf;
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ESifhwuG tpdk;&onf w&m;0ifemrnfjzpfaom ]wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;} udk
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toHk;rsm;avonf/
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acgif;aqmifonfh tjcrf;[lí ESpfjcrf;uGJaeygonf/ ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;wdkY
tjcrf;onf trsm;pkjzpfí ocifatmifqef;wdkYonf xdktjcrf;0ifrsm;
jzpfvmMuavonf/



 

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ayonf/
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tBudrfajrmuf wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk; nDvmcHBuD;wGif >rufMum;cJhaom Ouú|



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
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
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
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
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
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awGudkvJ wkdwdkjywfjywfbJ ajzw,f/ uRefawmfawmif Mum;u aeNyD;
tm;r& jzpfrdw,f/ MumMumvJ raebl;/ 15-rdepf? rdepf 20-avmuf
&Sdawmh jyefvmwmbJ/ jyefcgeD;vJ EIwfrqufbl;/ vrf;wavQmufvHk;
rSmawmh ocifatmifqef;[m pum;wcGef;rS rajymbJ oltvGefcspfwJh
tar twGuf pdwfraumif;jzpfaeyHk &w,f/
olYtar ewfarmufjyefawmh blwm½HkvkdufydkYMuw,f/ blwm½Hk
rSmvJ ocifatmifqef;[m bmrSrajymbJ acgif;iHkYaew,f/ rD;&xm;
xGufpjyKawmh ocifatmifqef;[m yvufazmif;ay: xdkifcsNyD; &xm;
jywif;aygufu MunfhaewJh olYtarudk &Sdcdk;uefawmhvdkufw,f/
jyefvmMu&if; ocifatmifqef;u ]usKyfu om;ti,fqHk;? usKyfu
pmra&; bmra&;eJY pdrf;um;ovdk jzpfaewmudk tar pdwfraumif;bl;/
EdkifiHa&;vkyfwmudk 'gavmuf ruefYuGufygbl;/ usKyf at;wdat;puf
Edkifwmudk pdwfraumif;jzpfaewmyg/ tarh oem;ygw,f} vkdY nnf;wGm;
ajymqdk&Smw,f}}



 

ocifatmifqef;onf rdcifudk tvGefcspfygonf/ uRefawmfwdkY
tpfudkawG cspfonfxuf ydkí cspfygonf/ rdcifuvnf; tjcm; om;rsm;
tay:xuf ti,fqHk;om;uav; tay:wGif oHa,mZOf ydkygonf/
odkYygvsuf ocifatmifqef;onf rdciftay: pdrf;um;ovdk jzpfaeonfrSm
tjcm;aMumifh r[kwf/ wdkif;jynftwGuf toufESihf cE¨mudk,fudk vªxm;
aomaMumifh jzpfonf[k ,lq&ef&SdonfrSty tjcm; taMumif;rsm;
r&SdEdkifyg/ ocifatmifqef;tzdkY pm;vnf; EdkifiHa&;? tddyfvnf; EdkifiHa&;
jzpfaeygonf/ EdkifiHa&;omvQif trd? EdkifiHa&;omvQif tz? EdkifiHa&;
omvQif aqGrsKd;om;csif; jzpfaeygonf/
xdkYaMumihfyif pma&;q&m '*kefwm&mu 1946-ckESpfwGif xkwfa0
aom ]wm&mr*¾Zif;} ü ]atmifqef; odkYr[kwf t½dkif;} [laom acgif;pOfjzifh
atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;cJhygonf/
]]olYwGif EdkifiHa&;0dÓOfum; jyif;xefvS\/ EdkifiHa&;wckwnf;om
vkyfaom vlwOD;jzpf\/
olonf ½dkif;\? Murf;\? aMumif\/ udpör&Sd/ olonf {nfhcef;
aqmifrS *kPfoa&&Sd vlBuD;vlaumif; r[kwf/ ]wckwnf;aom
,HkMunfcsufESifh wckwnf;udkom vkyfaom EkdifiHa&; owå0g jzpf\/}
xdkYaMumifh udprö &Sd/}}
ocifatmifqef;\ ½dkif;yHk? Murf;yHkwdkYudk ocifwifarmif(usKHrai;)
uvnf; 4-1-63 aeYxkwf aMu;rHkowif;pmwGif atmufygtwdkif;
a&;cJhygonf/
]]1940-ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;BuD;\ trIaqmif
tpnf;ta0;udk rEÅav;NrKdUü usif;yavonf/ trIaqmiftm;vHk; rEÅav;
½HkawmfBuD;&Sd OD;bOD; wkdufBuD;wGif wnf;ckdMuonf/ tpnf;ta0;udkvnf;
xdkwdkufrSmyif usif;yavonf/



 

trIaqmif tpnf;ta0; usif;yaeqJrSyif NAdwdoQ avbmygwD
acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfol qmpwufzdkYu&pfyf onf Armjynf\ tajctae
udk avhvm&ef a&muf&Sdvmavonf/ Armjynf rvmrDuav;uyif ¤iftm;
avbmygwDrS xkwfy,fcHxm;&avonf/ taMumif;rSm ppftwGif;wGif
zufqpfqefYusifa&; wyfaygif;pkwck zGJUoifhonf[k ygwDwGif tBuHay;rd
onfhtwGuf jzpfavonf/
ArmjynfwGif OD;wifxG#ftdrfü acwåwnf;cdkNyD; wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awGUqHkaqG;aEG;vdkonfhtwGuf rEÅav;odkY vkdufvmcJh
avonf/ qmpwufzdkYu&pfyf tm; ocifausmfpdef(,ck jynfolYpmaywdkuf)
u rEÅav;odkY vkdufydkY&avonf/ rEÅav;wGif xdkavbmygwD
acgif;aqmifBuD;ESifh wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk; trIaqmifrsm; awGUqHkMuyHkrSm
uRefawmfh woufwmwGif rarhEdkifatmif &Sdawmhonf/
aqG;aEG;yGJudk ocifatmifqef;? ocifoef;xGef;? ocifpdk;? ocif
av;armifwdkYtm; OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;&ef owfrSwfxm;Muygonf/
ocifjrrSm rEÅav;wGif Mum&SnfraeEdkifbJ tpnf;t½Hk;wm0efrsm;ESifhyif
&efukefodkY jyefoGm;&avonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJwGif u&pfyf\ vuf,mbufu
ocifausmfpdef? ocifav;armif? ocifvSabmf? ocifxdyfwifudk,fawmf
BuD;wdkYu xdkifaeMuí vuf0JbufwGif ocifatmifqef;? ocifoef;xGef;?
ocifpdk;ESifh uRefawmfwdkY xdkifaeMuygonf/
u&pfyfu ]Armjynf udk rvmcifwkef;u wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;eJY
acgif;aqmifawG&JU taMumif;udk uRefawmf em;vnfwmeJY? 'gawG[m
Armjynfajray:a&mufvdkY wnvJ tdyfrda&m uRefawmfodxm;wmawG
tm;vHk; tNrD;eJYacgif;eJY vGJaewm awGU&ygw,f} [k ajym&if; [m;wdkuf
&,fvdkufygonf/ ]uRefawmf odcJhwmu cifAsm;wdkY tpnf;t½Hk;[m
vl&rf;um;uav;awG? qifjcifwHkw&m; uif;rJholawG? olykefxbdkY aoG;ql



 

aewJh oluav;awG? ynmrJh tvkyfvufrJh uav;awG pkaygif; yg0ifwJh
tpnf;t½Hk;BuD;bJvdkY em;vnfvmcJhygw,f/ tckrS 'Dvdkr[kwfrSef; odyg
awmhw,f/}
ocifatmifqef;u &,fvsuf ]'g[m "r®wmygbJ? tkyfpdk;ol
qdkwm[m tkyfpdk;cH&olrsm; tay:rSm 'DvdkbJ oabmxm;wwfygw,f/
txl;ojzifh uRefawmfwdkYu twdkuftcH vkyfaeawmh 'DvdkbJ owif;ay;
MurSmygbJ/ wck uRefawmfajymcsifwmu ArmjynfrSm&SdwJh vli,fwdkif;[m
'DvdkbJ ynmrJh tvkyfvufrJh vlay vlawuav;awGcsnf; jzpfae&w,f
qdk&ifvJ b,folY tjypfvJ/ NAdwdoQ tkyfpdk;jcif; atmufrSm jzpfysufaewJh
jzpf&yfwcktaeeJY NAdwdoQvlrsKd;awGbJ &Sufp&m aumif;aerSmaygh/}
u&pfyf/ / ]uRefawmf wckar;prf;yg&ap? pyfpkw,fvdkYvJ
rxifygeJY/ &if;&if;ESD;ESD; oabmxm;vdkY ar;&Jwmyg/ cifAsm;wdkYu tck
t*Fvdyf vufatmufcHb0u vGwfatmif BuKd;yrf;aeMuw,f/ vGwfvyf
a&;udk b,fvdkenf;eJY &atmif vkyfMurSmvJ}
ocifatmifqef;/ /]enf;uawmh uRefawmfwdkY w&m;w,fxifwJh
enf;eJY &atmif vkyf,l&rSmbJ}
u&pfyf/ /]rpöwmatmifqef;ajymwm uRefawmf em;rvnfao;
ygbl;? xyf&Sif;prf;ygtHk;}
ocifatmifqef;/ /]&Sif;ygw,f? w&m;w,fxifwJhenf; qdkwm
[m &&menf;eJY vkyf&r,fvdkY qdkwmbJ/ OyrmAsm cifAsm;tdyfxJrSm
xnfhxm;wJh azmifwdef[m uRefawmfydkifwJh azmifwed f qdkygawmh/
cifAsm;u uRefawmhfqDu tEdkifusifhNyD; vk,lxm;w,fqdkygawmh/ 'Dawmh
uRefawmfu cifAsm;udk awmif;yefNyD; jyefay;ygAsmvdkY acsmhawmif;r,f/
r&&if aemufwenf;eJY awmif;r,f/ tJ'Dvdkr&wJh tqHk;usawmh ray;bl;



 

vm; ay;rvm;qdkNyD; Ncdrf;ajcmufawmif;r,f/ 'geJYrS r&&if a[m'Dvkd
twif; vk,lr,f}
ocifatmifqef;onf ajymajymqdkqdk qmpwufzdkYu&pfyf \
tdyfuyfxJu azmifwdefudk qGJ,lvdkuf&m u&pfyf\ ukwftusÐtdyfBuD;yg
NyJí ygvmavawmhonf/
ocifatmifqef;rSm {nfhonfwa,muf\ tusÐNyJonfudkyif
tm;remwwf? tvdkufrodwwfbJ qufí ajymvdkufao;\/ ]uJ tJ'Denf;
[m uRefawmf w&m;w,fxifwJh enf;bJ/ uRefawmhf azmifwdefjyef&wm
vdk&if;bJ/}
u&pfyfrSm bmrQrajymEdkif/ tm;&yg;& [m;wdkufíom &,farm
ae&Smawmh\/
ocifatmifqef;u qufNyD; ]uJ tckvdk vkyf,l&awmh aumif;
ao;&JUvm;/ uRefawmfhrSmawmh uRefawmhf azmifwdef jyef&ygav&JU/
cifAsm;rSmawmh tusÐtdyf tNyJcH&wmom tzwfwifwmaygh/ apmapmuom
jyefay;vdkuf,if tusÐvJ rNyJbl;/ uRefawmfh vufawmif awmfawmf
emoGm;w,f/ ck uRefawmf ajymaewmawG[m tydkajymwmvJ rygbl;/
Ncdrf;ajcmufaewmvJ r[kwfzl;/ wu,fjzpfvmEdkifwJh oabmudk ajymjy
aewmbJ/}
u&pfyfrSm bmrSrajymEdkif/ tlwufrwwf jzpfae&Smonf/ aemuf
twefMumrS ]tdk cspfp&maumif;wJh atmifqef;? cspfp&maumif;wJh
atmifqef;} [líom xyfumxyfum a&&Gwfí ae&Smygawmhonf/
uRefawmfwdkYwawGrSm {nfhonfrsm;udkvJ tm;em? r&,fbJvnf;
raeEdkifjzpfum rsufESmtxm;& cufaeMu&awmh\/}}



 

ocifatmifqef; ½dkif;jcif;? Murf;jcif;(0g) avmufu0wfudk *½k
rpkdufjcif;wkdYonf olwyg;tay:wGif apmfum;armfum; jyKvkyfvkdaom
aMumifhr[kwf/ EdkifiHa&;udkom tNrJpOf;pm;aeaomaMumifh jzpfonf[k
,lqcsifygonf/ trSefrSm ocifatmifqef;onf tvGefudk,fcsif;pmw&m;
&Sdol jzpfygonf/ udk,fcsif;pmw&m;r&Sdaom wudk,faumif; qHaom
olrsm;udk tvGefpufqkyfol jzpfygonf/ ocifatmifqef; rnfrQ
&Jabmfpdwf &Sdonfudk olESihftwl vkyfazmfudkifbuf tm;vHk; odygonf/
tcsKdUaom acgif;aqmifrsm;uJhodkY aqGrsKd;om;csif;tay:wGif 0HomrEkbJ
ol\ &Jabmfrsm;udkom OD;pmay;avh&SdaMumif;? ol\ aemufydkif;vkyf&yfrsm;
u oufaaocHygonf/
1939-ckESpfavmufwGif ocifatmifqef; tzrf;cH&ygonf/
odkYaomfvnf; ½Hk;wif w&m;pGJqdk Edkifavmufatmif taxmuftxm;rsm;
r&Edkif&um; t*Fvdyftpdk;&onf ocifatmifqef;ESifh &Jabmfrsm;udk rMumrD
vTwfypf vkduf&ygonf/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 


(6)
vuf0Jtiftm;pk

ocifatmifqef;\ EkdifiHa&;&ifhusufrIonf jrefqefvSygonf/

wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;twGuf wdusjywfom;aom 0g'vrf;pOfrsm;udk olyif
'dkifcHa&;qGJcJhygonf/ ygwD0if &JabmftcsKdUonf rSDatmifrvdkufEdkifMuojzihf
ocifatmifqef;onf wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;udk tm;r& jzpfvmygonf/
wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&; &½Hkjzifh rNyD;ao;bJ? vlrsm;pkjzpfonfh tvkyform;
v,form;rsm;\ b0vGwfajrmufa&;udk aqmif&Guv f dkonfh vuf0J
tiftm;pkrsm;udk odrf;oGif; pnf;½Hk;&rnf[k ocifatmifqef; aumif;pGm
oabmaygufayonf/
xdkodkY oabmaygufonfh twdkif; ocifodef;az (odef;azjrifh)?
ocifA[def; (uG,fvGefol)? ocifvSaz (Adkvfvusfm)? umvuwåm;rS
a&mufvmaom ukvm;&Jabmfwa,mufwdkYESifhtwl ocifatmifqef;onf
]uGefjrLepfygwD} wnfaxmif&ef uvyfpnf;wck zGJUpnf;ygonf/
xdkuvyfpnf;wGif ocifatmifqef;u twGif;a&;rª;tjzpf aqmif&Guf
ygonf/
]uGefjrLepftp atmifqef;u} [ka&;vQif rSm;rnfrxifyg/
odkYaomfvnf; t*Fvdyftpdk;&u uGefjrLepfygwD wnfaxmifcGihf rjyKonfu
waMumif;? trsKd;om; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf aZmufcs aqmif&Gufaeonfh
wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;twGuf tcsdefjynfh ay;ae&onfu waMumif;wkdY



 

aMumifh ocifatmifqef;wdkY vlpkonf xdktcsdefu uGefjrLepf ygwDudk
vufawGU taumiftxnf razmfEdkifcJhay/
ocifatmifqef;onf tvGef tvkyfvkyfol jzpfygonf/ tvkyf&Sd
vQif aeYa&mnyg rtdyfbJ rNyD;rcsif;vkyfol jzpfygonf/ t&nftcsif;
jynhf0½Hkru ausmif;om;b0rSpí EdkifiHa&; aqmif&GufcJhonfhtwdkif;
tawGUtBuHKrsm;vSNyDjzpf&um; ocifatmifqef;\ tawG;tac: t,ltq
onf &Sif;vif;jywfom;í vufawGUESifhvnf; udkufnDvSygonf/
1940-jynfh? rwfvwGif ocifoef;xGef;? ocifA[def;? ocif
cifatmif paom wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESihf udkxGef;&Sdef (,ck
Adkvf&efEdkif) paom ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifonfh udk,fpm;vS,f
tzGJUudk acgif;aqmifum ocifatmifqef;onf tdE´d,jynf &rf;*g;NrKdUü
usif;yaom awmifolv,form; uGefz&ifhodkY oGm;a&muf wufcJhygonf/
xdkuGefz&ihfwGif wifoGif;&ef wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;\ aMunmpmwrf;udk
wnvHk;rtdyfbJ t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh tNyD;a&;qGJcJhygonf/ xdkaMunm
pmwef;rS atmufyg aumufEkwfcsufudk zwfMunfhvQif ocifatmifqef;\
EdkifiHa&;t,ltq tawG;tac:rsm; rnfrQ wdk;wufonfudk odEdkifygonf/

EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csuf

(1) e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\ tkyfcsKyfrIatmufrS vHk;0vGwfajrmufa&;/

(2) &Srf;jynfESifh tjcm;cRif;csefxm;aom e,frsm;« 1935-ck jrefrm jynf
tufOya't& jynfrESihf cGJjcm;xm;aom awmifwef;a'orsm;udk
qdkvdkonf/ /pma&;ol»wGif ya'o&mZfpepf zsufodrf;a&;/
(3) awmifolv,form;rsm;ESihf ypönf;rJhwdkY\ 'Drdkua&pD tmPm&Sifpepf/



 

(4) vGwfvyfpGm a[majymydkifcGifh pnf;½Hk;ydkifcGifh? yHkESdyfxkwfa0 ydkifcGihf
ponfrsm;/
(5) vlwdkif; vufeuf udkifaqmifcGifh/

pD;yGm;a&; &nfrSef;csuf

(6) tvkyform;ay:vpD/
(u) waeYvQif tvkyfcsdef 8-em&Dxuf rydkap&/
(c) tvkyform;rsm;\ tenf;qHk;vkyfcudk Oya'jzifh
owfrSwfay;a&;/
(*) uav;oli,frsm;tm; tvkyfMurf; vkyfckdif;jcif;udk
zsufodrf;a&;/
(C) vlrIzlvHka&; (tdkempm&HHyHkaiG? emrusef; &HyHkaiG? udk,f0efaqmif
trsKd;orD; tvkyfor &HyHkaiG? tvkyf vufrJh &HyHkaiG ponfrsm;)
(i) tvkyfvufrJh rjzpfap&eftwGuf EkdifiHydkif pufrIvufrI
vkyfief;rsm; wnfaxmifa&;/
(p) pufrIvufrI vkyfief;rsm;udk tvkyform;rsm; tkyfcsKyf Edkifa&;/
(7) ajr,may:vpD/
(u) ajr&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;/
(c) qif;&Jaom awmifolv,form;rsm;ESifh tvwfwef;pm; awmif
ol v,form;rsm;tm; ajr,mtcrJ h a0iSay;a&;/ aemufqHk;wGif



 

ajr,mtm;vHk;udk EdkifiHydkifodrf;NyD; pufrIajr,m pepfodkY
ajymif;a&;/
(8) tvkyform;rsm;ESifh awmifolv,form;rsm;\ a<u;NrDrsm;udk
avQmfypfa&;/
(9) EdkifiHjcm; a<u;NrDtm;vHk; avQmfypfa&;/
(10) 0ifaiGtenf;trsm;ay:wGif tajccHaom tjrwfawmfcGef rSwyg;?
wdkuf½dkufESifhoG,f0dkufcGefrsm;tm;vHk; zsufodrf;a&;/
(11) e,fbufppfbufqdkif&m toHk;p&dwfudk rQwpGm
jyifqifa&;(txufwef; vpmrsm;udk avQmhcsNyD;? atmufwef;
vpmrsm; wdk;jr§ihfay;a&;/)
(12) ajr,mtm;vHk; opfawm? a&aMumif;? rD;&xm;? owåKwGif;rsm;
pufrIvkyfief; tBuD;pm;? bPfwdkuf ponfrsm;udk EkdifiHydkifvkyfa&;/

vlrIa&;&nfrSef;csuf

(13) trsdK;orD;rsm; pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? tcsKyftcs,frsm;rS uif;vGwfap

a&;/ vkyfief;tm;vHk;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; wlnDaom tcGifhta&; &&Sd
apa&;/
(14) vlwdkif; tcrJh ynmoif,lEkdifa&;? vli,frsm;\ udk,fusifhw&m;?
,Ofaus;rI? aygif;oif;qufqHa&;? tqifhtwef; jr§ifhwifay;a&;/
(15) EdkifiHom;wdkif;\ vGwfvyfpGm ,HkMunfudk;uG,fydkifcGifh/



 

(16) vlenf;pktm;vHk;twGuf ,Ofaus;rI vGwfvyfcGihf/ «vlrsKd;pkwdkif;
rdrd½dk;&m"avhtwdkif; aqmif&GufydkifcGifhudk qdkvkd onf/ /pma&;ol»
(17) vlrsKd;? bmom? vdif rcGJjcm;bJ Oya't&mwGif wlnDrI/

1939-ckavmufuyif ocifatmifqef;onf &ifhusufaom

EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwa,muf jzpfaeayNyD/ touft&G,ftm;jzifh 24-ESpf
rQom &Sdao;aomfvnf; awG;ac:,lqyHkonf vufa[mif; EkdifiHa&;
orm;rsm; vufzsm;cg&avmufatmif &ihfusufaeygNyD/ vufa[mif;
EdkifiHa&;orm;BuD;rsm;taejzifh ][kr®½l;} ac: udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;avmuf
ESifhom ESpfodrfh auseyfaeMuaomfvnf; ocifatmifqef;onf
]vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;} udk yef;wdkiftjzpf owfrSwfygonf/ wdkif;jynf
vGwfvyfa&;avmufjzifh rauseyfao;bJ tvkyform;? v,form;rsm;
ponfh tzdESdyfcH ypönf;rJhvlwef;pm;rsm;\ b0vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
vnf; xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;aeayNyD/
1939-ck pufwifbmvwGif Oa&mywdkufü 'kwd,urÇmppf pwif
jzpfyGm;ygonf/ t*Fvdyf? jyifopfEkdifiH ponfwdkYu wzufjzpfí *smreD?
tDwvD ponfh 0if½dk;wef;EdkifiHrsm;u wzuf jzpfygonf/ t*Fvdyf?
jyifopfEkdifiHwkdYonf ]vGwfvyfa&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&; wdkYtwGuf ppfwdkuf
&ygonf} [k a<u;aMumfaomfvnf; rdrdwdkYvufatmufcH EdkifiHrsm;tm;
vGwfvyfa&; ay;&efudkrl vufwGefYaeMuygonf/
NAdwdoQ tMuyf½dkufaepOf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;udk t&,l&ef wdkYArm
tpnf;t½Hk; acgif;aqmifrsm; pdkif;jyif;Muygonf/ ]t*Fvdyftcuf
Armhtcsuf} [laomaqmifyk'fudk a<u;aMumfMuum wdkYArm ocif
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tjcm;ygwD? yk*¾dKvfrsm;udk odrf;oGif;í ]ArmhxGuf&yf
*dkPf;} (Freedom Bloc) udk zGJUpnf;Muygonf/



 

1939-ck atmufwdkbmv(Edk0ifbmv) avmufwGif a'gufwm
barmftdrfü tpnf;ta0;usif;yum xGuf&yf*dkPf;twGuf a'gufwm
barmfudk OuúX? ocifatmifqef;udk twGif;a&;rª;tjzpf wifajr§mufMuí
vrf;pOfw&yfa&;qGJMuygonf/ vrf;pOfa&;qGJ&ef tpnf;ta0;udk 15-&uf
cefY a&TUqdkif;oifhaMumif; tjcm;yk*dK¾ vfrsm;u ajym&m ocifatmifqef;u
]tpnf;ta0; a&TU&efrvdk? ,ckyifa&;qGJrnf? cifAsm;wdkY vufzuf&nf
aomufaeMuyg} [kajymNyD; tjcm;pm;yGJwvHk;odkY a&TUajymif;í wxdkifwnf;
ESifh ]xGuf&yf*dkPf;} twGuf vrf;pOfrsm;udk a&;qGJvdkufygonf/
ocifatmifqef; a&;qGJwifjyaom vrf;pOfudk tm;vHk;u oabmwl
vufcHMuonf[k twlygoGm;ol ocifwifarmif(usKHrai;)xHrS od&
ygonf/
txufwGif a&;cJhonfhtwdkif; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;onf
]vGwfvyfa&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkYtwGuf ppfwdkuf&ygonf} [k a<u;aMumf
aomfvnf; rdrdwdkYvufatmufcHEdkifiHrsm;tm; vGwfvyfa&;ay;rnf
[líum; raMunmyg/ ]ppfEdkifa&;twGuf ulnDMuyg? ppfNyD;vQif
vufatmufcHEdkifiHrsm;ta&;udk pOf;pm;ygrnf} [kom rwifrus aMunm
avonf/
xdkaMunmcsufonf tm;&p&m r&Sdojzifh ocifatmifqef;wdkY
vlpkonf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? ppfqefYusifa&; wdkufyGJrsm;udk jyif;jyif;
xefxef qifETJMuygonf/ NAdwdoQtpkd;&uvnf; EdkifiHa&;orm;
ajrmufjrm;pGmudk zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifygawmhonf/
tcsKdUudk yk'frwyf ½Hk;wifw&m;pGJí axmifcsygonf/ (a'gufwm
barmf? ocifEk ponfrsm;) tcsKdUudkrl ,ckacwf toHkjyKaom yk'fr-5 ESifh
tvm;wlaom umuG,fa&;Oya'yk'fr-26 jzifh zrf;qD;í &uftuefY
towfr&Sd csKyfaESmifygonf/



 

tzrf;cH&aom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh ocif
ygwD0ifrsm;ESihf a'gufwmbarmf\ qif;&Jom;ygwD(t&yfac: "m;r
ygwD)0ifrsm; jzpfMuygonf/
ocifatmifqef;udkvnf; ZvGefNrKdUü w&m;a[mcJhrIaMumifh zrf;qD;
&ef 0&rf;xkwfygonf/ tzrf;cHí axmifxJ oGm;aejcif;onf tusKd;r&Sd/
tjyifwGif&SdaerS wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf BuKd;yrf;Edkifrnf[k oabm
aygufonfhtwdkif; ocifatmifqef;onftzrf;rcHbJ ajrvQKd;ygawmhonf/

Ä Ä Ä ÄÄ



 


(7)
&JabmfokH;usdyf a&SUajy;

ocifatmifqef;onf pdwful;,Oform;r[kwf/ vufawGUorm;

jzpfayonf/ rdkuf½l;&Jvkyfwwfolr[kwf/ tajctaet&yf&yfudk oHk;oyfNyD;
rS vrf;pOfcsol jzpfonf/
]olykefxw,fqdkwm tcgtcGifhaumif;&rS x&w,f/ t*FvdyfawG
'ku©a&mufaewJh tcdkufvJ jzpf&r,f/ udk,fhrSmvJ vltiftm;? vufeuf
tiftm; &Sd&r,f/ Armjynf[m wdkif;jynfi,fuav;jzpfvdkY tm;udk;&r,hf
wdkif;jynfBuD;wckeJYvJ qufoG,frdNyD; jzpf&r,f/ tJ'Dvkd taMumif; trsKd;
pHkwJhtcgusrS olykefx&r,f/ 'grSr[kwf&if rdkuf&m usawmhraygh} [k
ocifatmifqef;u olYrdwfaqGtcsKdUtm; pum;pjrnfajym&if; ajymjy
avonf/ « ]tvif;odkY} pmtkyfrS aumufEkwfcsuf »
ajrvQKd;NyD;aemuf ocifatmifqef;onf tdyfraebJ vGyfvyfa&;
&&ef tpDtpOfrsm; jyKvkyfavonf/ ppfjzpfaeonfh tajctaeudk
csufaumif;,lí EkdifiHjcm;ESifh qufoG,fum tultnD&,l&ef pDpOf
avonf/
xdktcsdefavmufwGif ]xGuf&yf*dkPf;} 0ifrsm;jzpfMuaom a'gufwm
barmf? a'gufwmodef;armif wdkYxHrS *syefEdkifiH\ tultnDvdkcsifvQif
&EkdifaMumif; Mum;od&avonf/ ocifatmifqef;ESihf &Jabmfrsm;onf
EdkifiHjcm;tultnD ,loifh? roifhudk pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;MuNyD;aemuf ,l&ef



 

qHk;jzwfvdkufMuavonf/ rnfonhfEdkifiHrS tultnD,l&rnfudkum; twd
tus rqHk;jzwfEdkifMuay/ w½kyfjynfrSjzpfap? ,dk;',m;jynfrS jzpfap &&m
EdkifiHrS tultnDudk ,l&rnf[líom qHk;jzwfEkdifMuavonf/ EkdifiHjcm;
tultnD&Edkif&ef xdkEdkifiHrsm;odkY wa,mufa,mufudk wdwfwqdwf
apvTwfEdkifrSomvQif &Ekdifrnf[kvnf; oabmaygufMuavonf/ þodkY
jzifh vla&G;Mu&m? ocifatmifqef;onf rqdkif;rwGyif oGm;&ef oabmwl
vdkufavonf/
xdktcsdefrSm ppfjzpfaeonfh tcsdefjzpf&m EdkifiHjcm;odkY cdk;xGufonfh
tvkyfonf vG,fulaom tvkyfr[kwfyg/ toufpGefY&rnhf tvkyf
jzpfygonf/ omrefyk*¾dKvfrsm; vkyf&Jonfh tvkyfrsKd; r[kwfay/ ocif
atmifqef;rlum; wdkif;jynftwGuf toufpGefY&ef OD;rav;ol jzpfonhf
twdkif; xdkwm0efudk xrf;aqmif&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufavonf/
*syefu tultnD ay;rnfqdkaomfvnf; ocifatmifqef;wdkY
vlpkudk uGefjrLepf[k,lqum r,HkMunfojzifh tcsdefqGJaeygonf/
xdkYaMumifh ocifatmifqef;onf ocifvSNrKdif (,ck Adkvf&efatmif) ESihf
w½kyfjynfodkY cdk;xGuf&ef pDpOfavonf/
xdktcsdefwGif w½kyf-jrefrm vrf;rBuD;rSm ydwfaeNyD jzpf&m ocif
atmifqef;wdkYonf ukef;vrf;jzifh roGm;EdkifMubJ? yifv,fc&D;jzifh oGm;&ef
pDpOfygawmhonf/ a&S;OD;pGm oabFmjzihf ]trGdKif} NrKdUodkYoGm;í xdkrSwqifh
w½kyfjynfwGif;odkY oGm;&ef jzpfygonf/ xdkodkYoGm;Edkif&ef ]udkausmfcif}
qdkol rdwfaqGwOD;u pDpOfay;avonf/
«rSwfcsuf/ /tcsKdUxifaeouJhodkY atmifqef;u *syefudk
oGm;ac:onf qdkjcif;rSm rrSefyg/ ocifatmifqef;wdkYonf trsKd;om;
vGwfajrmufa&;ESihf jynfolYvGwfajrmufa&; twGuf wdkufyGJqifETJaeaom
w½kyfuGefjrLepfygwDESihf qufoG,f&ef w½kyfjynfodkY xGufcGmoGm;jcif;



 

jzpfygonf/ aemufrS tajctaet& *syefESifh qufoG,rf dí *syefjynfodkY
a&mufoGm;jcif; jzpfygonf/»
1940 jynhf Mo*kwfv 8-&ufaeYnwGif ocifatmifqef; ESihf
ocifvSNrKdifwdkYonf w½kyfvlrsKd;rsm;uJhodkY ½kyfzsufí w½kyfoabFm ][dkifvd}
qdkufuyfxm;&modkY oGm;Muygonf/ ocifatmifqef;u ]wefvla&Smif}?
ocifvSNrKdifu ]wefqlawmif} [laom w½kyftrnfrsm;udk,lí a&S;OD;pGm
oabFmqdyfodkY vHjcm;jzifh oGm;Muygonf/ xdkrSwqifh oabFmBuD;&Sd&modkY
orÁmefuav;jzifh oGm;Mu&ygonf/

trdGKifodkYoGm;&ef ½kyfzsufxm;pOf
ocifvSaz(,ck Adkvfvusfm)ESifh ocifxdef0if; wdkYonf oabFm
qdyfrSaeí orÁmefuav;avSmfcwfoGm;&modkY rsufaphwqHk; vdkufMunhfum
0rf;enf;í usefcJhygonf/ ocifvSNrKdifonf ocifvSazwdkYudk jyefMunhf



 

aomfvnf; ocifatmifqef;url vHk;0vSnfhrMunhfbJ yifv,fa&jyif
BuD;&Sd&modkYom a&S;½Ií qdwfNidrfpGm vkdkufygoGm;onf[k Adkvfvusfm u
ajymbl;ygonf/
ocifatmifqef;onf vkyfrnf[k qHk;jzwfvdkufonfESifhwNyKdifeuf
aemufjyefrMunhfbJ a&SUodkYom qufvufcsDwufwwfol jzpfayonf/
rnfodkYaom tcuftcJrsKd;ESihf &ifqdkif&apumrl &nfrSef;xm;aom yef;wdkif
odkY ra&mufrcsif; csDwufrnfyif/ ]avScGufcsnf;usef? tvHrvSJ} [laom
vlpm;rsKd;aywnf;/
ocifatmifqef;wdkY\ a&SUa&;onf tm;&bG,f r&SdvSyg/ ol\
&Jabmfrsm;u olwdkYp&dwftwGuf aiG 200d-rQavmufom ay;vdkufEdkif
ygonf/ oGm;&rnfhae&modkYvnf; wcgrQ ra&mufzl;/ todrdwfaqG
[lívnf; wa,mufrQ r&Sday/ tcsdeftcguvnf; ppfjzpfaecsdefjzpf&m
touftEÅ&m,fESihf eD;uyfvSygonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif ]AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;}
jzpfvmaomtcg ]ArmhvGwfvyfa&; ta&;awmfyHk} [laom aqmif;yg;wGif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u atmufygtwdkif; a&;cJhygonf/
]]uREkfyf\ c&D;qHk;XmerSm trGdKifNrKdUjzpf\/ xdkNrKdUrSaeí uREkfyf\
vkyfaqmifp&m&Sdonfh udpörsm;udk cefYcGJpDrH&rnfjzpf\/ uREfkyf\ tjzpfum;
oefaumifvuG,f awm&yfv,fü a&muf&Sdaeolyrm &Sdaeawmhonf/
uREfkyfoGm;&rnfhae&mESihfywfoufí uREfkyf bmwckrQrod/ aqGvnf;r&Sd?
rsKd;vnf;r&Sd/ urÇmYta&SUydkif;om;onf ta&SUydkif;taMumif; twka,mifrQ
avmufomod\/ odorQvnf; ra&&mvS/ qdk;0g;vSavpG/
tvkyftpDtpOf[lí bmrQtwdtus&Sdonf r[kwfacs/ uREfkyf\
ajrmfjrifwwforQÓPfjzihfom BuHK&rnfh ta&;[loíudk pDrHtkyfpD;&ef
uREfkyf\ &Jabmfrsm;u tmPmukef vTJtyfvdkufjcif; jzpfavonf/



 

tb,fodkYyifjzpfap? igonf tu,fí aooGm;onfhwdkifatmif jrwfaom
aojcif;? EkdifiHtwGufaojcif;jzpfonf[k udk,fhudk,fudk ESpfodrfh&awmh\/}}
txufyg aumufEkwfcsuft&? ocifatmifqef;onf wdkif;jynf
twGuf aojcif;udk jrwfaomaojcif;[k ,lqaMumif; xif&Sm;ayonf/
1940-ck Mo*kwfv 24-&ufaeYwGif ocifatmifqef;wdkYonf
trGdKifNrKdUodkY a&mufoGm;Muavonf/ vrf;c&D;wavQmufwGif ocif
atmifqef;onf olYxHk;pHtwdkif; pOf;pm;í aeavonf/ ocifvSNrKdif
(Adkvf&efatmif) u ]tudkBuD;? uRefawmfwkdY b,foGm;vdkY b,fa&muf
MurSvJ} [kar;aomtcg ]tomaeprf ;Asm? rar;prf;ygeJY} [k rmefrJjcif;
udkom cH&onf[k ocifvSNrKdifu aqmif;yg;wckwGif a&;cJhavonf/
trGdKifodkY a&mufaomtcg ]tjynfjynfqdkif&m a'o} jzpfonhf
]ulvefpl;} uRef;uav;wGif aeMu&onf/ xkduRef;uav;udk NAdwdoQ?
tar&duef? *syefESihf w½kyftpdk;&wdkYu tvSnfhus tkyfcsKyfMuavonf/
ocifatmifqef;wdkYonf a,mifa,mifvnfvnfESihf roGm;wwf rvm
wwf jzpfae&m ykvdyfu zrf;rnfvkyfojzifh rdrdwdkYrSm ygvmaom &Sdpk rJhpk
aiGxJrS 75-usyf vyfxdk; vdkuf&avonf/ usefaiGuav;rSm
rrsm;vS&um; wvausmfavmuf &Sdaomtcg waeY 4-usyfrQaom
a[mfw,fcudkyif ray;EdkifonfhtajcodkY qdkufa&mufMu&avonf/
ocifatmifqef;um; olYxHk;pHtwdkif; pdwf"mwfrus? tcef;atmif;í
pmzwfumom aeavonf/
ESpfvrQMumaomtcg *syefppfAdkvfuav;wa,muf a&mufvmí
ocifatmifqef;wdkYudk *syefjynfodkY ac:aqmifoGm;avonf/ 1940 jynfh
Ekd0ifbmvwGif *syefjynf wdkusKdNrKdUavqdyfodkY qdkuaf &mufaomtcg
rpöwm rDemrD(ac:) Adkvfrª;BuD; qlZluD; (aemufydkif; Adkvfrdk;BuKd; jzpfvmol)



 

u qD;BuKdonf/ xdkYaemuf ocifatmifqef;wdkYudk a[mfw,fwckwGif
xm;í a&SUvkyfief;twGuf pDpOfMuavonf/
1941-ck Zefe0g&DvwGif *syefwyfrawmf OD;pD;csKyfonf
]rDemrDuef} ac: tzGJUwck zGJU&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufavonf/ xdktzGJUukd rpöwm
rDemrD u OD;pDvQuf jrefrmvli,frsm;udk wdwfwqdwfac:aqmifí
ppfoifwef;ay;&ef jzpfayonf/ xdktcsdefyif *syefonf jrefrmjynfudk
wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkuf&ef &nf&G,fcsuf&SdaMumif; xif&Sm;ayonf/ jrefrm
vli,fuav;rsm;udk ppfynmoifay;vdkonfrSm pdwfapwemaumif;jzifh
r[kwfbJ jrefrmjynfudk rdrdwdkY0ifa&muf wdkufcdkufaomtcg twGif;olykef
tjzpf toHk;cs&efjzpfayonf/
xdkYaMumihf tjcm;vli,frsm;udkyg ac:vm&ef ocifatmifqef;
wdkYudk jrefrmjynfodkY jyefvTwfMuavonf/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 


(8)
AdkvfawZESifh bD?tdkif?at

ocifatmifqef;onf *syef\ &nf&G,fcsufudk rsm;pGm r,HkMunf

vSay/ odkYaomfvnf; ppfjzpfaepOf tawmtwGif; ppfynmoifMum;&vQif?
vufeuf&EkdifvQif? wdkif;jynftwGuf tusKd;&Sdrnf[k ,lqonfhtwdkif;
vli,f&Jabmfrsm;udk ac:aqmif&ef jrefrmjynfodkY jyefvmavonf/
1941-ck azazmf0g&DvwGif ocifatmifqef;onf oGm;wkwyfí
w½kyfoabFmom;uJhodkY ½kyfzsufum jrefrmjynfodkY jyefa&mufvmonf/
jrefrmjynf&Sd &Jabmfrsm;tm; tajctaet&yf&yfudk &Sif;jyNyD;aemuf
rwfvqef;avmufwGif ocifvSaz(Adkvfvusfm)? ocifA*srf;(Adkvfva&mif)?
wuúodkvfausmif;om; udkxGef;&Sdef(Adkvf&efEdkif)ponfh &Jabmfrsm;udk wyg
wnf;ac:í *syefjynfodkY oabFmjzifhyif jyefavonf/ tjcm;vli,frsm;udk
vnf; tokwfvdkufydkY&ef pDpOfcJhavonf/
þodkYjzifh ]&JabmfoHk;usdyf} [k &mZ0if wGifaeonfh atmufyg
&JabmfwdkYonf oabFmjzihfwwef? ,kd;',m; txd ukef;aMumifhjzihfwrsKd;
ponfjzifh *syefjynfodkY wdwfwqdwf cdk;xGufMuavonf/ taemuf
ppfrsufESmwGif tvkyf½Iyfaeonf NAdwdoQtpkd;&onf ocifatmifqef;
aysmufoGm;onfudk¤if;? acwåjyefvmonfudk¤if;? tjcm; rsKd;cspfvli,frsm;
aysmufoGm;onfudk¤if; rodvdkuf&Smay/



 

&JabmfoHk;usdyf
1/ ocifatmifqef; - AdkvfawZ
2/ ocifvSaz - Adkvfvusfm
3/ ocif½Iarmif - Adkvfae0if;
4/ udkxGef;&Sdef - Adkvf&efEdkif
5/ udkvSarmif - AdkvfaZ,s
6/ ocifvSNrKdif - Adkvf&efatmif
7/ udka&T - AdkvfausmfaZm
8/ ocifpHvIdif - Adkvfatmif
9/ udkaqmif; - Adkvfxdef0if;(t*Fvdyft0ifaoqHk;oGm;onf/)
10/ ocifxGef;a&T - Adkvfvif;,kef
11/ ocifatmifodef; - Adkvf&JxG#f
12/ ocifA*srf; - Adkvfva&mif
13/ ocifwifat; - Adkvfbkef;jrihf
14/ ocifxGef;cif - AdkvfjrihfaqG
15/ ocifoef;wif(1) - Adkvfoef;wif(Zif;r,fwGifusqHk;onf/)
16/ ocifoef;wif(2) - Adkvfjr'if([dkifeHuRef;wGifusqHk;onf/)
17/ ocifatmifoef; - AdkvfpBuFm
18/ ocifpdk; - Adkvfjrihfatmif (t*Fvdyf jyeft0if udk,hfudk,fudk
owfaoonf/)



 

19/ ocifpHjr - Adkvfawmufxdef
20/ udkvS - Adkvfrif;a&mif
21/ udkapmvGif - Adkvfrif;acgif
22/ ocifausmfpdef - Adkvfrdk;ndK
23/ ocifopf - Adkvfapmaemif
24/ ocifcifarmifOD; - Adkvfwm&m
25/ ocifxGef;vGif - AdkvfAv
26/ ocifoef;nGefY - AdkvfZifa,mf
27/ ocifat;armif - Adkvfrdk;(xl;BuD;wdkufyGJwGifusqHk;onf/)
28/ ocifarmifarmif - AdkvfÓP(zmyGefwkdufyGJwGif usqHk;onf/)
29/ ocifaiG - Adkvfapmatmif(a&TusifwkdufyGJwGif usqHk;onf/)
30/ ocifxGef;tkyf - ppfynmroifbJ tkyfcsKyfa&; ynmom
oifojzifh AdkvfbGJU rcH,lcJhay/
&JabmfoHk;usdyfonf *syefjynfodkY a&mufaomtcg a&S;OD;pGm
]azmfrdkqm} uRef;\ taemufzuf&Sd ][kdifeHuRef;} wGif ppfynmudk yifyef;
BuD;pGm oifMum;&onf/ tpm;taomuf taetxdkif tvGefqdk;&Gm;onfh
tjyif pm;csdefESifh tdyfcsdefrSwyg; em;csdef[lí vHk;0 r&Sdoavmufyif/
xdkxuf qdk;0g;onfrSm *syeft&m&Sdrsm;onf yxrwGif &JabmfoHk;usdyfudk
rdwfaqGuJhodkY qufqHaomfvnf; wjznf;jznf; armufrmvmum
vufatmufi,fom;ozG,f qufqHvmMuonf/ toufi,f&G,faom
&Jabmfrsm;onf cHjyif;vS&um; xdktcsdef xdkae&müyif *syefwdkYudk awmfvSef



 

vdkpdwf aygufvmMuayonf/ ocifatmifqef;\ qHk;roGefoifrI
aumif;aomaMumifhom pdwfvdkufrmefyg rvkyfcJhrdjcif; jzpfayonf/

Adkvfvufsm? AdkvfpBufm? AdkvfawZ (1941 - *syef)

1941-ck 'DZifbmv 7-&ufaeYwGif *syefonf ppfraMunmbJ
[ma0,HuRef;&Sd ykvJqdyfurf; (Pearl Harbour) udk AHk;BuJwdkufcdkufí
tar&duefa&wyfudk zsufqD;ypfvdkufavonf/ t*Fvdyf-tar&duef
wdkYonfvnf; *syefudk ppfaMunm&avawmhonf/ *syefonf w[kefxdk;
ppfqifum ]a0vrif ;om;} ESifh ]&Dyg;vfpf} (Prince of Wales and
Repulse) ac: t*FvdyfppfoabFmBuD; ESpfpif ;ESifhwuG tjcm; oabF mi,f
rsm;pGmudk AHk;BuJzsufqD;í ta&SUtm&Sawmifydkif;&Sd t*Fvdyf-tar&duef
vufatmufcHEdkifiHrsm;udk tvGefwdkawmif;aom tcsdeftwGif; odrf;ydkuf
vdkufavonf/ ,dk;',m;jynfonfvnf; av;em&DMumrQ pwdoabm
ckcHNyD;aemuf vufeufcsavonf/
*syefonf ppfxJ0ifvmNyD;onfhaemuf &ufydkif;twGif;üyif
]rDemrDuef} tzGJU0if *syefppfAdkvfrsm;ESifh &JabmfoHk;usdyfonf ,dk;',m;jynf
befaumufNrKdUodkY a&TUajymif;í ]bD-tdkif-at} ac: ArmhvGwfvyfa&;



 

wyfrawmfudk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifMuavonf/ bD-tdkif-at qdkonfrSm
(Burma Independence Army) [lonfh t*Fvdyf bmomjyef csuf\
twdkaumuf jzpfygonf/
befaumufNrKdUwGif &JabmfoHk;usdyfonf rdrdwdkY\ vufarmif;aoG;
rsm;udk azmufNyD;vQif aiGzvm;wvHk;xJü xnfhvsufaomufí jrefrmh
vGwfvyfa&; r&rcsif; t½dk;ausaus ta&cef;cef; wdkuyf GJ qifETJrnf [k
opömt"d|mef jyKMuavonf/ rdrdwdkY emrnfrsm;udkvnf; txufü azmfjy
cJhonfhtwdkif; ajymif;um AdkvfawZ(ocif atmiffqef;)udk acgif;aqmif
tjzpf wifajr§mufMuavonf/
wyfom;rsm;pkaqmif;aomtcg ,dk;',m;jynf&Sd jrefrm trsKd;om;
rsm;ESihf &Srf;trsKd;om;rsm;onf tifwdkuftm;wdkuf 0ifa&mufMuojzihf
cefYrSef;onfxufyif ydkrdk&&Sdavonf/ xkdYaemuf bD?tdkif?at wyfrawmf
onf 0dwkd&d,tilrS ppfwaMumif;? xm;0,fe,frS ppfwaMumif;? zmyGefrS
ppfwaMumif;? ppfaMumif;oHk;aMumif;jzefYum jrefrmjynfwiG f;odkY csDwufvm
avonf/ AdkvfawZ(AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;) onf zmyGefppfaMumif;rS csDwuf
onf/
bD?tdkif?at wyfom;rsm;ü vufeufaumif;[lí r&Sd/ pepfwus
,leDazmif;yif r&Sday/ *syefwyfrawmfonf acwfrSDvufeufaumif;rsm;
wyfqifay;rnf[k uwday;cJhaomfvnf; uwdrwnfcJhay/ *syefwyfrawmf
u ay;onfh vufeufrsm;onf acwfrrSDí olwdkY roHk;vdkaom vufeuf
a[mif;rsm;om jzpfavonf/ pepfwus ,leDazmif; r&Sdojzifh bD?tdkif?at
wyfom;rsm;onf(0g?pdrf;?eD) a'gif;wHqdyf ygonfh vufywfrsm; ywfMu
&onf/ tcsKdUrSm vHkcsnf 0wfMu&onf/
odkY&mwGif ,HkMunfcsufESihf rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf tvGefjyif;xefaom
bD?tdkif?at wyfom;rsm;onf &&mvufeufrsm;udk pGJudkifvsuf? ppfcsD



 

oDcsif;rsm; oDqdkum jrefrmh ZmwdaoG; Zmwdrmefudk tjynfht0 xkwfazmf
jyoMuavonf/ pepfwus avhusifha&; r&SdygbJvsuf t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;udk
ajymifajrmufpGm wkdufckdufEdkifcJhMuavonf/ a&TawmifwdkufyGJonf xif&Sm;
aom om"u w&yf jzpfavonf/ « ppfcsDoDcsif;rsm;udk aemufqufwGJ-*
wGif zwfyg/»
1942-ck rwfv 10-&ufaeYwGif bD?tkdif?at wyfrawmfonf
&efukefNrKdUudk odrf;ydkufEkdifavonf/
xdktcsdeftxd bD?tdkif?at \ aoemywdonf *syef Adkvfrª;BuD;
qlZluD;(Adkvfrdk;BuKd;) jzpfavonf/ jrefrmjynfodkY 0ifa&mufí wdkufcdkuf
aomtcg AdkvfawZ (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;) tm; bD?tdkif?at wyfrawmf\
aoemywd&mxl;udk vTGJajymif;ay;&ef tpDtpOf&SdcJhaomfvnf; &efukefodrf;
NyD;onftxd vTJajymif;ray;cJhay/ qifajctrsKd;rsKd;ay;um tcsdefqGJae
avonf/ xdkYjyif *syefppfom;rsm;onf bD?tdkif?at wyfom;rsm;udk tcg
tcGifh&wdkif; ESdyfpufnO§ f;qJMuavonf/
AdkvfawZESihfwuG Adkvfvusfm? AdkvfpMum? Adkvfae0if; paom
bD?tdkif?at wyfrawmf acgif;aqmifrsm;onf qufvuf onf;rcHEdkifawmh
ojzifh bD?tdkif?at tkyfcsKyfrIudk vTJajymif;ay;&ef Adkvfrdk;BuKd;xH pma&;
wifjyMuavonf/ xdkpmudk taMumif;jyKí aygufuGJrIBuD;wck jzpfEdkifonfh
tEÅ&m,f&Sdonfudk bD?tdkif?at acgif;aqmifrsm; aumif;pGm odygonf/
odkYaomfvnf; tajctaeonf onf;rcHEdkifavmufatmif qkd;0g;aeNyD
jzpf&m tjcm;enf;vrf; r&dSawmhay/
pma&;wifonfhaeY naeydkif;wGif Adkvfrdk;BuKd;u AdkvfawZESifh
bD?tdkif?at acgif;aqmifrsm;udk rdrdaexdkif&mtdrf (,ck NAdwdoQ
oHtrwftdrf) odkY qifhac:ygonf/ AdkvfawZwdkY a&mufomG ;aomtcg tdrf
twGif;tjyif ae&mtESYHtjym;wGif vSHpGyfwyf ½dkifz,faoewfrsm; udkif



 

aqmifxm;aom *syefppfom;rsm; csxm;onfudk awGU&avonf/
bD?tdkif?at acgif;aqmifrsm;udk ajcmufvSefY&ef &nf&G,f[ef wlayonf/
Adkvfrdk;BuKd;onf oufawmfapmifhrsm; jcH&HvQuf tcef;wGif;odkY
0ifvmí rdrd\"m;udk qGJxkwfum ]]'Dpmu bmt"dyÜg,fvJ}} [k
tvGefcufxefaom rsufESmxm;ESifh ar;avonf/ Adkvfrdk;BuKd; "m;qGJxkwf
vdkufonfESifh wNyKdifeuf AdkvfawZonfvnf; rdrd\"m;½dk;udk udkifvdkuf
avonf/ Adkvfrdk;BuKd;\ rsufESmonf ajymif;oGm;í ]]rif;wdkY[m ighom;
awGvdkbJ/ ajymp&m&Sd&if vmajymyg/ pma&; bma&; rvkyfygESihf}}
ajymNyD;vQif bD?tdkif?at acgif;aqmifrsm;udk jyefvTwfvdkuaf vonf/

AdkvfawZ? Adkvfrdk;BudK; ESifh &JabmfokH;usdyf0if wcsdKU

aemufwaeYeHeufwGif Adkvfrdk;BuKd;\vufrSwfjzifh AdkvfawZtm;
bD?tdkif?at wyfrawmf aoemywd? Adkvfvusfmtm; ppfOD;pD; XmecsKyfrª;
tjzpf cefYxm;aomtrdefYpm xGufvmavonf/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 


(9)
bD?'D?at aoemywd

ocifatmifqef; (0g) AdkvfawZ (0g) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; onf

tajctaeudk rSefuefpGm oHk;wwfoljzpfygonf/ tajcmufwdkuf b0ifjrihf
wwfol r[kwfyg/ rdrdudk csD;usL;xm;aom oDcsif;rsm; oDqdkaeMuaomf
vnf; atmufajcvGwf roGm;ay/ « aemufqufwGJ-C zwfyg/»
1942-ck arv 19-&ufaeY xrif;pm;yGJwckwGif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;u -
]]rdrdonf xrif;pm;yGJrsm;? {nfhcHyGJrsm; wufa&muf&ef 0goem
rygcJhaMumif;/ ,aeY raeomí wufa&mufvmaomfvnf; &SufaMumif;/
xrif;pm;yGJBuD;usif;yí {nhfcHolrsm;u wdkif;jynfacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;[m
wdkif;jynftwGuf aqmif&Guf atmifjrifNyD; jyefvmMuw,fqdkwJh txdrf;
trSwfeJY {nfhcHjcif; jzpfaMumif;/ rdrdbmrQ jcm;jcm;em;em; raqmif&GufcJh&
ojzifh xrif;rpm;vdkaMumif;/ Adkvfrª;BuD;? tmZmenfBuD;[k csD;usL;Muonf
udkvnf; rcHvdkao;aMumif;/ rdrdonf rnfonhfygwDrvdkuf? rdrdBuD;rª;aom
ArmhumuG,fa&; wyfrawmfBuD;onfvnf; b,fygwDESifhrQ rqdkif?
wjynfvHk;ESifhom qdkifaMumif;}} ponfjzifh ajymcJhavonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um; tajcmufwdkuf <um;vdkol r[kwfay/
wenf;tm;jzihfqdkvQif ]0r&SdbJ 0dvkyfvdkol} r[kwfay/ tajctaeudk
rSefuefpGm oHk;oyfwwfol jzpfayonf/



 

tcsKdUyk*dK¾ vfrsm; ,lqouJhodkY *syef ppfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;onf wxpfcsr,kHMunfcJhay/ 1942-ck *syefonf ta&SUtm&S
awmifydkif;&Sd EdkifiHtm;vHk;vkdvdkukd odrf;ydkufxm;csdefwGif ]]*syefawmh trsm;
BuD; rsKdxm;wmbJ/ tpmacsEdkif racsEdkif apmifhMunhf&rSmbJ}} [k uRefawmfh
tm; ajymbl;ygonf/
tcsKdUyk*dK¾ vfrsm; ,lqouJhodkY *syefu jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf
wdkufay;vdrfhrnf[lívnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf r,HkMunfcJhay/
bD?tdkif?at wyfrawmf\aoemywd AdkvfawZtjzpf xkwfa0aom
aMunmpmwef;wapmifwGif ]]vGwfvyfa&;rnfonf olrsm;\ EdkYoufcH
pdkYaeí r&Edkif/ rdrdwdkYtm;udk rdrdwdkYudk;NyD; rdrdwdkYzmom BuKd;yrf;&vdrfhrnf}}
ponfjzifh azmfjyxm;avonf/
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf\ aoemywd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ü
0ifh0gjcif; vHk;0r&Sd/ jrefrmjynfwvTm; csDwuf&mwGif taqmifta,mif
vHk;0rygbJ &SdpkrJhpktusÐ? abmif;bDrsm;ESihf pm&Gufpmwef;rsm;udk vHkcsnf
wxnfESihf xkyfydk;í armfawmfum;&Ekdifonhfae&mwGif armfawmfum;jzihf?
armfawmfum; r&Edkifonhfae&mwGif ajcvsif csDwufcJhavonf/
wjynfvHk;u ]AdkvfcsKyf-AdkvfcsKyf} ESihf aumif;csD;Mobmaxmyem
jyKaeMuaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmiffqef;onf atmufajcvGwfroGm;bJ
rdrd\ vkyfief;rSm pvHk;a&;pom &Sdao;onfudk aumif;pGm oabmayguf
ayonf/ txufjrefrmjynfydkif;odkY csDwufvm&if; yckuúLc½dkif? NrKdifNrKdUwGif
uRefawmfESihfawGUaomtcg ]]uRefawmfwdkY tvkyf[m tp\ tprQom
jzpfonf}} [k ajymoGm;ygonf/
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf aoemywd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\
tpm;taomuf? taetxdkif twGufvnf; txl;jyifqifay;&efrvdk/ &&m



 

xrif;[if;pm;í zsmMurf;ay:wGifyif tdyfavh&Sdonf/ tcsKdUu olYudk
AdkvfcsKyf[líyif rodMuay/
NAdwdoQwyfrsm; jrefrmjynfrS vHk;0qkwfcGmoGm;aomtcg
bD?tdkif?at wyfrsm;onf &efukefNrKdUwGif jyefvnf pkpnf;Muavonf/
aoemywd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onfvnf; Adkvfrdk;BuKd;aeoGm;aomtdrf
(,ck NAdwdoQ oHtrwftdrf) odkY ajymif;a&TU aexdkifavonf/
zufqpf*syefonf rdrd\Zmwd½kyfudk jyonfxuf jyvmavonf/
*syefbmomjzifh ]'dkifwdk0usKdatuif;} ? jrefrmbmomjzihf ]ta&SUtm&S
omwlnDrQ aumif;pm;a&;} t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh (East Asia Co-
properity) [laom aqmifyk'fudk yg;pyfu a<u;aMumfaomfvnf ; zuf qpf
*syef\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm ta&SUtm&S&Sd EdkifiHrsm;udk aoG;pkyf&efom
jzpfaMumif; waeYwjcm; xif&Sm;vmavonf/
zufqpf*syef\ aoG;pkyfrIrSm t*Fvdyf\ aoG;pkyfrIxuf
tqrsm;pGm jyif;xefqdk;0g;avonf/ t*Fvdyfu opf? a&eH? ow¬Kpaom
vkyfief;BuD;rsm;avmufudkom aoG;pkyfcJhaomfvnf; *syefurl iyd?
ig;ajcmuf paom vkyfief;uav;rsm;rStp atmufajcodrf; aoG;pkyf
avonf/
*syefppfwyfonf jrefrmwdkYudk acR;wyfqGJí uRJEGm;rsm;udk odrf;½Hk
ru? *dk½Id (Gosko) ? umeDbdk (Kanebo) paom *syef ukrÜPDrsm;onf
vnf; wefbdk;r&Sdaom *syefaiGpuúLrsm;udk xkwfay;í jrefrmwdkY\ ESrf;?
ajryJ? 0g*Grf; ponfwdkYudk odrf;,lMuavonf/
*syefppfom;rsm;onf tvGef&ufpufMurf;MuKwfí a,musfm;?
rdef;r? bkef;BuD;rsm;ygra&Smif yg;em;½dkufwwfMuonf/ uifaywdkifac:
*syefppfykvdyftzGJUuvnf; rdrdwdkY rBuKdufrESpfoufaom olrsm;udk zrf;qD;
í vufoJcGHcGmjcif;? a&aEG;ylavmif;jcif;? usifpufjzihfwdkYjcif; paom



 

,cifu rMum;bl;? rBuHKbl;aom enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh n§Of;yef; ESdyfpufMu
avonf/ jrefrm trsKd;orD;rsm;udkvnf; aiG? ypönf;wdkYjzifh jzm;a,mif;
aoG;aqmifí¤if;? t"r® tEdkifusihfí¤if; zsufqD;Muavonf/
0rf;enf;p&maumif;onfrSm *syefudk ]rmpwm} ac:vsuf
pum;jyeftjzpf¤if;? ukrÜPDt0,fawmfrsm; tjzpf¤if; 0ifa&muf aqmif&Guf
ulnDMuonfh trsKd;om;opömazmufjrefrmtcsKdU\ tjyKtrlyif jzpfay
onf/
þodkYaom tjcif;t&mrsm;udk awGUjrifMum;odae&aom AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;tzdkY pdwfESvHk;rcsrf;ajrU jzpfae&onfrSm tHhMozG,f r&Sday/
waeYwGif uRefawmhftm; ]'dkYawmh EGm;usNyD/ acG;rjzpfatmif BuKd;pm;MuvdkY
&Jabmfuav;awGudk ajym&w,f} [k nnf;wGm;ajymqdkbl;ygonf/
þtawmtwGif; ]jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf toufaoG;ay;um
wdkufckdufjcif;jzpfygonf} [k 0g'jzefYcJaom zufqpf*syefonf Armh
vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf(bD?tkdif?at) udk zsufodrf;&ef pDpOfavawmhonf/
trsKd;om;opömazmuftcsKdUuvnf; zsufodrf;&ef *syefudk wdkufwGef;Mu
onf/ odkYaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihfwuG wyfrawmfom;rsm;\
ZGJowådESihf rsKd;cspfpdwfwdkYudk od&um; vHk;0 rzsufodrf;&Jay/
]vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;? vGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf xm;&efrvdk/
umuG,fa&; wyfomxm;&ef vdkonf} [k taMumif;jyum 1943-ck Zlvdkif
v 27-&ufaeYwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf(bD?tkdif?at) udk Armh
umuG,fa&; wyfrawmf(bD?'D?at) tjzpf ajymif;vJí wyfom;OD;a&
udkvnf; oHk;axmifxd avQmhcsvdkufavonf/ bD?'D?at qdkonfrSm
(Burma Defence Army) [lonfh t*Fvdyf bmomjyef csuf\
twdkaumuf jzpfygonf/



 

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ]Adkvfrª;BuD;} tqifhjzihf bD?'D?at \
ppfaoemywdtjzpf cefYxm;í ppf½Hk;csKyfrStp tqifhtoD;oD;wGifvnf;
*syefppfAdkvfrsm;udk ]tBuHay;t&m&Sdrsm;} tjzpf wGJzuf cefYxm;vdkuf
avonf/ trSefrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihfwuG wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk
r,HkMunfonhftwdkif; *syefppfAdkvfrsm;udk tBuHay;t&m&Sdrsm;tjzpf cefY
xm;jcif; jzpfayonf/ bD?'D?at udkvnf; &efukefwGif rxm;bJ ysOf;rem;
odkY ajymif;a&TUxm;avonf/
tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf *syefwyfrawmf aoemywd ]tD;'g; (Lt.
General Iida) u a'gufwmbarmf acgif;aqmifaom tpd k;& tzG JUwckudk
zGJUpnf;vkdufavonf/ bD?'D?atwGif *syeftBuHay;t&m&Sdrsm; yl;wGJcefYxm;
ouJodkY tkyfcsKyfa&;wGifvnf; tqifhtoD;oD;wGif *syef tBuHay;t&m&Sd
rsm; cefYxm;yl;wGJxm;avonf/ trSefrSm *syeftBuHay; t&m&Sdrsm;
omvQif tmPmydkifrsm;jzpfojzifh a'gufwmbarmf tpdk;& tzGJUonf
½kyfao; tpdk;&rQom jzpfayonf/
ppfa&;wGif¤if;? tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif¤if;? pD;yGm;a&;wGif¤if; pdk;pOf;rQ
auseyfzG,fr&Sd&um; pdwfaxmif;udk,faus jzpfaeaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
\ usef;rma&;tajctaeonf waeYwjcm; qdk;0g;vmavonf/ xdkY
aMumifh ,ckacwf ppf½Hk;csKyfjyKvkyfxm;aom taqmufttHkBuD;wGif zGihfvSpf
xm;onfh aq;½HkodkYwufum aq;0g;uko&avawmhonf/
aq;½HkwGif olemjyKq&mruav; rcifMunfESihf awGUavonf/
rcifMunf\ ,k,jyKpkrIaMumifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ usef;rma&;onf
rMumrD aumif;rGefvmavonf/
xdktcsdefxd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf &nf;pm;rxm;bl;ao;ay/
rdef;rysKduav;rsm;udk rsufarG;axmf armfíyif rMunhfcJhbl;ay/ EdkifiHa&;jzifh



 

om tcsdefukefae&um; &nf;pm;xm;&ef tcsdefvnf; r&SdcJh/ xm;&efvnf;
pdwfrul;cJhay/
,k,jyKpkwwfaom q&mrav; rcifMunfESihf awGUaomtcg
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ oHrPduJhodkY wif;rmaom pdwf"mwfonf t&nf
aysmfusum rcifMunfudk b0Muifazmfbuftjzpf odrf;ydkufvkdpdwf ay:vm
avonf/ þodkYjzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf olemjyKq&mruav;
rcifMunfwdkYonf orD;&nf;pm;b0odkY a&mufMuavonf/
xdkaemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf uRefawmfESifh tpfudkBuD;
(OD;b0if;) wkdY wnf;cdk&m a&TawmifMum;vrf;&SdtdrfokdY rcifMunfudk
ac:vmí ]]'g uRefawmhf&nf;pm;bJ}} [k ajymum uRefawmfwdkYESihf
rdwfquf ay;ygonf/ tpfudkBuD;u tBuD;jzpfonhftwdkif; {nfhcHpum;
ajymonhfwm0efudk xrf;aqmif&ygonf/ uRefawmfu rcifMunf touf
rnfrQ&SdNyDudk ar;ay;&ef tpfudkBuD;udk wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwf ajymvkdufygonf/
tpfukdBuD;urlum; rcifMunf rnfonfhESpfu q,fwef;atmifovJ [k
ar;NyD; tjcm; tvmyovmypum;rsm;udkom ajymaeygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfwdkY
jyefoGm;aomtcg uRefawmfu ]]tpfudkBuD;uvJ toufar;ygqdk?
b,fhES,f b,fwkef;u q,fwef;atmifovJvdkY ar;&wmvJ}} [k ajym&m
tpfudkBuD;u ]]tdkuGm- toufar;&wm tm;emp&mBuD;/ q,fwef;
atmifwJhESpfudk 18-ESpfxm; wGufMunfh&if olYtouf cefYrSef;Edkifwm
ayghuGm}} [k jyefajymygonf/
1942-ck pufwifbmv 6-&ufaeY wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf
rcifMunfwdkY\ vufxyfyGJudk olwdkYcsif;pwifawGUcJh&mjzpfaom aq;½Hküyif
usif;yygonf/ om;orD; av;a,muf xGef;um;aomfvnf; ti,fqHk;
orD;uav;onf &ufydkif;twGif; aoqHk;oGm;í 'kwd,om; atmifqef;



 

vif; onfvnf; 1953-ckESpfOD;0,f a&epfaoqHk;oGm;&Smygonf/ ,ck
om;BuD;atmifqef;OD;ESihf orD; atmifqef;pkMunfwdkYom usefygawmhonf/

AdkvfcsKyf ESifh a':cifMunf r*Fvmaqmifzdwfpm

tdrfaxmifonfjzpfvmonfh tcsdefrSpí AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
ydkrdk aysmhajymif;vmavonf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif ,cifuavmuf
]r½dkif;? rMurf;? raMumif} awmhay/ avmu0wfudk ydkrdkem;vnfvmonf[k
qdk&ayrnf/ bD?'D?at aoemywdtjzpf ysOf;rem;ü&SdaepOf uRefawmfwdkY
&efukefrStjyef acwå0ifa&muf wnf;cdkMuygonf/ xdkYaemuf awmifwGif;
BuD;odkY c&D;quf&ef rD;&xm;blwm½HkodkY oGm;Mu&m AdkvfcsKyfwdkY ZeD;
armifESHu vkdufydkYMuygonf/ tpfudkBuD;u uRefawmfhudk jyHK;Munfhí
]]atmifqef; vlrIa&; em;vnfvmNyD}} [k rSwfcsufcsvdkufygonf/
1943-ck rwfvwGif AdkvfcsKyfBuD;wdk*sKd (General Tojo) \
tpdk;&u a'gufwmbarmf? a'gufwmodef;armif? ocifjrESihf AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;wdkYudk ]ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;&ef} wdkusKdodkY
zdwfac:ygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ]AdkvfcsKyfuav;} (Major
General) tqifhodkY wdk;jr§if hay;onf / ]wifaemfa[um} ac: *syef{u&mZf
[D½dk[Dwdk (Emperor Hirohito) ]wufaewHqdyf} wwd,wef;} (Third


AdkvfcsKyf \ Zmwm

 

Class Order of the Rising Sun) bGJUwHqdyf ay;tyfygonf/ tjcm;
yk*dK¾ vfrsm;tm;vnf; bGJUwHqdyftoD;oD; tyfESif; csD;jr§ihfvdkufygonf/
vGwfvyfa&; wESpfajrmufonfhaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; xyfrHí
]&wemwHqdyf yxrwef;} (First Class Order of the Sacred
Treasure) udk ay;tyfjyefygonf /

ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;&efqdkaomfvnf; trSefrSm

zufqpf*syefonf rdrday;vdkYonfh vGwfvyfa&;yHkpHudkom ay;vdkufjcif;
jzpfygonf/ jyefa&mufMuaomtcg csD;usL;*kPfjyKaom {nfhcHyGJwckwGif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u *syefay;rnfh vGwfvyfa&;onf twkta,mifrQom
jzpfrnfjzpfaMumif; t&dyft>ruf ajymcJhavonf/
xdkYaemuf ]vGwfvyfa&;jyifqifrIaumfrDwD} zGJUpnf;Mu&m AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;tm;vnf; tzGJU0ifwOD;tjzpf xnfhoGif;cefYxm; Muavonf/

AdkvfcsKyf ESifh a':cifMunf r*Fvmaqmif

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 


(10)
vGwfvyfa&;ESifhcspfMunfa&;

1943-ck Mo*kwfv 1 &ufaeYwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;udk aMunmNyD;

aemuf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ppf0efBuD; jzpfvmygonf/ ]ArmhumuG,f
a&; wyfrawmf} (bD?'Dat) onfvnf; ]Armh wyfrawmf} (Burma
National Army or B.N.A) jzpf vmygonf/ a'gufwmbarmfonf
EkdifiHawmf t"dywdESihf 0efBuD;csKyf? ocifjronf 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyf jzpfvm
ygonf/
a'gufwmbarmfonf EdkifiHawmf t"dywd jzpfvm½Hkru wdkYArm
tpnf;t½Hk;ESihf qif;&Jom;ygwDudk yl;aygif; zGJUpnf;vkdufaom aemufydkif;ü
]r[mArmygwD} jzpfvmonfh ]wdkYArm qif;&Jom;tpnf;t½Hk;} \ tBuD;
tuJ tmPm&Sifvnf; jzpfvmygonf/ xdkacwfu aqmifyk'fonf
]waoG;? woH? wrdefY} jzpfygonf/
oDcsif;a&;q&mrsm;uvnf; ]urÇmrSmvnf; tmPm&Sif? 'dkYvJ
tmPm&Sif} ponfjzifh¤if;? ]tcgcgyif pdwftm;wufzG,f? tmPm&Sif
rdefYMum;cJhw,f/ cg;awmif;BuKdufum? a[m'Dppfudk Edkifatmifom wdkuf&
r,fwJh} ponfjzihf¤if;? tmPm&Sif csD;usL;onfh aw;oDcsif;rsm;udk a&;pyf
oDqdkvmMuygonf/
xdkodkY t"dywdESifhwuG yk*¾dKvftawmfrsm;rsm;onf *syefjynfvkyf
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;udk om,maeMupOf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf *sLAvDa[m



 

üusif;yaom ]vGwfvyfa&; wESpfajrmuf txdrf;trSwf tcrf;tem;} wGif
*syefay;aom vGwfvyfa&;\ tESpfom& uif;rJhyHkudk atmufygtwdkif;
zGifhcsvdkufygonf/
]]uaeY vGwfvyfa&;&vdkY wESpfjynfhwJhtxdrf;trSwfyGJaeY? 'D
jynfolY tpnf;ta0;BuD;rSm uRefawmf[m tpdk;&tzGJU0ifwOD;taeeJY
r[kwfbJ? jynfoljynfom;wOD;tjzpf ta&;BuD;wJhpum;awGudk jynfol
trsm;&JUtusKd;udkarQmfudk;NyD; ajymjyvdkygw,f/ ,ck Armjynf vGwfvyfa&;
&wm wESpfaphvmNyD/ 'DtawmtwGif;rSm usKyfwdkY bmawGUMu&ovJ/
trSef ajym&&ifawmh usKyfwdkY wdkif;oljynfom;awG[m vGwfvyfa&;
t&omqdkwm rcHpm;&ao;bl;/ cHpm;&wJhvlawG[mvJ vleJpkomjzpfw,f/
tJ'DvleJpkawGxJrSm b,folawGvJ qdkvdkY&Sd&if uRefawmfyg tygt0if
usKyfwdkYtxufu tpdk;&t&m&SdBuD;awG? 'DvlawGudk uyfajr§mifNyD; pm;aewJh
vlawG? tjrwftpGef; BuD;BuD;,lNyD; vlawG&JU 'ku©udk &if;ESD;NyD; pD;yGm;&Smae
wJh acwfysufolaX;awG/ tJ'gawGavmufbJ/ tJ'Dawmh wkdif;oljynfom;
awG pdwfxJrSm ar;Mu jref;Muvdrfhr,f/ trSefuawmh tckvGwfvyfa&;[m
trsm;odMuwJhtwdkif; pmay:vGwfvyfa&;bJ &Sdao;w,f/ vufawGU
oabm txnfESihfudk,f? j'yfESifhtaumiftxnf rjrif&? rawGU&? rcHpm;&
ao;bl;/ usKyfwdkY a&SUqufNyD; pcef;oGm;EdkifrS vGwfvyfa&; taumif
txnfudk jrif&vdrfhr,f/ tck rjrif&ao;bl;}} « 1944-ck Mo*kwfv 6-
&ufaeYxkwf? jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmrS aumufEkwfcsuf/ »
þuJhodkY zGifhcsvdkufojzifh jrefrmjynf&Sd *syefppfAdkvfBuD;rsm;
twGif;wGifomru *syefNynf&Sd tpdk;&ydkif;wGifvnf; tawmf *,uf½dkuf
oGm;avonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; xdkodkYzGifhcs&JonfrSm rdrdwGif tjypftemtqm
vHk;0 r&SdaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/ tcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm; udk,u f sKd; udk,fhpD;yGm;



 

twGuf ypönf;awG pkaqmif;aeMuaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um;
ypönf;udk vHk;0 *½krpdkuf/ wdkif;jynfESifh vlxktwGufoufoufom aqmif
&GufcJhayonf/
AdkvfcsKyf\ ½dk;om;rIESifhywfoufí 1947-ck Zlvdkifv 29-&ufaeY
wdkif;jynfjyK vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;wGifvnf; aMuuGJ0rf;enf;aMumif;
tqdkwifoGif;&if; 0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Eku atmufygtwdkif; xnfhoGif;
ajymqdkoGm;ygonf/
]]*syefacwfwacwfvHk;rSm bmbJajymajym tpdk;& b,fvdkbJ&Sd&Sd?
wkdif;jynfu wu,fMunfndKaewmuawmh Armtpdk;& r[kwfbJ AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef; jzpfaew,fqdkwm b,folrS jiif;vdkYr&bl;/ Armtpdk;&
b,fvdktrdefYawGxkwfxkwf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wcGef;ajymwmeJU rwlbl;/
tJ'Dvdk wkdif;jynfrSm jzpfaew,f/
'Davmuf t&Sdeft0gBuD;w,f/ onfavmuftxd wefcdk;MoZmawG
BuD;w,f/ tJ'Dvdk jzpfaewJhtcsdeftcgrSm AdkvfcsKyfae&mrSm AdkvfcsKyfr[kwf
bJeJY wjcm;u udk,fhpdwfudk,f rxdef;EdkifwJhvlpm;rsKd;? avmbBuD;wJh vlpm;
rsKd;? tJ'Dvdk vlpm;rsKd;wa,mufa,muf&Sdaer,fqdk&if *syefacwfwkef;u
woufr[kwfbl;? q,fouf rukefEdkifatmif ypönf;awG pkEkdifw,f/ tJ'D
txd jzpfEkdifw,f/
*syefacwfwkef;u 'Dvdk&wJh t&Sdeft0gMoZmawGudk tvGJoHk;pm;
vkyfNyD;awmh ydkufqHawG[m oHk;rukefEdkifavmufatmif pkoGm;MuwJhvlawG
taMumif;udkvJ 'DrSm <uvmwJh trwfrif;awG todygbJ/
AdkvfcsKyfqdk&if &SyftuÐsESpfxnf? abmif;bDESpfxnfbJ&Sdw,f/ tJ'D
ESpfxnfxJrSm wxnfuvJ cyfpkwfpkwfavmufom tzwfwifNyD; usef&pf
cJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf[m? olYvdktifrwefBuD;us,fwJh t&Sdeft0g? BuD;us,fwJh
wefcdk;MoZm? BuD;rm;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm b,favmuftxd udk,fhpdwfudk udk,f



 

EdkifEdkifeif;eif;eJY csKyfwnf;oGm;Ekdifw,f qdkwmudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;BuD;
cifAsm;wdkY odygvdrfhr,f}}

u&iftrsKd;om; Adkvfrª;csKyfa[mif; apmMum'dk;uvnf; AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef;\ ½dk;om;NcKd;jcHrIESifh ywfoufí aqmif;yg;wckwGif atmufyg
twdkif; a&;cJhygonf/
]]*syefacwf waeYrSm *syefoHtrwfu AdkvfcsKyfeJY uRefawmfwdkYudk
aeYv,fpmpm;&ef zdwfygonf/ xkdaeYrSm tawmfuav; ylygonf/
uRefawmfwdkY 0wfxm;aom ,leDazmif;rsm;rSm tvGefxlNyD; uRefawmfwdkY
tm;vHk; acR;wvHk;vHk;ESifh jzpfaeygonf/ AdkvfcsKyf0wfxm;wJh ,leDazmif;rSm
uRefawmfwdkY ,leDazmif;xuf ykdxl&um; AdkvfcsKyftzdkY jyKwfxm;ouJhodkY
jzpfaeygonf/
uRefawmfwdkY jzpftifudkjrifaom *syefoHtrwfu uRefawmfwdkY
tay:tuÐsrsm;udk cRwfxm;&ef tvdkufodpGm tBuHay;ygonf/ uRefawmf



 

wdkYvJ rqdkif;rwGyif tay:tuÐsrsm;udk cRwfypfvdkufygonf/ AdkvfcsKyf[m
olYtay:tuÐsudk awmfawmfESihfrcRwfyg/ pOf;pm;aeyHk ay:ygonf/
aemufqHk; cRwfvdkufaomtcg olYatmufcHpGyfus,ftuÐsrSm &p&mr&Sdatmif
pkwfNyJaeonfudk awGU&ygonf/ uRefawmfwdkY pGyfus,frsm;vnf; pkwfNyJ
aeygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf pGyfus,frSm wckESihfwck oDxm;ovm;
atmufarh&avmufatmifudkyif pkwfNyJaeygonf/}}
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\½dk;om;rIudk *syefrsm;udk,fwdkif0efcH&ayonf/
jrefrmjynfa&muf *syefppfwyfrsm;\ yxrqHk; aoemywd AdkvfcsKyftD;'g;
u ]atmifqef;onf aiGvnf;rruf/ tmPmvnf;rruf/ wudk,faumif;
vnf; rqH/ 'gaMumifh *syefawGu olYudk av;pm;onf} [k t"dywd
a'gufwmbarmftm; zGihfajymbl;avonf/
bD?tdkif?at\ yxr aoemywd Adkvfrdk;BuKd;ac: Adkvfrª;
BuD;qlZluD;uvnf; ]atmifqef;onf t<uif;rJh ½dk;om;onf/ olonf
owådAswådESihf jynfhpHkaom ppfacgif;aqmifvnf; jzpfonf/ rsKd;cspfpdwfvnf;
jyif;xefonf/ xdkYaMumifh igwdkY*syefrsm;onf olYudk ½dkaoav;pm;onf} [k
zGifh[0efcHbl;avonf/

u&ifArmcspfMunfa&;
bD?tkdif?at acwftp 1942-ckwGif jrpf0uRef;ay:a'oü
u&ifArm t"du½kPf; tBuD;tus,f jzpfcJhygonf/ u&ifudk Armuowf?
Armudk u&ifuowf ponfjzifh wajrwnf;ae wa&wnf;aomufaeMu
onfh wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf &efolBuD;rsm;ozG,f jzpfaeMuygonf/
xdktjcif;t&mudk awGUjrifae&aom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
rsm;pGmpdwfrcsrf;rom jzpfcJh&ygonf/ wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;csif; aoG;pnf;



 

nDnGwfrIr&Sdygu ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ ratmifjrifEdkifonfudk AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef; aumif;pGm oabmaygufygonf/
xdkodkY oabmaygufonfhtwdkif; u&ifArm aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;
&&ef AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf raerem;BuKd;yrf;cJhayonf/ BuKd;yrf;cJhonfh
twdkif; atmifvnf; atmifjrifcJhayonf/
u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfMuaom apmpHbdkoif? apmMum'dk;wdkYudk
ArmhwyfrawmfwGif;odkY xnfhoGif;cefYxm;½Hkru? u&ifwyf&if;wckudkvnf;
zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifay;vdkufavonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u u&iftrsKd;
om;rsm;udk ,Hk,HkMunfMunf aygif;oif;qufqHaomtcg u&iftrsKd;om;
rsm;onf AdkvfcsKyfudk ,HkMunfvmavonf/
u&ifArm aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;twGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; aqmif
&GufcJhykHrsm;udk 0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Eku txufwGif az:jycJhonfh aMuuGJ
0rf;enf;aMumif; tqdkwifoGif;&if; atmufygtwdkif; ajymcJhygonf/
]]*syefacwfwkef;u tifrwef todÓPfeJwJh vli,fwpk[m
t*Fvdyfudkarmif;xkwfNyD;awmh u&ifbJ &Sdw,fqdkNyD; &GmawGudk rD;½dIU?
tJ'Dvdk[mawG rawmfw&m;udpaö wGudk vkyfwJhtwGuf u&ifawGu ArmawG
tay: pdwfemNyD; u&ifArmt"du½kPf; jrpf0uRef;ay:rSm tawmf
jzpfcJhw,f/
tJ'Dvdk jzpfcJhwJhudpöudk trSefpifppf [dktcsdeftcgwkef;u EdkifEdkifeif;
eif;eJY u&ifArmcspfMunfa&;udk &atmifrvkyfEdkifcJh&if rD;[m 'Dtcsdefxd
avmifaerSmbJ/ ,ckvdktcgrSm u&ifudk,fpm;vS,fawGeJY uRefawmfwdkYeJY
wdkif;jynfjyK vTwfawmfxJrSm &Tif&Tifysys nD&if;tudkvdk cspfcspfcifcif
awGUqHkbdkY tajctaeawG r&SdEdkifbl;qdkwm? [kdtcgu u&ifArm
t"du½kPf;? u&ifArm pdwfem;usnf;aewJhtcguaeNyD; u&ifArm
cspfMunfa&;? u&ifArm em;vnfa&;qdkwm a&mufatmif ArmbufuaeNyD;



 

rm;rm;rwfrwf vkyfcJhwm b,folvJqdk&&if AdkvfcsKyfjzpfcJhwJh taMumif;?
acgif;aqmifBuD;awGu twdtvif; 0efcHygvdrfhr,f}}
u&ifacgif;aqmif (xkdpOfu 0efBuD;) apmpHbkd;oifuvnf;
atmufygtwdkif; ajymMum;oGm;ygonf/
]]uRefawmfwdkY 1942-ckESpfu jzpfysufwJh u&ifArmt"du½kPf;rSm
uRefawmfvnf; yg0ifygw,f/ acgif;aqmifcJhw,f/ tJ'DtcsdeftcgrSm tJ'D
bD?tdkif?at? AdkvfcsKyfacgif;aqmifwJh bD?tdkif?at[m uRefawmfh&JU &efol
jzpfcJhw,f/ uRefawmf tckajymcsifwmu AdkvfcsKyf[m &efoludk b,fvdk
rdwfaqGjzpfatmif vkyfwwfovJqdkwm tifrwefxl;uJwJh tcsufwcsuf
jzpfygw,f/
tJ'D 1943-ck? Mo*kwfv 1-&ufaeY Armjynf vGwfvyfNyDqdkwm
aMunmawmh uRefawmf &efukefudk qif;vmw,f/ qif;vmawmh uRefawmfh
rdwfaqGawGu &efukefudk roGm;eJY? ocifawG cifAsm;udk owfvdrfhr,fvdkY
ajymw,f/ 'gayr,fh uRefawmfu oGm;&r,fvdkY ajymNyD;xGufcJhw,f/
uRefawmfa&mufvmawmh yxrOD ;qHk; ocifAdkvfeJY awGUw,f/
NyD;awmh ocifarmifBuD;/ olwdkYeJYawGUNyD;oumv uRefawmfuajymw,f/
tJ'D AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJY uRefawmf awGUcsifw,f/ 'geJY [dkuwqifh
olwdkY&JU ocifoef;xGef;qD ac:oGm;w,f/ [dkurSwqifh AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;eJY oGm;awGUw,f/
oGm;awGUawmh uRefawmfu olYudk ajymjyw,f/ uRefawmf[m
apmpHbkd;oifbJ/ cifAsm;&JU &efoljzpfygw,f/ oluawmh uRefawmfhudk
MunfhNyD; b,fvdkajymovJqdk&if ]A brave enemy is a good friend}
(&J&ifhaom&efolonf rdwfaqGaumif; jzpfw,f) vdkYajymw,f/ tJ'Dpum;
udk Mum;NyD;awmh uRefawmfhpdwfxJrSm uRefawmhfudkawmh owfrSmr[kwfzl;



 

qkdNyD; aemufwajz;ajz; uRefawmfwdkY ArmwyfrawmfxJrSm0ifNyD; aqmif&Guf
w,f}}
txufygaumufEkwfcsuft& u&ifArm cspfMunfa&;twGuf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; rnfuJhodkY aqmif&GufchJonfrSm xif&Sm;ayonf/
NAdwdoQ e,fcsJUorm;onf e,fcsJUorm;yDyD aoG;cGJtkycf sKyfa&;
ay:vpD (Policy of Divide and Rule) udkusihfoHk;um Armwdkif;&if;om;
tcsif;csif;udk &efwdkufay;NyD; aoG;cGJcJhavonf/ zufqpf*syefonfvnf;
xdkay:vpDudkyif usifhoHk;um Armwdkif;&if;om; tcsif;csif; aoG;uGJatmif
enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh BuKd;yrf;cJhavonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ tjrifus,fpGm
aqmif&GufrIaMumifhomvQif wdkif;&if;om; tcsif;csif; (txl;ojzifh
u&ifArm) cspfMunfa&;udk aqmif&GufEdkifjcif; jzpfayonf/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 


(11)
*syefawmfvSefa&; a&SUajy;

tcsdKUu *syefukd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ac:vmonf[k xifae

Muonf/ trSefrSm txufwGif a&;cJhonfh twdkif; AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;
toufpGefYí EdkifiHjcm;odkY xGufoGm; onfrSm w½kyfjynfoGm;&ef
jzpfygonf/ trGdKifwGif aomifwifaepOf jrefrmjynfwGif usef&pfcJhonfh
&Jabmfrsm;\ pDpOfcsuft& *syefESifh tquftoG,f&í *syefjynfodkY
a&mufoGm;jcif; jzpfonf/
xdkpOfu urÇmYtajctaet& rnfoluac:ac:? rac:ac: *syef
onf jrefrmjynfukd wdkufawmhrnf jzpfygonf/ odkYjzpf&m *syefa&mufvm
jcif;twGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay: tjypfyHkcsvQif rw&m;ay/ pifppfrSm
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh bD?tdkif?at\ aus;Zl;aMumifh zufqpf*syefonf
jrefrmjynfwGif &rf;um;csifoavmuf r&rf;um;&Jonfudkum; rnfolrQ
jiif;qdkEdkifrnfr[kwfay/
txufü azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; *syefonf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf
touftaocHum wdkufay;vdrfhrnf[k AdkvfcsKyf r,HkMunfcJhay/ i,fpOfu
pí AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf rdrdudk,fukdom tm;udk;ol jzpfayonf/
olrsm; ESmacgif;jzifh toufr½SLvdk/ ½SLvdkolrsm;udkvnf; tvGeftxifao;
avonf/



 

,dk;',m;jynf befaumufNrKdUü bD?tdkif?at wyfrawmfzGJUpnf;
aepOfuyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf &JabmftcsKdUudk jrefrmjynfwGif;odkY
vQKdU0SufpGm apvTwfí zufqpf*syefudk awmfvSef&ef pDpOfcJhavonf/
jrefrmjynfwGif;&Sd rdwfaqGrsm;xHodkY awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;udk pnf;½Hk;
í *syef0ifvmaomtcg ]vGwfvyfa&;} twGuf ta&;qdk&ef? r&ygu ajr
vQdK;í *syefudk ajymufusm;pepfjzifh awmfvSef&ef pma&;cJhavonf/
odkYaomfvnf; xdktcsdefu ta&;ygt&ma&mufaom EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif
rsm;onf axmifxJa&mufaeMuojzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ tpDtpOfudk
taumiftxnf razmfEdkifcJhMuay/
NAdwdoQtvdkawmf&drsm;ESifh tcsKdU rodem;rvnfaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;u
t*FvdyfuEdkifcgeD;rS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf *syefudk awmfvSefcJhoa,mif
a,mif a&;om;ajymqdkMuavonf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;onf EdkifrnfhbufodkY vdkufonfh ]tacsmiform;} jzpfonf[k
apmif;yg;&dyfjcnf a&;om;ajymqdkjcif; jzpfygonf/ xdka&;om;ajymqdkcsuf
rsm;onf rrSefyg/ tjzpftysuftrSefudk rodíaomf¤if;? AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;tay: tmCmwxm;íaomf¤if; a&;om;ajymqdkaom tcsuf
rsm;om jzpfayonf/
1943-ck ESpf0ufavmufuyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf zufqpf
*syefawmfvSefa&;udk pDpOfcJhygonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfNyD;p 1945-ck
Mo*kwfv 29-&ufaeY &efukefNrKdUawmfcef;rü usif;yaom ]ta&SUtaemuf
toif;} (East and West Association) tpnf;ta0;wGif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;onf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh atmufygtwdkif; xnfhoGif;a[majym
cJhygonf/



 

]]uREfkyfwdkYonf *syefay;aom vGwfvyfa&;ESihfywfoufí txif
rBuD;cJhyg/ uREfkyfonf wdkusKdrS jyefa&mufvmNyD;aemuf {nfhcHyGJwckwGif
*syefay;rnfh vGwfvyfa&;onf emrnfrQom jzpfrnf[k ajymcJhygonf/
1943-ck Mo*kwfv 1-&ufaeY ]vGwfvyfa&;} aMunmNyD;aemuf
rsm;rMumrD uREfkyfwdkYonf ocifoef;xGef;tdrfwGif pnf;a0;wdkifyifMu
NyD;aemuf awmfvSefa&;udk qifETJ&ef pDpOfMuygonf/ uREkfyfwdkYonf
1943-ckESpf tukefavmufwGif awmfvSefa&;udk pwifEdkifvdrfhrnf[k xifcJh
Muygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; pdwful;,OfcJhjcif;rQom jzpfaMumif; jzpf&yfrsm;
u oufaocHcJhygonf/ awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;onf wuGJwjym;jzpfae
½Hkru pepfwus pnf;½Hk;xm;jcif;vnf; r&Sdao;yg/ uREfkyfwdkYwGif &Sif;vif;
jywfom;aom yHkpHvnf; r&Sdao;yg/ tdE´d,jynfESifh¤if;? w½kyfjynfESihf¤if;
tquftoG,fvnf; r&ao;yg/ o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;? qufoG,fa&;?
vufeuf? &du©m ponfwdkYrSmvnf; jyóemBuD;rsm; jzpfaeygonf/ ta&;
tBuD;qHk;rSmum; uREfkyfwdkYonf jynfolvlxkudk rpnf;½Hk;&ao;yg/ jynfol
vlxk\ ulnDaxmufyHhrI &rSomvQif uREfkyfwdkYonf atmifjrifEdkifrnf
jzpfygonf/
xkda[majymcsufudk Adkvfvusfm\aqmif;yg;u axmufcHygonf/
Adkvfvusfm\ aqmif;yg;wGif atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/
]]pdwftxif 1943-ck ESpf0ufavmufwGif AdkvfcsKyfonf uRefawmf
ESihf Adkvfae0if;? AdkvfaZ,s? AdkvfausmfaZm? Adkvf&JxG#f ponfwkdYukd olYtdrf
ac:NyD; *syeftm; awmfvSef&ef wdkifyifaqG;aEG;ygonf/ uRefawmfu pepf
wus pnf;½Hk;&ef vdkao;aMumif;? tcsdefapmao;onf[k xifaMumif;
wifjyygonf/ tjcm;&Jabmfrsm;uvnf; uRefawmfhudk axmufcHMuygonf/
AdkvfcsKyfum; uRefawmfwdkYESihf oabmwlyHkray:yg/ xdkaeYwGif qHk;jzwfcsuf
rcsbJ tpnf;ta0; a&TUqdkif;vdkuf&ygonf/ xdkYaemuf AdkvfcsKyfonf



 

ocifoef;xGef;ESihf aqG;aEG;&m ocifoef;xGef;uvnf; tcsdefrusao;
aMumif; ajymygonf/ þodkYjzifh awmfvSefa&;udk a&TUqdkif;vdkuf&ayonf/}}
xdktcsdef(1943-ckESpf)rSm r[mrdwfwyfrsm; tvl;tvJ cHae&í
*syefonf ae&mwdkif;wGif atmifyGJcHaecsdef jzpfygonf/ odkYjzpf&m NAdwdoQ
EkdifcgeD;rS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf *syefudk awmfvSef&ef pDpOfonf[k
a&;om; ajymqdkcsufonf rrSefuefaMumif; xif&Sm;vSayonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ a[majymcsufwGif ta&;BuD;onfhtcsuf
wck ygonfudk owdjyKoihfayonf/ xdktcsufonf jynfolvlxkomvQif
t"dujzpfonfqdkaomtcsuf jzpfayonf/ rnfonhfvkyfief;rqdk jynfol
vlxk\ ulnDaxmufyHhay;rI&rSmomvQif (0g) jynfolvx l kudk pnf;½Hk;EdkifrS
omvQif atmifjrifEdkifrnfqdkonfh tcsufyif jzpfayonf/ EdkifiHa&;
acgif;aqmifrsm; rSwfom;vdkufemoifhonhf tcsufBuD;aywnf;/
ocifoef;xGef;? Adkvfvusfm? Adkvfae0if;paom &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;
u tcsdefrusao;[k ,lqojzifhom qdkif;iHhae&aomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;onf *syefawmfvSefa&;udk rsufajcjywf rcHcJhay/ zufqpf*syef
udk awmfvSef&ef pDpOfaeonfh uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;? jynfolY
ta&;awmfyHkygwD (aemufykdif;qdk&S,fvpfygwDjzpfvmonf/) acgif;aqmif
rsm;ESihf tNrJwap aqG;aEG;wdkifyifvsuf &Sdayonf/
awmfvSefa&;[lonf vlwef;pm; toD;oD;udk udk,fpm;jyKaom
EdkifiHa&; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ESihfwuG vufeufudkif
wyfom;rsm;udk waygif;wpnf;wnf; pnf;½Hk;EdkifrSomvQif atmifjrifEdkif
rnfudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; aumif;pGm oabmaygufavonf/
xdkodkY oabmaygufonfhtwdkif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf yJcl;&Sd
Armhwyfrawmfpcef;wGif *syefwacwfvHk; ajrvQKd;í awmfvSefa&; vIHYaqmf
aeaom uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmif ocifpdk;ESihf awGUqHkaqG;aEG;cJhavonf/



 

jrpf0uRef;ay:&Sd u&iftrsKd;om;rsm;udk pnf;½Hk;&eftwGuf AdkvfvusfmESihf
apmMum'dk;wdkYudk apvTwfcJhavonf/ &ckdiftrsKd;om; udkndKxGef;udk tdE´d,
jynfodkY apvTwfí r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESihf qufoG,fapcJhavonf/
zufqpf*syef\ npfywfrIaMumifh udkndKxGef;tzdkY tdE´d,jynf
oGm;&ef vG,fuloGm;avonf/ *syefnpfywfyHkrSm *syefonf ArmESihf&ckdif
aoG;cGJ&ef udkndKxGef;tm; vufrSwftjynhftpHkay;í &ckdifwdkif;odkY apvTwf
jcif;yif jzpfayonf/ awmfvSefa&;orm; udkndKxGef;onf *syef\npfywfrI
udk tcGifhaumif;,lí tdE´d,jynf oGm;NyD;vQif *syefawmfvSefa&; tpDtpOf
rsm;udk jyKvkyfEdkifavonf/ zufqpf*syefonf udk,fh½SL;udk,fhywfcH&av
ownf;/
xdkaemuf uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;? jynfolYta&;awmfyHk
ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;? wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;yg0ifonfh ]zufqpf
qefYusifa&;tzGJUcsKyf (Anti Fascist Organisation or A.F.P) udk
1944-ck Mo*kwfvwGif vQKdU0SufpGm zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifcJhavonf/
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf pDpOfyHkESihfywfoufí 0efBuD;csKyf
a[mif; OD;Eku ]ig;ESpf&moD Armjynf} pmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;cJh
avonf/
]]uRefawmhftdrfwGif tpnf;ta0;wck csdef;xm;onfudk tpnf;
ta0; wufrnfholrsm; a&mufvmrS uRefawmf od&\/ ¤if;tpnf;ta0;rSm
twGif;vlrsm; tpnf;ta0; jzpfonf/
ocifjr? AdkvfcsKyf? ocifoef;xGef;? ocifcspf? AaqG? ausmfNidrf;
tp&Sdaom olrsm; pHkvifMuaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfonf ola&;vmaom
]zufqpf"m;jyrsm;udk ckcHwkdufzsufMuavmh} [laom acgif;pOfjzifh aMunm
pmwef;&SnfBuD;udk zwfjy&m tm;vHk; oabmwl axmufcHMuavonf/



 

¤if;udk ArmppfwyfrS wm0ef,lí yHkESdyfNyD;vQif Armjynft&yf&yf&Sd
awmfvSefa&; orm;rsm;xHodkY ydkYavonf/ ¤if;rSwqifh awmfvSefa&;udk
apwemaygufrnfh olrsm;\ vufxJodkY xnfh&ef jzpf\/
xdkaeYrSpí bD?'D?at ppfwyfESihf tjyifbuf awmfvSefa&;orm;
wdkYonf pepfwus wOD;ESihfwOD; qufoG,frdvsuf &Sdavonf/}}
xdkYjyif OD;Ekonf wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfwGif ]aMuuGJ0rf;enf;
aMumif;tqdk} wifoGif;&if; zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ESihf ywfoufí atmufyg
twdkif; xnhfoGif; ajymoGm;ygonf/
]]awmfvSefa&; tcsdefa&mufvmawmh awmfvSefa&; pDpOfwJhtcgrSm
vl&if;wa,muf taeeJY uRefawmf yg&Sdavawmh awmfvSefa&;rSm AdkvfcsKyf
u b,favmuftxd ta&;yg t&ma&mufw,f qdkwm uRefawmfodw,f/
trSeftwdkif; ajym&r,fqdk&if 'DawmfvSefa&;rSm wu,fvdkY AdkvfcsKyf rygbJ
acgif;wdrf;aer,fqdk&if Armjynf awmfvSefa&;[m jzpfoavmufawmh jzpf
r,f/ 'gayr,fh tckNyD;cJhwJh zufqpfawmfvSefa&;vdk NrKdifNrKdifqdkifqdkifBuD;
jzpfrSm r[kwfzl;/
'gudk EkdifiHa&;orm;awGa&m? EdkifiHa&;orm; r[kwfwJhvla&m 0efcH
&r,f/ tJ'Dvdk AdkvfcsKyf ryg&if NrKdifNrKdifqdkifqdkifBuD; rjzpfrSm pdk;&wJhtwGuf
AdkvfcsKyf ryg&if ygatmif tawmf BuKd;yrf;cJhMuwmudk ukd,fwdkif tod
jzpfygw,f/
AdkvfcsKyfygvmNyDqdk&if bmawG jzpfay:vmovJqdkawmh tJ'Dvdk
awmfvSefa&;orm;awG wae&mu wae&moGm;csif&if oGm;vdkY&ygw,f/
b,fvdkoGm;ovJqdk&if bD?'D?at ppf0wfppfpm;ESihf oGm;Edkifw,f/ awmfvSef
a&;wyfawGqDudk vlapvTwfw,f/ tJ'g AdkvfcsKyfvkyfwJh tpDtpOf awGbJ}}



 

txufyg aumufEkwfcsufrsm;t& zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;wGif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifcJhonfrSm xif&Sm;ayonf/

zufqpfawmfvSefa&;udk wjynfvHk; twdkif;twmESihf rpEdkifao;rD

yif tdEd́,jynfokdY vQKdU0SufpGm vTwfvdkufaom udkndKxGef; jyefa&mufvmNyD;
aemuf bkef;awmfBuD; OD;ynmoD[ESihf ylaygif;í &ckdifwdkif;wGif awmfvSef
a&; pEdkifcJhMuavonf/
txufArmjynfwGifvnf; Adkvfrª;BuD;Axl; acgif;aqmifí zufqpf
awmfvSefa&; pEdkifavonf/(Adkvfrª;BuD;Axl;onf *syefawmfvSefa&; t
wGif;rSmyif iSufzsm;a&m*gjzifh uG,fvGef tedpöa&mufcJhavonf/)

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 


(12)
*syefawmfvSefa&; qifETJyHk

1945-ck rwfv 17-&uf paeaeYwGif

Armhwyfrawmfom;rsm; onf ,ck
awmfvSefa&;yef;jcHjyKvkyfxm;aom ae&mü
wyfxGufyGJ tcrf; tem; usif;yMuavonf/
&efukefNrKdUolNrKdUom; ESpfaomif;ausmfonf
wyfxGufyGJ tcrf;tem;odkY vma&muf tm;ay;
Muavonf/ xdktcrf;tem; ESihfywfoufí
]wyfrawmfpmapmif (1960)} wGif atmufyg
twdkif; azmfjy xm;ayonf/
]]eHeuf 7 em&DcefYwGif t"dywd a'gufwmbarmf? *syeftBuHay;
t&m&SdcsKyf ar*sm*sife&,fqul½dkif;? ppf0efBuD;ESihfppfaoemywd AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;wdkY a&mufvmMuavonf/ EdkifiHawmf t"dywdBuD; a'gufwm
barmfESihf ar*sm*sife&,f qul½dkif;wdkYu t*Fvdyf? tar&duefwdkYtm; Armh
owdåudkjyí &J&ifhpGm acsrIef;Mu&ef ppfxGufrnhf Armhwyfrawmftm;
rSmBum;NyD;vQif ppfxGuf ArmhatmifvHawmfudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; vufokdY
tyfavonf/ xdkYaemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u atmufygtwdkif; rdefYcGef;
ajymMum;jyefonf/



 


&JabmfwdkY
tus,fcsJUNyD; &Snf&Snf rajymcsifbl;/ tck
ppfajrjyifudk xGuf&r,f/ qif;&Jr,f/ iwfr,f/ tcuftcJ
awGeJY &ifqdkif&r,f/ ArmyDyD ArmhaoG;udk jyyg/ txuf
Adkvfrsm;&JU trdefYudk emcHMuyg/ txuf AdkvfawGuvJ
omwlnDrQ &Jabmfpdwfxm;yg/ &JabmfwdkYudk uwday;xm;wJh
twdkif; usKyfudk,fwdkif &JabmfwdkYeJYtwl csDwuf r,f/
Armh&efoludk acsrIef;Mu/ teD;uyfqHk; &efoludk
&SmNyD; wdkufMu/ 'gbJ/

AdkvfcsKyf rdefYcGef;ajymNyD;onfESihf wNyKdifeuf ab;rS&yfíem;axmif

aeaom vlxky&dwfowfBuD;\ tm;&auseyfaom vufckyfwDoHrsm;ESihf
]ta&;awmfyHk atmifygap} [laom a<u;aMumfoHrsm;onf qlnHjrnf[D;í
yJhwifxyfvsuf &Sdavonf/
rdefYcGef;ay;NyD;aemuf ppfxGufrnhf wyfrsm;onf a&Twd*HkapwDawmf
jrwfBuD;udk wywfywfí csDwuftav;jyK&ef tpDtpOftwdkif; csDwufMu
onf/ yxrwGif ab;rS y&dwfowfBuD;onf 0rf;omjcif;? tHhtm;oihfjcif;?
tm;&wuf<ujcif;wdkYjzifh jynhfaeí toHrxGufEdkifbJ idkifí Munhfae&mrS
½kwfcsnf; touf0ifvmouJhodkY ]'dkYArma[h? 'dkYArm} [laom a<u;aMumfoH
rsm;udk qlnHpGm atmf[pftm;ay;MuonfrSm [def;í oGm;avonf/
csDwuf&m vrf;wavQmufü trsKd;orD;rsm;u atmifoajyyef;rsm;
udk &Jabmfrsm;\ tusÐtdwfuyfrsm;wGif¤if;? OD;xkyfrsm;wGif¤if; pdkufay;í
]ppfyGJudk Edkifatmif wdkufcJhyg} [k EIwfqufMuavonf/ tcsKdUuvnf;



 

csDwufaeaom &Jabmfrsm;tay:odkY yef;yGifhyef;uHk;rsm; BuJcsum 0rf;om
tm;& csD;usL;Mu\/
tzdk;tdk tzGm;tdkrsm;uvnf; a&csrf;tdk;xJrSa&udk oajycufjzifh
yufum zsrf;um atmifygapaMumif; qkrGefaumif; awmif;qdk&if;
0rf;omvHk;qdkYí rsuf&nfrsm;yif usMuonfudk awGU&\/}}
xdkYaemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihfwuG Armhwyfrawmfom;rsm;
onf wyfazsmufí &efukefNrKdUrS tvQKdtvQKd aysmufuG,foGm;Muavonf/
rdrdukd,frdrd tvGeftxifBuD;cJhaom zufqpf*syefonf r,Hkw0uf
,Hkw0ufjzifh AdkvfcsKyfwdkY xGufcGmoGm;onfudk ai;armMunhf½I&if; usef&pf
cJhavownf;/
1945-ckESpf rwfv 27-&ufaeYum; zufqpf*syefudk wjynfvHk;
twkdif;twmESifh w&m;0ifaMunmí awmfvSefcJhaom aexl;aeYjrwfBuD;
jzpfavonf/
zufqpf qefYusifa&;tzGJU (A.F.O) \ acgif;aqmifrI atmufü
Armhwyfrawmf? uGefjrLepfygwD? jynfolYta&;awmfyHkygwD? tm&Svli,f
tpnf;t½Hk;? vlrsKd;pk toD;oD;ESihf jynfolw&yfvHk;onf aoG;pnf;nDnGwf
MuNyD;vQif zufqpf*syef awmfvSefa&;wGif tifwdkuftm;wdkuf yg0ifqifETJ
cJhMuavonf/
zufqpfqefYusifa&; txdrf;trSwfjzpfaom teDa&mifcH Mu,fjzL
tvHawmf atmufwGif vlwef;pm;toD;oD;? vlrsKd;pktoD;oD;onf tvH
awmfESihf tvm;wl vufywfrsm; ywfum &Sd&if;pGJ vufeufrsm;udkomru
r[mrdwfrsm;xHrS &&Sdaom vufeufrsm;udkyg udkifpGJvsuf zufquf*syefudk
awGU&moif;csKdif; "m;rqdkif; okwfoif &Sif;vif;cJhavonf/ awmfvSefa&;
wyfom;rsm;\ toufrsm;pGmudkvnf; tpaw; cHcJhMu&avonf/



 

awmfvSefa&;e,fajrudk wdkif; 7-wdkif;cGJum Adkvfae0if;? Adkvf&JxG#f?
Adkvfrª;atmif? AdkvfAxl;? AdkvfausmfaZm? Adkvfarmifarmif? AdkvfwifxGef;wdkYu
toD;oD; wm0ef,lí acgif;aqmifcJhMuavonf/ omreftm;jzihf ppf
acgif;aqmif[lonf a&SUwef;ppfrsufESmodkY rwufbJ aemufydkif; XmecsKyf
vkyfxm;onfhae&mrS aeíom trdefYay; nTefMum;avh &Sdayonf/ AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;rlum; udk,fwdkif a&SUwef;ppfrsufESmjzpfonfh o&ufc½dkif
rif;wkef;NrKdUe,f&Sd wdkif;7-wGif 0ifa&muf wdkufcdkufcJhavonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ owdåESihfywfoufí 0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Ek
u ]aMuuGJ0rf;enf;aMumif;} tqdk wifoGif;&if; atmufygtwdkif; ajymcJh
ygonf/
]]ppfwdkufw,fqdkwm? awmfvSefa&;awG vkyfw,fqdkwm rsm;aom
tm;jzihf acgif;aqmifvkyfwJhvl[m b,fawmhrS xGufrwdkufzl;? aemufvdkuf
awGuom taocHNyD; wdkuf&w,f/ acgif;aqmifvkyfwJhvlu tifrwef
vHkjcHKwJhae&mrSm ae&w,f/ tJ'DuaeNyD; pDrHcefYcGJ&w,f/
'gayr,fh AdkvfcsKyfuawmh r&bl;/ oludk,fwdkif xGufwdkufcsif
w,f/ oleJYwygxJ uRefawmfu ygroGm;awmh rodygbl;/ 'gayr,fh twl
ygoGm;cJhwJh &JabmfawGu ajymjywm Mum;&wmjzifh tifrwef toJ
xdwfp&m aumif;w,f/
waeYrSm AdkvfcsKyfwdkY &SdaewJh ae&mrSm uif;awG csxm;w,f/ tJ'D
uif;awG&JU xGufayguf wae&mrSm *syefawGu AdkvfcsKyf&SdwJh ae&mudk
vmaewm jrifEdkifwJh ae&mrsKd;udk a&mufaew,f/ AdkvfcsKyf&Sdw,fMum;vdkY
vmaewmbJ/ AdkvfcsKyf&SdwJh ae&mudk 0kdif;NyD; rJypfw,f/ rJypfawmh
AdkvfcsKyfeJY twl&SdwJh vlawGu AdkvfcsKyf xdkifaeygvdkY ajymMuw,f/
Cover ,lxm;p&m Trench wl;ajrmif;xJrSm xdkif aeygvdkY ajymwm
ajymvdkY r&bl;/ AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif pufaoewfypfwJh &Jabmftem;oGm;NyD;



 

b,fae&mudkypf qkdNyD; pDrHcefYcGJaewmudk &JabmfawG jrif&w,f/ aemufqHk;
usawmh b,fvdk vkyf&ovJqdkvQif [dkuvmaewJh usnfqHawGuvnf;
tqufrjywfvmaeawmh AdkvfcsKyfcg;udk zufNyD; ajrBuD;ay:udk twif;
vSJcsNyD; zdxm;&w,f/
tJ'Dvdk AdkvfcsKyf[m owdåjy&wJh ae&mus&if olrwlatmif &J&J0h0H Hh
pGefYpGefYpm;pm; jycJhw,fqdkwm uRefawmfwdkY od&ygw,f}}
AdkvfcsKyfESihf twlygoGm;aom &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if Adkvfrif;acgif
(0efBuD;a[mif;) uvnf; uRefawmfhtm; xdkpOfu tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk
ajymjy&if; ]cifAsmhnD tJ'Dwkef;u aobdkY aumif;wmAsm} [k ajymbl;
ygonf/
xdktcsdefavmufwGif zufqpfqefYusifa&; tiftm;pkrsm;onf
tdE´d,jynf&Sd r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESihf tquftoG,f &aeayNyD/ r[mrdwf
wyfrsm;ESihf tquftoG,f&atmif aqmif&GufcJholonf udkodef;az
(odef;azjrifh) jzpfygonf/
udkodef;azonf *syefacwfwGif jrefrmjynfü aeírjzpf&um;
tdE´d,jynfodkY wdwfwqdwf xGufcGmoGm;&avonf/ tdE´d,jynfwGif
rusef;rrmjzpfaeaomfvnf; jrefrmjynf&Sd zufqpfawmfvSefa&; tiftm;pk
rsm;ESihf r[mrdwfwyfrsm; tquftoG,f&atmif BuKd;yrf;aqmif&Guf
cJhavonf/
1945-ckESpf arv 15-&ufaeYwGif ta&SUtm&Sawmifydkif; qdkif&m
NAdwdoQ aoemywdcsKyf avmh'farmifhbufwef (Lord Louis
Mountbatten) \ oabmwlnDcsuft& jrefrmjynftxufydkif;udk
jyefvnf odrf;ydkufEdkifNyD;jzpfaom NAdwdoQwyf aoemywdcsKyf qvif; (Lt;
General Sir Wiliam Slin) onf AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef ;udk rd wD¬vmNrKdUodkY
zdwfac: aqG;aEG;avonf/ Armhwyfrawmfudk rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmf



 

(Patriotic Burmese Forces or P.B.F) tjzpf todtrSwfjyKí
jrefrmjynfrS *syefrsm;udk wdkufxkwfMu&mwGif vufwGJ aqmif&GufcJhonf/
aemufydkif; AdkvfcsKyfrª;(Field Marshal) jzpfvmaom qvif ;u
ol\ ]t½HI;rS tEdkifodkY} (Defeat into Victory) [laom pmtkyfü
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihfywfoufí atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;cJhygonf/
]]uREfkyfonf atmifqef;udk av;pm;rdonf/ uREfkyf xifcJhouJhodkY
olonf udk,fusKd;&Sm wm0efrJh ajymufusm; acgif;aqmif r[kwfay/
olonf rsKd;cspfyk*¾dKvf tppfjzpfí pdwful;,Oform; r[kwf/ vufawGU
orm; jzpfonf/ olonf tvGef ½dk;om;onf/ olonf ay;cJhNyD;aom uwd
twdkif;vnf; wnfonf/ uREfkyfonf atmifqef;ESihf tvkyfvkyfí
jzpfonf}}
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmifaom rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfonf
wdkufyGJaygif; waxmifxufrenf; wdkufcJhayonf/ AdkvfcsKyf (Lt;
Genearl) wa,muf? AdkvfcsKyf uav; (Major General) ESpfa,muf
tygt0if zufqpf*syef ppfom;aygif; ESpfaomif;cefY usqHk;apcJhonf/
zufqpf*syef oHkYyef;ESpf&m? oHk;&mcefY zrf;qD;Edkifonf/ rsKd;cspfArmh
wyfrawmf\ yl;aygif;ulnDrIaMumifh zufqpf*syefonf aqmvsifpGm
vufeufcsaMumif;udk NAdwdoQ aoemywdrsm; udk,fwdkif 0efcHMu&onf/
*syef vufeufcsaomtcg 12 eHywf NAdwdoQwyf aoemywd
AdkvfcsKyfBuD; qmrGefw,f*lpawmhzdkY'f (General Sir Montagu
Stopford) u rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmf aoemywd (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef ;)
xHodkY atmufyg twdkif; o0PfvTm ydkYcJhavonf/
]],cktcg *syefonf jrefrmjynf&Sdwyfrsm; vufeufcsa&;twGuf
pnf;urf;csufrsm;udk vufcHNyDjzpf&m uREfkyfonf oifESihfwuG rsKd;cspfArmh
wyfrawmfom;tm;vHk;udk oifwdkYwdkif;jynf vGwfajrmufa&; aemufqHk;



 

tqifhwGif aqmif&GufcJhMuaom aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;twGuf aus;Zl;wif
csD;usL;vdkygonf/ uREkfyfwdkYwyfrsm;ESihf yl;aygif; aqmif&GufrIonf
xda&mufí *syefajrmufjrm;pGmudk usqHk;apcJhygonf/ *syef usL;ausmfa&;
orm;\&efrS rdrdwdkYwkdif;jynfudk u,fwif&ef vIYHaqmfcJhaom wyfom;rsm;
\ rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfonf tem*wf umv0,f Armhwyfrawmfom;rsm;
tjzpf wdkif;jynfudk umuG,f&ef erlemjzpfapvdrfhrnf[k uREfkfyf ,HkMunf
ygonf/}}
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf rnfonhftcgrQ udk,fusKd;rzuf? wdkif;
jynfvGwfajrmufa&; twGufom aqmif&GufcJhavonf/ 14 eHywf
NAdwdoQaoemywd qvif;ESihf awGUpOfu rdrdonf ppfacgif;aqmifrQom
jzpfaMumif;? EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrSm ocifpdk;jzpfaMumif; ajymcJhonf/
udk,fusKd;&Smvdkol jzpfygu rdrdonf ppfacgif;aqmifomru EdkifiHa&;
acgif;aqmifvnf; jzpfonf[k ajymcJhayvdrhfrnf/ xdktcsdefwGif wwdkif;
wjynfvHk;u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftjzpf todtrSwf
jyKaeMuayNyD/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 


(13)
z?q?y?v a&SUajy;

zufqpf*syefonf awmfvSefa&; NyD;qHk;aomtcg (1945-ck

Mo*kwfv) zufqpfqefYusifa&; tiftm;pkrsm;udk ]zufqpfqefYusifa&;
jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJU (0g) z?q?y?v (The Anti Fascist People s
Freedom League or A.F.P.F.L) tjzpf pepfwus pnf ;½Hk;NyD;aemuf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk OuúXtjzpf wifajr§mufMuavonf/
«rSwfcsuf/ /apmapmydkif;u zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfolYvGwfvyf
a&;tzGJU(0g) z?w?y?v [k rSnfhac:cJhMuonf/ aemufydkif;rS 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd
tBuHay;csuft& ]zufqpfqefYusifa&; jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJU} (0g)
z?q?y?v [k ac:wGifjcif;jzpfonf/ t*Fvdyf bmomjyefcsufudkum;
ajymif;vJ&ef rvdkonhftwdkif; rajymif;vJMuay?»
xdktcsdeftcgu z?q?y?v acgif;aqmifydkif;wGif jyóemESpfck
ay:cJhavonf/
yxrjyóemrSm rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfudk zGJUpnf;vwHhaom
NAdwdoQ ArmhwyfrawmfESihf tzGJUtpnf;vdkuf yl;aygif;oihfoavm/
odkYwnf;r[kwf awmfvSefa&;wyfom;rsm;onf ArmhwyfrawmftwGif;odkY
wOD;csif; 0ifoifhoavm [laom jyóem jzpfayonf/



 

uGefjrLepfygwDu rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfom;rsm;onf vufeuf
tm;vHk;pGefYí NAdwdoQ ArmhwyfrawmftwGif;odkY wOD;csif; 0ifoifhonf[k
,lqayonf/ Adkvfvusfm? Adkvfae0if;? uG,fvGefol *sme,fausmf
OD;cspfarmifponfh yk*d¾Kvfrsm;url wyfcsif; yl;aygif;a&;udkom vufcHí
wOD;csif; 0ifa&mufa&;udk oabmrwlMuay/
ausvnfpGm aqG;aEG;NyD;aemuf uGefjrLepfygwDuvnf; wyfcsif;
yl;aygif;a&;udk oabmwlvufcHonfhtwdkif; ta&SUtm&Sawmifydkif; aoem
ywdcsKyf avmh'farmifhbufwefESihf aqG;aEG;&ef 1945-ckESpf pufwifbmv
wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;? ocifoef;xGef;? Adkvfvusfm? Adkvfae0if;? OD;baz
ponfh acgif;aqmifrsm;onf oD[dkVfuRef; uED́NrKdUodkY oGm;Muavonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;url tu,fí aqG;aEG;yGJratmifjrifvQif
vufeufrcsbJ t*Fvdyfudk jyefwdkuf&ef pDpOfxm;avonf/ xkdodkY pDpOf
xm;aMumif;udk rdrdtm; zGifhajymonf[k uG,fvGefol OD;wifxG#fu 1947-
ck Mo*kwfv 25-&ufaeYxkwf (Burmese Review) *sme,fwGif a&;om;
cJhavonf/
avmh'farmifhbufwefESihf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY\ tjrifus,frI
aMumifh aqG;aEG;yGJonf atmifjrifí rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfudk NAdwdoQArmh
wyfrawmfESihf yl;aygif;&ef oabmwlnDcJhMuavonf/ rsKd;cspfArmh
wyfrawmfrS t&m&Sd 200ESihf wyfom; 5000 wdkYudk NAdwo d QArmhwyfrawmf
wGif xnfhoGif;zGJUpnf;&ef oabmwlMuavonf/ xdkoabmwlnDrIukd
]uE´DoabmwlnDcsuf} (Kandy Agreement) [k ac:Muavonf/
avmh'farmifhbufwefESihf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYvnf; rdwfaqGBuD;rsm; jzpf
oGm;Muavonf/



 

'kwd,jyóemrSm vGwfvyfa&; r&ao;ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
onf ppfwyfxJwGifyif qufvufaeoifhoavm odkYwnf;r[kwf EdkifiHa&;
xGufvkyfoihfoavm [lonfh jyóem jzpfavonf/
udkodef;az (odef;azjzifh) rS wyg; uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;
(txl;ojzifh *dk&S,f) onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ppfwyfxJrSmyif qufae
apvdkonf/ AdkvfvusfmESihf tjcm;yk*¾dKvfrsm;url wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;
r&ao;? vGwfvyfa&;&&ef trsKd;om;nDnGwfa&; wnfaqmuf&OD;rnf/
wnfaqmufEdkifrnfh wOD;wnf;aom yk*d¾Kvfonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;om
jzpfonf[k ,lqum AdkvfcsKyfudk ppfwyfrS xGufí EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrI
udk ay;&ef wdkufwGef;Muavonf/
trSefyif vlwef;pm;toD;oD; vlrsKd;pktoD;oD;\ ,HkMunfudk;pm;rI
udk cH&olonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; jzpfonf/ vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJudk
qufvuf qifETJ&ef &mZ0ifay; wm0efukd xrf;aqmif&rnfvnf; jzpfí
xrf;aqmifEdkifonfvnf;jzpfaom yk*d¾Kvfonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;om jzpf
ayonf/
xdkYaMumifh rddrdtay:odkY usa&mufvmaom wm0efudk rnfonhf
tcgrQ acgif;ra&Smifaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf jrefrm vlrsKd;xJrS
wcgrQ r&bl;ao;onfh Adkvfrª;csKyf tqifhESihf Armhwyfrawmf\ 'kwd,
aoemywdcsKyftjzpf cefYxm;jcif;udk vufrcHbJ ppfwyfrS xGufí EdkifiHa&;
vkyfavawmhonf/
1945-ck pufwifbmv 25-&ufaeY armifhbufwefxH a&;om;
aompmwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ]uRefawmfh pdwfBuKduftwdkif;qdkvQif
ppfwyfwGif qufaevdkygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; trsm;\ qHk;jzwfcsuf
twdkif; vdkufem&ygrnf} [k azmfjycJhayonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wGif
twåpGJ r&SdbJ trsm;pk\ qHk;jzwfcsufudk ½dkaovdkufemavh&SdaMumif;



 

oufaocHonfh om"uwck jzpfayonf/ tjcm; om"ursm;udk txuf
wGif azmfjyNyD; jzpfonf/
0ifaiG rSefrSef&onfh ppfwyfrS xGufí EdkifiHa&; vkyf&onfhtwGuf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tzdkY pm;-0wf-aea&; tawmf usyfwnf;oGm;onfudk
&if;ESD;olwdkif; odMuygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; olum; eurÜwd rwkefvIyf/
z?q?y?v wm0efrsm;udk tcsdefjynfh aqmif&GufcJhayonf/ olYudk MunfndK
olrsm;u vma&muf vª'gef;aom a&TaiGypönf;rsm;udkvnf; z?q?y?v &HykH
aiGxJodkYom xnfhvdkufavonf/
zufqpf*syefrsm;udk jrefrmjynfrS armif;xkwfNyD;onfhaemuf
NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf aemiftcg jrefrmjynfbk&ifcHjzpfvmaom AdkvfcsKyf
uav; &efYpf (Major General Hubert Rance) acgif;aqmifonfh
NrKdUjytkyfcsKyfa&;udk zGJUpnf;vkdufavonf/ 1945-ck arv 10-&ufaeY
txdrl tdkifpDtufpft&m&Sda[mif; yD;,m;pf(O.F.B Pearce) u NrKdUjy
tkyfcsKyfa&; t&m&SdcsKyftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhavonf/ xdk NrKdUjytkyfcsKyfa&;
onf ta&SUtm&Sawmifydkif;qdkif&m aoemywdcsKyf vufatmufcHjzpfí
ppftkyfcsKyfa&; (Military Administration) yif jzpfavonf/
ppftwGif; tdE´d,jynfokdY qkwfcGmxGufajy;Muaom NAdwo d Qt&m&Sd
rsm;ESihf tjcm;t&m&Sdrsm;onf NrKdUjytkyfcsKyfa&;ESihftwl jrefrmjynfodkY
jyefvmí tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;wGif 0ifa&muf aqmif&GufMuavonf/ tpdk;&
t&m&Sda[mif;rsm;omru bD?tdk?pD bD?bD?wD?pD paom NAdwdoQ ukrÜPDBuD;
rsm;rS t&m&SdBuD;rsm;vnf; NrKdUjytkyfcsKyfa&;wGif 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifMuav
onf/
xdkyk*d¾Kvfrsm;wGif 1942-ckESpfu rdrdwdkYudk armif;xkwfvdkufaom
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;tay: vufpm;acsvdkpdwf &SdMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fonfh trdefYtrsKd;rsKd;udk xkwfjyefMuavonf/ AdkvfcsKyf



 

atmifqef;udk opömazmuf Oya'jzifh BuKd;pifwifowf&ef BuKd;pm;Muav
onf/ ajrmufjrm;pGmaom awmfvSefa&;&Jabmfrsm;udk ykefuefrIjzifh¤if;?
vlowfrIjzifh¤if; ½Hk;wifBuKd;rdefYay;avonf/ odkYaomfvnf; xkdt&m&SdBuD;
rsm;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihfwuG Armhwyfrawmf z?q?y?vwkdY\
t&Sdeft0gaMumifh jynfolrsm;udk ESdyfpufcsifoavmuf rESdyfpufEdkifcJhMuay/
BuKd;rdefYay;xm;aom awmfvSefa&;&Jabmfrsm;udkvnf; rowf&JMuay/
*syefawmfvSefa&;BuD; NyD;qHk;aomtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
z?q?y?v udk cdkifrmawmifhwif;vmap&ef pepfwus jyefvnfpnf;½Hk; vdkuf
avonf/ z?q?y?vonf trsKd;om;wyfaygif;pkjzpfonfhtwdkif; uGefjrLepf
ygwD? qdk&S,fvpfygwD paom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;? tvkyform;or*¾ ? tvkyf
orm;tpnf;t½Hk;? awmifolv,form;or*¾? awmifolv,form;tpnf;
t½Hk; paom vlwef;pm; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? vli,ftpnf;t½Hk;? trsKd;orD;
tpnf;t½Hk;? jynfolY&Jabmf ponfh vlxktzGJUtpnf;rsm;tjyif OD;baz?
'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd? aysmfb,fOD;jr? [oFmwOD;jr? *sme,fausmf OD;cspfarmif
paom woD;yk*¾v EdkifiHa&;orm;BuD;rsm;udkyg odrf;oGif;pnf;½Hk;EdkifcJhav
onf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u Ouú|? ocifoef;xGef;u taxGaxG twGif;
a&;rª;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhavonf/
xdkpOf z?q?y?v onf vlwef;pm;toD;oD;? vlrsKd;pktoD;oD; wdkY
\ rSDcdktm;xm;&m jzpfcJhayonf/ jynfolvlxktrsm;pkonf AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;\ ½dk;om;rIESihf rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfudk ,HkMunfonhftwdkif;
z?q?y?v tvHawmfatmufwGif nDnmzszs tifwdkuftm;wdkuf 0ifa&muf
aqmif&GufcJhMuavonf/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 


(14)
rdefYcGef;ESpfck

AdkvfcsKyf rdefYcGef;ajymaeykH
z?q?y?v tzGJUcsKyf zGJUpnf;yHk(,m,D) pnf;rsOf;Oya'rSm atmufyg
twdkif; jzpfayonf/

tcef;1/ /A[dkOD;pD;tzGJU zGJUpnf;yHk

yk'fr(1)/ /vuf&Sdtac: A[dkOD;pD;tzGJUwGif atmufygtwdkif; zGJUpnf;&rnf/

(u) EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f 3-OD;pD/



 

(c) EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmif[k todtrSwfjyKjcif; cH&aom
woD;yk*¾vyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;rS trsm;qHk; 10-OD;/
(*) vlxktpnf;t½Hk;rS ukd,fpm;vS,f 2-OD;pD/
(C) vlrsKd;a&;qdkif&m tpnf;t½Hk;rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f 3-OD;pD/
yk'fr(2)/ / aemufxyf0ifaom ygwDrsm;? tzGJUrsm;udktopfjyefvnf
zGJUpnf;aom A[kdOD;pD;tzGJUu pOf;pm;oGm;&ef/

tcef;2/ /tzGJUcsKyf\&nf&G,fcsuf

(u) zufqpf0g' wurÇmvHk;wGif vHk;0uG,faysmufonftxd wdkufcdkuf

acsrIef;&ef/
(c) twåvefwdwfaMunmcsuf? wD[D&efaMunmcsuf paom aMumnm
csufrsm;twkdif; Armjynfoljynfom;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\ uHMur®mudk
rdrdwdkYzmom zefwD;Edkif&ef/
(*) ArmjynfBuD;udk jynfolwdkYqE´twdkif; jyefvnfxlaxmif&ef/
(C) Armjynfudk Armjynf&Sd wkdif;&if;omvlrsKd; toD;oD;wdkY tm;vHk;
oabmwl vGwfvyfpGm zGJUpnf;aom wkdif;jynfBuD; xlaxmif&ef/
þodkY wnfaxmif&mü yg0ifaom vlrsKd;toD;oD;tm; rdrdwdkY
uHMur®mudk rdrdwdkYzmom zefwD;Edkifaom tcGifhta&; ay;xm;&ef/



 

tcef;3/ /tzGJUcsKyf zGJUpnf;&mwGif xm;onfh tajccHw&m;rsm;

(1) wOD;csif;jzifh tmPm&Sifvkyfonfhpepfudk rvdkvm;/

(2) vlrsKd;tcsif;csif; rkef;wD;a&;udk rvdkvm;/ tcsif;csif; nD&if;
tudkozG,f cspfcifrIudk vkdvm;onf/
(3) ppfrufvdkvm;aom0g'? ppf0g'orm;u vTrf;rdk;aom pHepfudk
rvkdvm;/
(4) t&m&SdwdkYu tmPmudk vufudkifxm;um xif&mpdkif;onfh pepfudk
rvdkvm;/
(5) oufOD;qHydkif &Sifbk&if xif&mjyKvkyftkyfcsKyfonfh pepf ukd
rvdkvm;ay/

tzGJUcsKyfzGJUpnf;&mwGif vdkvm;rnfhtcsufrsm;

(1) wOD;csif; acgif;aqmifonfxuf 0dkif;0ef;pk½Hk;í acgif;aqmif jcif;udk

vkdvm;onf/
(2) acgif;aqmifonfhyk*dK¾ vf? acgif;aqmifonfh tzGJUtpnf;wdkYudk vnf;
trsm;qE´jzihf BuKd;udkifxm;&ef vdkayonf/
(3) urÇmYwdkif;jynf toD;oD;wdkYESihf &if;ESD;pGm qufqHrnf/ vlrsKd;a&;
w&m; (0g) 0HomEkw&m;udk vufudkifxm;&rnf/
(4) ppfwyf tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf wdkif;jynftpdk;&\ vufatmufcH
jzpf&rnf/



 

(5) jynfoltm;vHk;wdkYtm; 'Drdkua&pD tcGihfta&; ay;&rnf /
vkyfxHk;rsm;onf 'Drdkua&pD tpOftvmwdkYESihf jzpfap&rnf/

tcef;4/ /tzGJUcsKyftwGif;0if tzGJUrsm;tm;tkyfcsKyfa&;

yk'fr(1)/ / tzGJUcsKyfodkY tpkvdkuf0ifaom toif;om;rsm;onf

tzGJUcsKyf\ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk waoGrwdrf; vdkufem&rnf/
yk'fr(2)/ / tzGJUcsKyf0if tzGJUcsif; tcsif;rsm;cJhvQif tzGJUcsKyf\ OD;pD;
tzGJUu qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&Sdonf/
yk'fr(3)/ / ygwDudprö sm;? ygwDtusKd;rsm;ESihf EdkifiHa&;udpörsm;?
EdkifiHtusKd;rsm; xdyg;NidwG,fvmvQif EkdifiHtusKd; EdkifiHudpö
omvQif t"dujzpf&rnf/
yk'fr(4)/ / tzGJUcsKyf\qHk;jzwfcsuft& EdkifiHudpörsm;udk aqmif&Guf &mü
tzGJUcsKyf\trnfESihf aqmif&Guf&rnf/
yk'fr(5)/ / tzGJUcsKyf0iftcsif;csif; yk*d¾KvfpGJ ykwfcwfajymqdkjcif; r&Sd&/
yk'fr(6)/ / tzGJUcsKyf\ qHk;jzwfcsufrcsrD tzGJUwcku rdrd\ oabmxm;
udk vufcHvmatmif BuKd;pm;Edkifonf/ odkY&mwGif qHk;jzwf
csufcsNyD;onfhtcg xdktzGJU\ oabmxm;r[kwfbJ
tzGJUcsKyf\oabm jzpfojzifh ¤if;qHk;jzwfcsufudk
rqefYusif&/ e,frsm;wGif tzGJUcGJrsm; zGJUpnf;a&;twGuf
atmufygtwdkif; owfrSwfMuonf/



 

tcef;5/ /e,frsm;wGif tzGJUcGJrsm;zGJUpnf;a&;

e,frsm;wGif c½dkiftzGJUcGJ? NrKdUe,ftzGJUcGJ? &GmtzGJUcGJ ponfjzifh

tzGJUcGJrsm;udk zGJUpnf;&rnf/
¤if;tzGJUcGJrsm;onf A[kdOD;pD;tzGJU\ erlemtwdkif; tzGJUtoDoD;
wdkY\ udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifap&rnf/
z?q?y?v\ tmPmydkiftzGJUonf A[dkOD;pD;tzGJU jzpfonf/ A[kd
OD;pD; tzGJU0ifrsm;onf atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/
(1) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
(2) Adkvfvusfm
(3) Adkvfae0if;
(4) ocifoef;xGef;
(5) ocifjroGif
(6) ocifA[def;
(7) udkodef;az
(8) udkausmfNidrf;
(9) udkbaqG
(10) ocifcspf
(11) ocif0wif
(12) OD;bcsKd



 

(13) OD;cspfarmif
(14) OD;jr([oFmw)
(15) OD;btkef;
(16) OD;at;
(17) OD;atmifZHa0
(18) OD;bdk;jr(uóu)
(19) OD;ausmf&if
(20) OD;b*srf;
(21) apmbOD;BuD;
(22) OD;bckdif
(23) q&momxdk
(24) OD;baz
(25) OD;odef;armif
(26) OD;yk
(27) OD;quf
(28) OD;jr(aysmfbG,f)
(29) OD;b0if;
(30) OD;wif
(31) ocifav;armif
(32) ocifnD



 

(33) rpöwm&Sm&Spf
(34) rpöwm&mref
(35) OD;MuifrSdef
(36) OD;rsKd;½I
txufyg A[dkOD;pD;tzGJU0ifpm&if;udk Munhfjcif;tm;jzifh z?q?y?v
onf rnfrQus,fjyefYaom trsKd;om;wyfaygif;pkBuD; jzpfonfudk odom
Edkifayonf/
A[dkOD;pD;tzGJUwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwD toD;oD;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
omru vlrsKd;pktzGJUtpnf; toD;oD;\ ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESihf xif&Sm;aom
woD;yk*¾v EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;yg yg0ifonfudk txl;azmfjy&ef rvdk
ay/ xkdrQ us,fjyefYpGm zGJUpnf;Edkifjcif;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ tjrif
us,frIaMumihf jzpfayonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; rnfrQ tjrifus,fonfukd
atmufygrdefYcGef;rsm;u oufaocHayonf/

pwkw¬tBudrfajrmuf
EdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;tpnf;ta0;wGif
Ouú|AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\rdefYcGef;

]]uaeY vlBuD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;ac:&jcif; taMumif;rSm EdkifiH

twGif; nDnGwfrIudk a&SU½Ií ac:qdk&jcif; jzpfygw,f/ t&ifuvJ ac:
cJhw,f/ rlvuvJ &nf&G,fcJhw,f/ EdkifiHa&;nDnGwfrIqdkwJh t"dyÜm,f[m
bmvJqdk&if tck uRefawmfwdkY zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;
tzGJUcsKyfudk wEdkifiHvHk;&JU enf;vrf;wus twnfjyKwJhtjzpfudk Formal



 

Sanction tjrefa&mufatmifvkyfNyD; 'DtzGJUcsKyf&JU 0g'? &nf&G,fcsuf?
pnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif; EdkifiHtwGuf zufqpf0g' urÇmBuD;wavQmuf y
aysmufoGm;a&;? jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;ESihf xlaxmifa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;
trsm;jynfolwdkYqE´ESihf avsmfnDpGm wnDwnGwfwnf; vkyfudkifjcif;udk
qdkvdkygw,f/
(u) zufqpf0g' wurÇmvHk;wGif vHk;0uG,faysmufonftxd
wdkufcdkufacsrIef;&ef/
(c) twåvefwdwfaMunmcsuf? wD[D&efaMunmcsufrsm; twkdif;
Armjynfoljynfom;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY uHMur®mudk rdrdwdkYzmom zefwD;Edkif&ef/
(*) ArmjynfBuD;udk jynfolwdkYqE´twdkif; jyefvnfxlaxmif&ef/
(C) ArmjynftwGif;&Sd wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wdkif; rdrdwdkYuHMur®mudk
rdrdwdkYzmom zefwD;EdkifNyD; tm;vHk;\ oabmESihf nDnGwfpGmxlaxmifaom
EkdifiHxlaxmif&ef/
'gawG[m tzGJUcsKyfBuD;&JU &nf&G,fcsuf jzpfygw,f/
'DtzGJUcsKyfBuD;&JU oabmw&m;tus,fudk &Sif;jyygtHk;r,f/ tck
urÇmBuD;rSm vlwOD;xJujzpfap? odkYr[kwf vlwpkujzpfap Ekdifxufuvl
jyKum EkdifiHtwGif;a&m EdkifiHtjyifya&m qufqpf0g'[m jynfwGif;
vGwfvyfa&;? urÇmYvGwfvyfa&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk zsufqD;cJhw,f/ 'Dvkd
zufqpf0g'[m qdk;oGrf;w,fqdkwmudk uRefawmfwdkY wdkif;oljynfom;awG
udk,fwdkif tJ'D0g'vufudkifxm;wJh *syefatmufrSm oHk;ESpfoHk;rdk;avmuf
aecJh&vkdY vufawGUod&SdcJhNyD;bJ/ tcktcg jynfwjynfrSm 'Dvdk0g'rsKd;&Sd&if
olwdkYzmom olwdkY jzpfaeMuwm? igwdkYeJY bmqdkifovJvdkY apm'uwufcsif
wJhvlawG &Sdcsif&SdtHk;r,f/ tJ'Dvdk apm'u&JU tajzuawmh 'DvdkbJ t&ifu
wcsKdUwdkif;jynfBuD;awG vlawG oabmxm;cJhMuvdkY zufqpf0g'vTrf;rdk;wJh



 

wdkif;jynfawGu wajz;ajz; e,fcsJUNyD; &rf;um;vmwJhtwGuf tck ppfBuD;
jzpfcJh&wmbJ/ ('kwd, urÇmppfBuD; jzpf&jcif;taMumif;udk &Sif;jyjcif;
jzpfonf/ /pma&;ol) 'DvdkjzpfcJhwJh ppfBuD;[mvJ uRefawmfwdkYEkdifiHygrusef
rD;ul;cJhw,f r[kwfzl;vm;qdkwJh vufawGUtajzudkbJ ay;&rS mbJ/ tck
acwfrSm ppf[m wEdkifiHxJrSmvJ rjzpfEdkifbl;/ jzpfjyef&ifvJ ppfrD;ul;wwf
w,f/ ppfrD;ul;&if urÇmwckvHk; 'ku©a&mufw,f/ 'gaMumihf Nidrf;csrf;a&;
udk uRefawmfwdkY[m tNrJwrf; &Ekdifoavmuf&atmif BuKd;pm;&r,f/
tcktcgrSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk tzsuftqD;qHk;0g'[m zufqpf0g'jzpfvdkY
'D0g' urÇmrSm b,fae&mrSmjzpfjzpf &Sdae&if ppfjzpftHk;rSmbJ/ 'D0g'
yaysmufatmifvkyfzdkY vdkw,f/ 'Dwifvm;qdk&if r[kwfao;bl;/ 'D0g'rsKd;
[m olwdkYjynfrSmvJ wdkif;oljynfom;awGudk csKyfcs,fw,f/ urÇmrSmvJ
tifrwef ½dkif;pdkif;ao;EkyfwJh vlrsKd;a&;0g'udk vufudkifxm;NyD; ydkNyD;
csKyfcs,fbdkY &nf&G,fcsuf &Sdw,f/ urÇmrSm urÇmYvGwfvyfa&;udk xdcdkuf
w,f/ urÇmYvGwfvyfa&;udk xdcdkufvdkY&&if urÇmYvGwv f yfa&; r&EdkifbJ
jzpfoGm;r,f/ urÇmYvGwfvyfa&; r&SdEdkif&if ArmhvGwfvyfa&; qdkwmvJ
r&SdEdkifbl;/ tck wcsKdUuajymMur,f? ppfBuD;[m NyD;oGm;NyD/ zufqpfawGvJ
usoGm;NyD r[kwfvm;vdkY ar;Mur,f/ tck zufqpf0g'[m pifppftm;jzifh
½HI;oGm;ayr,fh 'D0g' odkYr[kwf qifwl½dk;rSm;0g' vufudkifxm;wJhvlawG?
tzGJUawG? EdkifiHawG &Sdao;w,f/ Oyrm pydefjynfeJY w½kyfjynfrSm 'D0g'
rsKd;awG <uif;usefwkef;bJ/ (xdktcsdefrSm w½kyfjynfwGif csefau&Sdwftpdk;&
BuD;pkd;aecsdef jzpfonf/ /pma&;ol) 'D0g'rsKd;udk tm;ay;wJh EkdifiHaygif;
rsm;pGmrSm wnf&SdNyD; aygif;pnf;xm;wJh tzGJUtpnf;BuD;rsKd;awG
(International trusts, Cartels, Combines) awGvJ &Sdao;w,f /
vufatmufcH wdkif;EkdifiHawG tkyfpdk;csifwJh wkdif;jynfawG &Sdao;w,f/ 'g
awG&SdaeorQ urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&;[m rwnfNrJEdkifbl;/ urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&;[m
vIyfvIyfvIyfvIyfeJY eufjzef ppfjzpftHk;rvm;qdkNyD; urÇmrSm&SdaewJh uRef



 

awmfwdkYwdkif;oljynfom;awGESihf wjcm;wdkif;oljynfom;awG[m at;at;
aq;aq; aecGifh&MurSm r[kwfzl;/ 'gaMumifh zufqpf0g' urÇmrSm
yaysmufoGm;a&;udk uRefawmfwdkY &nf&G,fcsufxJrSm xnfhxm;w,f/
urÇmrSm tJ'D0g'rsKd;udk wkdufzsufr,hf vlawGeJY tNrJyl;aygif;NyD; tcGifh
tmPm&wdkif; aqmif&GufbdkYbJ/
txl;ojzifh uRefawmfwdkYwkdif;jynfrSm 'D0g'rsKd; vHk;0r&SdEdkifatmif
vkyf&r,f/ tmPm&Sif0g'? vlrsKd;tcsif;csif; rkef;wD;a&;0g'? *syefjynfrSm
vdk ppfuom vTrf;rdk;&r,fqdkwJh ppfbuftmPm&Sifpepf? oufOD;qHydkif
&Sifbk&ifpepf0g'(Feudalism) txufuom cefYxm;NyD; wdkif;oljynfom;
qE´t&r[kwfbJ wdkif;oljynfom;awGeJY uif;uGmNyD; rif;pdwfaygufwJh
t&m&SdawG cs,fvS,fwJh pepfqdk;rsKd; &Sdae&if trsm;jynfolwdkY qE´eJU vkyf
udkif&wJh 'Drdkua&pD0g' acwfrpm;EdkifwJh zufqpf0g' qifwl½dk;rSm;awG
ay:vmEdkifw,f/ 'Dvkd0g'rsKd;awG ay:vm&if wdkif;oljynfom;awG[m
vGwfvyfa&;qdkwmudk r&Edkifawmhbl;/ 'gaMumifh uRefawmfwdkY[m 'Drdkua&
pD0g'udkom acwfpm;atmif vkyf&r,f/ tJ'D0g'rsKd;t& om vGwfvyfwJh
ArmEdkifiH xlaxmifEdkifatmif BuKd;pm;&r,f/ 'grsKd;rvkyfEdkif&if uRefawmfwdkY
Armjynfu vlawG[mvJ epfemr,f/ uRefawmfwdkYjynfudkvJ urÇmu Munhf
aevdkY r&wJhwaeY *syefESifh*smrPD 0dkif;tESdrfcH&ovdk tESdrfcH&r,fqdkwmudk
owdcsyfMu&r,f/ 'Drdkua&pD0g'om vGwfvyfa&;eJY qDavsmfw,f/ 'D
0g'[m Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk tm;ay;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'D0g'udkom uRefawmf
wdkY &nf&G,f&r,f/ 'gjzifh 'D0g'[m bmvJqdkwmudk &Sif;jycsifao;w,f/
uRefawmfwdkYtjrift&qdk&if wdkif;jynf&JUacgif;aqmifrI[m vlwOD;
xJu acgif;aqmifrIrsKd;r[kwfbJ tzGJUeJY acgif;aqmifrIrsKd; jzpf&r,f/
tzGJU&JU qE´r[kwfbJ ighqE´ ighoabmvkyfwJh acgif;aqmifrIrsKd;r[kwfbJ
tzGJU&JUqE´,lNyD; tzGJU&JUtkyfcsKyfrIatmufrSm&SdwJh acgif;aqmifrIrsKd;jzpf&r,f/
vlrsKd;a&;w&m;[mvJ ighvlrsKd;rS ighvlrsKd;? wjcm;vlrsKd;awG[m igavmuf



 

rjrwf? ighvlrsKd;om urÇmrSm BuD;pkd;&r,fqdkwJh usOf;ajrmif;ao;odrfwJh
vlrsKd;a&;w&m; r[kwfbJ udk,fhvlrsKd; ukd,fcspfcifaomfvJ wjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;
udk rkef;wD;jcif; txifao;jcif; rjzpfbJ urÇmrSm wdkif;jynftcsif;csif; oifh
jrwfpGm wOD;tusKd;wOD; jzpfyGm;apatmif aqmif&GufwJhvrl sKd;vJ jzpf&r,f/
*syefjynfrSmvdk ppfzufu vuf0g;BuD;tkyfNyD; wdkif;jynfvw T fawmfu bmrS
tpdk;r&wJh ppftmPm&Sif0g'rsKd; r&Sd&atmif ppfzufudk wdkif;jynfvTwfawmf
u tkyfpdk;EkdifcGifh &Sd&r,f/ aemuf vGwfvyfpGmazmfjycGifh? pnf;½Hk;cGifh? tpnf;
ta0;ac:cGifheJY pDwef;vrf;a&SmufcGifh? vGwfvyfpGmawG;awmcGifh? udk;uG,f
vdk&m udk;uG,fcGifh? w&m;eJY rnDaom tzrf;tqD; tcsKyftaESmifrS
uif;vGwfcGifh? udk,fa&;vGwfvyfcGifh? udk,fhtdrfukd,hf,meJY aexdkifjcif;udk
rw&m;ojzihf aESmifh,Sufjcif;rS uif;vGwfcGifh? vlwdkif; ynmoifMum;Edkif
cGifh? tcrJhaq;0g;tultnD&cGifh? rw&m;ojzihf pD;yGm;csKyfcs,frIrsm;rS
vGwfuif;csrf;omcGifh? tvkyform; v,form;rsm;\ tenf;qHk; tcGifh
ta&;rsm;udk tpdk;&u apmifha&Smufay;jcif;? wkdif;jynfwiG f wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;wdkif; udk,fhbmom udk,fh"avh udk,fh,Ofaus;rItwdkif; aqmif&GufEdkif
cGihf? tdkempm txdtcdkuf avsmfaMu;&HyHkaiG tp&SdonfwdkYudk tpdk;&u
xm;NyD; tdkrif;í¤if;? emzsm;í¤if;? xdcdkufemusifíaomf¤if;? tvkyfvkyfcsif
aomfvnf; tvkyfr&Edkifíaomf¤if;? toufarG;0rf;ausmif; rjyKEdkifpGrf;ol
rsm;onf tpdk;&\ taxmuftyHhudk &&SdcGifh 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsKd;awGvJ
&Sd&r,f/
txufygtcsufawG[m 'Drdkua&pD0g'&JU tajccHawGbJvdkY ,lq
w,f/ 'Dvdk tajccHw&m;awGudk &nf&G,f&if;&SdwJh tzGJUtpnf;[mvJ 'D
w&m;awGeJYnDwJh trsm;qE´t& a&G;aumufjcif;? qHk;jzwfjcif;? aqmif&Guf
vkyfudkifjcif; pwJh enf;pepfrsKd;om oHk;&ayvdrhfr,f/
tJ'Dvkd tajccHtcsuftvufrsm;t& uRefawmfwdkY jynfolYvGwf
vyfa&; tzGJUcsKyfBuD;udk wnfaxmifcJhw,f/ 'Dvdk&nf&G,fcsufawG &atmif



 

jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyfBuD;[m *syefvufxuftwGif;rSmbJ 1944ck?
Mo*kwfvupNyD; ykef;½Id;uG,f½Id; vkyfvm&NyD; ArmhwyfrawmfeJY ajymufusm;
wyfrsm;u wyfOD;taejzifh *syefzufqpfrsm;udk r[mrdwfrsm;bufu wdkuf
cdkufvmcJhwmudk tm;vHk;todbJ/ tcktcg ArmhwyfrawmfeJY ajymufusm;
wyfrsm;u owfjzwfcJhwJh *syefOD;a&[m ESpfaomif;xuf eJrSm r[kwfzl;/
tJ'Dvdk uRefawmfwdkY jynfolYvGwfvyfa&; tzGJUcsKyfBuD;u OD;pD;acgif;aqmif
NyD; ArmhwyfrawmfESihf ajymufusm;wyfrsm;u wdkufckdufcJhwmudkvJ urÇm
wckvHk;u todtrSwfjyKukefMuNyD/ bdvyfrSm&SdwJhwu,fhowif;pmBuD;awG
ua&m? bdvyfygvDrefua&m? bdvyfrSmxkwfa0wJh puúLjym-puúLjzL
pmwrf;awGrSma&m? 'DtzGJUcsKyfBuD;eJYArmhwyfrawmfwkdYtaMumif;udk ta&;
w,l ajymqdkMuw,f/ tar&duefowif;pmawGrSma&m? tdE´djynf? w½kyf
jynfowif;pmawGa&m? Oa&mywkdufrSm&SdwJh jyifopfEkdifiHtp&SdwJh wdkif;jynf
awGrSma&m uRefawmfwdkY tzGJUcsKyfBuD;&JU BuKd;yrf;rIawGudk a&;om;vm&
ukefNyD/ 'gawmif NAdwdoQwdkY[m uRefawmfwdkYvkyforQudk zHk;EdkiforQ zHk;xm;
ao;w,f/ tck uRefawmfwdkY wyfrawmfu wkdufcdkufwmawG[m owif;
pmawGrSm ygoifhoavmuf rygbl;/ wcsKdUae&mawGrSm uRefawmfwdkYyg 0if
wdkufayr,fh uRefawmfwdkY rygbJ wdkufovkd/ *syefusqHk;orQawG[m
olwdkYcsnf; wkdufvdkY usqHk;ovkd owif;ay;w,f/ wcsKdUae&mawGr,f
uRefawmfwdkYcsnf; wdkuf&w,f/ 'gawGudk owif;&&ifvJ ray;bl;/ tJ'Dvdk
owif;awG xdrfxm;wJhtxJu urÇmu uRefawmfwdkYvkyfief;awGudk tod
trSwfrjyKbJ raeEdkifatmif tck jzpfcJhw,f/ 'Dvdk urÇmu Armjynfudk
xifxif&Sm;&Sm; todtrSwfjyKvmcJhwm[m Armjynf&JU &mZ0ifrSm 'DwBudrf
bJ &Sdao;w,f/
tck ppfBuD;NyD;oGm;NyD/ wkdufcdkufrIawG[mvJ rMumcif NyD;qHk;awmh
rSmbJ/ odkYaomfvJ uRefawmfwdkY Armjynf&JU ta&;u rNyD;ao;bl;/
uRefawmfwdkY Armjynf&JU ta&;[m Armjynfoljynfom;awG? acgif;aqmif



 

r,hfvlawG nDnGwfpGmeJY vkyfwwfr,f vkyfr,fqdk&if at;at;aq;aq;eJY
NyD;ajrmufEkdifr,fvdkY uRefawmf ,HkMunfw,f/ 'gaMumifh wdkif;jynfrSm
nDnGwfa&;[m t"du vkyfief;bJ/ nDnGwfa&;qdkayr,fh wdkif;jynfvGwf
vyfa&;eJY xlaxmifa&;udk txufyg tajccHcsufawGt& aqmif&Gufr,hf
nDnGwfa&;rsKd;udkom qdkvkdygw,f/ &mxl;a0pm;½HkomjzpfwJh nDnGwfa&;
rsKd;? a&G;aumufyGJudkcsdefNyD; jirf;qifwyf½Hkavmuf wwfEdkifatmif nDnGwf
a&;rsKd;qdk&ifawmh b,fenf;eJYrS jzpfrSmr[kwfzl;/ uRefawmfwdkY tzdkY
ajym&&if t&if yxrvlBuD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;rSm ajymcJhovdk uRefawmfwdkY
[m wdkif;jynf&JU acgif;aqmifrIudk¤if;? &mxl;XmeEÅ&udpörsm;udk¤if; uRef
awmfwdkY rlydkifa&ppöBwD vkyfrxm;bl;qdkwm wdwdvif;vif; odapcsifyg
w,f/ tck uRefawmfwdkY qdk&if wyfrawmfwckvHk;u jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;
tzGJUcsKyfBuD;twGif;rSm wEdkifiHvHk; nDnGwfpGm vGwfvyfa&;&atmif vkyf&ef
wm0efay;vdkufw,f/ 'Dvkd wm0efay;vdkufwm[m bmjyKvdkYvJqdk&if wyf
rawmfom;awG[m *syefvufxufuvJ trsKd;rsKd; qif;&JcJhw,f/ tck
qdk&ifvJ vcwjym;rS r&ao;bJeJY tqif;&J tyifyef;awG trsKd;rsKd;cHNyD;
toufudkpGefYNyD; wkdufcJhMuw,f/ tJ'Dvdk wdkufcJhNyD;awmh igwdkY wdkuf&usKd;
eyfrS eyfyghrvm;vdkY? tcsKdUrsm; wdkuf&if;cdkuf&if; usqHk;cgeD;rSm pdwftvGef
apmNyD; ArmjynfuvlawG nDnGwfNyD; vGwfvyfatmifvkyfyg/ usKyfwdkYawmh
vGwfvyfa&;twGufqdkNyD; wdkufvdkY ao&awmhr,fvdkY rSmMum;oGm;Mu
ao;w,f/ tJ'gawGMum;NyD; waeYu yJcl;eJY &efukefrSm wdkif;wyfrª;awGeJY
uRefawmfwdkY wyfrawmft&m&SdBuD;awG tpnf;ta0;u wyfrawmfwckvHk;
vGwfvyfa&; udpeö JYywfoufNyD; pdwfwxifhxihf jzpfaeMuwmudk rjzpf&av
atmif wdkif;jynfu nDnDnGwfnGwfeJY jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyfBuD;rSm
vkyfMuygqdkwm uRefawmfwdkY aMunmcJhw,f/ tck uRefawmf ajymae
wm[m jynfolYvGwfvyfa&; tzGJUcsKyfOuúXtaeeJYvJ jzpfw,f/ wyfrawmf
aoemywdtjzpfeJYvJ jzpfw,f/ uRefawmfajymcJhwJh pum;awG[m



 

wyfrawmfrSm&SdwJh ppfom;awGutp pdwfxJrSm&SdwJh pum;awGbJ/ 'gawGudk
cifAsm;wdkY ykdNyD; taumiftxnfeJY jrifcsif&if cifAsm;wdkY usKyfwdkY
ppfom;awG&SdwJh ae&mudk vkdufNyD;MunfhvdkY&Sd&if ydkNyD;oabmayguf xifjrif
Mur,f/ 'Dpum;udk uRefawmf tydkajymwmr[kwfzl;/ wu,f cifAsm;wdkY
vkdufMunhfcsifw,fqdk&if uRefawmfwdkY vdkufydkYr,f/ ppfom;awGudk
cifAsm;wdkY udk,fwdkif awGUNyD; ar;jref;Munhfapcsifw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh
uRefawmf av;av;eufeuf ajymcsifwmu jynfolYvGwfvyfa&; tzGJU
csKyfBuD;udk tajccHxm;NyD; txufyg oabmw&m;rsm;? tcsuftvuf
rsm;t& uRefawmfwdkYvkyfxm;wJh pnf;rsOf;awG? 0g'awGudk nd§EdIif;
jyKjyif,lNyD; cdkifNrJawmifhwifhwJh tzGJUcsKyfBuD;jzpfatmif 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifyg/
rMumcifvJ uRefawmfwdkY[m jynfvHk;uRwf tpnf;ta0;BuD; ac:awmhr,f/
tJ'D jynfvHk;uRwftpnf;ta0; ac:wJhtcg tzGJUcsKyfBuD;&JU pnf;rsOf;awG?
0g'awGudk twnfjyKNyD; a&SU qufvuf tvkyfvkyf&vdrfhr,f/
'DMum;twGif;rSmvJ NrKdUvHk;uRwftpnf;ta0;udk 19-&ufaeYrSm usif;yr,f/
( 1945-ck? Mo*kwfv 19-&ufaeYwGif usif;yrnfh tpnf;ta0;udk
qdkvdkonf/ /pma&;ol) aemufvJ e,fwdkif; e,fwdkif;rSm 'grsKd;awG
usif;yNyD; tzGJUcsKyfBuD;udk jyefvnfzGJUpnf;&vdrfhr,f/ tcktxdvJ usKyfwdkY
tzGJUcsKyfBuD;[m aeYpOfeJYtrQ zrf;qD;xm;wJh vlawGudpö? ppfajy;
'ku©onfawGudpö? zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;udpö? jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;udpö
awGrSm tajymomr[kwfbJ tvkyfeJY vkyfaeMuw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY[m
toD;oD; vufiif;tvkyfawGeJY tm;w,f&,fvdkY r&Sdbl;/ uRefawmf
udk,fwdkifqdk&ifvJ wyfawG&Sd&m oGm;Munhfae&w,f/ rMumcifubJ jyef
a&mufw,f/ 'gayr,fh usKyfwdkY 'Davmuf yifyifyef;yef; acgif;aqmifrIudk
igwdkYcsnf; tkyfpm;r,fqdkwJh rlydkifxm;csifwJhpdwf tvsOf;r&SdbJ? 'DtzGJU
csKyfBuD; BuD;yGm;wnfwefYEdkifatmif tck <uvmwJh vlBuD;rsm;utpjyKNyD;
wdkif;jynf&JU vufxJudk tyfvdkufygw,f/ tck tzGJUcsKyfBuD;twGif;rSm Armh



 

wyfrawmf? vli,frsm;tpnf;t½Hk;? uGefjrLepf ygwD? jynfolYta&;awmfyHk
tzGJU? rsKd;cspfygwD? &ckdiftrsKd;om;tpnf;t½Hk; tjyif tjcm;yk*¾dKvfrsm;vnf;
yg0ifNyD; jzpfw,f/ usefwJh tzGJUrsm;? yk*d¾Kvfrsm;udkvJ tzGJUcsKyfBuD;twGif;
0ifa&muf&ef zdrEÅu jyKygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk 0ifa&mufvmwJhtzGJUawG? yk*¾dKvf
awGudk ,ck jyefvnfzGJUpnf;r,hf A[dkOD;pD;tzGJUu pOf;pm;NyD; vufcH&yg
vdrfhr,f/ 'DudpöESihfywfoufNyD; tzGJUcsKyfxJygwJh tzGJUtcsif;csif; qufoG,f
&r,fh pnf;urf;awG? avmavmq,f pnf;rsOf;awG? tJ'gawGudk taxGaxG
twGif;a&;rª;u &Sif;vif; ajymjyygvdrfhr,f/
tJ'Daemuf txufygudpeö JYywfoufNyD; ususee aqG;aEG;NyD;awmh
uRefawmfwdkY[m tck ppfBuD;NyD;wmeJY ywfoufNyD; vifiif;vkyfief;rsm;ay:
vmygw,f/ 'Dvkyfief;awGxJrSm ppftkyfcsKyfa&; tjrefqHk;&yfpJapbdkYESihf
trsKd;om;tpdk;& wnfaxmifa&; jzpfw,f/ trsKd;om;tpdk;& wnfaxmif
a&;qdkwm[m bk&ifcHajymwJh trIaqmifrsKd;r[kwfbJ? wdkif;jynfwjynfvHk;
jynfwGif;jynfy udpt ö &yf&yfudk tmPmydkifNyD; wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ygwJh trsKd;
om;tpdk;&udk qdkvdkygw,f/ tJ'DvdktzGJU zGJUEkdifrSom aemufvmr,fh wdkif;jyK
jynfjyKvTwfawmfwdkY? NAdwdoQtpdk;&ESihf csKyfqdk&r,fh pmcsKyfawG[m pDpOfvdkY
jzpfEdkifr,f/ 'DtrsKd;om;tpdk;&qdkwm rjzpfEdkifbJeJY usKyfwdkY[m 'dkrDeD,ef
tkyfcsKyfa&;awmif aumif;aumif;eJY jrefjref &csifrS &r,f/ 'gaMumifh tck
bk&ifcH jyefvm&if zGJUr,fh tpdk;&tzGJUeJY vTwfawmf[m tc&mjzpfaew,f/
'Dtpdk;&eJY 'DvTwfawmfu vmr,fha&G;aumufyGJudpöeJY ywfoufNyD; wkdkif;jyK
jynfjyKvTwfawmf a&G;aumufyGJrsKd;jzpfatmif rvkyfbJ awmfatmifa&mfatmif
rvkyfEdkif&atmif tpdk;&uvJ uRefawmfwdkY oabmus trsKd;om;tpdk;&
jzpf&r,f/ vTwfawmfrSmvJ uRefawmfwdkY oabmusvlawG jzpfEdkif&r,fvdkY
tJ'Dvkd wnDwnGwfxJ jyKvkyfzdkYvdkw,f/ 'Dvdk wnDwnGwfxJ pDrHwmudk
bk&ifcHu vufrcH&if uRefawmhfoabm ajym&&if wOD;pD wOD;pD bk&ifcHu
ac:NyD; &mxl;ay;ay;? ae&may;ay; vufrcHpwrf;vdkY qHk;jzwfapcsifw,f/



 

tm;vHk; 'DrSm <ua&mufvmMuwJh vlBuD;awG[m ynm&Siaf wGbJ/ bk&ifcH
ajymoGm;wJh pum;awG[m tvdr®moHk;wJh pum;awG trsm;BuD;ygw,f
qdkwmvJ owdxm;rdMuygvdrhfr,f/ cifAsm;wdkYu oabmwlMuw,fqdk&if
usKyfwdkYu vHk;0 vGwfvyfa&;awmif cGifhjyKbdkYtqifoihfbq
J dkwJh oabmudk
bk&ifcHu ajymoGm;w,f/ 'gaMumifh wkdif;jynf nDnGwfa&;udk t"duxm;
wJh jynfolYvGwfvyfa&; tzGJUcsKyfrSmygNyD; 'Dudpöt&yf&yfawGrSm wnD
wnGwfxJ vkyfMu&ef xyfavmif;í wdkufwGef;vdkufygw,f/
ed*Hk;rcsKyfrD wyfrawmfudpöudk tpD&ifcHvdkygw,f/ tck uRefawmf
wdkY wyfrawmfudk emrnfom&SdwJh ArmjynfwyfrawmfqdkwmxJ odrf;oGif;
r,fvdkY omrefom qdkw,f/ tJ'Dvdk odrf;oGif;r,fqdkwm[mvJ uRefawmf
wdkY wyfrawmfudk rljyKNyD; odrf;oGif;r,fqdkwJh oabmr[kwfao;bl;/
NyD;awmh uRefawmfwdkYwyfrawmfudk rljyKNyD; Armjynfwyfrawmf wnfaxmif
awmif yxrqHk; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; oabmwl&r,fh tcsufawG &Sdygao;
w,f/ 'DtcsufawGeJY ywfoufNyD; tcktxd a[majymwJhtaersKd;ESihf wcsKdU
tcsufawG &Sif;vif;NyD;? wcsKdUtcsufawG r&Sif;vif;ao;bl;/ 'gaMumifh
tck tzGJUcsKyfu wyfrawmfeJY ywfoufwJhtqdkudk qHk;jzwfzdkY wifjyxm;
ygw,f/
tck urÇmppfBuD;twGif;rSma&m? tNyD;rSma&m urÇmBuD;[m
tifrwef ajymif;vJaew,f/ ArmjynfrSmvJ ajymif;vJaew,f/ a&S;enf;
a&S;pepft,lrsKd;awGESihf vkyfvdkY&r,fvdkY xifwJhvlawG[m urÇmBuD;xJrSmvJ
yaysmufukefNyD? ArmjynfrSmvJ yaysmufrSmbJ/ urÇmYwHwdkif;BuD;rSm&SdwJh 'D
oifcef;pmawGudk uRefawmfwdkY[m tav;*½kjyKNyD; wnDwnGwfxJ EdkifiH\
vGwfvyfa&;ukd tjref&atmif BuKd;pm;Muyg/ tJ'Dvdk xdxda&mufa&muf
vkyfEdkifatmif jynfolYvGwfvyfa&; tzGJUcsKyfBuD; twGif;odkY 0ifa&mufMuyg
qdkwmudk aemufqHk;xyfrHí wdkufwGef;ygw,f/}}



 

txufyg rdefYcGef;udk zwf½Ijcif;tm;jzihf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wGif
acgif;aqmifrIudk¤if;? &mxl;udk¤if; vuf0g;BuD; tkyfxm;vdkpdwf r&SdaMumif;
xif&Sm;ayonf/ xdkYjyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf zufqpf0g'udk rvdkvm;?
'Drdkua&pD0g'udkom vdkvm;aMumif; xif&Sm;ayonf/
1945-ck Mo*kwfv 19-&ufaeY ]aeol&def} ½HkwGif usif;yaom
&efukefNrKdUvHk;uRwf tpnf;ta0;BuD;wGif >rufMum;onfh AdkvfcsKyf\
atmufygrdefYcGef;udk zwfvQif z?q?y?v ordkif;ESihfwuG AdkvfcsKyfonf
urÇmYtajctaeudk rnfrQ rSefuefatmif oHk;oyfEdkifonfudk awGUyg
vdrfhrnf/

jynfolYtpnf;ta0;BuD;wGif
zufqpfwkdufzsufa&; jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyfOuúX?
rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmf ppfaoemywd?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ rdefcGef;

]]uaeY NrKdUvHk;uRwftpnf;ta0;ac:&wJh taMumif;uawmh

uRefawmfwdkY Armhwyfrawmftygt0if zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfolYvGwf
ajrmufa&; tzGJUcsKyfBuD; taMumif;udk NrKdUolNrKdUom;rsm;ESihfwdkif;oljynfom;
rsm;tm; &Sif;vif; ajymjycsifvdkYbJ/ yxrqHk; jynfolYvGwv f yfa&; tzGJUcsKyf
BuD;eJY ywfoufNyD; &Sif;vif;csifwJh tcsufuawmh 'DtzGJUcsKyfBuD;[m ocif
tzGJUvdkY trsm;odaewJh wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;eJYvJ rwlbl;/ wdkYArmtpnf;
t½Hk;u wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk; oufouf? t&ifwkef;u wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;
xJ uRefawmfwdkY ygcJhw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY tck rygawmhbl;/



 

'kwd, uRefawmf&Sif;jycsifwJh taMumif;uawmh jynfolYvGwfvyf
a&; tzGJUcsKyfBuD;[m uGefjrLepfygwD r[kwfzl;/ uGefjrLepfygwDu vlawG
[m 'DtzGJUcsKyfBuD;rSm 0ifvkyfaewm rSefw,f/ 'gayr,fh olwdkYydkiftzGJU
r[kwfzl;/ 'DtzGJUcsKyfBuD;udk *syefvufxufrSm *syefawGu wdkif;ol jynf
om;awG tay: trsKd;rsKd;apmfum;? trsKd;rsKd;ESdyfpufNyD; bmrS tqDtom;
r&SdwJh vGwfvyfa&;udk brf;jy aoG;pkyfaeawmh usKyfwdkY wu,fh vGwfvyf
a&;udk&atmif wu,fwdkufcsifwJh vlawGudk ygwDra&G; vlrsKd;ra&G;
bmomra&G; wwdkif;wjynfvHk; aoG;pnf;NyD; vkyfr,fqdkwJh &nf&G,fcsufeJY
1944-ck Mo*kwfvtpavmufrSm wnfaxmifvmcJhw,f/ tJ'Dvdk tzGJUcsKyf
BuD; rzGJUcifuawmh [dkwpk 'Dwpk usKyfwdkYu usKyfwdkYcsnf;? uGefjrLepfawG
u uGefjrLepfawGcsnf;? jynfolYawmfvSefa&;tzGJUu jynfolYawmfvSefa&;
tzGJUcsnf;oufouf aqmif&GufaeMuvdkY usKyfu pwifNyD; tBuHay;wJh
twdkif; tm;vHk; pnf;vHk;NyD; *syefudk wdkufMu&atmifvdkY EId;aqmfvdkY 'DtzGJU
BuD; jzpfay:vmcJhw,f/ 'DtzGJUBuD;udk b,fvdk zGJUpnf;&r,f? bm&nf&G,f
csufawGeJY zGJUpnf;&r,fqdkwJh tcsufawGudk usKyfubJ pwif pDrHay;cJhwm
bJ/ tJ'Dvkd tzGJUBuD;udk vkyfwJhtcg b,ftzGJU b,fygwD&JU rlydkif
oabmrsKd; tjzpfeJYrS zGJUcJhwm r[kwfzl;/ wwdkif;jynfvHk;&JU vGwfvyfa&;udk
t"duxm;NyD; aoG;pnf;bdkYtwGuf zGJUpnf;cJhwmbJ/ odkYayr,fh wckawmh
&Sdw,f/ uGefjrLepfbJ jzpfjzpf? b,folbJjzpfjzpf? tvkyfvkyf&if tvkyf
vkyfwJhvl wGifus,fr,f qdkwmudkawmh tm;vHk; em;vnfbdkY vdkw,f/
'gjzifh 'DtzGJUcsKyfBuD;[m bmvkyfcJhovJ/ tdEd´,jynf? w½kyfjynf
rSm&SdwJh wcsKdU rsKd;cspfvli,fawGeJY uRefawmfwdkY tquf&NyD; r[mrdwfawGeJY
tquf&EdkiforQ &atmif vkyfw,f/ NyD;awmh bmEdkifiHjcm; tqufrS r&&
&& *syefzufqpfrsm;udk tjrefqHk; wdkufEdkifatmif pDrH pdkif;jyif;cJhw,f/
aemufqHk; rwfv 27-&ufaeYu pNyD; wjynfvHk;rSm usKyfwdkY wyfrawmfu
BuD;rª;NyD; *syefudk awmfvSefcJhw,f/ tJ'Dt&ifuvJ &ckdifjynfrSm&SdwJh t&if



 

1936-ck ausmif;om;oydwfwkef;u oydwfarSmuf tzGJUcsKyf&JU vlBuD;wOD;
jzpfcJhwJh udkndKxGef;u uruxvkyfvdkY OD;ynmoD[u acgif;aqmifNyD;
&ckdifjynf trsKd;om;rsm;u r[mrdwfrsm;ay;wJhvufeufrsm;eJY *syefudk
ykefuefcJhMuw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY wdkif;&if;om;rsm;jzpfwJh ucsifwdkY? csif;wdkY
uvJ *syefudk wkdufcJhw,f/ u&iftrsKd;om;rsm;vJ 'DudpörSm pdkif;jyif;
cJhw,f/ aemufqHk; olwdkY[m awmifile,frSm txl;ojzifh atmifatmif
jrifjrifeJY *syefudk wdkufcJhMuw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY wyfrawmfrSm&SdwJh u&if
wyf&if;uvJ jrpf0uRef;ay: taemufydkif;udk wm0ef,l wdkufcJhw,f/
aemuf txufArmjynf rEÅav; w0dkufrSm uG,fvGefomG ;wJh Adkvfrª;BuD;
Axl; BuD;rª;NyD; usKyfwdkY wyfrawmfu *syefudkwdkufcJhw,f/ Adkvfrª;BuD;
Axl; wdkufay;wJhtwGuf rEÅav;wdkufyGJ[m vsifjrefpGm atmifjrif&w,f
qdkwmudk [dkwkef;u Armhwdkufcdkufa&;udk BuD;rª;tkyfcsKyf&wJh r[mrdwf
wyfrawmf trSwf14-wyfrª; vufzwifeif*sife&,f qm0DvsHpvif;
udk,fwdkif a&'D,dku csD;usL;ajymcJhw,f/ aemufudkvJ Adkvfrª;BuD;Axl;[m
NrKdUawG &GmawG tajrmuftjrm;udk odrf;NyD; &Srf;jynfbuf wufwdkufcJh
w,f/ Adkvfrª;BuD;Axl;ukd r[mrdwf 'D0DZH wyfrrª;wdkif; vdkvdk odMuw,f/
csD;usL;w,f/ 4-eHywf wyfBuD;rª;jzpfwJh vufzwif*sife&,f rufZmAD u
Adkvfrª;BuD;Axl;&JU taMumif;udk (Despatches) vef'efa*Zuf (bdvyf
tpdk;& a*Zuf)xJrSm xJhNyD; aMunmr,fvdkY ajymcJhw,f/ aemuf
rdw¬DvmrSm&SdwJh wyf&if; 5-uvJ *syefudkwdkufcJhw,f/ wjynfvHk;rSmawmh
rwfv 28-&uf aeYupNyD; wdkufcJhw,f/ tJ'Dvdk wdkufwJhtcg
awmifilbufrSm jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcGJESifh usKyfwdkY wyfr[mu
AdkvftMuyf 30 avmuf BuD;rª;NyD; ajymufusm;wyfrsm; oD;jcm;zGJUNyD;vJ
wkdufcJhw,f/ usKyfwdkY wyfrawmfESihf ajymufusm;wyfawG wdkufcdkufwJh
twGuf *syefESpfaomif;xufreJ usqHk;cJhw,f/ oHkYyef;aygif; ESpf&m
oHk;&mcefY zrf;rdw,f/ *syefokYHyef; 'Davmuf zrf;Edkifw,fqdkwm awmfawmf



 

xl;jcm;w,f/ wjcm;vlrsKd;awGeJY ppfwdkuf&wJhtcg oHkYyef;&bdkY vG,f
oavmuf *syefudk oHkYyef;&bdkY rvG,fbl;/ 'Dtcsufudk r[mrdwfawG
udk,fwdkifu todtrSwf jyKMuw,f/ aemuf uRefawmfwdkY wyfawG
odrf;wJhNrKdUawG &GmawG wdkufyGJawGtaMumif; tpHktvifudkawmh aemufrS
pmtkyfpmwef; ususeexkwfwJhtcg cifAsm;wdkY odMurSmbJ/ xl;jcm;wJh
tcsKdUtcsuftvufawG azmfjy&&if *syef vufzwifeif*sife&,fwa,muf?
ar*sm*sife&,fESpfa,mufESihf tjcm; ta&;BuD;wJh *syeft&m&Sd tajrmuf
tjrm;udk owfjzwfcJhw,f/ awmifile,frSm ajymufusm;wyfrsm;u ulnD
wdkufcdkufcJhwJhtwGuf r[mrdwfwyfrsm; &efukef ta&muf jrefcJhw,f
qdkwmudkvJ r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u todtrSwfjyKcJhw,f/ arSmfbD av,mOf
ysHuGif;rSm *syefav,mOfysHoHk;pD;udk zsufqD;cJhw,f/ *syefawG odrf;xm;wJh
pyg;tajrmuftjrm;? ypönf;tajrmuftjrm;awGudk tajy;jrefwJhtwGuf
rD;r½IdUEkdifbJ xm;jypfcJhw,f/ tJ'gawGxJu tajrmuftjrm; ypönf;awGudk
pepfwus e,fole,fom;awGudk a0ay;EkdifcJhw,f/ aygif;wnfbufrSm
acR;wyf&Spfaxmifavmufudk *syefawGqDu xGufajy;Edkifatmif vkyfcJhw,f/
&efukefrSmvJ axmifudkazmuf? zrf;xm;wJh&JabmfawG vTwyf pf vkyfcJhw,f/
uRefawmfwdkY xvdkufwJhtwGuf &efukefNrKdUu *syefawG tajy;jrefNyD; *syef
tzsuftqD; enf;oGm;w,f/ aemufqHk; ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf; wavQmufrSm
&Gyf&GyfcRHcRH wdkufcdkufcJhMuw,f/ 'Dvdk uRefawmfwdkY wdkufwmawGudk bdvyf
rSm&SdwJh owif;pmBuD;awGua&m? Oa&mywdkuf? tar&duef? tdE´d,?
w½kyfjynfrSm&SdwJh owif;pmBuD;awGua&m csD;usL;a&;om;&w,f/ txl;
ojzifh bdvyfrSm&SdwJh emrnftBuD;qHk; vef'efwdkif; owif;pmBuD;u
acgif;BuD;ydkif;uaeNyD; ususee a&;om;&w,f/ t&ifwkef;u Armjynf&JU
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

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ta&;w,l a&;om;ajymqdk&w,f/ 'gawmif olwdkY usKyfwdkYwdkufwmawG
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'gjzifh usKyfwdkY bmtjrwf&ovJqdk&if rlvtp usKyfwdkY *syefudk
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twdkif;vJ [kwfw,fqdkwm tckjzpfwJh tjzpftysufrsm;u oufaocH
aew,f/
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wdkif;oljynfom;awGuvJ tjypfrwifEdkifatmif? NyD;awmh ArmjynfudkvJ
vkyfcsifwdkif; vkyfvdkYr&bl;qdkwm odawmh NAdwdoQtpdk;&u cifAsm;wdkYcsif;
om nDnGwfNyD; ajymMu/ vGwfvyfa&;vdkcsifawmif ay;r,fqdkwJh pum;rsKd;
ajymae&NyD/ tck urÇmBuD;&JU tajctae[m odyfaumif;aew,f/ urÇmBuD;
[m trsm;jynfolwdkY qE´t& wdkif;jynfwdkif; wdkif;jynfwdkif; udk,fhta&;
udk,f qHk;jzwfEdkifwJh tcGifhta&;udk t&if ppfBuD;NyD;puxuf ydkc&D;a&muf
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ao;wJh wdkif;jynfawGudk EdkifiHaygif;pHkorm"dtzGJU wzGJUu tkyfcsKyf&r,f
tp&Sdojzifh ajymcJhw,f/ t*Fvdyf? tar&duefwdkYu 'Davmuf rvkyfygeJY?
vHk;0 udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;avmufbJ vkyfay;ygvdkY vdkufavQmajym&w,f/
bmbJjzpfjzpf t&if urÇmppfBuD;wkef;u EkdifiHaygif;csKyftoif;wkef;u 'D
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Mum;w,fvdkYvJ od&w,f/ t&if EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;xuf tck EkdifiH
aygif;csKyftoif;u vHk;0cdkifrmw,frqdkEdkifawmif ykdckdifrmw,ffqdkwm



 

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EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;rSm rygbl;/ tck ygw,f/ t&ifu yxr ½k&Sm;udk
0dkif;y,fxm;w,f/ tck ry,fEdkifawmhbJ olu vlpGmwOD; tBuD;tus,f
jzpfaew,f/ t&ifu EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;udk jyifopfeJY t*Fvdyfu
tkyfpm;r,f qdkwJhoabm vkyfxm;w,f/ tck b,folrS tkyfpm;csifayr,fh
rtkyfpm;Edkifatmif tm;csif; rQaew,f/ ½k&Sm;uvJ tm;awmifhwmbJ/
tar&duefuvJ wrsKd; awmifhwmbJ/ t*FvdyfESifhtar&duefu aygif;NyD;
tkyfpm;r,f pdwful;awmif ½k&Sm;eJY EdkifiHuav;aygif;rsm;pGmu x aygif;NyD;
zsufvdkuf&if wOD;tay:wOD; vTrf;rdk;bdkY tifrwef cJ,Of;r,f/ bdvyfrSm
&SdwJh vlawG? Oa&mywdkufrSm&SdwJh vlawG? urÇmrSm&SdwJh vlawGuvJ tm;vHk;
Edk;Mum;NyD; a&S;u nmpm;BuwJh vlawG tukefjzKwfcsypfNyD; Oa&mywdkufrS
qdk&if ydkvefjynfrSm ydkvefjynfoljynfom;rsm;twGuf wu,fvkyfwJh
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vlawGu wdkufaewkef; olwdkY bdvyfrSm xdkifaeNyD; nmaeMuwmbJ/) tJ'D
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w,f/ b,fvf*sD,efrSm vlawG[m &Sifbk&ifqdkwJh arsmufjyqefawmif;wJh
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avbmygwDu wufw,f/ t&ifwkef;u wdkif;jynftkyfpm;NyD; olwdkY
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aemufqHk; olwdkYarG;wJh arsmufu olwdkY jyefacsmufcJhw,f/ tJ'Dawmhawmif



 

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ppfr&SnfoifhbJ &SnfcJhw,f/ tJ'Dvdk nmpm;cJhwJh uGefqmaA;wpfygwD jyKwf
oGm;NyD; avbmygwD[m t*Fvdyf&mZ0ifrSm 'DwBudrfbJ tjywftowf a&G;
aumufyGJ Edkifbl;w,f/ t&ifwkef;u ESpfcg Ekdifbl;yg&JU/ jywfjywf
owfowf rEdkifvdkY aumif;aumif; rvkyfEdkifcJhbl;/ MumMumrcHbl;/
tckawmh tjywftowfEkdifw,f/ 'gwifrubl;/ a&SUudk avbmygwDu
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&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dvdk urÇmBuD; tajctaeu odyfaumif;w,f/
Armjynf tajctaeuawmh usKyf tckeu ajymcJhovkdbJ/
usKyfwdkY vkyfief;awG[m ajc&mvuf&m taumiftxnf &SdNyD;om;bJ/ usKyf
wdkY[m b,folYb,folrS ykwfcwfwmvJ r[kwfzl;/ udk,f&nfaoG; ajymwm
vJ r[kwfzl;/ usKyfajym&Jw,f/ 'DArmjynfrSm wdkif;jynftwGuf ydkvkyfwJhvl
tepfemcHwJhvl r&Sdbl;qdkwm ajym&Jw,f/ usKyfqdkvdkY&Sd&if *syefvufxuf
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EkdifiHa&;vkyfcsif&if tpuxJu 'Davmuf cJ,Of;yifyef;wJh EdkifiHa&;
rvkyfzl; rSwfyg/ tck 'Davmuf cJ,Of;yifyef; ab;rsm;wJhtvkyf(tck
[efvdkYom touf&Sifaewm? r[ef&if MumvSNyD usKyfaowm/ tJ'Dvdk
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&oifhoavmuf r&bl;/ 'Djyif qdk&ifvJ vli,fawG vkyf&if txifao;csif


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 

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vlpOfrrSDwJh vlawGvJ &SdukefNyD/ tJ'Davmuf tyifyef;cHNyD; usKyfwdkY
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wdkif;jynf&JU vGwfvyfa&;eJY wkdkif;jynf vlxkBuD; aumif;pm;a&;udkom &nf
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usKyfawmhjzifh oGm;NyD/ wdkif;jynfrSm usef&pfr,fh acgif;aqmifr,fh vlBuD;
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nmvkyfr,f tp&Sdonfjzifh jrnfwrf;oGm;wmawG[m usef&pfaewJh &Jabmf
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tck tpnf;ta0;ac:NyD; 'D&efukefNrKdUrSm&SdwJh wdkif;oljynfom;awGupNyD;



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
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csnfxm;ygvkdY ajymcsifw,f/
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uRefawmfwdkYwyfrawmfudk emrnfom&SdwJh NAdwdoQtpdk;&&JU Armhwyfrawmf
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
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 

odapcsifw,f/ 'gaMumifh vGwfvyfwJhwkdif;jynfatmuf wyfrawmf tjref
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Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä


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

(15)
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EdkifiHa&;MoZmudk &cJhayonf/ a&S;0HomEkacwf(*sD?pD?bD?at acwf)wGif
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,HkMunfMuaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/
ppfajy;bk&ifcH qma':refprpf (Sir Reginald Dorman Smit)
u tdEd´,jynfESihf jrefrmjynfqdkif&m 0efBuD; yufopfavm&ihf (Baron


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aom ygwDonf tjywftowf Edkifayrnf/ ____________
_________wyfaygif;pk(z?q?y?v)\ tiftm;onf atmifqef;
wnf;[laom yk*d¾KvfpGJ pdwf"mwfrsm; tay:wGif wnfae[ef xlayonf/}}

(Maurice Collis a&; ]Last and First in Burma}

pmtkyfrS aumufEkwfcsuf?)

]jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH (The Union Of Burma) pmtkyfa&;ol

wifum (Huge Tinker) uvnf; ]]atmifqef; tay:ü xm;&Sdaom
jrefrmvlxk\ MunfndKrIonf udk;uG,frI qHayonf}} [k a&;om;
azmfjycJhavonf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif jrefrmvlxkonf atmifqef;udk
bk&m;wql *lwvHk;uJhokdY MunfndKonf[k qdkvdkjcif; jzpfayonf/



 

(rSwfcsuf/ / NAdwdoQwdkY ppfEdkifcgeD;rS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
*syefudk awmfvSefonf [laom pGyfpGJcsuf rrSefaMumif;udk qma':ref
prpf\ tpD&ifcHpmu xyfavmif;í oufaocHayonf/)
txufwGif a&;cJhonfhtwdkif; ppftkyfcsKyfa&;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Guf
aeMuaom NAdwdoQt&m&SdBuD;rsm;onf jrefrmrsm;udk vufpm;acsvdkaom
oabmjzihf zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faomtrdefY trsKd;rsKd; xkwfjyefMuaomfvnf;
z?q?y?v t&Sdeft0gaMumihf jynfolvlxkudk ESdyfpufcsifoavmuf rESdyfpuf
&JMuay/
rlvu ppftkyfcsKyfa&;udk tcsdeftawmfMumpGm xm;&Sd&ef &nf&G,fcJh
aomfvnf; NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf z?q?y?v ESihf jrefrmjynfolvlxk\ wGef;
uefvIyf&Sm;rIaMumifh ppfwyf\ NrKdUjytkyfcsKyfa&;udk ½kyfodrf;&avonf/
xdkYaemuf bk&ifcH qma':refprpfonf 1945-ck atmufwdkbmv 16-
&ufaeYwGif jrefrmjynfodkY jyefa&mufvmí ,cif acwfa[mif;u uJhodkYyif
bk&if rOD;pD;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;udk pwif aqmif&Gufavonf/ w&m;0if
jyefrvmrD ZGefv 20-&ufaeYwGif bk&ifcH qma':refprpfonf av,mOf
ysHjzifhvmí &efukefjrpfxJwGif qdkufuyfxm;aom urfbmvif (H.M.S.
Cumberland) ppfoabF may:odkY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef ;ESihf tjcm; Ed kifiH a&;
acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zdwfac:NyD;vQif jrefrmwdkY\ vdkvm;csufrsm;udk pHkprf;
ar;jref;avonf/
NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf jrefrmjynf\ tajctaeopfudk aumif;pGm
rodojzifh? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk¤if;? z?q?y?vudk¤if; txifrBuD;
ao;ay/ tcsKdUEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;uJhodkY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkvnf;
]0,f} í &vdrfhrnf[k ,lqaeMu[efwlonf/ xdkYjyif NAdwdoQvlrsKd;wdkY\
a&S;qHrIaMumifh ppftawmtwGif; jrefrmjynfolvlxk rnfrQ wdk;wufvm



 

onfudk¤if;? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf acsmhívnf; raysmh? ajcmufívnf;
raMumufwwfaom acgif;aqmifjzpfonfudk¤if; rod&Smay/
xdkYaMumifh NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf ppfNyD;acwf jrefrmjynftwGuf
(White Paper) ac: puúLjzLpmwrf ;udk a&;qGJí ,lvmcJhavonf /
xkdpmwrf;\ oabmrSm 1935-ck jrefrmjynftkyfcsKyfa&; tufOya' yk'fr
139-t& bk&ifcHonf jrefrmjynfudk rdrdwOD;wnf;\ oabmtwdkif;
oHk;ESpfwmrQ tkyfcsKyf&ef jzpfayonf/ xdkumv ukefqHk;aomtcg 91-Xme
acwfyHkpHtwdkif; taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;yNyD;vQif a&G;aumuf
wifajr§mufvdkufaom Oya'jyKvTwfawmfu NAdwdoQ "eo[m,wGif
jrefrmjynf yg0ifEdkifa&;twGuf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' a&;qGJ&ef
jzpfonf/ NAdwdoQtpkd;&\ &nf&G,fcsufonf jrefrmjynfr twGufom
jzpfí awmifwef;a'orsm;udk csefvSyfxm;vdk[ef &Sdonf/
xdkpuúLjzL pmwrf;\ qE´ESihf z?q?y?v\ vkdvm;csufwdkYonf
rdk;ESihfajrBuD;uJhodkY uGmjcm;aeayonf / z?q?y?v\ vdkvm;csufrSm avm
avmq,ftm;jzifh z?q?y?v acgif;aqmifaom ,m,DtrsKd;om;tpdk;&
zGJUpnf;&ef jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf t&G,fa&mufolwdkif; rJqE´ay;Edkifonfh
wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmftwGuf a&G;aumufyGJ usif;yNyD;aemuf awmifwef;
a'orsm;yg yg0ifaom tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif vGwfvyfaom orwEd kifiH
wnfaxmifa&;twGuf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' a&;qGJ&ef jzpfav
onf/
jyefvmaom NAdwdoQbk&ifcH qma':refprpfonf tajymta[m
aumif;aomyk*¾dKvf jzpfonf/ odkYaomfvnf; txuf bdvyftpdk;&u
csrSwfay;aom ]puúLjzLpmwrf;} twdkif; vdkufem aqmif&Gufae&ojzifh
a':refprpfonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk¤if? z?q?y?vudk¤if; odrf;oGif;jcif;
iSm rwwfEdkifacs/ a':refprpfu yk'fr 139-t& rdrdwOD;wnf; oabm



 

twdkif; tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifh &Sdaomfvnf; rdrdtm; tBuHay;&ef tzGJU0if 11-OD;
yg0ifaom trIaqmifaumifpD(0efBuD; tzGJUESihf tvm;wl) udk zGJUpnf;
ygrnf[k¤if;? xdk 11-OD;teuf ppftwGif; rdrdESihftwl tdEd´,jynfodkY vdkuf
ygcJhaom qmay:xGef;? qmxGef;atmifausmfESihf t*Fvdyft&m&SdBuD; ESpfOD;
wdkYrSwyg; usef 7-OD;udk jrefrmEdkifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS a&G;cs,f
cefYxm;ygrnf[k¤if;? xdkyk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf Oya'jyKvTwfawmfrS a&G;aumuf
wifajr§mufaom yk*d¾Kvfrsm; r[kwfao;ojzifh bk&ifcHudk wm0efcHí aqmif
&Guf&efjzpfonf[k¤if; aMunmavonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf z?q?y?v\ tiftm;udk &dyfpm;rdonhf
twdkif; a':refprpfonf z?q?y?vudk rdrd\ trIaqmifaumifpDodkY 0if
a&muf&ef zdwfac:avonf/ xdktcsdeftxd a':refprpfonf AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;udk rsm;pGm txifrBuD;ao;ay/ tcsKdUEkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;
uJhodkY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkvnf; &mxl;ESihf rQm;í &vdrfhrnf[k xifaeay
ao;onf/ rdrd\ *kPfodu©mudk q,fvdkaom EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;BuD;
rsm;uvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ü xifoavmuf aemufvdkufvlxkr&Sd[k
bk&ifcHudk ajymxm;Muavonf/ t*Fvdyft&m&SdBuD; tcsKdUuvnf;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk zrf;xm;vQif ol\MoZmrSm wjznf;jznf; usoGm;
vdrfhrnf[k tpD&ifcHxm;Muavonf/
bk&ifcHa':refprpfu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; &mxl;ESihf rQm;yHkudk
uRefawmf\ ]16-ESpf EdkifiHa&; tawGUtBuHKrsm;} pmtkyfwGif a&;cJhonfh
twdkif; xyfrHazmfjyvdkygonf/
]]1945-ckESpf ppfNyD;p a':refprpf acgif;aqmifaom ppfajy;tpdk;&
Armjynf jyefa&mufvmaomtcg vlxkw&yfvHk;\ axmufcHrI &&Sdaeonfh
z?q?y?vudk NzdKcGJvdkaom oabmjzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; &mxl;jzihf
rQm;ygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; qma':refprpfrSm OD;Ekxuf y&d,m,ft&mwGif



 

uRrf;usif&um; AdkvfcsKyftm; wdkuf½dkufac:rajymbJ wqifhjyefajymrnfh
rdwfaqGwa,muftm; ]usKyf atmifqef;udk tvGefoabmusw,f/ olom
vufcHr,fqdk&if 0efBuD;jzpfap? Adkvfrª;csKyf tqifhtwef;eJY Armhwyf&JU rif;
BuD;csKyfjzpfap cefYbdkY 0efrav;ygbl;} [k ajymvdkufygonf/ xdkowif;
Mum;NyD;aomtcg AdkvfcsKyfu uRefawmfhtm; ]bk&ifcHu uRefawmfhudk b,f
vdk vlpm;rsm; atmufarhaeovJ rodygbl;} [k ajymygonf/
txufu azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ puúLjzL EdkifiHa&;
pDrHudef;udk¤if;? qma':refprpfwdkY\ ppfajy;umv oHk;ESpftwGif; (1942-
45) tdEd´,jynf qifrvmNrKdUwGif a&;qGJcJhonfh ]y½dk*sufrsm;} (Projects)
twdkif; t*Fvdyft&if;&SifBuD;rsm; cs,fvS,fcsifwdkif; cs,fvS,fEdkifrnfh
pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;udk¤if; vufrcHvdkMuaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf z?q?
y?v acgif;aqmifrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;y&d,m,fudkoHk;í bk&ifcH\ zdwf
ac:csufudk vufcH&ef qHk;jzwfMuavonf/ odkYaomfvnf; rdrdwdkY\
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk &rSomvQif trIaqmifaumifpDodkY0if&ef (0g) &mxl;
vufcH&efudkvnf; qHk;jzwfMuavonf/
z?q?y?v\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm
(1) trIaqmifaumifpDwGif usef&Sdaom 7-ae&mpvHk; z?q?y?v tm;
ay;&ef/
(2) z?q?y?v u trnfwifoGif;aom yk*dK¾ vftm;vHk;udk vufcH &ef?
odkYr[kwf tm;vHk;udk vufrcHEdkifvQif rnfolurQ &mxl; udk
vufrcH&ef/
(3) awmif;qdkaomXmersm;teuf txl;ojzifh jynfxJa&;Xmeudk
z?q?y?v tm; ay;&ef/



 

(4) z?q?y?v u trIaqmifaumifpD0ifrsm;(0efBuD;rsm;)tm; rdrd
wdkY\ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESihf ywfoufí z?q?y?v
A[kdOD;pD;tzGJUodkY tpD&ifcHcGifhjyK&efESihf A[kdOD;pD;tzGJU\
nTefMum;csufudk &,lcGifhjyK&ef wdkY jzpfayonf/
þawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk bk&ifcH vufrcHEdkifonfudk z?q?y?v
acgif;aqmifrsm; odygonf/ odkYygvsuf bk&ifcH\ zdwfac:csufudk
jyefMum;jcif;rSm EdkifiHa&; xdk;ppfqifjcif; jzpfayonf/
bk&ifcHu z?q?y?v udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk yk*d¾Kvftaejzifhom
vufcHEdkifrnf/ tcsKdU yk*d¾Kvfrsm;teuf txl;ojzihf udkodef;az(odef;azjzifh)
udk vufcHEdkif/ jynfxJa&;Xmeudkvnf; z?q?y?v udk,pf m;vS,frsm;tm;
ray;Edkif[k jyefMum;avonf/ twdkcsKyfqdk&aomf bk&ifcHonf z?q?y?v
\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk y,fcsvdkufavonf/
þodkYjzifh z?q?y?v tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUonf rdrdwdkY\ urf;
vSrf;csufudk jyefvnf ½kyfodrf;avonf/ bk&ifcHuvnf; qmay:xGef;
BuD;rª;aom ½kyfao;trIaqmifaumifpDudk zGJUpnf;vkdufavonf/
z?q?y?v A[kdOD;pD;tzGJUwGif yg0ifaqmif&GufaeMuaom OD;at;?
OD;btkef;wdkYonf z?q?y?vudk opömazmufí 0efBuD;&mxl;rsm;udk vufcH
vdkufMuonf/ tjcm; A[kdOD;pD;tzGJU0ifwOD;jzpfaom OD;odrf;armifonf
vnf; z?q?y?vudk opömazmufí [dkufukwfw&m;0efBuD;&mxl;udk vufcH
avonf/ xkdEdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;BuD;rsm; opömazmufoGm;Muaomfvnf;
z?q?y?v\ tiftm;onf ,kwfavsmhroGm;bJ ydkrdk wdk;wufíyif vmay
onf/ jynfolvlxkuvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk MunfndKonfxuf
MunfndKvmí ]atmifqef; awmifhxm;} [k a<u;aMumfMuavonf/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 


(16)
z?q?y?v ESihf vlxk

bk&ifcH a':refprpfESihf aqG;aEG;a&; ysufoGm;NyD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef;onf z?q?y?v tif;tm; awmifhwif;onfhxuf awmifhwif;
vmap&ef pnf;½Hk;a&;udk zdudkifavonf/ NAdwdoQvufatmuf Armh
wyfrawmfxJ r0ifvdkaom &Jabmfa[mif;rsm;udk tajccHí ]jynfolY&Jabmf
tzGJU} udk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifavonf/ AdkvfcsKyfudk ,HkMunfav;pm;
MunfndKMuonfhtwdkif; &Jabmfa[mif; r[kwfaom vli,frsm;yif jynfolY
&JabmftzGJUwGif 0ifa&mufaqmif&GufMuavonf/
jynfolY&Jabmfrsm;onf NrKdU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;? vlxkoufom acsmifcsd
a&;rsm;udk aqmif&GufMuí tm;vyfaom tcsdefrsm;wGif ,leDazmif;0wfum
ppfavhusifha&;rsm; jyKvkyfMuavonf/ NAdwdoQtpdk;&u ppfavhusihfa&;
rvkyf&? ,leDazmif; r0wf&[k jynfolY&Jabmfrsm;udk wm;qD;ydwfyif
avonf/ xdkYaMumifh jynfolY&JabmfESihf NAdwdoQtpdk;&t&m&SdBuD;rsm;onf
rMumcP tjiif;yGm;Mu&avonf/
þodkYjzifh NAdwdoQtpdk;&ESihf jynfolvlxk\ y#dyu©onf waeY
wjcm; BuD;xGm;vmavonf/ þy#dyu©onf tif;pdefc½dkif xef;wyifNrKdU
wGif txGwftxdyfodkY a&mufavonf/
1946-ck ZGefv 7-&ufaeYwGif xef;wyifNrKdUe,frS v,form;
rsm;onf NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIudk uefYuGufqE´jyaomtm;jzifh



 

xef;wyifNrKdUtwGif;wGif pDwef;vrf;a&SmufMuavonf/ xef;wyif &JtzGJU
0ifrsm;onf pDwef;vSnfhvnfvmaom v,form;xkBuD;udk aoewfjzifh
ypf&m oHk;a,mufusqHk;í tcsKdU 'Pf&m &Muonf/
usqHk;aom v,form;BuD;rsm;\ psmyewGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
udk,fwdkif wufa&mufí rdefYcGef;ajymcJhavonf/ jynfov
l lxk\ NAdwdoQ
tpdk;& qefYusifa&;pdwf"mwfonfvnf; jyif;xefonfxuf jyif;xefvm
avonf/ xdktcsdefu olykefx&ef AdkvfcsKyfu nTefMum;vQif jynfolvlxk
onf vufvSrf;rSD&mvufeufrsm; pGJudkifí olykefxMurnfom jzpfayonf/
odkYaomfvnf; txufwGif a&;cJhonfhtwdkif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
onf rnfonhftcgrS rdkuf½l;&J rvkyf/ tajctaeudk rSefuefpGm oHk;oyfNyDrS
vkyfavh&Sdonhftwdkif; olykefx&ef rnTefMum;cJhay/
]EIdif;EdIif;csdefcsdef okcrdef} qdkouJhodkY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
jyóemw&yf udk av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;NyD;rSomvQif qHk;jzwfavh &Sday
onf/ wcgu uRefawmfhtm; ]EkdifiHa&;rSm apmifhEdkifwJh owdå&Sd&w,f} [k
ajymbl;ygonf/
EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;[lonf vlxktajccH&SdrS atmifjrifEdkifonfudk
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; aumif;pGmodayonf/ 1945-ckrSpí usqHk;onfhaeY
txd AdkvfcsKyftem;wGif tNrJ&Sdaom &efukefc½dkif z?q?y?v pnf;½Hk;a&;rª;
a[mif; ocifxGef;wif\ atmufygaqmif;yg;udk zwfvQif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;onf vlxkpnf;½Hk;a&;udk rnfrQwefbdk;xm;onfudk odEdkif
ayonf/
]]1945-ckESpf *syefvufeufrcscif ZGefvavmuf jzpfygvdrfhrnf/
e,frS uRefawmf &efukefokdYta&mufvmcJhygonf/ udk,fhrif;ukd,fhcsif;vrf;?
jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyf XmecsKyfrSm ocifcspfESihf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
wkdYudk awGU&ygonf/ uRefawmfhudk vkdovdk ckdif;yg? ydkYcsifwJhae&mudk



 

ydkYygvdkY ajymygonf/ xdktcsdefrSm jrpfusKd;ESihf ppfawmif;bufrSm *syefESihf
uRefawmfwdkYArmwyfrsm; wdkufae&qJtcsdef jzpfygonf/ uRefawmfu
'Dae&mawGudk vTwfapcsifwJhqE´eJY ajymwmygbJ/ AdkvfcsKyfu uRefawmhfudk
csufcsif; jyefajymwmuawmh 'DrSm(qdkvdkwmu &efukefrSm) vlxkudk
pnf;½Hk;bdkY vdkaew,f/

AdkvfcsKyf \ vlxkpnf;½Hk;a&;
'geJYbJ uRefawmfvJ &efukef vlxkpnf;½Hk;a&;vkyfief;udk ocifcspf
\ tultnDjzifh tjyif;txef vkyf&ygw,f/ tJ'Dtcsdefu &efukefrSm
vlOD;a& eJygao;w,f/ r[mrdwf ppftkyfcsKyfa&;uvnf; csKyfudkifxm;
w,f/ vrf;ay:rSm vloHk;a,mufavmufyif pkNyD;pum;rajym&? wm;jrpf
xm;wJhtcsdef jzpfaew,f/ 'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkYu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk
axmufcHwJh vlaetdrfrsm;rSm twGif;Budwf aqG;aEG;NyD; pnf;½Hk;MuwmygbJ/
tJ'DtcsdefrSm &efukefvlxku NrKdUjyifbuf usKduúqHESifh wdk;aMumifuav;&Gm
rSmtawmfrsm;rsm;&Sdawmh vlxkpnf;½Hk;a&;udk ¤if;&Gmrsm;txd vkyf&ygw,f/
&efukefudk (ume,f&if;epf) utkyfcsKyfygw,f/ ¤if;\ tkyfcsKyfa&;½Hk;u
tvHjybk&m;vrf; {&m0wD csefrm&D taqmuftODwckrSm &Sdygw,f/



 

¤if;½Hk;\ tpDtpOfaMumifh vlxkudk epfemapwJh udpörsm; ay:ayguf&if
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u csufcsif; uRefawmfwdkYudkvTwfí uefYuGufapNyD;
vlxkudk umuG,fay;apygw,f/
1945-ckESpf Mo*kwfvrSm *syef vufeufcsygw,f/ tcGifhaumif;
&vQif&csif;qdkovdkbJ A[ef;aeol&def½HkBuD;rSm vlxktpnf;ta0;yGJBuD;udk
vkyfapw,f/ vlrsm;atmifvkyfzdkY odyfNyD;ta&;BuD;w,fqdkawmh vlxk
vIHYaqmfa&;pmwef;udk jzefYcsD&ygw,f/ ¤if;pmwef;\ acgif;pOfuawmh
(ppfBuD;um; NyD;avNyD/ igwdkYta&; todkYenf;) vdkY tpcsDxm;ygw,f/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uawmh olvkyfr,fh vkyfief;wdkif; vlxkqE´eJY
vlxkudk,fwdkif yg0ifapwJh vkyfenf;ygbJ/ 'gaMumifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
[m jynfolvlxkudk tawmf tajccHtm;udk;wJhpdwf &Sdw,fvdkY ol aoqHk;
NyD;wJhaemuf ,cktcgrSm omí uRefawmf oabmaygufem;vnfvmw,f/
1945-ckESpf ukefcgeD;eJY 1946-ckESpfrsm;ü AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m ¤if;xuf
ppftiftm;BuD;rm;wJh NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;udk vlxkqE´jyyGJrsm;jzifh wdkufyGJ
qifcJhw,fvdkY qdk&rSmbJ/
t&yfom;? trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;? vlBuD;? vli,f? ausmif;om;?
tvkyform;? aps;onf ponfwdkYudk pkpnf;acgif;aqmifvsuf vlxkqE´jyyGJ
eJY vlxkwdkufyGJBuD;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifwJhtcgrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m
tvGef yg;eyfvdrfrmNyD; tpOfowdjzifh vkyfaqmifwwfygw,f/ olvkyfcsif
onfhtvkyfudk vkyf&vQifNyD;a&mqdkNyD; vlxkudk "m;pmcHcdkif;wJh tvkyfudk
vnf;rvkyf/ vlxkudk olYae&mESihfol xdkufwefovdk csdefqNyD; acgif;aqmif
oGm;wwfwJh t&nftcsif;rsKd; &Sdw,f/ tvkyform;? v,f orm;? ypönf;rJh
qif;&Jom;vlwef;pm;wkdY\ ta&;udk b,fawmhrS aoGzDrnfh vlrsKd; r[kwf
aMumif;/ ArmESihf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkjzpfaom u&if? &Srf;? ucsif? u,m;
wdkY aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;udk tNrJwrf; ol BuKd;yrf;vdkjcif;ESihf Armwdkif;&if;



 

om;rsm;ESihf tdEd´,? w½kyf qif;&Jom; aoG;pnf;nDnGwaf &;udkvnf; ol
tvkd&SdaMumif; 1946ckESpf Mo*kwfvtwGif;rSm jyKvkyfcJhwJh vlxkqE´jyyGJ
wckESihf ywfoufí uRefawmhfxH ay;ydkYonfh oludk,fwdkif vufa&;jzifh
a&;xm;aom nTefMum;pmudk ,ck yl;wGJwifjyvdkufygw,f/ uRefawmf
rSwfrdorQ tJ'DtcsdefrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmifonhfvlxkESihf
bk&ifcH qma':refprpftpdk;&[m awhawhqdkifqdkif EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJ qifae
wJh tcsdef jzpfygw,f/ tif'dkcsKdif;em;? AD,uferf? tif'dkae&Sm; tp&SdwJh
EdkifiHrsm;üvnf; vGwfvyfa&; wdkufyGJawG jzpfay:aewJh tcsdefvnf; jzpfyg
w,f/ tdEd´,ESihf w½kyfjynfBuD;rSmvnf; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;ESihf tar&d
uefe,fcsJUorm;? Oa&my t&if;&SifBuD;rsm; cs,fvS,f pdk;rdk;aewJhtcsdef
jzpfygao;w,f/ ,ck uRefawmfwifjyvdkwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk,fwdkif
vufa&;jzifh a&;om;onfh nTefMum;csufpmwef;udk zwfMunhfMuNyD;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; qE´ESihf ol\ EdkifiHa&; oabmxm;udk cefYrSef;EdkifMu
vdrhfrnf[k uRefawmf xifygw,f/
ArmESihf wdkif;&if;om;rsm; aoG;pnf;MubdkYqdkwJh udpöudk AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;[m tvGefta&;xm;ygw,f/ uRefawmf rSwfrdygao;onf/
*syefvufeufcsNyD;aemuf &efukefudk jyefa&mufvmMuwJh t*FvdyfrsufESmjzL
t&m&SdBuD;awG[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJY ¤if;\ EdkifiHa&;tzGJUjzpfwJh jynfolY
vGwfvyfa&;tzGJUBuD;udk ysufpD;wdrfjrKyfoGm;atmif tEkenf;a&m tMurf;
enf;eJYyg trsKd;rsKd; vkyfBuHaewJhtcsdef jzpfygw,f/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ aemufvdkufjzpfwJh EkdifiHa&;orm;awGudk
NrKdUe,fae&m tESHYtjym;rSm zrf;qD;jcif;? ESdyfpufjcif; trsKd;rsKd;jzihf EdkifiHa&;
pdwf usqif;atmif vkyfNyD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkawmh EdkifiHa&;u xGufNyD;
vcrsm;rsm;&rnfh &mxl;BuD;wckudk,lbdkY NAdwdoQt&m&SdBuD;rsm;u wdkuf
wGef;aewJhtcsdefvnf; jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DvdktcsdefrsKd;rSm u&ifeDe,f(,ck
u,m;jynfe,f)u u&ifeD vlxkacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfMuwJh OD;pdef?



 

odkif;A[efeJY e,fpm; NrKdUpm; vli,fvl&G,f apmfbGm;uav;rsm;[m NAdwdoQ
t&m&Sdrsm; wm;jrpfxm;MuwJh Mum;xJu uRefawmfwdkY\ acgif;aqmifBuD;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJY awGUqHk&ef vma&mufMuygw,f/
twdkcsKyf a&;ygrnf/ uRefawmfwdkY jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJU
XmecsKyfu u&ifeDacgif;aqmifrsm;udk &efukef bk&m;vrf;? qef;uzD;rSm
eHeufpm xrif;pm;yGJjzifh {nfhcHjyKpkygw,f/ u&ifeDvlxkuvnf; *syefudk
awmfvSef wdkufcdkufcJhaMumif; od&ygw,f/ u&ifeDacgif;aqmifrsm;u
t*FvdyfvufatmufrSm olwdkY raevdkaMumif;? u&ifeDe,frSm&Sdaom ow¬K
wGif;rsm;udk t*FvdyfukrÜPDBuD;u rw&m;tydkifpD;xm;NyD; trsm;qHk; tusKd;
pD;yGm;udk vuf0g;BuD;tkyfxm;jcif;udk olwdkY rcHEdkifaMumif;? jrefrmtrsKd;om;
acgif;aqmifBuD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;taMumif; owif;Mum;&wm tvGef
0rf;om tm;wufp&maumif;í vludk,fwdkif awGU&atmif t*Fvdyf t&m&Sd
BuD;wOD; twif;wm;jrpfonfhMum;rSyif vma&mufawGUqHkaMumif; xrif;
pm;yGJrSm ajymifajymifyif zGihfajymMuygw,f/
u&ifeDacgif;aqmifrsm;udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u jyefajymwmudk
twdkcsKyf uRefawmfa&;r,fqdk&if ]uRefawmfwkdYuawmh(AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;)
vGwfvyfa&;udk r& &atmif vkyfrSmbJ/ vGwfvyfa&;&bdkY taMumif;awG
uvnf; &Sdw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY ArmjynfrBuD;u vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;awmh
cifAsm;wdkY awmifwef;a'oeJY jynfe,fawG vGwfvyfa&; r&bJ usefae&if
cifAsm;wdkYe,fxJrSm t*Fvdyfu tajrmufBuD;awG vmNyD;axmifae&if
uRefawmfwdkY&wJh vGwfvyfa&;[m tvum;jzpfrSmbJ/ 'ghaMumifh uRefawmf
wdkYuawmh cifAsm;wdkY awmifwef;a'o jynfe,fom;awGEiS hf odyfNyD; aygif;
csifwmyg/ cifAsm;wdkYqDu bm&atmif? nm&atmifqdkNyD; uRefawmfwdkY
tusKd;twGuf cifAsm;wdkYudk aygif;csifwm r[kwfygbl;/ uRefawmfwdkY &wJh
vGwfvyfa&; toHk;rus jzpfoGm;rSm pdk;vdkYyg/ cifAsm;wdkYeJY odyfNyD;
aygif;csifwmu 'DtaMumif;aMumifhom jzpfygw,f/ cifAsm;wdkYu uRefawmf



 

wdkYudk rcspfcsifawmifrS twif;bJ cspfrSmygbJ/ cifAsm;wdkYudk uRefawmfwdkY
twif;bJ(eom;bm;,m;) &rSmbJ} [k &,fjyHK;jyHK;BuD;ESihf ajymNyD;
ukvm;xdkifay:odkY xdkifcsvdkufygonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ tydkryg ½dk;½dk;BuD; 'Jh'dk;ajymcsvdkufwmudk
u&ifeDacgif;aqmifrsm; awmfawmfoabmusMuygonf/ olwdkY\ rsufESm
rsm;rSm odyfNyD; &Tifvef;vmMuygonf/ uGJuGmaeaom nDtpfudkcsif;
jyefawGU&onfhtcg tvGeftrif; 0rf;omovdk 0rf;omMuonfh rsufESmrsm;
udk uRefawmf jrif&ygonf/}}
txufyg ocifxGef;wif\ aqmif;ygt& AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
onf rnfrQ tjrifus,fonf rnfrQ ½dk;om;yGifhvif;onfwdkYudk odEdkifyg
onf/
z?q?y?v XmecsKyfudk pepfwuszGJUpnf;NyD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;onf jrefrmjynft&yf&yfudk vSnfhywfum e,fvlxkudk pnf;½Hk;
avonf/ NrKdUydkif½Hk;pdkuf&m NrKdUuav;rsm;rStp NrKdUBuD;rsm;txd AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef; udk,fwdkif oGm;a&muf a[majymcJhavonf/ a&mufav&m
t&yf&yfrS vlxkonf AdkvfcsKyf\ a[majymcsufudk t<uif;rJh vufcHMu
avonf/
xdktcsdefu z?q?y?vonf vlxk? vlxkonf z?q?y?v jzpfae
avonf/ z?q?y?vonf tpdk;&tmPmr&ao;aomfvnf; tpdk;&xuf
ydkí MoZm BuD;rm;avonf/ vlxkonf tao;tzGJ udpörsm;rSpí jyóem
t&yf&yfudk z?q?y?v ½Hk;odkYom wifjyavonf/ z?q?y?v\ tqHk;
tjzwfudkom cH,lMuavonf/ þrQyif z?q?q?v\ MoZmonf BuD;rm;
cJhayonf/
z?q?y?v MoZmBuD;rm;vmonfESihftrQ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\
wm0efonfvnf; BuD;rm;vmavonf/ olonf tpm;udkvnf; *½krpdkuf/



 

ttdyfudkvnf; *½krpdkuf/ vlxkpnf;½Hk;a&; wckwnf;udkom tm½HkpdkufcJh
avonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif tpmrausonhf a&m*ga0'emudk rMumcP cHpm;
&avonf/
1947-ck? Zlvdkifv 29-&ufaeY wdkif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmfwGif
]aMuuGJ0rf;enf;aMumif;} tqdkudk axmufcH&if; uG,fveG fol uGefjrLepf
trwf ocifoef;azu AdkvfcsKyf tpm;taomuf *½krpdkufyHkwdkYudk atmuf
ygtwdkif; xnfhoGif;ajymMum;oGm;ygonf/
]]ZGefv 25-&ufaeYnu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJYawGUw,f/ yxr
½Hk;rSm oGm;awGUygw,f/ r&SdwmeJY tdrfrSm oGm;awGUwJhtcg nae 6-em&DcGJ
uaeNyD; n 11-em&D 25rdepftxd 5-em&Dausmf uRefawmfwdkY aqG;aEG;Mu
ygw,f/ n 11-em&D 45rdepfusrS aqG;aEG;aewkef; olYZeD;u twif;
xrif;xm;bdkYvmac:vdkY aqG;aEG;yGJ &yfcJhygw,f/}}
1946-ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 20-&ufaeYwGif a&Twd*Hktv,fypö,Hü
EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m z?q?y?v nDvmcHudk usif;ycJhMuavonf/ xdknDvmcHwGif
te,fe,frS udk,fpm;vS,faygif; 1300-ausmfESihf vlxk wodef;ausmf
wufa&mufí wdkif;jynftwGuf ta&;BuD;aom tqdkrsm;udk wifoGif;
qHk;jzwfMuavonf/ xdknDvmcHu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk z?q?y?v OuúX
tjzpf wnDwnGwfwnf; wifajr§mufMuavonf/
xdknDvmcHwGif >rufMum;onfh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ rdefYcGef;udk
zwfvQif ol\ EdkifiHa&; t,ltqudk oHk;oyfEdkifayonf/ olYwGif ol&J
aumif;qHvdkpdwfr&Sd/ vlxkudk ,HkMunfonf/ vlxk\ ulnD,dkif;yif;rI ryg
0ifvQif vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ ratmifjrifEkdif[k aumif;pGm oabmayguf
onf/ EdkifiHa&;onf rnpfywf/ EdkifiHa&;orm; tcsKdUom npfywfonf[k
¤if;? EdkifiHa&;ESihf bmoma&; a&maxG;rIudk vufrcH/ EdkifiHa&;onf avmuD



 

a&;jzpfí bmoma&;onf avmukwå&ma&;jzpfonf[¤k if; aumif;pGm
oabmaygufonf/ « rdefYcGef;tjynhftpHkudk aemufqufwGJ i-wGif zwfyg»
EdkifiHa&;ESihf ywfoufí AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ oabmxm;udk
(9?6?62) aeYxkwf aMu;rHkowif;pmwGif ygaom ocifwifarmif(usKHrai;)
\ aqmif;yg;wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ « aemufqufwGJ p-udk zwfyg»
z?q?y?v\ MoZmBuD;rm;vmonfESihftrQ NAdwdoQt&m&SdBuD;rsm;
ESihf EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;BuD;rsm;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk tjyKwfjzKwf
&ef pdkif;jyif;vmMuavonf/ EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;BuD;rsm;onf vlxkESihf
uif;uGmaeolrsm; jzpf&m? rormaomenf;udkoHk;í AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk
vlxkacgif;aqmifb0rS jzKwfcs&ef BuKd;yrf;Muavonf/ xdkolwdkY\
BuKd;yrf;yHkrSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfavonf/
ppfwGif;umv(1942-ck) bD?tdkif?at wyfrawmf jrefrmjynfwGif;
odkY 0ifvmpOf oxHkc½dkif &Gmw&GmrS ukvm;vlrsKd; olBuD;udk NAdwdoQtwGuf
olvQKdvkyfrIjzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; obmywdtjzpf aqmif&Gufaom ppfcHk
½Hk;wGif ppfaq;í ao'Pf tjypfay;cJhonf/ xdkolBuD;udk AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef; udk,fwdkif uGyfrsufcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk
vlowfrIjzifh ta&;,l zrf;qD;oifhonf[k bk&ifcHcefY trwf 35-a,muf
yg0ifaom Oya'jyK vTwfawmfwGif ajymqdk pGyfpGJMuavonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; vlowfrIjzifh BuKd;ay;cH&vQif ol\ ae&mudk
rdrdwdkY ,lEdkifMuvdrfhrnf[k EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;BuD;rsm;u ,lqMu[ef
wlayonf/ odkYaomfvnf; vlxku olwdkYudkomvQif tMunfndK rJhonf
xuf rJhvmí AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ydkí MunfndKvmMuavonf/
xdkpGyfpGJcsufudk Mum;&NyD;aemuf bk&ifcH a':refprpfonf AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;udk ac:í pHkprf;ar;jref;avonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
tjzpftysuf trSefudk ruG,fr0Sufajymjyí xkdudpt ö wGuf rdrd vHk;0



 

wm0ef,lonf[k bk&ifcHtm; ajymvdkufavonf/ xdktcg bk&ifcH qma':
refprpfonf ] AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ ESvHk;&nfudk rcsD;usL;bJ raeEdkif} [k
rSwfwrf; wifcJhavonf/ (Maurice Collis a&; Last and First in
Burma pmtkyfrS aumufEk wfcsuf)

txufyg aumufEkwfcsuft& AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wGif vuf½Hk;

&nfomru ESvHk;&nfyg &SdonfrSm xif&Sm;ayonf/
t&m&Sdqdk;rsm;ESihf odu©musaeNyDjzpfaom EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;BuD;
rsm;u rnfrQyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk rormaomenf;jzifh jzKwfcs&ef BuH
Muaomfvnf; bdvyf&Sd NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf vlxt k oJpGJ AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;udk rzrf;&JMuay/ zrf;qD;&ef trdefYay;NyD;rS xdktrdefYudk jyefvnf
½kyfodrf;Mu&avonf /
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf z?q?y?v\ *kPfodu©monf ,cifu
xufyif ydkí BuD;rm;vmavonf/ z?q?y?v\ acgif;aqmifrIatmufwGif
tpdk;&trIxrf;rsm;tygt0if jynfolw&yfvHk;onf pnf;vHk;nDnGwf vm
onf/ xdkYaemuf e,fcsJUorm;udk tvJxdk;í jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;udk t&,l
&ef wmplvmavonf/
1946-ck pufwifbmv 5-&ufaeYü jrefrmhordkif;wGif rawGUbl;
rBuHKbl; rMum;bl;aom ykvdyfoydwf jzpfay:cJhonf/ NAdwo d Q &mZ0ifq&m
rsm;u ykvdyfoydwf jzpf&jcif;rSm vpmwdk;wufray;rIaMumifh jzpfonf[k
taMumif;jyMuavonf/ trSefrSm ykvdyftzGJU0ifrsm;tay:wGif jynfolvlxk
\ vGwfvyfa&; wkdufyGJta&mif [yfvmrIaMumifh ykvdyfoydwf ay:vmjcif;
jzpfonf/ ]ykvdyfta&; csufcsif;ay;? puúLjzL tvdkr&Sd? vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;
csufcsif;ay;} paom a<u;aMumfoHrsm;udk axmufjcif;tm;jzifh ykvdyfoydwf
\ tajccHonf pD;yGm;a&;aMumifh r[kwfbJ EdkifiHa&;aMumifh jzpfonfudk
odEdkifayonf/



 

ykvdyfoydwf jzpfay:NyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrD pma&;oydwf? rD;&xm;
oydwf? pmwdkufoydwf ponfjzifh tjcm;tpdk;&Xmersm;rS trIxrf;rsm;onf
vnf; oydwfarSmufMuavonf/
xdkodkY ykvdyftzGJU0ifrsm;ESihf tjcm; tpkd;&trIxrf;rsm; oydwf
arSmufMuojzifh tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&; ,EÅ&m;onf &yfqdkif;oGm;avonf/
bk&ifcH qma':refprpf ae&mwGif a&mufvmaom bk&ifcHtopf
qm[l;bwf&efYpf (Sir Hubert Rance) onf qmay:xGef;wdkYvlpkudk
&mxl;rS jzKwfí AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmifaom z?q?y?v tm;
tpdk;&tzGJUukd xdk;tyf&avonf/
«rSwfcsuf/ /ykvdyfoydwfESihf tjcm; tpdk;&trIxrf;aygif;pHk rsm;\
oydwfonf z?q?y?v tmPm&vm&jcif;\ taMumif;wck jzpf
aomfvnf; t"du taMumif;&if;um; r[kwfay/ z?q?y?v\ jynfol
vlxk w&yfvHk;udk pnf;½Hk;Edkifjcif;omvQif t"du taMumif;&if; jzpfay
onf/ xdkoydwfrsm; rjzpfay:rDuyifvQif NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf z?q?y?v
\ yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIudk r&ygu rjzpfEdkifawmhonfudk oabmayguf
onfhtwdkif; 1946-ck ZGefvwGif bk&ifcH qma':refprpfudk aqG;aEG;&ef
twGuf bdvyfodkY jyefac:cJhavonf/ bdvyftpdk;& 0efBuD;csKyf tufwvD
(Clement Richard Attlee) onf ta&SUtm&Sawmifydkif;qdkif&m aoemy
wdcsKyf avmh'f armihfbufwefESihfwdkifyifí qma':refprpfudk EkwfxGufap
&efESifh ppfNyD;acwfOD;wGif jrefrmjynfü trIxrf;bl;aom NrKdUjytkyfcsKyfa&;
t&m&SdcsKyfa[mif; AdkvfcsKyf [l;bwf&efYpfudk bk&ifcHcefY&ef qHk;jzwfNyD; jzpf
avonf/ ]puúLjzLpmwrf;} udk w&m;0if r½kyfodrf;aomfvnf; ab;csdwf
xm;vsuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ yl;aygif; aqmif&Gurf Iudk t&,l&ef
[l;bwf&efYpf tm; nTefMum;xm;NyD; jzpfavonf/»
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 


(17)
AdkvfcsKyftpdk;&ESihfpnf;½Hk;a&;

1946-ck? pufwifbmv 27-&ufaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u

acgif;aqmifí tpdk;&tzGJUopfudk zGJUonf/ tpdk;&tzGJU0if trsm;pkonf
z?q?y?v udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpfí useftzGJU0ifrsm;rSm OD;apm? ocifApdef?
qmarmifBuD;? apmbOD;BuD; wkdYjzpfMuonf/
Oya'oabmtm;jzifh ]puúLjzLpmwrf;} wGif aMunmxm;onfh
twdkif; 1935-ck jrefrmjynftufOya'yk'fr 139 onf wnf&Sdaeayao;
onf/ xdkyk'frt& jrefrmjynfudk bk&ifcHwOD;wnf;\ oabmtwdkif;
tkyfcsKyf&ef jzpfí trIaqmifaumifpDonf bk&ifcHudk tBuHay;&efom
jzpfonf/
odkYaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY &mxl;vufcHMuaomtcg
bk&ifcHonf trIaqmifaumifpD\ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufí rpGuf
zufawmhacs/ trIaqmifaumifpDonf 'dkrDeD,ef EdkifiHrsm;wGif&Sdaom
]uJbDeuf} (0efBuD;tzGJU) uJhodkY vGwfvyfpGm aqmif&GufEdkifavonf/ Oya'
oabmt& bk&ifcHonf trIaqmifaumifpD\ obmywdjzpfí AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;onf 'kwd,obmywd jzpfonf/ odkYaomfvnf; vufawGUwGif
um; bk&ifcHonf trIaqmifaumifpD tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk rwufa&muf
awmhbJ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uomvQif obmywdtjzpf aqmif&Guf&av
onf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf 'kdrDeD,efEdkifiHrsm;&Sd



 

0efBuD;csKyfuJhokdY jzpfvmavonf/ a&S;,cifu jrefrmrsm; rudkif&onfh
umuG,fa&;XmeESihf EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xmersm;udkvnf; AdkvfcsKyf udkif&avonf/
tpdk;&opf zGJUNyD;onfhaemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf avmavm
q,f jyóemjzpfaom oydwfudpörsm;ESihf tjcm;jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ae&
ojzifh em;&onf r&Sday/ tpdk;& jzpfvmaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfonf om,mrI
r&Sday/ tpdk;&vkyfae&onfudkyif auseyfESpfouf[ef rwlacs/ ocifb0
rSpí olESihf cifrif&if;ESD;cJhaom udktkef;jrifh(ausmfvif;pmay)u aqmif;yg;
wapmifwGif atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;avonf/
]]uRefawmf &efukefudk jyefa&mufvmaomtcgüum; olYrSm aeY
rtm; nrtm; tvkyfvkyfae&ojzifh at;at;vlvl &,f&Tef;ywf&Tef; aecGifh
r&cJhay/ odkYaomf z?q?y?v tpdk;&tzGJU pí½Hk;xdkifonfhnaewGif twGif;
0efrsm;½Hk; avScg;tqif;ü olESihf AdkvfxGef;vSudk awGU&m ]tpdk;& vkyf&wm
redyfygbl;uGm tkef;jrifh&m} [k nnf;nnf;nLnL ½IHUrJhumajymí um;ay:
wufoGm;onfudk ,ckwdkif Mum;a,mif jrifa,mifvsuf &Sdawmhonf/
bdvyfrS jyefvmMuNyD; wn olYtdrfwGif owif;pmq&mrsm;udk
zdwfac:í &Sif;vif;ajymjyavonf/ &Sif;jyBuNyD;aemuf toD;oD;xí
jyefMupOf uRefawmfhteD;odkY uyfvmNyD; ]a[haumif? rif;u bmem;vnfvdkY
owif;pmxJrSm awma&; awmifa&;eJY xnfh&wmvJ} [k rsufESmxm;eJY
ajymajymqdkqdk olYvufxJ&Sd vef'efwdkif;owif;pmacgufeJY ½dkufavawmh&m
teD;&Sd yk*dK¾ vfrsm;u tHhtm;oifhaeMu\/ aemufrS ]acG;rom;? rif; waeY
vmcJhtHk;? [J[J} [k &,farmawmhrS tm;vHk; Muufao aoae&mrS 0dkif;í
&,fEdkifMuawmhonf/ ocifatmifqef;um; 0efBuD;jzpfvdkYvJ [efrBuD;?
pwdkifrvkyf/ olYoabm½dk;twdkif; ajymaeqdkaequfqHaeus twdkif;yif/}}
rsm;pGmaom EdkifiHa&;orm;wdkYonf tmPm&a&;(0g)tpdk;&jzpfa&;
udk rdrdwdkY\ yef;wdkiftjzpf owfrSwfMuavonf/ xdkEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;



 

onf tpdk;&jzpfavmaomtcg rdrd\tpdk;&b0udk om,mvmMuavonf/
b0ifjrihfvmí atmufajcvGwfoGm;wwfMuonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
rlum; tpdk;&jzpfa&;udk t"durxm;/ wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;udkom t"du
xm;oljzpfojzifh tpdk;&jzpfvmaomfvnf; pdwfaysmf&TifrI r&Sday/ vGwfvyf
a&;yef;wdkiftxd csDwufa&;onf vG,fulaom vkyfief;r[kwfonfudk
aumif;pGm odonhftwdkif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tzdkY raysmfydkufEdkifonfrSm
tHhMop&m r&Sday/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ tcuftcJrsm;rSm renf;vSyg/ NAdwdoQ
e,fcsJUorm;onf tajctaet& rvTJra&Smifomojzifh z?q?y?v tm;
tpdk;&zGJUpnf;cGifhay;vkduf&aomfvnf; jynfwGif;opömazmufrsm;ESihfyl;aygif;
í trsKd;rsKd; ajcxdk;cJhMuavonf/ rvTJra&Smifomí jrefrmjynfrtm;
vGwfvyfa&; ay;&aomfrS awmifwef;a'orsm;udk csefvSyfxm;Edkif&ef enf;
rsKd;pHkjzifh BuKd;pm;cJhavonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf wzufrS NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;wdkY\ ajc
xdk;rIudk cH&ouJhodkY tjcm;wzufrSvnf; z?q?y?v\ r@Kdifwck jzpf
cJhaom ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD\ vuf0J*dkPf;*PESihf &ifqdkif&avonf/
z?q?y?v tpdk;&jzpfNyD;í wvrQ rMumao;rDyif uGefjrLepfygwDonf
trsKd;om;wyfaygif;pkjzpfaom z?q?y?v ESihf vrf;cGJavawmhonf/ xdkYjyif
tcsKdUtrIxrf; oydwfacgif;aqmifrsm;onfvnf; b0ifjrifhoGm;um odu©m
csír&awmhbJ z?q?y?v udk twdkuftcHvkyfvmMuavonf/ xdkodkYaom
tajctaersKd;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; r[kwfbJ tjcm;acgif;aqmif
wOD;omqdkygvQif z?q?y?vudk r,drf;r,dkif xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&ef rsm;pGm
cJ,Of;ayvdrfhrnf/
tcuftcJtrsKd;rsKd;udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ausmfvTm;EdkifonfrSm
jynfolvlxk\ pdwfa&m udk,fyg axmufcHrIudk &aomaMumifh jzpfayonf/



 

AdkvfcsKyfudk jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;u rnfrQ MunfndKonfudk ]igwdkY AdkvfcsKyf
bmawG vkyfcJhovJ} pmtkyfwGif OD;ykuav;u atmufygtwdkif; a&;cJh
ygonf/
]]Armjynf t*Fvdyfvufatmuf a&mufNyD;onfhaemuf AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;avmuf vlxktMunfndK cH&qHk;aom EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifBuD;
rsKd; r&Sdbl;ao;acs/ a&mufav&m NrKdUwdkif;&Gmwdkif;wdkYü vlxk 0dkif;tHk wdk;a0SY
Munfh½Iavh&SdonfhtwGuf pdwfysufp&m aumif;avmufatmif jzpf&onf/
t,kwfqHk; AdkvfcsKyf tdrfomoGm;onfudkyif 0dkif;vdkufí Munhfojzifh ]odyf
*GuswmbJ} [k AdkvfcsKyfnnf;nLao;\/
NrKdUaygif;rsm;pGmrSmyif w&m;a[mítNyD; wnf;cdk&mtdrfodkYjyef&mü
vlxkBuD;u aemufrS vdkufvmBuNyD;vQif AdkvfcsKyfudk apmifhí Munhfavh &Sd
Mu\/ ysOf;rem;NrKdUwGif ausmif;wdkuftwGif; vlxkw&m;yGJBuD; NyD;onfh
aemuf qdk&S,fvpfygwD vzuf&nfyGJusif;yonfhae&m wdkufodkY acwå
0ifa&muf&m vlxkBuD;onf aemufrS vdkufvH 0dkif;tHkvmMuNyD;vQif
]AdkvfcsKyfudk Munhfyg&ap} [k tjyifrS [pfatmfaeMu\/ awmif;yef
aomfvnf; r&ojziffh AdkvfcsKyfonf wdkuftjyifzufodkY oHk;rdepfrQ xGufí
&yfjyNyD;vQif ]udkif;? awmfa&mhaygh} qdkí um;ay:odkY wufvdkufaomtcg
]AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; atmifygap} [k [pfatmfa<u;aMumfMuNyD; MobmBuD;
ay;Mu\/
xl;jcm;yHkw&yfrSmvnf; AdkvfcsKyfudkawGUvdk jrifvdktm;BuD;ESihf olY
xufig wdk;umMunhfí jrif&aomfvnf; þae&mü Munhf&í rauseyfao;
bJ tjcm;wae&modkYvnf; vdkufí MunhfMuav\/ acwårQ Munhfívnf;
tm;r&/ rifwufrdaeonhfyrm pdrf;í MunhfaeMuolwdkYrSmvnf; 'keJYa';/
tcsKdUvnf; AdkvfcsKyf\udk,fudk prf;oyfMunhfvdkonfhyrm tem;odkY twif;
wdk;uyfonfudk tBudrfBudrf umuG,f&ao;\/}}



 

tpdk;&jzpfvmaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf tpdk;& vkyfief;
twGufxuf z?q?y?v vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tcsdefydkí oHk;avonf/
z?q?y?v vkyfief;rsm; atmifjrifrSomvQif &nfrSef;xm;aom vGwfvyfa&;
atmifyef; qGwfcl;Edkifrnfudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; aumif;pGm oabmayguf
avonf/
1946-ck? pufwifbmv 29-&ufaeYwGif rlvu pDpOfxm;onfh
twkdif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf z?q?y?v 0efBuD;rsm; acgif;aqmifum
puúLjzLpmwef; uefYuGufonfh pDwef;vSnhfvnfyGJudk &efukefNrKdUwGif
usif;yavonf/ e,ftoD;oD;wGifvnf; z?q?y?v u BuD;rª;usif;yMu
avonf/ NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ pDrHudef;udk tpdk;&tzGJU0if0efBuD;rsm; OD;aqmif
vsuf uefYuGufyGJ usif;yjcif;onf þtBudrfum; yxrqHk;ESihf aemufqHk;
tBudrf jzpfavonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ wm0efum; BuD;rm;vSayonf/ NAdwdoQ
e,fcsJUorm;onf jrefrmjynftm; rvGJraoG vGwfvyfa&; ay;&awmhrnf
udk &dyfpm;rdonfhtwdkif; awmifwef;a'orsm;udk csefvSyfxm;Edkif&ef
trsKd;rsKd; BuKd;pm;cJhavonf/ pwDAifqif qdkoltm; e,fjcm;a'oqdkif&m
nTefMum;a&;0efcefYí jrefrmrsm;ESihf &Srf;? ucsif? csif; ponfh wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;pkrsm; aoG;uGJatmif ajcxdk;apcJhavonf/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm; xdkodkY pDpOfonfrSm tHhMop&m r[kwfay/
e,fcsJUorm;wdkY\ aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfa&; ay:vpDtwdkif; aqmif&Gufjcif;rQom
jzpfonf/
1944-ck r[mrdwfwyfrsm; jrefrmjynfodkY jyefvnf odr;f ydkufEdkif
awmhrnhf[k ,HkMunfuwnf;u bdvyftpdk;&\ jrefrmjynfqdkif&m twGif;
0ef atrm&Du ]jrefrmjynfudk jyefvnf odrf;ydkufNyD;aemuf vGwfvyfa&;
ay;&aom tajctaeodkY a&mufaomfvnf; NAdwdoQtifyg,m\ pD;yGm;a&;



 

bufrS Munfhonfjzpfap? umuG,fa&;bufrS Munhfonfjzpfap awmif
wef;e,fa'oudk NAdwdoQvufatmufü tESpfoHk;q,frQavmufxm;NyD;rS
jzpfrnf/ xdkawmifwef;om;rsm;onf jrefrmrsm; uJhodkY r[kwf/ NAdwdoQu
xdef;odrf;xm;&ef trSefvdktyfayao;onf} tp&Sdaom oabmxm;yg
onfh twGif;pmwapmifudk tdEd́,jynfwGif&Sdaom jrefrmjynfbk&ifcH qm
a':refprpf xHodkY a&;om;ay;ydkYvdkufaom [l\/}} (17 Budrfajrmuf jynf
axmifpkaeYxkwf ]vkyfom;jynfolYaeYpOf} owif;pmwGifygonfh OD;tkef;jrifh
('kdY&Srf;jynf) a&; ]yifvHkajreufoefrS jynfaxmifpk AdrmefodkY} aqmif;yg;rS
aumufEkwfcsuf/)
jrefrmjynfrtm; vGwfvyfa&;ay;&aomfvnf; awmifwef;a'o
rsm;udk qufvuftkyfcsKyfxm;EdkifvQif NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;onf vGwfvyf
cgp jrefrmEdkifiHudk rdrdwdkY pdwfwdkif;us BuKd;udkifEdkifrnf jzpfayonf/
wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif awmifwef;a'orsm; rygaom jrefrmjynfvGwfvyf
a&;onf NyD;jynfhpHkaom vGwfvyfa&; jzpfrnfr[kwfacs/

AdkvfcsKyf \ ucsifjynfe,fc&D;
xdkYaMumifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJwGif
awmifwef;a'orsm;yg yg0ifvmatmif aqmif&Guf&avonf/ tpdk;& zGJUNyD;



 

aemuf rsm;rMumrD ucsifjynfe,f jrpfBuD;em;odkY¤if;? u&ifjynfe,f
vGdKifaumfodkY¤if;? &Srf;jynfawmifBuD;odkY¤if; rem;rae oGm;a&mufa[majym
pnf;½Hk;&avonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um; tvGef 0d&d,&SdvSolaywnf;/ AdkvfcsKyf
0d&d,&SdyHkudk ]igwdkYAdkvfcsKyf bmawGvkyfcJhovJ} pmtkyfwGif OD;ykav;u
atmufygtwdkif; a&;cJhygonf/
]uREfkyfvnf; AdkvfxGef;vS\ tpDtpOftwdkif; &Jabmfrsm;ESihftwl
tdyfcef;odkY 0ifvdkuf\/ AdkvfcsKyfum; jynfolY&JabmfXmecsKyf acgif;aqmif
rsm;ESihf¤if;? z?q?y?v acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf¤if;? wzGJUNyD;wzGJU aqG;aEG;vsuf
&Sdonfum; nOfhoefaumifausmf 2-csufwD;avmufrS NyD;awmh\/
eHeuf 4-em&DcGJtcsdefwGif uREfkyfwdkY tdyfarmusaecdkuf? AdkvfcsKyfu
vufckyfwD;NyD;vQif ]a[h AdkvfxGef;vS x-x} [k EId;oH Mum;&\/ OXme
or®'gESihf jynfhpHkrIyifwnf;/}}
AdkvfcsKyf rnfrQtvkyfvkyfonfudk ol\ tyg;awmfNrJ AdkvfxGef;vS
(ac:) wuúodkvfae0if;u aqmif;yg;wapmifwGif atmufygtwdkif; azmfjy
xm;avonf/
]]ol\ aeYpOfvkyfief;tpDtpOf pmtkyfav;udk trSwfrJh Munhf
vdkufvQif-
eHeuf 8-em&D-qdk&GefwdkADvm jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; tpnf;ta0;/
10-em&D- tpdk;&trIxrf; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESihfawGU/
11-em&D- tar&duefaumifppf0efESihf csdef;xm;onf/
12-em&D- umuG,fa&;Xmeqdkif&m tpnf;ta0;/



 

aeYv,f 2-em&DcGJ- wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf tajccHOya'
qyfaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;/
nae 4-em&D- z?q?y?v tvkyftrIaqmiftpnf;ta0;/
ponfjzifh awGU&ayvdrfhrnf/ aeYpOfESihftrQ ol\vkyfief;pOfonf
þodkYyif jynfhMuyfvsuf&Sdonf/}}
a&mufav&m t&yfwdkif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;onf AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;\ &Sif;vif;jywfom;rIudk txl;ESpfNcdKufoabmusMuavonf/
avmuGwfryg vdk&if;udkom 'Jh'dk;ajymwwfonfh AdkvfcsKyfudk ,HkMunfvmMu
avonf/
1946-ck Ekd0ifbmv 28-&ufaeY jrpfBuD;em;wGif ajymMum;aom
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ rdefYcGef;udk ucsifacgif;aqmifrsm; txl; BuKdufESpf
oufMuavonf/
]]Armjynfudk vGwfvyfwJhwdkif;jynfjzpfatmif uRefawmfwdkY BuKd;pm;
aeygw,f/ vGwfvyfrSmawmh taES;eJY tjrefbJ aocsmaeygw,f/ ucsif
trsKd;om;rsm;[mvJ uRefawmfwdkY&JU aoG;&if;om;&if;rsm; jzpfonhftwGuf
Armrsm;eJY qdk;wlaumif;buf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufMuapcsifygw,f/ 'grSvJ
acwfBuD; ajymif;vJaeonfhtavsmuf ucsiftrsKd;om;rsm;vJ wdk;wufEdkif
ygr,f/ ucsifrsm;[m ½dkif;ao;w,f qdkNyD; cGJjcm;xm;wm[m ESpfaygif; 60
ausmfaomfvnf; bmrsm;wdk;wufjcif;&Sdao;ovJ/ ArmjynfeJY yl;aygif;
vdkuf&if Armrsm;eJYtwl &ifabmifwef; vdkufEdkifMur,f/ ArmjynfESihf
aygif;vdkuf&if cifAsm;wdkYtay:rSm t*Fvdyfrsm; rtkyfcsKyf&awmhbl;/ cifAsm;
wdkYe,fudk cifAsm;wdkY tkyfcsKyf&r,f/ Oyrm pwDAifqifvdk t*Fvdyft&m&Sdu
cifAsm;wdkYudk tkyfcsKyfapcdkif;aew,f/ [kdtcgus&if olvdkvludk cifAsm;wdkYu
tkyfcsKyfapcdkif; Edkifw,f/ Armrsm;u ucsifrsm;tay:rSm tkyfcsKyfpdk;rdk;rSmvJ
r[kwfzl;/ ucsifawmifwef;e,fudk ucsifrsm;oabmus tkyfcsKyf&r,f/



 

odkY&mwGif wjynfvHk;eJY ywfoufwJh b@ma&;? umuG,fa&;? pD;yGm;a&;
ponfwdkYudkawmh ucsif0efBuD;rsm;yg0ifaom tpdk;& tzGJUwzGJUu wdkifyif
aqmif&GufoGm;rSmbJ/ bmoma&;qdkwmrSmvJ vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcsifwm
udk udk;uG,fEdkifwmbJ}}
ucsifacgif;aqmifBuD;wOD;url ]AdkvfcsKyfudk uRefawmf uwdwck
ay;vdkygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYtay:rSm t*Fvdyf uwdrwnfwmawG
pkxm;&if tdrfwaqmifavmufyif &Sdrnf/ wu,fvdkY csp&m&Sd&if ac:yg/
uRefawmfwdkY csbdkY toifhbJ}} [k pdwfvdkufrmefyg xí ajymavonf/
1946-ck 'DZifbmv 24-&ufaeY u&ifeDjynfe,f vGdKifaumfNrKdUrS
tjyef AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf &Srf;jynfawmifBuD;NrKdU anmifa&Ta[mfwGif
apmfbGm;BuD;rsm;ESihf yxrqHk;tBudrf awGUqHkaqG;aEG;avonf/
]]uRefawmfwkdY ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf tifwdkuftm;wdkuf
aqmif&GufaeMuygw,f/ urÇmYtajctaeudk¤if;? Armjynf\ tajctaeudk
¤if; axmufqí ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;pcef;rSm eD;uyfvsuf &Sdaeygw,f/
uRefawmfwdkY ArmjynfvGwfvyfwJhtcgrSm &Srf;jynf[mvJ ArmjynfeJYtwl
vGwfvyfapvdkygw,f/ ArmjynfESihf yl;aygif;wJh ae&mrSmvJ &Srf;jynf
jynfwGif;a&;udprö sm;udkawmh &Srf;vlrsKd;&JU oabmxm;twdkif; jzpfaprSm
ygbJ/ Armjynf w0Srf;vHk;eJY ywfoufwJh[mawGudkawmh &Srf;0efBuD;rsm;
yg0ifaom tpdk;&tzGJUu pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfEdkifcGifh &Sdygvdrfhr,f/ xdktcgrSm
rnfonfh t*Fvdyf wpHkwa,mufurS apmfbGm;rsm;tay:rSm cs,fvS,f
EdkifcGifh &Sdr,fr[kwfygbl;/ apmfbGm;rsm;uom olwdkYtay:rSm cs,fvS,f
EdkifcGifh&Sdygr,f/ Oyrm pwDAifqifvdkvlu apmfbGm;awGtay:rSm cs,fvS,f
aew,f/ [dktcgus&if olYvdkvlrsKd;udk apmfbGm;awGu jyefvnfapcdkif;
cs,fvS,fEdkifcGifh &Sdvmr,f/ bdvyftpdk;&u Armjynfa&;udpöawG aqG;aEG;



 

bdkY uRefawmfwdkYudk zdwfMum;wJhtwGuf Zefe0g&Dv 2-&ufaeYrSm bdvyf
oGm;&ygvdrhfr,f/
'DtcgrSm &Srf;jynfeJY Armjynf yl;aygif;a&; ajym&ygvdrfhr,f/
'gaMumifh apmfbGm;rsm;&JU oabmwlnDcsufudk tvdk&Sdygw,f/ tMurf;rludk
a&;qGJay;cJhyghr,f/ vufrSwfxdk;NyD; wygwnf; ,loGm;Edkifygu omí
aumif;ygr,f/ tckvdk uRefawmf tBuHay;wmudkrS oabmrwlbJ t*Fvdyf
vufatmufrSm aecsifao;w,f? olwkdYjyKorQbJ cHcsifao;w,fqdk&ifawmh
cifAsm;wdkY&JU oabmtwdkif;bJ/ odkYaomf aemifudk uRefawmfwdkY tqdk;rqdk
ygeJY/ uRefawmfwdkYu e,fcsJUorm;rsm;udk tjyif;txef cs&awmhrSmjzpfvdkY
e,fcsJUorm;eJY yl;aewJhvlrsm;udkvJ csrSmbJ}} ponfhjzifh AdkvfcsKyfu &Sif;&Sif;
ajymcsvdkufavonf/
(rSwfcsuf/ / txufygrdefYcGef;rsm;t& NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;
onf e,fjcm;a'oqdkif&m nTefMum;a&;0ef pwDAifqifrSwqifh rnfrQ
ajc½IyfcJhonfudk odomEdkifygonf/)
apmfbGm;rsm;u rdrdwdkY odvdkaomtcsufrsm;udk ar;jref;í 'DZifbm
v 25-&ufaeYwGif anmifa&TNrKdUü xyfrHaqG;aEG;&ef csdef;qdkMuavonf/
xdknwGif AdkvfcsKyfu apmfbGm;rsm; oabmaygufvmatmif &Sif;jy&m
oabmwl vufrSwfxdk;csuf r&ao;aomfvnf; auseyfzG,f EIwfuwdrsm;
&avonf/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 


(18)
atmifqef;ESihf tufwvD

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tzdkY em;&onf r&Sdyg/ &Srf;jynfrS jyefa&muf

aomtcg bdvyfoGm;&ef jyifqif&avonf/
z?q?y?v tvkyftrIaqmif tpnf;ta0; qHk;jzwfcsuft&
AdkvfcsKyftpdk;&onf 1946-ckESpf Ekd0ifbmv 8-&ufaeYwGif(tpdk;&zGJUNyD;
wvcGJyif r&Sdao;rD) aMunmcsuf wapmifudk xkwfjyefavonf/ aMunm
csuf\ oabmrSm NAdwdoQtpdk;&u jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;ESihf ywfoufí
aMunm&ef? raMunmvQif 1947-ck Zefe0g&Dv 31-&ufaeYwGif tpdk;&
tzGJU EkwfxGufrnfhtaMumif; jzpfavonf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif
Zefe0g&Dv 31-&ufaeY rwdkifrD jrefrmjynftm; vGwfvyfa&;ay;rnf[k
NAdwdoQtpdk;&u aMunm&ef NAdwdoQtpdk;&xHodkY &mZoHay;vdkufjcif;
jzpfayonf/
xdk&mZoHt& 1946-ck 'DZifbmv 20-&ufaeYwGif NAdwdoQ
0efBuD;csKyf tufwvDonf jrefrmjynfudk NAdwdoQ "eo[m, twGif;wGif
jzpfap? tjyifwGifjzpfap? vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHtjzpf todtrSwfjyKrnf[k
ygvDrefatmufvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif aMunmavonf/ xdkYaemuf
bdvyfodkY vma&mufaqG;aEG;&ef AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk zdwfac:avonf/
(rSwfcsuf/ /vGefcJhaomwESpfcefYu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYu
bdvyfodkYvmí aqG;aEG;yg&ap[k urf;vSrf;cJhonfudk vufrcHaom



 

NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf ,ck AdkvfcsKyfwdkYudk zdwfac:&avNyD/ zdwfac:&mwGif
vnf; bk&ifcHrSwqifh pmjzifhoufoufr[kwfbJ EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xme tNrJ
wrf;twGif;0ef qm*pfvfbwfavhof0pfwf (Sir Gilbert Laithwait) udk
apvTwfí zdwfac:jcif; jzpfayonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ atmifjrifjcif;
w&yfaywnf;/)
xdkzdwfac:csuft& 1947-ck Zefe0g&Dv 7-&ufaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;onf ocifjr? OD;wifxG#f ponfwdkYESihftwl bdvyfodkY oGm;av
onf/ ocifApdefonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYESihftwl vdkufoGm;aomfvnf;
OD;apmrSm aemufrS vdkufoGm;onf/ jrefrmjynfrS rxGufcGmrD AdkvfcsKyfonf
jynfolvlxktm; ]taumif;qHk;udk arQmfvihfxm;&efESihf tqdk;qHk;twGuf
jyifqifxm;&ef} rSmMum;cJhavonf/ bdvyf toGm; tdEd´,jynf e,l;a'vD
NrKdUwGifjyKvkyfaom owif;pmuGefz&ifhwGifvnf; tvm;wlajymcJhavonf/
xdkajymqdkcsufonf tqefrygaom Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;rsKd; r[kwfyg/
xdktcsdefwGif uRefawmfonf awmifwGif;BuD;NrKdUe,f z?q?y?v OuúXtjzpf
aqmif&Gufae&onfjzpf&m AdkvfcsKyfwdkY bdvyfoGm;aeMupOftwGif; vuf
eufpkaqmif;&ef XmecsKyfacgif;aqmifrsm;xHrS nTefMum;csufrsm;udk &yg
onf/ AdkvfcsKyfonf ajymonhftwdkif; vkyfvdkonfrSm xif&Sm;ayonf/
1947-ck Zefe0g&Dv 13-&ufaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;
aqmifaom jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUESihf NAdwdoQ0efBuD;csKyf tufwvD
acgif;aqmifaom NAdwdoQtpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUwkdY\ aqG;aEG;yGJudk
vef'efNrKdU trSwf 10- a'gif;eif;vrf;&Sd NAdwdoQ0efBuD;csKyf\ a*[mü
usif;yavonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJtpwGif AdkvfcsKyfu t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh atmuf
ygtwdkif; >rufMum;avonf/ jrefrmbmomjyefcsufrSm tMurf;tm;jzifh
atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf/



 


OD;baz? tufwvD? AdkvfcsKyf? OD;wifxG#f

(1947 Zefe0g&D? trSwf 10 a'gif;eif;vrf;)

]]udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJU\udk,fpm; uREfkyfajymMum;vdkonfrSm uREfkfyf

wdkY jrefrmjynfwGif ta&;rBuD;vSaom jynfwGif;a&;udpö tenf;i,fwGif
oabmuGJvGJrIrsm; &SdaeMuapumrl? uREfkyfwdkY wkdif;&if;om;tm;vHk;onf
tcsKyftcs,fuif;rJhaom wif;jynhf usyfjynfh vGwfvyfa&;udk awmif;qdk&m
üum; woHwnf; jzpfygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf xdkvGwfvyfa&;udk tvsif
tjref vdkcsifMuojzifh ,ckrSpwifí jyifqifvdkygonf/
jrefrmjynf[k ajym&m0,f uREfkyfwkdYonf wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;
tnDtnGwfjzpfí? vGwfvyfaomjrefrmjynfudk &nfrSef;ajymjcif; jzpfyg
onf/ nDnGwfrI&&Sda&;twGuf ratmifjrifEdkifaom tcuftcJ[lí r&Sdyg/
wdkif;jynfwGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;onf &mEIef;jynfh vGwfvyfa&;
&í jynfy ya,m*rygbJ tpHktnD awGUqHkí aqG;aEG;cGifh&MuvQif



 

nDnGwfMuygvdrfhrnf/ þtcsufonf vGwfvyfonfqdkaom u&ifeDjynf
twGufvJ rSefygonf/ udk;uG,faom bmomtvdkuf¤if;? vlrsKd;tvdkuf¤if;
jrefrmjynf&Sd wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;onf vGwfvyfa&; rqHk;½HI;oihf[k uREfkyf
wkdY av;eufpGm ,HkMunfygonf/
pnf;vHk;rI &ydkifcGifhESihf vGwfvyfa&; &ydkifcGifhwdkYonf uREfkyfwdkY
tm;vHk;\ &nfrSef;csufjzpfí? xdktcGifhwdkYudk uREfkyfwdkY vdkvm;Muygonf/
xdkvdkvm;csufudk wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;onf bmomra&G;? vlrsKd;ra&G;
vdIufvIdufvJvJ axmufcHaeonf[k uREfkyfajymEkdifygonf/
,aeYrSpí wESpftwGif; jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&; &oifhonf[k
uREfkfyfwdkY ,lqygonf/ 0efBuD;csKyfu 'DZifbmv 20-&ufaeY ygvDref
atmufvTwfawmfwGif ay;cJhonfhuwdudk xyfavmif; aMunmonfudk
Mum;&onfhtwGuf uREfkyfwdkY auseyfygonf/ jrefrmjynftm; NAdwdoQ "e
o[m,twGif; jzpfap? tjyifwGif jzpfap rdrdwdkYoabmtwdkif; vGwfvyf
a&;udk a&G;cs,fcGifhay;&ef¤if;? uREfkyfwdkY vkdvm;csufrsm;udk vsifjrefpGm &&Sd
a&;twGuf ulnD&ef¤if;? BuH&G,faMumif; ajymqdkonfhtwGuf bk&if
rif;jrwf\ tpdk;&udk uREfkyfwdkYu aus;Zl;wifygonf/ tjrifhjrwfqHk;
jzpfaom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESihf us,fjyefYaom usifhpOfrsm;yif jzpfapumrl
vufawGU taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif wcgw&H ratmifjrifwwfonfudk
&mZ0ifwGif awGU&ygonf/ uREfkyf þodkYajym&jcif;onf jrefrmjynfwGif
uREfkyf awGUBuHKbl;aom tawGUtBuHKrsm;aMumifh jzpfygonf/ odkYaomfvnf;
uREfkyfwdkYonf 0efBuD;csKyfESihf bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&\ apwemudk av;pm;
ygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYbufrSvnf; xdkapwemudk wHkYjyefrnfjzpfaMumif; uREfkyf
uwday;Edkifygonf/
jrefrmjynfwGif 1935-ck? tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'ESihf puúLjzLpmwrf;udk
vlBuKdufrrsm;yg/ uREfkyfwdkY udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUonf uREkfyfwdkY\ udpöt00



 

udk aqmif&GufEdkifí vGwfvyfa&;odkY ydkYaqmifay;rnfh pDrHudef;topfudk
bk&ifrif;jrwf\ tpdk;&xHrS &vmvdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfwdkY jynfolrsm;onf
arQmfvifhaeMuygonf/}}
bdvyfü&SdaecdkufrSmyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf e,fcsJUorm;ESihf
EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;BuD;rsm;\ ajcxdk;rIudk cH&ygao;onf/
AdkvfcsKyfu jrefrmjynfrESifh awmifwef;a'orsm; yl;aygif;nDnGwf
a&;twGuf NAdwdoQtpdk;&tm; ta&;qdkaepOf &Srf;jynfapmfbGm;tcsKdUu
e,fjcm;a'oqdkif&m nTefMum;a&;0ef pwDAifqif paom e,fcsJUvufyg;ap
wdkY\ pum;udk em;axmifum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf apmfbGm;rsm;\
udk,fpm;vS,f r[kwfaMumif;? awmifwef;e,frsm;udpö aqG;aEG;&ef
apmfbGm;rsm;udk oD;jcm;zdwfac:apvdkaMumif; ponfjzihf 0efBuD;csKyf
tufwvDxH aMu;eef;½dkuf taMumif;Mum;Muavonf/
xdkaMu;eef;udk&aomtcg tufwvDu ]b,fhES,fvJ OD;atmifqef;
apmfbGm;awG½dkufvdkufwJh aMu;eef;udk MunhfygtHk;} [k ajymum aMu;eef;udk
jyavonf/ AdkvfcsKyfudk uvdvdkufjcif;aywnf;/
odkYaomfvnf; &Srf;jynf jynfolvlxkonf awmifBuD;NrKdUwGif vlxk
tpnf;ta0;BuD;usif;yí ]awmifwef;a'oom;rsm;onfvnf; jrefrmjynf
ESihfwygwnf; vGwfvyfa&;&vkdaMumif;? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY\ vdkvm;
csufudkvnf; wcJeufaxmufcHaMumif;} ponfjzifh qHk;jzwfcsufcsum
0efBuD;csKyf tufwvDxH aMu;eef;½dkuf taMumif;Mum;Muavonf/
xdkaMu;eef;udk&aomtcgrS tufwvDonf ]yifvHktpnf;ta0;?
odkYr[kwf vlxkuGefz&ifhtpnf;ta0; NyD;qHk;onfhtcg NAdwdoQtpdk;&ESihf
jrefrmtpdk;&wdkYonf awmifwef;a'orsm;\ xkwfazmfajymqdkcsuf xifjrif
csufrsm;ESihf vkdufavsmnDpGm awmifwef;a'orsm;\ vdkbudkjznhf&ef}
[laom pnf;urf;csufudkay;í vdkufavsmvmygawmhonf/ e,fcsJU



 

vufyg;aprsm; ajcxdk;aeMuonfhtwGif;rSmyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; &cJhaom
atmifjrifjcif;aywnf;/
(rSwfcsuf/ /wdkif;jynf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJwGif ya'o&mZf
t&if;&Sif vlwef;pm;onf rulnD½Hkru? aESmifh&Suf zsufqD;wwfaMumif;/
tvkyform;? v,form;paom vkyfom;jynfolwdkYomvQif tepfemcHí
0ifa&mufulnDwwfaMumif; azmfjyonfh om"uw&yfyifwnf;/)
1947-ck? Zefe0g&Dv 27-&uf? wevFmaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;ESihf NAdwdoQ0efBuD;csKyf tufwvDwdkYonf jrefrmjynftm; vGwf
vyfa&; yef;wdkifodkY ydkYaqmifrnf pmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;Muavonf/
xdkpmcsKyfonf ]atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyf} [k ordkif;wGifavownf;/
pmcsKyf\oabmtusOf;csKyfrSm jrefrmjynfwGif wdkif;jynfjyK vTwf
awmftwGuf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk usif;yí awmifwef;a'orsm;tygt0if
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJUpnf;a&;twGuf tajccHOya' a&;qGJ&ef¤if;?
Mum;jzwfumvwGif bdvyftpdk;&u AdkvfcsKyftpdk;&udk ]tmPmydkif'dkrDeD,ef
tpdk;&} tjzpf todtrSwfjyK&ef¤if; oabmwlMujcif; jzpfayonf/ «tao;
pdwfudk aemufqufwGJ q-wGif zwfyg/»
þpmcsKyft& jrefrmjynfolvlxkw&yfvHk; atmhESvHk;emaeaom
NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ ]puúLjzLpmwrf;} pDrHudef;onf tvdktavsmuf ysufjy,f
oGm;avownf;/
z?q?y?v tzGJU0ifrsm;r[kwfMuaom OD;apmESihf ocifApdew f dkYum;
atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyft& vGwfvyfa&;r&Ekdif[k taMumif;jyí
vufrSwfrxdk;bJ aeMuonf/ trSefrSm EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;BuD;rsm;
jzpfMuaom OD;apmESihf ocifApdefwdkYonf rif;om;BuD;rvkyf&ojzifh
ywfrBuD;udk xdk;azmufjcif;om jzpfonf/ txufwGifa&;cJhonfhtwdkif;
EdkifiHa&;orm; a[mif;BuD;rsm;u AdkvfcsKyfudk bdvyfü ajcxdk;jcif;aywnf;/



 

1947-ck? Zefe0g&Dv 30-&ufaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfwdkYonf bdvyfrS
jrefrmjynfodkY jyefa&mufMuavonf/ azazmf0g&Dv 3-&ufaeYwGif
z?q?y?v tzGJUcsKyfü owif;pmq&mrsm;tm; zdwfac:NyD;vQif ]pmcsKyft&
puúLjzLpepf ysufoGm;NyDjzpfaMumif;/ odkYaomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJG
rNyD;ao;aMumif;/ aqmif&Guf&efusefao;aomudpörsm;udk a&Sma&Sm½SL½SL
NyD;ajrmufatmif aqmif&GufEdkifMuygu at;csrf;aomenf;jzifh Armjynf
vGwfvyfa&; &EdkifaMumif;/ wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmftwGuf wdkuf½dkuf a&G;
aumufyGJusif;yEdkifcGifhESihf Mum;jzwftpdk;&tmPmwdkYudk &cJhaMumif;/ NAdwd
oQtpdk;& rnpfywfEdkifatmif toifhjyifxm;&rnfjzpfaMumif;} ponfjzifh
AdkvfcsKyfu &Sif;vif;jyavonf/
AdkvfcsKyf\ &Sif;jycsufudk aESmifBuKd;rJh owif;pmrsm;wGif ½dk;om;
aom jynfolwdkYu vufcHMuonf/ a'gufwmbarmf? qmay:xGef;? OD;apm
paom EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;BuD;rsm;url ]AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf wdkif;
jynfudk a&mif;pm;cJhNyD} [k a<u;aMumfí AdkvfcsKyfudk ajcxdk;Mujyefonf/
odkYaomfvnf; olwdkYtaMumif;udk odaeMuNyD;jzpfaom jynfolvlxku
olwdkYudk vufrcHMuay/ olwdkYonf xdktcsdefrSpí EdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHkrS qif;
oGm;Mu&avawmhownf;/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 


(19)
yifvHkpnf;½Hk;a&;

bdvyfrS jyefa&mufNyD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ t"du wm0ef

onf awmifwef;a'orsm;ESihf pnf;vHk;Edkifatmif xyfrHpnf;½Hk;&jcif; jzpfay
onf/ e,fcsJUorm;uvnf; tavQmhray;/ awmifwef;a'orsm;udk jynfr
rS cGJxkwfxm;Ekdifatmif tpGrf;ukef BuKd;pm;vsufyif &Sdavonf/ txuf
wGifa&;cJhonfhtwdkif; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;onf awmifwef;a'orsm;udk
qufvuftkyfcsKyfxm;EdkifvQif vGwfvyfcgp jrefrmEdkifiHudk rdrdwdkY pdwfwdkif;
us BuKd;udkifEdkifrnf jzpfayonf/
awmifwef;a'oom;rsm;\ qE´udk pHkprf;avhvm&ef[kqdkum
NAdwdoQtpkd;&onf NAdwdoQ'dkrDeD,ef0efuav; abmhwGefrav; (Arthur
Bottomly MP.) udk jrefrmjynfodkY apvTwfvdkufavonf/

1947-ck? azazmf0g&Dv 8-&ufaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfonf &Srf;jynf

yifvHkNrKdUodkYoGm;í jynfrESihfawmifwef;a'orsm; yl;aygif;a&;udk &Sif;jy
onf/ rdrda&;qGJxm;om ]rl} udk awmifwef;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; a0iSí
avhvmaponf/
xdktcsdeftxd e,fcsJUorm;\ vufyg;aprsm;onf ajcxdk;vsufyif
&SdMuao;onf/ ]ArmawGu cifAsm;wdkYudk vdkufavsmvScsnfvm;? 'gavmuf
vG,fwm[m taMumif;wckawmh &Sdr,f/ t&rf;rvkyfbJ pOf;pOf;pm;pm;
vkyf&ifaumif;r,f} [k¤if;? ]AdkvfcsKyfudk Munhfygvm;? *syefpdwf raysmuf



 

ao;bl;? awmfawmfMum cifAsm;wdkY zufqpfvufatmuf a&mufoGm;rSmbJ}
[k¤if; ajymqdk owif;vTifhMuavonf/
odkYaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ ½dk;om;rIudk t<uif;rJh
,HkMunfMuaom awmifwef;om;rsm;onf em;ra,mifMuawmhay/ AdkvfcsKyf
\ atmufygrdefYcGef;udk Mum;emMuNyD;vQif jrefrmjynfrESihf yl;aygif;&ef qHk;
jzwfvdkufMuavonf/ e,fcsJUvufyg;aprsm;vnf; ]cJavorQ oJa&us}
jzpfMu&avawmhownf;/



 


AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ yifvHkrdefYcGef;

]]yifvHktpnf;ta0;udk taMumif;ESpfrsKd;aMumifh vm&aMumif;/

yxrrS m jrefrmjynf&SdvlrsKd;rsm; nDnGwfa&;twGufjzpfí tjcm;taMumif;
rSm vef'efaqG;aEG;yGJü awmifwef;a'oESihfywfoufí rnfodkYaqmif&Guf
vkyfudkifcJhonfudk ajymqdk&Sif;vif;jy&ef jzpfaMumif;/
urÇmYEdkifiHa&;t& jrefrmjynf&SdvlrsKd;tm;vHk;rSm nDnGwf&ef vkdtyf
aMumif;/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;rSm &NyD[kqdkEdkif
aMumif;/ ,ck usef&Sdaeaom jyóemrSm awmifwef;a'oudpöyif jzpf
aMumif;/
bdvyfaqG;aEG;yGJü jrefrmjynf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u awmifwef;
e,f vGwfvyfa&;udk wcsdefwnf; ray;cJhvQif wu,fhvGwfvyfa&;rjzpfEdkif
[k ajymqdkcJhaMumif;/ awmifwef;e,fudk NAdwdoQwdkY wdku½f dkuftkyfcsKyfjcif;
udk jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkYu rBuKdufaMumif;/ awmifwef;e,fudk awmifwef;vlrsKd;
rsm;om tkyfcsKyfpdk;rdk;jcif;udk jrefrmrsm;u BuKdufaMumif;/
NAdwdoQwdkYu awmifwef;e,fvlrsKd;rsm;onf atmufusaemufus
jzpfaeao;ojzifh vGwfvyfa&;ESifh rwef[k xifaeMuaMumif;/ xdkodkY
wifjycsufudk jrefrmrsm;u oabmrwlaMumif;/ jrefrmjynf vGwfvyfa&;
&onfESihf wNyKdifeuf awmifwef;e,f vGwfvyfa&;&rnf[k jrefrmrsm;u
xifjrifaMumif;/ jrefrmrsm;onf awmifwef;a'orsm;twGuf ajymqdkjcif;
rSm tkyfcsKyfpdk;rdk;vdkí r[kwf/ odkY&mwGif awmifwef;e,frsm;onf jrefrm
jynfESihfwef;wl tqifhtwef; tcGifhta&; &apvdkaomaMumifhyif jzpf
aMumif;/



 

jrefrmrsm;onf NAdwdoQ\uRef rjzpfvdkaMumif;/ xkdenf;wl awmif
wef;vlrsKd;rsm;vnf; NAdwdoQuRefrsm;tjzpf ra&mufapvdkaMumif;/ xdkYjyif
awmifwef;vlrsKd;rsm;onf jrefrmuReftjzpf rjzpfapvdkaMumif;/
awmifwef;e,f pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;rSm aumifpD\ vufxJü &Sdvdrfhrnf
jzpfaMumif;/ xdkaumifpDtzGJUxJü awmifwef;e,frS udk,fpm;vS,fwa,muf
&Sdvdrhfrnfjzpf&m ¤if;\ vufxJrSmum; xdktkyfcsKyfa&; &SdrnfjzpfaMumif;/
NAdwdoQwdkYrSm jrefrmjynfü Mum&SnfpGm tkyfpdk;&ef tcGifhtcg r&Sd
awmhaMumif;/ apmapm odkYr[kwf tenf;i,fMumvQif jrefrmjynfudk
pGefYvTwf&awmhrnfjzpfaMumif;/ xdkYaMumifh uREfkfyfwdkYudk,fudk uREfkyfwdkY
tm;udk;tm;xm; jyKvkyf&rnfjzpfaMumif;/ xdkae&mü nDnw G fa&;rSm vGefpGm
yif vkdaMumif;/
vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aomtcgrSyif tqifhtwef; jrifhEdkifaMumif;/
vGwfvyfa&;r&vQif vuf&Sd atmufusaemufusjzpfaeaom tqifhtwef;
udk jr§ifhwifEdkif&ef rjzpfEdkifaMumif;/
vljzLjzpfap? vlrJjzpfap? rnfolYudkrqdk raMumufr&GHUESihf ¤if;wdkYu
awmifwef;vlrsKd;rsm;udk ar;cJhvQif awmifwef;vlrsKd;rsm;u vGwfvyfa&;udk
vkdcsifw,f[k ajym&rnfjzpfaMumif;/ ajcmufvQifvnf; raMumufMuESihf?
acsmhvQifvnf; raysmhMuESihf/ awmifwef;vlrsKd;rsm;onf jrefrmjynfuJhodkY
wlnDaom tqifhtwef;udk vdkcsifonf[k ajym&rnf jzpfaMumif;/ 'gudk
,aeY ajymvdkuf&if eufjzef taqGwdkY vGwfvyfa&;&rnf jzpfaMumif;/}}



 


yifvkHpmcsKyfwGif vufrSwfxdk;aeykH
1947-ck? azazmf0g&Dv 12-&ufaeY eHeuf 10-em&DtcsdefwGif
&mZ0ifwGifonfh ]yifvHkpmcsKyf} udk atmufygacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;u
vufrSwf a&;xdk;Muavonf/
1/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; = Armjynfacgif;aqmif
2/ apmcGefyef;qdkif = awmifydkifapmfbGm;
3/ apma&Todkuf = anmifa&TapmfbGm;
4/ apm[Hkz = ajrmufydkif;odef;eDapmfbGm;
5/ apmeef; = vJcsm;apmfbGm;
6/ apmxGef;at; = omcref ;apmfbGm;
7/ cGefyef; = vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? ajrmufydkif;odef;eD
8/ OD;wifat; = vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? awmifBuD;
9/ OD;Mumyk = vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? oDayg



 

10/ apm,pfz = vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? oDayg
11/ qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif = ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f? jrpfBuD;em;
12/ aZmf&pf = ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f? jrpfBuD;em;
13/ cGefxD; = vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? yifvHk
14/ OD;xGef;jrifh = vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? armufr,f
15/ cGefapm = vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? yif;w,
16/ OD;jzL = apmfbGm;udk,fpm;vS,f? usKdif;wHk
17/ wef&a'gif = ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f? jrpfBuD;em;
18/ 'l;0g;aZmfvGef; = ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f? Aef;armf
19/ vbef;*a&mif; = ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f? Aef;armf
20/ OD;vSmarmif = csif;udk,fpm;vS,f? zvrf;
21/ OD;aomifZmckwf = csif;udk,fpm;vS,f? wpf'if;
22/ OD;0rfudka[m = csif;udk,fpm;vS,f? [wfum;

xdkaeY xdktcsdefonf ]jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH} wnf; [laom

om;&wemtwGuf umva&Munf wnfaomtcsdef jzpfayownf;/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 


(20)
v,form;? tvkyform;ESihf wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf

awmifwef;a'orsm;udk atmifjrifpGm pnf;½Hk;NyD;onfhaemuf

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf tpdk;&tzGJUacgif;aqmifyDyD? wdkif;jynfwGifjzpfay:
aeaom jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&avonf/ ]jynfxJta&; aygufeJYaus;}
[louJhodkY AdkvfcsKyf &ifqdkif&aom jyóemrsm;onf ½IyfaxG;rsm;jym;vSay
onf/
Nidrf0yfydjym;a&;? o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;? v,form;ta&;? tvkyf
orm;ta&; ponfjzifh jyóemaygif; aomif;ajcmufaxmifudk aeYrtm;
nrtm; ajz&Sif;ae&ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfonf tcsdefrSef rpm;&? tcsdefrSef rtdyf
&acs/ waeY olYtdrfwGif wnf;cdkae&if; uRefawmfonf olYjzpftifudk
rMunhf&ufojzifh rSefrSefpm;? rSefrSeftdyf&ef ajymrdygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfurl
]b,fESyfvkyfrvJ? vlxkacgif;aqmifqdkwm 'DvdkbJ vkyf&rSmbJ/ vGwfvyf
a&; &NyD;&ifawmh EdkifiHa&;uxGufawmhr,f} [k jyefajymygonf/
AdkvfcsKyfonf xrif;pm;ae&if;vnf; EdkifiHa&;udkom pdwfapmae
wwfygonf/ waeYwGif olwdkYZeD;armifESHESihf uRefawmfwdkY xrif;pm;aeMu
pOf ol\ &ifESpfonf;csmrsm;jzpfaom atmifqef;OD;? atmifqef;vif;wdkY
onf xrif;pm;yGJem;odkY vmMuygonf/ uRefawmfu 0uftlacsmif;uav;
rsm; auR;vdkufygonf/ uav;rsm;vnf; tBudrfBudrfvmí uRefawmfu
vnf; vmwdkif; auR;ygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfu olYom;uav;rsm;udkMunhfNyD;



 

]rif;wdkYuvJuGm? [dkvlawGvdkbJ? ay;rSef;odwdkif; vdkcsifwmbJ} [k
ajymvdkufygonf/ xdktcsdefwGif yk*¾dKvftcsKdUonf EdkifiHa&; aps;qpfaeMu
ygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfonf xrif;pm;ae&if; xdkyk*dK¾ vfrsm;taMumif;udk pOf;pm;
rd[ef wlygonf/
tpdk;&tzGJUacgif;aqmifjzpfaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf\tdrfrSm wHcg;r&Sd?
"m;r&Sd 0ifcsifwdkif; 0ifEdkifí xGufcsifwdkif; xGufEdkifMuygonf/ jynfol
vlxkonf AdkvfcsKyfxHodkY tcsdefra&G;vmawGUí rdrdwdkY\ jyóemrsm;udk
wifjyEdkifMuygonf/
1947-ck? Zlvdkifv 29-&ufaeY wkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfwGif aMuuGJ
0rf;enf;aMumif;tqdkudk axmufcH&if; ucsifacgif;aqmif qrm;'l;0g;
qif0g;aemifu ]AdkvfcsKyfudk vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ rcsD;usL;bJ raeEdkifonhf
tcsufwckrSmvnf; olrsm;awGu eef;&if;0efwdkY bmwdkYvkyfw,fqdk&if tdrf
0ifwHcg;aygufwGif ykvdyfwdkY tapmifhwdkY bmwdkY xm;&Sdw,fqdkwm od&
w,f/ odkYaomf AdkvfcsKyfuawmh bmrQ rxm;csifbl;/ ukefukefajym&r,f
qdk&if rnfonhf qif;&Jom;rqdk rdrdwdkY\ ta&;jyóemrsm;udk AdkvfcsKyfxH
tvG,fwul 0ifa&mufajymqdkEdkifcGifh&Sdw,f/ onfvdktcsufawGudk axmuf
½Ijcif;tm;jzifh AdkvfcsKyf[m wdkif;jynfqif;&Jom;rsm;udk rnfodkY *½kPm&SdNyD;
rnfodkY vGwfvyfcGifhay;w,fqdkwmudk tvG,fwulusepGm odEdkifygw,f}
[k xnfhoGif;ajymqdkoGm;avonf/
jrefrmjynfonf pdkufysKd;a&;EdkifiH jzpfonfhtwdkif; vlOD;a&tm;vHk;
\ 85-&mcdkifEIef;rQaom awmifolv,form;rsm;\ta&;udk ajz&Sif;&onhf
wm0efonf tpdk;&wdkif;\ wm0efjzpfygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
tmPm&NyD;aemuf rMumrD awmifolv,form;rsm;\ oufomacsmifcsda&;
twGuf oD;pm;cEIef;xm;rsm;udk jyifqifjy|mef;vdkufavonf/ xdkYjyif



 

v,form;rsm;\ b0vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf a&&SnfprD u
H def;rsm;udkvnf;
pOf;pm;xm;avonf/
1947-ck azazmf0g&Dv 25-&ufaeYwGif usif;yaom awmifol
v,form; nDvmcHwGif AdkvfcsKyfu ]awmifolv,form;awG[m Armjynf
rSm vlrsm;pkjzpfw,f/ vGwfvyfa&;&wJhtcgrSm cifAsm;wdkY&JU vGwfvyfa&;
ygvmr,f/ awmifolv,form;vlrsm;pk&JU tcGifhta&;rygbJ vGwfvyfa&;
[m t"dyÜg,f r&Sdbl;vdkY ,lqw,f/ cktcgrSmawmh qihfyg;pyf ESrf;yuf
ovdk jzpfaew,f/ vkyfcsifovdk rvkyfEdkifbl;/ cifAsm;wdkYvkdcsifMuovdk
ajr&Sifpepfudk jyKjyifajymif;vJcsifw,f/ v,fydkif&Sifpepfudk jzKwfjypfEkdif
bdkYbJ} ponfhjzifh >rufMum;cJhavonf/ «rdefYcGef; tjynhftpHkudk aemufquf
wGJ Z-wGif zwfyg/»
awmifolv,form; jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&if; AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;onf tvkyform;oydwfudpörsm;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;&avonf/
ppfNyD;acwfwGif jyefvmMuaom NAdwdoQukrÜPDBuD;rsm;onf t&if;&SifBuD;
rsm;yDyD tvkyform;rsm;udk rao½Hkwr,fom auR;csifMuavonf/
pm;0wfaea&; rzlvHkaom tvkyform;rsm;tzdkY oydwfvufeuf pGJudkif½HkrS
wyg; tjcm;enf;vrf;r&Sday/ ,ciftpdk;&rsm;vufxufurl tvkyform;
oydwfrsm;onf tMurf;zufNzdKcGif;jcif;udkom cHMu&onf/ AdkvfcsKyftpdk;&
um; avmavmq,f tm;jzifh tvkyform;rsm; &oifh&xdkufaom tcGifh
ta&;rsm;&atmif aqmif&Gufay;½Hkru? tvkyform;rsm; b0vGwfajrmuf
a&;twGuf a&&SnfpDrHudef;rsm;udkvnf; pOf;pm;xm;avonf/
1947-ck? rwfv 10-&ufaeY jrefrmjynf t*FvdyfukefonfBuD;
rsm;toif; ESpfywfvnftpnf;ta0;wGif AdkvfcsKyfu atmufygtwdkif;
xnfhoGif;ajymMum;oGm;ygonf/


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
]]jrefrmjynfü ta&;BuD;aom pufrIvkyfief; t&yf&yfudk jynfolydkif
vkyf&ef uREfkyf BuH&G,faMumif;/ xkdodkYjyKvkyfrSom vlwdkY pdwfauseyfí aysmf
&TifpGm aeEdkifaom tqifhtwef;udk &&SdrnfjzpfaMumif; uREfkfyf pGJNrJpGm ,Hk
Munfonf/ odkYaomf jynfolydkif vkyfief;vkyfjcif;rSm pdwfoabm jzLajzmifh
pGmESihf rSefuefaom tcsdefa&mufrS vkyf&rnfqdkcsufudk od&SdaMumif;/
t&if;&Sif0g'onf tcgcyfodrf; vkdvm;tyfonf[k uREfkyf rxif
aMumif;/ tcsdefumvtm;jzihf uREkfyfwdkYjynfrSm wvSrf;rwufEdkifrD? xkd
t&if;&Sif0g'xJrSyif vkyfudkifoGm;&rnfjzpfaMumif;/ odkYaomf t&if;&Sif
pepfudk taemufEdkifiHrsm;rSmuJhodkY w&m;vGef wdk;wufzGHYNzdK;vmatmif
rvkyfoifhaMumif;/
jrefrmjynfonf vsifjrefpGm wdk;wufzGHYNzdK;vdkvQif EdkifiHjcm; tul
tnDudk vdkvdrfhrnf jzpfaMumif;/ wdk;wufrIudk taMumif;jyKí EdkifiHjcm;
tultnDudk zdwfac:&rnfjzpfaMumif;/ xkdokdY zdwfac:&mü uREfkyfwdkY pDrH
ovdkvkyfEdkifrSom xdkEkdifiHjcm;tultnDudk vufcHrnfjzpfaMumif;/ ¤if;
EdkifiHjcm;tultnDudk ZufBuKd;vTwfxm;Edkifvdrhfrnf r[kwaf Mumif;/
,cktcgrl tvkyform; rNidrfoufrIrsm;&Sdvsuf oydwfarSmufae
MuaMumif;/ xkdokdY oydwfarSmufjcif;rSm t&if;&Sif0g'ü rvTJra&SmifombJ
jzpfyGm;&rnfyif jzpfaMumif;/ tvkyform;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsuftrsm;yif
w&mrQwaMumif;/ jrefrmjynf&Sd tvkyform; tajctaerSm tjcm;wdk;wuf
onfhwkdif;jynf&Sd tvkyform; tajctaeESihf EdIif;pmvQif rsm;pGm auseyf
zG,f r&SdaMumif;/ vHkjcHKa&;vnf; r&SdaMumif;/ tvkyform;rsm; Edk;Mum;vm
NyDjzpfí ¤if;wdkY vdkvm;csufudk awmif;&m yxrtBudrfjzpfí rSm;wm ydkwm
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aMumif;/ ul;oef;a&;qdkif&m vkyfief;&Sifrsm;u vuf&Sdtvkyform;oydwf
udk ajz&Sif;&mü oabmwlNyD;tcsufrsm;udk pdwfa&mudk,fyg vdkufavsmoifh



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
aMumif;/ tpkd;&uvnf; oydwfta&;NyD;atmif tpGrf;ukef BuKd;pm;ae
aMumif;/ ajz&Sif;oabmwlNyD; tcsufrsm;ESihf ywfoufí rvdkufemvQif
pufrIpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; at;Nidrf;&ef tpdk;&u Muyfwnf;aom ta&;,lrIudk
jyKvkyf&rnfjzpfaMumif;/}}
txufygrdefYcGef;\ aumufEkwfcsufudk zwfMunhfjcif;tm;jzifh
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf t&if;&Sifzuf rvdkuf? tvkyform;zufom vdkuf
aMumif; odomEdkifayonf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
onf t&if;&Sif0g'D r[kwfbJ qdk&S,fvpf0g'DjzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;ayonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf wzufwGif tpdk;&acgif;aqmiftaejzihf
aeYpOfjzpfay:aeaom jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&NyD; tjcm; wzufwGif
wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf tkwfjrpfcsay;rnfh wdkif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmf
a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf jyifqif&ygonf/ xkdokdY jyifqif&mwGif rnfodkYaom
tcuftcJrsm;ESihf &ifqdkif&onfudk atmufyg xkwfjyefaMunmcsufu
azmfjyayonf/

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xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf

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rnfhvrf; jzpfonf/ tjcm;wvrf;rSm uRefoufwdkrnfhvrf; jzpfonf/ þ
vrf;ESpfvrf;teuf b,fvrf;udk vdkufMurnfvJ/ þar;cGef;udk 1308-ck
wefcl;vqkwf 4-&ufaeY({NyDv 9-&ufaeY)wGif usif;yrnfh wkdif;jynfjyK
vTwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJBuD;wGif ArmawGudk,fwdkif ajzMum;&awmhrnf/ þ



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
tajzudk ray;rD vufiif;EkdifiHa&; tajctaeudk Armwdkif; aumif;aumif;
oabmaygufxm;&ef vdkonf/
,cktcg ArmEdkifiHa&;wGif z?q?y?v ESihf z?q?y?v qefYusifa&;
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&vQif z?q?y?v qefYusifa&;orm;rsm;xJwGif (1) NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;
awG\ yOörHwyfom;rsm;? (2) rif;om;BuD;vkyfcsifolrsm; ygMuonf/ NAdwd
oQe,fcsJUorm;wdkY\ yOörHwyfom;rsm;qdkonfrSm wjcm;r[kwf/ ArmhtqD
tESpfrsm;udk pm;aomufaeMuaom NAddwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;xHrS t½dk;t&if;
rsm;udk vufa0cHNyD;vQif ArmjynfwGif;&Sd NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;wdkY\ tvdk
awmfudkvkdufí vkyfay;aeolrsm;yif jzpfMuonf/
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z?q?y?v tay:wGif vlxku txifvGJatmif vIYHaqmfay;jcif;/ NAdwdoQ
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aemufrS 0ifí wdkufay;jcif; tp&Sdonfh vkyfief;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ xkdrQ
ruao;? a&G;aumufyGJ rvkyfjzpfatmifyif tqdkyg yOörHwyfom;wdkY\
tultnDjzifh NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;wdkYonf BuKd;pm;MuayvdrfhOD;rnf/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;wdkYonf Oya'yk'fr 139-t& Armjynfudk
wcsufvGwftmPmrsm;jzifh tkyfpdk;vdkMuojzifh wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf
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a&G;aumufyGJudkyif rusif;yvdk/ taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;jyNyD; a&TUqdkif;cJhonfh
r[kwfygavm/
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t0gudk rcHEdkifojzihf Oya'jyKvTwfawmf ruawmhbJ vGwfvyfa&;
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cGifhjyK &ayNyD/ odkY&mwGif rvkyfjzpfavav? NAdwdoQe,ffcsJUorm;rsm;onf



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
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rGwfpvifudk upm;ay;vsuf &Sdojzifh tdE´d,onf vGwfvyfa&;wcg;0odkY
a&mufaeygvsuf ,ckxufwdkif Zmwfarsmvsuf &Sdaeonf/ odkYjzpf&m Armh
vGwfvyfa&;udk Zmwfarsmatmif jyKvkyfay;Murnhf ArmhyOörHwyfom;rsm;udk
vnf; vlxkonf aumif;pGm owdjyKMu&vdrfhrnf/
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rif;om;BuD;vkyfcsifolrsm;\ taMumif;udk &Sif;jy&OD;rnf/ ,cktcgwGif
z?q?y?v onf vlxk\a&SUü rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfí acgif;aqmifaejcif;udk
xdkrif;om;BuD;vkyfvdkolrsm;onf remvdk r½IpdrfhMuacs/ &yfcsif;&yf&if
olwdkYom &yfvdkMuonf/ odkY&mwGif olwdkY\ a&SUaemufrnDnGwfaom
acgif;aqmifrI? tjrifwdkaom acgif;aqmifrI? b,folaoao iaw
rm&ifNyD;a&m[laom acgif;aqmifrI? rMumcP azmufvGJazmufjyef jzpfcJh
&aom acgif;aqmifrIrsm;aMumifh vlxkuvnf; ¤if;wdkYa&SUwGif xdkrif;om;
BuD; vkyfvdkolrsm;udk t&yfrcHMuacs/
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wpkonf ywfrBuD;udk xdk;azmufvsuf&SdMu\/ ¤if;wdkYtwGufrSmrl ¤if;wdkY
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rl *½krpdkufbJ xkdrif;om;BuD;rvkyf&olrsm;onf ywfrBuD;udk xdk;azmuf&ef
vHkYvjyKcJhMuonfudk wdkif;jynfvlxk\ rsufjrifyif r[kwfavm/


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jzpf&m ,ckajymcJhNyD;aom NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;wdkY\ yOörHwyfom;rsm;ESihf
rif;om;BuD;rvkyf&olrsm;udk aumif;pGm owdjyKMu&rnf/ xdkolwdkY\ rSm;
,Gif;aom nTefMum;csufaMumifh uRefouf&Snfaprnhf vrf;odkY rvdkufrdMu
&efudkvnf; aumif;pGm owdjyKMu&rnf/
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xdktxnhfrSm;onhf'Pfudk ig;ESpfom cHcJh&onf/ ig;ESpfaphí a&G;aumuf yGJ
topfvkyf&if xdktrSm;udk jyifEkdifonf/ ,ck wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf a&G;
aumufyGJrSmrlum; Armhaemifa&;udk qHk;jzwfrnhf a&G;aumufyGJ jzpfaeaom
aMumifh wcgtxnhfrSm;,Gif;vQif ig;ESpfru woufeD;yg;rQ cHMu&
vdrfhrnf/
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&ufaeYwGif usif;yrnhf a&G;aumufyGJBuD;üvnf; ,ckuJhodkYyif BuHUBuHU
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

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z?q?y?v onf vGwfvyfa&;ESihfywfoufvmvQif vuf½Hk;&nfudkaomf¤if;?
ESvHk;&nfudkaomf¤if; iJhuGufwGefYwdkjcif;r&SdbJ awmfajzmifhrSefuefpGm toHk;
jyKEdkifonhf tpGrf;&Sdonfudk NAdwdoQtpdk;&wdkYu aumif;pGm oabmayguf
vsuf&SdaomaMumihfyifjzpfonf/
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rwfrwf &yfaeEdkifjcif;rSmvnf; uRefawmf awmfvSí r[kwfyg/ vlxk
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf vrf;rSef ay:aygufvmonfhtcgwdkif;wGif toufpGefY
&rnfudkvnf; raMumuf? uJh&JU½IwfcscH&rnfudkvnf; rwkefvIyfbJ [kwf
wdkif;rSef&mudk uRefawmfudk,fwdkif &Gyf&GyfcRHcRHacgif;aqmifí vkyfjycJhaom
aMumifhyif jzpfaMumif;udk wdkif;jynfvlxk todjzpfonf/
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
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
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rIrsKd;udk rBuKdufacs/ Oyrm rdrda&mufonfESihfwNyKdifeuf w&m;a[mpifay:
odkY wufa[mNyD;onfhESihfwNyKdifeuf a&SUodkYqufxGufNyD; csdef;xm;aom tpD
tpOftwdkif; trSDa&mufatmif oGm;NyD; a[mavh&Sd\/ vGefavNyD;aom
acwfa[mif;uuJhodkY tNidrfh? pnfawmfwdkYjzifh tcsdefukefaprIrsm;udk tvdk
r&Sd/ armfawmfum;armif;&mwGifvnf; wem&DvQif rdkif 25-30 avmuf
armif;onfudk rBuKduf/ rdkif 40-50 avmufarmif;rS auseyf\/}}
OD;ykuav;a&;om;csufudk uRefawmfhudk,fawGUjzifh axmufcHvdkyg
onf/ waeYwnf;wGif AdkvfcsKyfonf ewfarmufrS rauG;? xdkrSwqifh
awmifwGif;BuD;odkY a&mufvmí w&m;a[mNyD;aemuf tmvH(,ck atmifvH)



 

odkY qufvufxGufcGmoGm;onf/ um;vrf;ab;&Sd uRefawmfhtdrfodkY acwå
0ifí olYwluav;? wlruav;rsm;udk EIwfquf&ef uRefawmfu zdwfac:
onfudk vufrcHacs/ olYudkMunhf&ef uRefawmfhtdrfü apmifhaeMuaom
bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;ESihf a,musfm;? rdef;rrsm;onf rSef;ajcESifhrudkuf jzpfoGm;
&&Smavonf/
&efukefokdY jyefa&mufaomtcgüvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
EdkifiHa&;&Sif;vif;yGJrsm;vkyf&? toHvTifh& ponfjzifh em;&onf r&Sdyg/
AdkvfcsKyfum; tHhMop&maumif;avmufatmif tyifyef;cHEdkifolaywnf;/
1947-ck rwfv 19-&ufaeY usif;yaom EdkifiHa&;&Sif;vif;yGJwGif
AdkvfcsKyfu Oya'jyKvTwfawmfESihf wdkif;jyK jynfjyKvTwfawmf rnfodkY
uGmjcm;yHk? Armjynfonf i,faomfvnf; rnfrQta&;BuD;yHk? jynfoludk ,Hk
MunfyHk? vlxk(txl;ojzifh vli,fawG) nDnGwfa&;twGuf ta&;BuD;yHk
ponfwdkYudk &Sif;vif;a[majymcJhavonf/ « a[majymcsuf tjynhftpHkudk
aemufqufwGJ ps-wGif zwfyg/ »
xkdESpf xdkvxJrSmyif AdkvfcsKyfonf wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf
a&G;aumufyGJESihf ywfoufí &efukeftoHvTifh½HkrS toHvTihf&jyefavonf/
a&G;aumufyGJ zsufqD;olrsm;onf wdkif;jynf\ &efoleyH wf 1-jzpfrnfh
taMumif;/ z?q?y?v trwfavmif;tm;vHk;udk a&G;vQif wESpftwGif;
vGwfvyfa&;&&ef tmrcHaMumif;/ EdkifiHa&; pm;zm;rsm;udk 0dkif;y,foifh
aMumif;/ vli,fEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; rrdkufoihfaMumif;/ z?q?y?v trwf
avmif;rsm; a&G;cs,f&mwGif rnfodkYaom tcuftcJrsm;? cRwf,Gif;csufrsm;
&SdaMumif;/ z?q?y?v trwfavmif;rsm;tay:wGif jynfov l lxku rnfokdY
oabmxm;oifhaMumif; ponfjzifh AdkvfcsKyfu toHvTifh a[majymcJh
avonf/ « toHvTifhcsuf tjynfhtpHkudk aemufqufwGJ n-wGif zwfyg/»



 

1947-ck {NyDv 9-&ufaeYwGif wdkif;jynfjyK vTwfawmfa&G;aumuf
yGJudk usif;yavonf/ rJqE´e,frsm;udk jyifqifowfrSwfaeygu tcsdef
MuefYMumrnfjzpfojzifh &SdNyD; rJqE´e,frsm;twdkif; we,fvQif ESpfa,muf
uspD a&G;aumuf wifajr§muf&ef pDpOfvdkufavonf/ odkYaomfvnf; Oya'
jyKvTwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;rSmuJhodkY rJay;Edkifolrsm;ESihf ta&G;cHolrsm;
twGuf ypönf;t&nftcsif;owfrSwfcsufrsm; r&SdawmhbJ toufjynfhol
wkdif; rJay;ydkifcGihf? ta&G;cHydkifcGifh &&Sdavonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf z?q?y?v \ t&Sdeft0grSm tvGefBuD;
&um; e,frsm;pGmwGif z?q?y?v trwfavmif;rsm;onf NyKdifbufr&Sd
ta&G;cHMu&avonf/ AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif &efukefvrf;rawmf rJqE´e,frS
NyKdifbufr&Sd a&G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cH&avonf/ jynfr a&G;aumufyGJ
rsm;wGif uGefjrLepftrwfavmif; 7-OD;rSwyg;? usefe,ftm;vHk;wGif z?q?
y?v trwfavmif;rsm;om tjywftowfEdkifavonf/ ]AdkvfcsKyf vTwf
vdkuf&if EGm;bJjzpfjzpf rJay;r,fuG} [k a<u;aMumfum vlxkonf
tifwdkuftm;wdkuf rJay;Muavonf/ awmifwef;a'orsm;wGifvnf; z?q?
y?v tm; axmufcHaom trwfavmif;rsm;om rsm;aomtm;jzifh ta&G;cH
Mu&avonf/
a&G;aumufyGJusif;yNyD; rsm;rBumrD(1947-ck {NyDv 18-&ufaeY)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ESpfopful;rdefYcGef; >rufMum;avonf/ xdkrdefYcGef;
wGif AdkvfcsKyfu ajcvSrf;rSefrSefESifh vkyfudkifoGm;rnfhtaMumif;/ z?q?y?v
udk wdkif;jynfu axmufcHonfhtwdkif; z?q?y?v uvnf; Armjynf
vGwfvyfa&;udk wESpftwGif; &atmifvkyfrnhftaMumif;/ vGwfvyfa&;
r&ao;rD tawmtwGif; wdkif;jynf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; vkyfrnfh
taMumif;/ ta&SUtm&Sawmifydkif;&Sd EdkifiHtm;vHk;ESihf jynfaxmifpk EdkifiH
wEdkifiHjzpfatmif EdkifiHa&;aoG;pnf;rI vkyfrnhftaMumif;/ tdE´d,jynf?
w½kyfjynf EdkifiHBuD; ESpfEdkifiHESihf rdwfaqGjzpfzdkY BuKd;pm;rnfjzpfaMumif;



 

ponfjzifh rdrdtpdk;& aqmif&Gufrnhf vkyfief;rsm;udk &Sif;jyygonf/ xdkYjyif
uGefjrLepfawG\ trSm;rsm;udk axmufjyNyD; twdkuftcHEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;?
owif;pmrsm;? tpdk;&trIxrf;rsm;tm; rSefwmvkyf&efESihf rSefwmvkyfaeorQ
umvywfvHk; rnfolYrQaMumuf&efrvdkaMumif; uwday;ajymMum;avonf/
tmPm& z?q?y?v tzGJU0ifrsm;ESihf jynfolY&Jabmfrsm;tm;vnf; rw&m;
tcGihfta&; r,l&efESihf t&rf;rJhvkyfvQif tzrf;cH&rnhftaMumif; owday;
ajymMum; vkdufavonf/ « rdefYcGef;tjynhftpHkudk aemufqufwGJ #-wGif
zwfyg/»
txufygrdefYcGef;udkzwfvQif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf rnfrQ
EdkifiHa&;tjrifus,fonf? rnfrQ 'Drdkua&pDtcGihfta&;rsm;udk ½dkaoav;pm;
onf? rnfrQ tmPmtvGJoHk;pm;rIudk pufqkyf&GH&Smonfudk odEdkifygonf/
tmPmtvGJoHk;pm;rIudk AdkvfcsKyf pufqkyfyHkESihf ywfoufí
uRefawmfudk,fwdkif odonhfjzpf&yfwckudk azmfjyvdkygonf/ waeYwGif
AdkvfcsKyfonf wdkif;crf;vSnhfvnf&if; c½dkifwckodkY a&mufoGm;ygonf/ e,f
tajctae pHkprf;ar;jref;&m c½dkif0efu ]"m;jywdkufrIrsm;&SdaMumif;? "m;jy
wdkufrI tcsKdUwGif jynfolY&Jabmfrsm;ygaeí ta&;,l&ef cufaeaMumif;}
wifjyygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfu ]rrSefwmvkyf&if usKyfbJjzpfjzpf ta&;,lyg} [k
jyefajymvdkufavonf/
AdkvfcsKyf 'Drdkua&pD av;pm;yHkESifh ywfoufí OD;ykuav;u ]igwdkY
AdkvfcsKyf bmawGvkyfcJhovJ} pmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;cJhygonf/
]]¤if;aemuf uREfkyfu ],cktcg AdkvfcsKyf&JU vkyfief;pOfudk qefYusif
bufvkyfaeMuolrsm;tm; txl;ta&;,lNyD; wenf;enf;ESihf zdESdyfypfvQif
&Sif;roGm;aybl;vm;/ oGm;vQif tvkyfvkyf& rvG,fbl;vm;} [k ar;aom
tcg ]udk,feJY qefYusifbufvkyfwJhvlawGudk zdESdyf&Sif;vif;bdkYqdkwm
(tifbD;&Sif; &SdwJhvlrsKd;rS) udk,fusKd;t&if;cH&SdwJh vlrsKd;rS vkyfEdkifwJhpdwf?



 

&ufpufEdkifwJhpdwf&Sdw,f/ usKyfuawmh tJ'D udk,fusKd;&Sm t&if;cH
pdwfxm;rsKd; r&Sdbl;/ usKyfpdwfrSef;xm;csufuawmh ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;
&NyD;&if EdkifiHa&;rS EkwfxGufNyD; at;at;aq;aq; pmtkyfa&;bdkYbJ/
xdktcg uREfkyfu ]vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;wJhaemuf EdkifiHa&;u EkwfxGuf
bdkY &nf&G,fxm;wmawmh [kwfyg&JU/ 'gayr,hf pOf;pm;p&m wcku vlxk
tpnf;t½Hk;BuD; jzpfvmwm[m AdkvfcsKyfudk taMumif;jyNyD; jzpfay:vmwm
jzpfavawmh wnfNrJbdkY[mvJ AdkvfcsKyftay:rSm wnfaeygw,f/ vGwfvyf
a&; &NyD;wJhaemuf tvkyf vkyfp&mawG[m ydkvdkYom rsm;vmrSmbJ? 'Dtcg
rsKd;rSm AdkvfcsKyf EdkifiHa&;rvkyfawmhbl;qdk&if tpnf;t½Hk;BuD;[m tpdwfpdwf
t>rm>rm jzpfoGm;rSm pdk;&drfp&m r&Sdaybl;vm;} [k ajymaomtcg ]vGwfvyf
a&;&NyD;wJh tcgus&if ygwDoabm awGuawmh trsKd;rsKd;&SdMurSmbJ/ 'Drkd
ua&pD xHk;wrf;pOfvmtwdkif; tvkyf vkyfoGm;Mu&rSmbJ} [k jyefajz\/}}
wcgu uRefawmfhtm;vnf; AdkvfcsKyfu ]vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;&if
EdkifiHa&;u xGufawmhr,f? rxGufvdkYvJ rjzpfzl;/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh
vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;&if tmPmEdkifiHa&; vmawmhr,f/ tmPmEdkifiHa&;eJY
uRefawmfeJY rjzpfzl;} [kajymí ]tJ'Dtcgus&if olwdkYvkyfyHkawG ab;u xdkif
MunhfNyD; &,faecsifw,fAsm} [k ajymbl;ygonf/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 


(21)
vGwfvyfa&;odkY

wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf a&G;aumufyGJudk atmifjrifpGm usif;yNyD;

aemuf(1947-ck arv 19-&ufaeYwGif) ,ck ,Ofaus;rIjywdkufjzpfaeaom
*sLAvDa[mü z?q?y?v trwfrsm;ESihf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;omygaom z?q?
y?v yPmr jyifqifrInDvmcHudk pwifusif;ycJhavonf/
xdknDvmcHonf wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfvkyfief;udk tpm;xdk;&ef
r[kwfbJ jznfhpGuf&ef jzpfaMumif; tpcsDum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
rdrdvkdvm;onfh ]jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH} \yHkpHudk tao;pd wf &Sif;jy
avonf/ jrefrmjynf vGwfvyfNyD;aomtcg orwEd kifiH xlaxmifrnfh
taMumif;/ &Sifbk&ifpepfESihf orwpepfjcm;em;yHktaMumif;/ 'Drdkua&pD
tppfESihf 'Drdkua&pDtwk jcm;em;yHktaMumif;/ vGwfvyfaom orw
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif tvkyform;rsm;ESihf v,form;rsm;\ tcGifh
ta&;rsm;udk rnfodkY umuG,frnfjzpfaMumif; ponfjzifh tao;pdwf
>rufMum;avonf/ xdkYjyif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;ta&;? awmfvSefa&;
wdkY\ t"dyÜg,fESihfywfoufí vDeif? pwmvif? armfpDwHk; paom
uGefjrLepf acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;\ a&;om;csufrsm;udk zwfMum;udk;um;um
tao;pdwf &Sif;jyavonf/
twdkcsKyfrSm xdkrdefYcGef;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ EdkifiHa&;
tbd"r®mudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; azmfjyxm;ojzifh vlwdkif; avhvm



 

rSwfom;oifhonfh rdefYcGef;jzpfayonf/ xdkrdefYcGef;t& AdkvfcsKyfonf t&if;
&Sifpepf? zufqpfpepfudk vufrcHbJ vlrsm;pkjzpfonfh tvkyform;?
v,form;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fay;rnhf 'Drdkua&pDpepfudkom
vufcHaMumif; xif&Sm;ayonf/ « rdefYcGef;tjynhftpHkudk aemufqufwGJ X-
wGifzwfyg/ »
xdknDvmcHudk uRefawmfvnf; wufa&mufcJh&m AdkvfcsKyf\
jywfom;yHkudk rsuf0g;xifxif awGUjrifhcJh&ygonf/ Oyrm 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd
paom tcsKdUacgif;aqmifrsm;u Ak'¨bmomudk EdkifiHawmf bmomjyKvkyf&ef
wdkufwGef;Mu&m AdkvfcsKyfu ]]EkdifiHa&;eJY bmoma&; a&maxG;rIrSm rrSef/
'DudpörSm avQmhray;Edkif/ cifAsm;wdkY rBuKduf&if uRefawmf(acgif;aqmif
tjzpfrS) qif;oGm;&ef toifh&Sdonf/}} [k ajymcsvdkufavonf/
AdkvfcsKyfonf udk,fwdkifr,HkMunfygbJ rdrdacgif;aqmifrI usqHk;
rnfpdk;onhftwGuf avQmhay;wwfaom acgif;aqmifrsKd; r[kwfay/ 1947-
ck azazmf0g&Dv 28-&ufaeY &efukefNrKdUawmfcef;rwGif jyKvkyfaom {nhfcH
yGJü AdkvfcsKyfu ]]acgif;aqmifvkyfwJhvlawG[m aemufvdkuf vlawGxuf
ydkNyD; tjrifus,f&r,f/ acgif;aqmif[m [dkvlajym [kwfEdk;Edk;? 'Dvlajym
[kwfEdk;Edk;? a,mifcsmcsmvkyf&if acgif;aqmif r[kwfzl;/ acgif;aqmif
vkyfwJhvl[m udk,f,HkMunfwJhudpöudk wdkif;oljynfom;awGudk ajym&J&r,f/
&Sif;jyEdkif&r,f/ toufpGefYoifhwJhae&mrSm pGefY&J&r,f/ y&d,m,foHk;oifhwJh
ae&mrSm oHk;&r,f/ tcsdeftcgvdkufNyD; vkyf&r,f/ trsm;a,mifvdkY
a,mif&w,f tarmif awmifrSef;? ajrmufrSef;rodqdk&if acgif;aqmif
r[kwfzl;}} ponfjzifh xnhfoGif;a[majymcJhavonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf 0rf;xJuwrsKd;? yg;pyfuwrsKd; ajymwwf
ol r[kwfacs/ 1947-ck arv 30-&ufaeY owif;pmuGefz&ifhwGif
AdkvfcsKyfu ]]uRefawmfuawmh ,HkMunfwJhtwdkif; vkyfrSmbJ? xdef;vdkY &&if&



 

r&&if uRefawmf&JU acgif;aqmifrI ½HI;wmbJ/ uRefawmfvdk vlrsKd;[m
EdkifiHa&;orm;awmh jzpfrSmr[kwfygbl;/ EdkifiHa&;orm;qdkwmu 0rf;xJrSm
b,favmuf pdwfqdk;aywJh zHk;xm;Edkif&r,f/ uRefawmfuawmh pdwfqdk;&if
qdk;wJhtvdkuf zHk;vdkYr&bl;}} [k ajymcJhavonf/
ESpfopful;rdefYcGef;wGifajymcJhonfhtwdkif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
wzufrS vGwfvyfa&;twGuf jyifqif&if; tjcm;wzufrSvnf; wkdif;jynf
jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;twGuf pdkif;jyif;avonf/ 1947-ck ZGefv 6-&uf
aeYwGif ,ck pmayAdrmefjzpfaeom ]qdk&ifwdkADvm} taqmufttHkü EdkifiH
a&;orm;rsm;? pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;? XmetoD;oD;rS yg&*lrsm; wufa&muf
aom uGefz&ifhudk usif;yum wdkif;jynfjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;twGuf
pDrHudef; a&;qGJMuavonf/ xdkpDrHudef;udk w&m;0if ]2-ESpfpDrHudef;} [k
ac:aomfvnf; vltrsm;u ]qdk&ifwdkADvmpDrHudef;} [k ac:Muavonf/
uGefz&ifhtpwGif AdkvfcsKyfu t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh rdefYcGef; >rufMum;
avonf/ t*Fvdyfbmomjzihf >rufMum;&jcif;rSm xkduGefz&ifhwGif jrefrm
r[kwfaom yg&*lrsm;vnf; wufa&mufMuaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/
xdkrdefYcGef;wGif AdkvfcsKyfu uGefz&ifhac:jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm
wdkif;jynfjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;twGuf a&&SnfpDrHudef; a&;qGJ&ef r[kwfbJ
vufiif;jyóemrsm;jzpfaom vlaerIp&dwfusqif;a&;? tvkyfvufrJh
yaysmufa&;? odkYr[kwf avsmhyg;apa&;? o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;? vlaetdrfrsm;
ta&;? ynma&;? usef;rma&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;? Nidrf0yfydjym;a&; ponfwdkY
twGuf pDrHudef;a&;qGJ&ef jzpfaMumif; &Sif;jyavonf/ xdkYjyif yg&*l
qdkolrsm;vnf; rSm;wwfojzifh olwdkYajymwdkif; em;ra,mifbJ t&m&m
ÚmPfjzifh ,SOfívkyf&ef uGefz&ifhwufolrsm;udk owday;avonf/
AdkvfcsKyfonf pdwful;,Oform;r[kwf/ vufawGUorm;jzpfonhf
twdkif; rjzpfEdkifonfudk rvkyfbJ jzpfEdkifonfudkom vkyfol jzpfayonf/



 

uGefz&ihfrprDuyif AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif a&;qGJonfh pDrHudef;ESihf
ywfoufaom oabmxm;pmwef;udk a0iSxm;í yxraeYwGif wufa&muf
olrsm;tm; xdkpmwef;tm; a0zefap&m rnfolrQ a0zefrnhfol r&SdMuay/
pmwef;wGif pDrHudef;a&;qGJ&ef (1) pm&if;tif;taMumif;t&m &SmazGa&;
tzGJU/ (2) tBuHÚmPfrsm;ay;aom pDrHudef;rsm;a&;qGJaomtzGJU/ (3)
aiGaMu;udpu
ö dk pdppfaom b@ma&;tzGJU/ (4) enf;vrf;&SmazGaomtzGJU/
(5) pkaygif;ppfaq;í pDrHudef;rsm;udk qHk;jzwftwnfjyKaom tzGJU
ponfjzifh tzGJUi,frsm; zGJUpnf;um aqmif&Guf&ef nTefMum;xm;avonf/
1947-ck ZGefv 10-&uf t*FgaeYwGif wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf
tpnf;ta0;udk pwifusif;yavonf/ xdktcsdeftxd e,fcsJUvufyg;ap
rsm;onf ajcxdk;vsuf &Sdygao;onf/ Oyrm u&ifeDjynfe,f(,ck
u,m;jynf)rS udk,fpm;vS,f ESpfa,mufonf &efukefodkYa&mufNyD;rS
]]uRefawmfwdkY u&ifeDjynfe,frSm vGwfvyfNyD;jzpfonf/ wdkif;jynfjyK
vTwfawmf tpnf;ta0;wuf&efrvdk}} [k ajymum jyefoGm;Muavonf/
(rSwfcsuf/ /Oya'oabmt& u&ifeDjynfe,fonf NAdwdoQ
vufatmufcH r[kwfay/ odkYaomfvnf; vufawGUwGifrl NAdwdoQtpdk;&
jyKorQ Ek&ayonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif bdvyfü tpdk;&udk,pf m;vS,ftzGJUESihf
aqG;aEG;aom yxraeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ]vGwv f yfonfqdkaom
u&ifeDjynfe,f} [laom pum;vHk;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;ajymjcif; jzpfayonf)
1947-ck ZGefv 16-&ufaeY wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf tpnf;
ta0;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf vGwfvyfonfh tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif
jrefrmEdkifiHawmftwGuf a&;qGJ&rnfh zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'ESihf
ywfoufonfh vrf;nTefjy|mef;csuf tqdkudk atmufygtwdkif; wifoGif;
avonf/



 

]]awmifwef;a'orsm;ESihf u&ifeDjynfe,frsm; tygt0ifjzpfaom
jrefrmEdkifiHawmfol EdkifiHawmfom;wdkY\ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf wdkif;ol
jynfom;wdkY\ tmoDoqE´ESihf avsmfnDpGm EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'udk pD&ifa&;qGJ&eftvdkYiSm pHknDpka0;Muvsuf atmufyg
jy|mef;csufrsm;udk csrSwfMuaMumif;/
(1) EdkifiHawmf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'onf ]jrefrm
jynfaxmifpk EkdifiHawmf} [k ac:wGifapaom vGwfvyfonfhtcsKyftjcm
tmPmydkif orwEdkifiH\ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' jzpfap&rnf/
xdkYjyif-
(2) jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfwGif zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'u
owfrSwfazmfjyonhf woD;yk*¾vjynfe,frsm;onf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'wGif owfrSwfazmfjyxm;onfESihftrQ udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;
tmPm &&Sdap&rnf/
xdkYjyif-
(3) tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmydkif vGwfvyfaom orw jrefrmEdkifiHawmf
ESihfwuG? tygt0ifjzpfonfh jynfe,frsm;ESihf tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk;
wkdY\ tcGihftmPm [lorQwdkYonf wdkif;oljynfom;wdkYxHrS oufqif;ap
&rnf/
xdkYjyif-
(4) jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHawmf\ wdkif;oljynfom;rSeforQonf
vlrIa&;&mü¤if;? pD;yGm;a&;ü¤if;? EdkifiHa&;ü¤if; w&m;rQwrI&Sdapvsuf
tqifhtwef; tcGihfta&;ESihf Oya'oufa&mufrIwdkYwGif qlBuHKedrfhjrifh r&Sd?
yuwd wlnDap&rnfhjyif w&m;Oya'ESihfaomf¤if;? trsm;jynfolwdkY
apmihfpnf;tyfaom tusifhodu©mESihfaomf¤if; rqefYusiforQ vGwfvyfpGm



 

BuHpnfydkifcGifh? xkwfazmfajymqdkydkifcGifh? ,HkMunfydkifcGifh? 0wfjyKydkifcGifh?
y&da,oe &SmrSD;ydkifcGifh? pnf;½Hk;ydkifcGifh? jyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifhwdkY &&Sd
wnfNrJap&eftwGuf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif tcdkiftvHk
owfrSwfxm;&Sdap&rnf/
xdkYjyif-
(5) þzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif vlenf;pkrsm;tzdkY
vHkavmufaom umuG,fcsufrsm; xnfhoGif;jyXmef;jcif; &Sdap&rnf /
xdkYjyif-
(6) vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif orwjrefrmEdkifiH\
e,fajrwdkY waygif;wpnf;wnf; wnfwHhckdifNrJa&;udk¤if;? EdkifiHawmf\
Munf;? a&? av wdkYudk tcsKyftjcmpdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhudk¤if;? w&m;"r®
ESihfwuG jynfaxmifcsif;csif; Oya't& xdef;apmihfxm;&Sdap&rnf/
xdkYjyif-
(7) &mZ0ifwGif xif&Sm;cJhaom þjrefrmEdkifiHawmfonf urÇmwGif
rdrd\ *kPfusufoa&ESihf avsmfnDpGm &oifh&xdkufaom tqifhtwef;odkY
a&muf&Sdap&rnhftjyif? vlowå0gwdkY\ wdk;wufa&;ESihf aumif;usKd;
csrf;om jynfh0a&;wdkYudk wm0eftavsmuf apwemjzifh tpGrf;ukef jznfhpGrf;
xrf;&Gufum jynfaxmifcsif;csif; qdkif&m w&m;"r®ESihf usifh0wfodu©mudk
tajccHjyKí urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&; a&SU½Ivsuf EdkifiHwumwdkYESihf rdwf 0wfrysuf
wGJzufyl;aygif; aqmif&GufrIudk cdkifNrJaom t"d|mefjzifh apmifhxdef;awmhtHh/}}
tqdkwifoGif;&if; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u Armjynf\ tajctae
t& jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH zGJUpnf;oihfaMumif;? vlrsm;pkjzpfonfh Armrsm;u
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;tm; twif; eom;yg;,m;vkyfrnf r[kwfaMumif;?
vGwfvyfNyD; tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifaom orwEd kifiHudk vdkvm;aMumif;?



 

tcsKyftjcmtmPmonf vlxkrS qif;oufonf[k ,HkMunfMuaMumif;?
vGwfvyfrI[lonf pnf;urf;&SdrS vGwfvyfrItppf jzpfEkdifaMumif; ponf
jzifh xnfhoGif;>rufMum;oGm;avonf/ «rdefYcGef;tjynfhtpHkudk aemufquf
wGJ #-wGif zwfyg/»

wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf wuf&efvmpOf
AdkvfcsKyf\ tqdkudk z?q?y?v trwfrsm;tjyif &Srf;jynfe,f
trwfrsm;jzpfMuaom anmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD;(orwa[mif;)ESihf OD;xGef;jrifh
wdkYu¤if;? t*Fvdyf jrefrm ujym;trwf rpöwmat&pfAm;pfu¤if;? u&if
trsKd;om;trwfrsm;jzpfMuaom ref;bcdkif? apmpHbdkoif;? apm0D&Dausmf
wdkYu¤if;? ucsiftrwfrsm;jzpfMuaom qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif? 'l;0g;
aZmfvGrf;wdkYu¤if;? csif;trsKd;om;trwf OD;0rfudka[mu¤if;? rGeftrsKd;om;



 

trwf rGefxGef;apm? OD;pHxGef;atmifwdkYu¤if;? uGefjrLepftrwf ocif
oef;azu¤if; axmufcHMuNyD; uefYuGufolr&Sd twnfjyKvdkufMuygonf/
xdkYaemuf tqdku csrSwfjy|mef;onfh rlrsm;twdkif; tcsKyftjcm
tmPmydkifaom jynfaxmifpkorwjrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya' a&;qGJ&ef trwfrsm;ESifh trwfr[kwfolrsm;yg yg0ifaom
aumfrDwDrsm; zGJUpnf;vdkufavonf/
wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf tpnf;ta0;udk acwå&yfqdkif;NyD;aemuf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm; rnpfywfEdkifatmif vlxk
pnf;½Hk;a&;udk udkif&jyefavonf/ AdkvfcsKyfum; vuf0JEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;
nDnGwfa&;udk txl;vdkvm;avonf/ odkYvdkvm;onfhtwdkif; qdk&S,fvpf
ygwDESihf jynfolY&JabmftzGJUwdkYudk yl;aygif;um ]rmhufpf0g'tzGJUcsKyf}
(Marxist League) wnf axmif&ef BuKd;pm;cJ havonf/ z?q?y?v rS
xkwfxm;aom ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESihf jynfvnfnDnGwf&efvnf;
BuKd;pm;cJhavonf/
1947-ck Zlvdkifv 19-&ufaeY wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf tpnf;
ta0;wGif aMuuGJ0rf;enf;aMumif;tqdkudk axmufcH&if; uGefjrLepf trwf
ocifoef;azu ]]aemufqHk;ydwftm;jzifh (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf)
tayguf0txd vdkufvmNyD; bmajymovdkqdk&if ]cifAsm;wdkYeJY uRefawmfwdkY
nDnGwfa&;&cJh&if uRefawmf a&SUudk EkdifiHa&; qufvkyfr,f/ r&&if
wdkif;jynfrSm vGwfvyfa&;udk aMunmNyD;wJhtcg uRefawmf EdkifiHa&;udk
pGefYvTwfawmhr,f/ tJ'gaMumifhrdkYvkdY cifAsm;wdkYeJY uRefawmfwdkY nDnGwfa&;
&atmif cifAsm;wdkYuvJ tpGrf;ukef BuKd;pm;Muyg} qdkNyD; uRefawmhfudk
ajymvdkufw,f}} ponfjzifh xnfhoGif;ajymMum;oGm;ygonf/
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD tay:wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; rnfrQ
oHa,mZOfBuD;onfudk jyonfh om"uaywnf;/ txufwGif a&;cJhonfh



 

twdkif; AdkvfcsKyfonf uGefjrLepfygwDuvyfpnf;\ yxrqHk; twGif;a&;rª;
jzpfcJh½HkrQru usqHk;onfhaeYtxd uGefjrLepfygwDESihfnDnw
G fa&; jyefvnf
&&Sd&ef BuKd;pm;cJholjzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;ayonf/
1947-ck? Zlvdkifv 13-&uf(we*FaEGaeY)wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
onf &efukefNrKdUawmfcef;r vomaqmifrSaeí jrefrmjynfolvlxktm;
aemufqHk;rdefYcGef;udk >rufMum;avonf/
xdkrdefYcGef;wGif AdkvfcsKyfu ]'dkrDeD,ef} oabmudk &Sif;jyNyD;aemuf
a&Twd*kefbk&m;tv,fypö,HwGif usif;ycJhaom yxrqHk; z?q?y?v nDvm
cHESihf *sLAvDa[mwGif usif;ycJhaom z?q?y?v yPmrnDvmcHwdkYwGif
qHk;jzwfcJhonfhtwdkif; wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfwGif ]vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;}
tqdkudk wifoGif;cJhaMumif;/ aMunmcJhonfhtwdkif; wESpftwGif; vGwfvyf
a&;&atmif aqmif&GufrnfjzpfaMumif;/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aomtcg jynfol
vlxktaejzihf ydkíwm0efBuD;rm;vmrnfjzpfonhftwdkif; tvkyfydkí vkyfMu
&rnfjzpfaMumif; ponfjzihf xnfhoGif;ajymMum;oGm;avonf/
xdkYjyif AdkvfcsKyfonf jrefrmtcsKdU\ wm0efrJh? bHk;abmvatmEdkifyHk
rnDnGwfyHkwdkYudk jyif;xefpGm a0zef&if; ]zmo,fEdkifiHjzpfrSmbJ} [lí¤if;?
Murf;wrf;aom pum;rsm;udk oHk;pGJoGm;avonf/ «rdefYcGef; tjynhftpHkudk
aemufqufwGJ ¡-wGif zwfyg/»
xdkpum;toHk;tEIef;ESihf ywfoufí tcsKdUu Murf;vGef;onf/
acgif;aqmifwa,muftaeESihf roHk;tyf[k wD;wdk;a0zefMuygonf/
AdkvfcsKyf\ jyefMum;csufESihf ywfoufí uRefawmf\ ]16-ESpf EdkifiHa&;
tawGUtBuHKrsm;} pmtkyfwGif a&;cJhonhftwdkif; xyfrHazmfjyvdkygonf/
]]rusqHk;rD ESpf&ufavmufwGif uRefawmf wnf;cdkaeom
wuúodkvf&dyfomvrf;&Sd tpfudkBuD;OD;b0if;\tdrfodkY AdkvfcsKyf tvnf
a&mufvm&m xdkrdefYcGef;ESihfywfoufí a0zefaeMuaMumif; ajymvdkuf



 

ygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfu ]uRefawmf wrifMurf;Murf;wrf;wrf; ajymvdkuf
wmbJ/ 'grS vlawGrSwfrdr,f/ 'gudk a0zefaeMuwm cufwmbJ} [k
ajymygonf/}}
AdkvfcsKyfonf z½ko0gpmudk pufqkyfol jzpfygonf/ i,fpOfrSpí
½HkU&if;Murf;wrf;aom pum;rsm;udk oHk;cJygonf/ odkYygvsuf þrdefYcGef;
wGif Murf;wrf;aompum;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;ajymMum;oGm;jcif;onf
]y&d,m,f} oHk;jcif; jzpfonf[k ,lqygonf/
AdkvfcsKyf y&d,m,f<u,f0ykHESihfywfoufí olESihf ausmif;aebuf
*syefacwf ppf0efBuD;½Hk; pm&if;udkifcsKyftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhaom &efukef
jrLeDpDy,fpm&if;udkifcsKyfa[mif; OD;axG;armif(uG,fvGefol)u atmufyg
twdkif; uRefawmfhtm; ajymbl;ygonf/
]]AdkvfcsKyf y&d,m,fr&Sdbl;vdkY ajymaewJhvlawG[m taMumif;rod
vdkYAsmh/ uRefawmfu olYtem;rSm eD;eD;uyfuyf ae&bl;awmh ol b,f
avmuf y&d,m,f<u,fw,fqdkwm odw,f/ OyrmqdkMuygpdkY? wcgwav
tzdk;BuD;awG(EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;BuD;awG)udk Budrf;w,f r[kwfvm;/
tJ'g wrifBudrf;wmAsmh/ tJ'Dvdk tzdk;BuD;awGudk Budrf;NyD;wJhaemuf
uRefawmfhudk ESpfa,mufcsif; bmajymovJqdk&if ]'Dtzdk;BuD;awGudk 'Dvkd
ajcmufay;rS &rSmAsmh} vdkYajymbl;w,f/ uJ AdkvfcsKyf b,favmuf
y&d,m,f<u,fovJAsm}}
txufyg OD;axG;armif\ ajymjycsuft& Murf;wrf;aom
pum;rsm;udk AdkvfcsKyf oHk;cJhjcif;rSm y&d,m,ftaejzifh oHk;jcif;jzpfaMumif;
xif&Sm;ayonf/



 

usqHk;&jcif;

þrQjzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ EdkifiHa&;ta&miftqif;udk odEdkif

ayNyD/ AdkvfcsKyfonf zufqpfpepf? e,fcsJUpepfwkdYudk vufrcH/ 'Drdkua&pD
pepfudkom vufcHayonf/ t&if;&Sifpepfudk vufrcH/ qdk&S,fvpf
pepfudkom vufcHaMumif; xif&Sm;ayonf/
xdkodkYaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk e,fcsJUorm;ESihft&if;&Sifrsm;u
BuKdufESpfoufEdkifrnf r[kwfay/
ppfNyD;acwf e,fcsJUpepf(0g) acwfopfe,fcsJUpepfonf a&S;u
uJhodkY e,fcsJUorm;rsm;udkd,fwdkif udkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm;wGif wdkuf½dkuf0ifa&muf
tkyfcsKyfaom pepfr[kwfawmhacs/ rdrdwdkY BuKd;qGJ&murnfh tpdk;&rsm;
&&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufay;aompepf om jzpfayonf/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;onf jrefrmjynftm; vGwfvyfa&; ray;vQif
rjzpfawmhaMumif; odonhftwdkif; wzufwGif vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef
oabmwlí tjcm;wzufwGif vGwfvyfcgp jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdrdwdkY
MoZmcHrnfh tpdk;&rsKd;(0g) rdrdwdkYudk tusKd;jyKrnfh ½kyfao; tpdk;&rsKd;udk
vdkcsifonfrSm "r®wmyif jzpfayonf/ jrefrmjynfrtm; vGwfvyfa&;
ay;&aomfrS awmifwef;a'orsm;udk csefvSyfxm;Edkif&ef rnfodkYBuKd;pm;cJh
onfudk txufwGif azmfjycJhNyD; jzpfygonf/
e,fcsJUorm;onf wdk;wufaom EdkifiHa&;t,ltq&Sdonfh Adkvf
csKyfatmifqef;udk vdkvm;Edkifrnf r[kwfacs/ AdkvfcsKyfom qufvufwnf
&Sdaeygu t&if;&Sife,fcsJUorm;rsm;tzdkY vGwfvyfcgp jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
qufvuf aoG;pkyfEdkifawmhrnf r[kwfonfudk aumif;pGm odMuavonf/



 

xdkYaMumifh AdkvfcsKyfudk z,f&Sm;ypfa&;onf t&if;&Sif e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\
t"duwm0ef jzpfvmavonf/
e,fcsJUorm;onf y&d,m,ft&mwGif tvGefyg;eyfvdr®m&um;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif okwfoif&Sif;vif;jcif; rjyKbJ?
okwfoif&Sif;vif;ay;rnhf wdkif;&if;om; opömazmuf vufyg;aprsm;udk
&Smavonf/ odkY&Sm&mwGif 0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; OD;apmudk awGUavonf/
OD;apmonf 1940-jynfh pufwifbmvwGif 0efBuD;csKyf jzpfcJh
bl;avonf/ OD;apm\ tpdk;&onf 1935-ck jrefrmjynf tkyfcsKyfa&;
tufOya't& Oya'jyKvTwfawmfu wifajr§mufaom tpdk;&jzpf&m ta&;
BuD;aom umuG,fa&; EdkifiHjcm;a&; aiGa&;aMu;a&; ponfwdkYudk
rudkif&acs/ awmifwef;a'orsm;udkvnf; rtkyfcsKyf&acs/ xdkXmersm;udk
NAdwdoQbk&ifcHuom wdkuf½dkuftkyfcsKyfavonf/ xdktkyfcsKyfa&;udk 91-
Xme tkyfcsKyfa&;[k ac:Muavonf/
OD;apmonf 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfvmonfhtcsdefrSpí 0g;&if;wkyfwyf
zGJUum twkduftcH EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;(txl;ojzifh wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;0if
ocifrsm;)ukd ½dkufESufzdEdSyfcJhavonf/ twkduftcH EkdifiHa&;orm; rsm;pGm
udk axmifoGif;tusOf;cscJhavonf/ 1941-ck atmufwdkbm vqef;wGif
OD;apmonf ][kr®½l;} awmif;&ef bdvyfodkY oGm;avonf/ [kr®½l;r&bJ
tjyefwGif vrf;ü *syefESihf tquftoG,f&Sdonf[k tqdkcH&í NAdwdoQ
tpdk;&\ tzrf;tqD;udk cH&avonf/
ppfNyD;aomtcg OD;apmonf tcsKyfrSvGwfí jrefrmjynfodkY jyef
a&mufvmonf/ EdkifiHa&;qufvkyfum wdkif;jynfacgif;aqmifjzpf&ef
BuKd;pm;aomfvnf; jynfolvlxku vufrcHMuay/ tvGef tmPmrufaom
OD;apmonf jynfolvlxk\ axmufcHrIudk r&Edkifaomtcg e,fcsJU
vufyg;aprsm;ESihf yl;aygif;í rdrdtmPm&a&;twGuf BuKd;yrf;avonf/



 

ppftwGif; jynfya&mufaeaom OD;apmonf jrefrmjynfolawG rnfrQ
wdk;wufvmonfudk rcefYrSef;Edkifacs/ ,cifuuJhodkY tmPm vufeuf
wdkYjzifh jynfolvlxkudk Ncdrf;ajcmufpnf;½Hk;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k ,lqae[ef
&Sdayonf/
tmPmudk irf;irf;wuf vdkcsifaeaom OD;apmonf ]ysKdwdkif;
BuKdufwJh ESif;qDcdkif} jzpfaeaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd remvdkjzpfonfrSm
"r®wmyif/ xdktawmtwGif;wGif AdkvfcsKyftay:ü txifvGJ&ef taMumif;
wck jzpfay:cJhavonf/ xdktaMumif;rSm OD;apmaoewfypfcH&í rsufpd
wzuf 'Pf&m &oGm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/
þodkYjzifh jrefrmjynftm; rnfumrwåvGwfvyfa&;avmufom
ay;í qufvufaoG;pkyfcs,fvS,fvdkMuaom e,fcsJUorm;rsm;onf Adkvf
csKyfatmifqef; tay:wGif remvdkjzpfum txifvGJaeaom OD;apmESihf
yl;aygif; rdBuavownf;/

rarhEdkifaom Zlvdkif-19

1947-ck Zlvdkifvqef;avmufwGif NAdwdoQppfAdkvfrsm; tkyfcsKyfae

aom ppfypönf;axmufyHha&;wyfrS b&if;*ef; tvuf-200ESihf usnfqHrsm;
aysmufqHk;oGm;onf/ EdkifiHa&;&efolrsm;u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk vkyfBuH
Muvdrfhrnf ponfjzifh owif;rsm; xGufay:vmavonf/ odkYaomfvnf;
jynfolvlxktm; t<uif;rJh,HkMunfaom AdkvfcsKyfum; *½krpdkufacs/
pmtkyftpü a&;cJhonfhtwdkif; rdrdudk,fudk ,HkMunfolwdkY\ "r®wmtwdkif;
&efoltm; txifao;jcif;aywnf;/



 

Zlvdkifv 19-&uf paeaeYeHeuf 10-em&DwGif twGif;0efrsm;
½Hk;a[mif;&Sd AdkvfcsKyf\tcef;ü jyKvkyfNrJjzpfonfh trIaqmifaumifpD
tpnf;ta0;usif;yum AdkvfcsKyfESihf &Jabmf0efBuD;rsm;onf jynfa&;jynf&m
jyóemt00udk ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf aqG;aEG;wdkifyifaeMuavonf/ eHeuf
10-em&D 40rdepftcsdefwGif ppf,leDazmif;rsm;0wfxm;aom vlqdk;rsm;onf
*spfum;jzifh vma&mufum AdkvfcsKyf\ tcef;wGif;odkY ZGwftwif; 0if
a&mufNyD; b&if;*ef;rsm;jzifh ypfMuavonf/ AdkvfcsKyfESihfwuG 0efBuD;rsm;
jzpfMuaom ocifjr? ref;bcdkif? OD;&mZwf? tpfudkBuD; OD;b0if;ESihf
twGif;0efOD;tkef;armifwdkYrSm yGJcsif;NyD;usqHk;Muvsuf 0efBuD; 'D;'kwf
OD;bcsKdESihf rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;wdkYrSm aq;½Hka&mufrS toufaysmufMu
avonf/ vlqdk;rsm;onf tqif;wGif OD;&mZwf\ oufawmfapmifh
udkaxG; udkvnf; ypfcwfowfjzwfoGm;Muavonf/
xdkrQ,kwfrmyufpufaom vkyfBuHrIudk usL;vGefolrsm;rSm OD;apm\
wynfhrsm;jzpfNyD; ol\cdkif;apcsuft& usL;vGefjcif;jzpfonfudk txl;
azmfjy&ef vdkrnfrxifyg/ txl;&mZ0wfcHk½Hk;u 37-&ufMumrQ ESpfzuf
oufaorsm;udk ppfaq;NyD; OD;apmwdkYtm; jypfrIusL;vGefaMumif; xif&Sm;
ojzifh ao'Pfay;vdkufMuavonf/
þodkYjzifh jrefrmouú&mZf 1276-ck? waygif;vqef; 1-&uf
(c&pfouú&mZf 1915-ck? azazmf0g&Dv 13-&uf) paeaeYwGif zGm;jrif
cJhaom nDav;atmifqef; (0g) ocifatmifqef; (0g) AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;onf rdrdwoufwmywfvHk; BuKd;yrf;cJhaom jrefrmhvGwfvyf
a&;udk vif;a&mifjcnfrQom jrif&qJ e,fcsJUorm;ESihf jynfwGif;opömazmuf
wdkY\ vufcsufjzihf jrefrmouú&mZf 1309-ck? 0gacgifvqef; 2-
&uf(c&pf ouú&mZf 1947-ck? Zlvdkifv 19-&uf) paeaeYwGif
usqHk;&&Smavonf/ xdkaeYum; jrefrmjynfolawGtzdkY rarhEdkifaomaeY
jzpfayownf;/



 


jynfolY&ifxJrSm AdkvfcsKyf rao

EdkifiHawmf psmye



 


q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrdIif; a&;pyfoDuHk;aom av;csKd;BuD;

tmZmenfAdrmef

aMomf? taqmifaqmifeef;awG MuiSef;awGESihfaESm? tacgifrjref;cif

u? atmifpmwef;csKdUapbdkY? atmifyef;n§KdU&&SmwJh? awmifwref;wdkYArmrSm?
ta[mif;oHo&m tikwfawGESihf atmifqef;wdkY romr,m[m? ¤if; uH
Mur®m tvkyfayxifh? aomif;jref r&Pm prkwfrSmawmh csKyfoeJY ,if;tvdk
wGif? a'gif;vHyk0gtkyfygvdkY usKyfjzifh oN*KØ[fcsif/



 

aMomf wynfh&if;awGrdkY? u0drwif;Edkifbl;uG,fh? owduif;um
rsuf&nfususNyD;? cufuNyD vufqnfvdkY r&EdkifblY? aomubavmifql
awmh? awmifZrÁLyk*HacwfqDu? ,acgifrl,refoepfawGaygh? &eftjzpf
ruG,fh raES;oaemf waomif;ZrÁL&rf;aeMu? usef&pfwJh ajr;awmftavmif;
pnfol&JUeef;udkjzifh? vlMurf;"jyawG Murf;vm&rf;vmwJhta&;wGifrS? ab;
taygif;BuD;pGm a0'emtpHkeJY? aoG;acsmif;pD;um ao&SmyHk&JUjyif? a&Tjrefrm
bHkrSm trif;rif;orwawGeJY? owif;vSwJh tif;0&mZmtrGef omvGefrif;
udkrS? om;&if;&Sifw½kyfu,fu? &Sifbk&ifvkyfr,f tus,fZ,m;awGjzifh?
'0,fom;awG Adkvf0ifcHvdkYrdkY? [kdt&if,ref eef;awmfpD;pOfu? tysufBuD;
ysufum toufcE¨mawGqHk;yHkeJY? wxHk; aemufweJrSmawmh? rif;&JU&EÅrdwf
crsmrSm nDoeif;ayaygh? jynfrif;*kPfcHvdkY? rIefrIefqefqef ykefuefwJh
twdkif;&JUjyif? wvdkif;e,f a&TjynfwcGifrawmh? "r®apwDbk&if vufxuf
wkef;qDu? vuf½Hk;&nf wodefvQrf;aywJh? ordefA&rf;qdkol ppfAdkvfcsKyfudk
jzifh? r[kwfw½kwftaumif awavwapäudkufwmeJY? aMomf azGazG&Sm&Sm
rausp&mayayghaESm? ra&r&m ao&Gmqdkufovdkaygh? tckdkuftcgwlvdkYrdkY?
q&mwrl rMumrMumvGrf;&ygwJh? br&mtqlql MumMuiSef;awGESihf? jrefrm
ZrÁL tnmref;wGifjzifh? igwvl igo&rf;a&mhr[JhvdkY? omcef;yvif
nTef;NyD;? jrifuGef;ydkif olykefxpOfu? BuHK&olromawmfESihf? yrmaomf
wlw,fvdkY EIdif;rdw,f? ½dkif;owJh twdwf,cifvkdaemfuG,f? ppfudkif;wyJh
*dkPf;tzGJUawGeJY? rdIif;&JUpdwfxif/
rif;pdwfrif;rmef tBuHtzefuif;vdkufyHku? t*Fvdyf ,if;*syef
ESpfwef&Sif;ygvdkY? &efcyif;udkwJh armif;umESif? a'gif;jrefrmwcGifrSmjzifh
,cifoabm? (tdkuG,f) waumif;&mZ0ifudkwJh qufcsifoabm/
eef;NrKdUwnf&ef? rSef;vdkY&nfumoefwJh? nDvmcHAdkvf½IyGJwGifrS?
xdkxdkvlcyJudk rMunfnKdwJh? 0oDtvdk wajz;ajz;½l;r[JhvdkY? waEG;aEG;rl;rl;
NyD;? acG;bDvl;vdktaumifrdkufawGu? aMomf tarSmifp½dkufu,fESihf? ajymif



 

ajymifbJrdkufrayghvdkY? ajAmifudkufo[mrSm ,m,D,BwmtcsdefeJY? ZmwmrSdef
vdkYrdkY? *PmrNidrf wm0wdef,Gef;Muaygh? ajzrMunf ae&Dawmh vGrf;apbdkY?
jrefrmhjynfay:udk "r®pnfawmf&Grf;csdefrdkY? tpGrf;ukef onfwcgjzifh? jynf&Gm
nDnmbdkYtvkyfayaygh? okóefwHcGef;apmif;&&SmwJh? ½kyftusef ckESpfavmif;
&,fESihf? tvGefaumif;pGm urÇmwnfrnhf? tmZmenfAdrmefykxdk;udkjzifh?
yg&rDt"d|mefwrsKd;&,fESihf? &Sdcdk;um q&muefawmhcsif&JU? jrefrmrawmh
ylp&mbdkY? wAsL[matmifcref ;wGifrS? vlrorm tarSmifoef;csdefrdkY? aomif
urf;rdkYrdkYqDu? azmifeef;ul;wdkYESihf taMum'*kefwnf;[laom a&pHkarsmav
&JU? aMomf awmifeef;ajrmufeef; taqmifMuiSef;eJY? tacgifrjref;&cifu?
atmifyef;n§KdU&&SmwJh? atmifqef;wdkYaoyHkESajrm/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 

aemufqufwGJrsm;

aemufqufwGJ-u

wdkYArmoDcsif;

1/ /waumif;tbd&mZm? wdkYArm omuDrsKd;[mrdkY rn§Kd;*kPf

awZm? ,dk;',m;ESifh ukvm;udkyg wdkufcdkufum atmifcJhwm-wdkYArm?
pdefrSefuif;ppf? tjzpfBuD;jzpfvsuf xif;wvSJYBuHK&wkef;ESifh raoGavmu
"r®wmay? igwdkYuHac? jzpf&jyefoav? odkYaomf t&if;udkppfvQif Armjynf
igwdkY-igwdkYjynf/
aemifO'gef;b,frausp&m? &mZ0ifwifxm;? rsKd;½dk;EG,fvm? urÇm
wcGifrSmjzifh? Armtxift&Sm;? wdkYacwfwGifrS nHhMuawmhrSmvm;? wdkYArm-
wdkYArm r[kwfavovm; wdkYArm? igwdkYArm-wdkYArm? igwdkYArm 'g igwdkY
Arm- 'g igwdkYArm? tm;vHk;nDnD- a,musfm;bom; aumif;pm;bdkY&m? wdkY
udk,fusKd;vHk;vHk;ryg? &J&JarmyDyD-Armajy wdkYArmbdkYyg? ocifusifhudk usifh
Muyg? ocifrsKd;a[h wdkYArm? rdk;atmufajrjyifrSm? txufwef;pdwfeJY pmr&D
aoG; wdkYArm/
2/ /(oHNyKdifqdk)urÇmraMu? ArmawG? 'gwdkYajy? 'gwdkYajr? 'g
igwdkYajy/ urÇmraMu? ArmawG? 'gwdkYajy? 'gwdkYajr? 'g igwdkYajy/ 'gwdkYajy?
'gwdkYajr? 'g igwdkYajy/ wdkYArm-wdkYArmajyudk? wdkif;&if;om;tukeftpOf?
wdkYajyvdkYrSwfxif? wdkY0wå&m;yif? wdkYArmcif/



 

3/ /aMomf? trsKd;om;a&;BuKd;yrf;Muyg? wdkYArma[h-wkdYArm?
aMomf? trsKd;om;a&;BuKd;yrf;Muyg? wdkYArma[h-wdkYArm? ta&SUu ae0ef;
xGufonfhyrm? wdkYacwfudkawmh a&muf&rnfrSm rvGJyg? wdkYArma[h-wdkY
Arm? Armajyw0Srf;vHk;tukef wdkYtdrfrSwfyg? wdkY,mrSwfyg? tJ'g-wdkYArm/
4/ /(oHNyKdif) urÇmraMu? ArmawG? 'gwdkYajy? 'gwdkYajr? 'g
igwdkYajy/ urÇmraMu? ArmawG? 'gwdkYajy? 'gwdkYajr? 'g igwdkYajy/ 'gwdkYajy?
'gwdkYajr? 'g igwdkYajy/ wdkYArm-wdkYArmajyudk? wdkif;&if;om;tukeftpOf?
wdkYajyvdkYrSwfxif? wdkY0wå&m;yif? wdkYArmcif/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 

aemufqufwGJ-c

ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;
Ouú| ocifvSabmf\ rdefYcGef;
taqG wdkYArm ocif-ocifr aoG;csif;om;csif;taygif;wdkY
wESpfMumcefY cGJcGmaecJhMuNyD;aemuf igwdkYonf ,ckwzef awGUBuHK
MujyefayNyD/ þuJodkY wESpfunDvmcHocifü awGUqHkMuonhf oabmum;
vGefcJhonfhESpftwGif; igwdkYvkyfcJhonfh Armjynf\ tajctae? urÇmBuD;
tajctae rnfuJhodkY ajymif;vJvmonf? ,ck b,ftajctae a&mufae
onf? igwdkYonf udk,fhrif;udk,fhcsif; wdkufyGJBuD;twGuf rnfrQtiftm;pkrd
NyD; vuf&Sdtajctaeudkpdppfum? udk,hfrif;udk,fhcsif;pcef;odkY tjrefqHk;
a&mufrItwGuf rnfuJhodkY tvkyfpcef;rsm;pDpOf&ef pk½Hk;jcif;? aoG;pnf;jcif;?
ESD;aESmjcif;? qHk;jzwfjcif;wdkYyifwnf;/ tvkyfpcef;udk rpdppfrD a&S;OD;yxrü
igwdkY\tpnf;t½Hk;tajctae? Armjynf\tajctae? wdkYArmjynf tpdwf
tydkif; tygt0ifjzpfaom urÇmBuD;\tajctae ponfwdkYudk oHk;oyfMu
&ayrnf /

igwdkY\csD;usL;jcif;
a&S;OD;yxrü udk,fhrif;udk,fhcsif;pcef;odkY oGm;&mvrf;wGif igwdkY
tm; vTrf;rdk;csKyfaeolwdkYu EdkifhxufpD;eif; n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufrIwdkYaMumifh
toufaoqHk;&Smol tmZmenftaygif;wdkYESihf axmifoGif;tusOf;cH&ol?
jrif;ESifhtwdkufcH&ol? wkwfESihft½dkufcH&ol? rsuf&nf,dkAHk;tBuJcH&ol
taygif;wdkYtm; csD;usL;ukeftHhownf;/



 

Adkvfatmifausmf? Adkvfbzdk;? rEÅav;tmZmenf 17-OD; ponfwdkYrSm
wdkif;oljynfom;wdkY\ csrf;omrI? vGwfvyfrItwGuf NAdwdoQEdkifiHcsJUorm;
wdkY\ vufyg;aprsm; vufcsufjzifh toufqHk;cJhMu&avNyD/ ykvdyft½dkuf
cH&ol? jrif;ESihftwdkufcH&ol? rsuf&nf,dkAHk;tBuJcH&ol? vSHpGyftxdk;cH&olwdkY
rSmvnf; ra&rwGufEdkifatmif &SdcJhavNyD/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomolwdkYrSm
vnf; axmifoGif;tusOf;cHcJhMu&avNyD/
xdkolwdkYonfum; rdrdwdkYudk,fusKd; vHk;0ryg/ wdkif;jynftusKd;?
qif;&Jom; vlxkBuD;\tusKd;wdkYudk rqkwfrepf aqmif&GufygtHh[laom
t"du&nf&G,fcsufjzifh taocH? t½dkufcH? axmiftuscHcJhMu&avNyD/ igwdkY
a&SU½Ityfaom udk,fhrif;udk,fhcsif;pcef;odkY oGm;&mü þuJhodkY tepfemcHol
tajrmuftjrm;wdkY\ tavmif;rsm;? aoG;pufrsm;udk eif;ausmfí oGm;&rnf
jzpf&m igwdkYtm; vrf;cif;íay;aeaom xdktmZmenfwdkYtm; xdkolrsm;
twGuf 0rf;enf;aMuuGJonfESihftrQ xdkolwdkY\pdwf"mwf? xdkolwdkY\ ZGJ
owådudk igwdkYcsD;usL;\/ igwdkYonf xdkolwdkY\ vkyfief;udk urÇmaMuaomf
vnf; O'gef;rausatmif armfuGef;xdk;MuukeftHh/

urÇmYajymif;vJrIBuD;
igwdkYtzdkYrSmum; igwdkYjynftwGif;&Sd vkyfief;rsm;ESihf Asmrsm;ae
ojzihf Armjynf\tyjzpfaom urÇmavmuBuD;onf rnfuJhodkY ajymif;vJ
aeonfudkyif owdrxm;EdkifcJhMu/
pifppftm;jzifh udk,fhrif;udk,fhcsif;pcef;twGuf igwdkYvHk;yrf;aeMu
jcif;um; urÇmBuD;wckvHk;wGif jzpfysufaeorQwdkY\ tpdwftydkif;jzpf½HkrQ
omru? tjyifüjzpfysuforQwdkYonf igwdkYwdkufyGJBuD;ESihf ul;pufa&m&Suf
vQuf &Sdaeay\/



 

]]ta&SU*syefrS taemuftar&duef? awmif0if½dk;pGef;rS ajrmuf0if½dk;
pGef;txd wurÇmvHk;onf pdwfcsrf;omrI? ukd,fcsrf;omrI vlwef;aphrI
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

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yl;wGJaqmif&Gufaeay\/
pifppftm;jzifh igwdkYwdkufyGJonf vTwfawmfxJür&Sd/ vTwfawmfrSm
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jzKwfcsyGJwGif vTwfawmftwGif;tjyif tvkyfvkyfjcif;jzifh xif&Sm;aeay\/
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atmifum; igwdkYü tm;&Sd&rnfjzpf\/
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tm; rw&m;tpnf;t½Hk;[k aMunm&ef tm;wufoa&m wdkufwGef;í aeay
NyD/ rw&m;tpnf;t½Hk; vkyfonfjzpfap? rvkyfonfjzpfap igwdkYonfum;



 
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

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csKyftpnf;t½Hk;BuD;ü wm0efcHtvkyftrIaqmifwdkY qdkif&mwm0efwdkYudk



 
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

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tcgü tNrJwrf;a&SUrSacgif;aqmifí uefYuGufjcif;? qlyljcif; ponfwdkYudk
aqmif&Guf&ayrnf/
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

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
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ta&;awmfyHk atmifygap/

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
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'dkYumuG,frnf? xl;jrwfwJh 'dkYwdkif;jynf? wdkif;&if;om; igwdkYvlrsKd;
ydkif&rnf? vGwfvyfwJh 'dkYwdkif;jynf? igwdkY&JUjcaoFhpdwfxm; wnf&rnf?
aoayap &JwJhZmenf? ZGJeJYwdkufrnf? ArmawG Ekd;Mum;vmNyD trsKd;om;
ppfonf? aoayap &JwJhZmenf? ZGJeJU wdkufrnf cdkufrnf/



 

(oHNyKdif) «wyfrawmfBuD;vJ csDvmygNyD? atmifwyfrawmfBuD;vJ
csDvmygNyD»2/ ArmtmZmenf? urÇmrSm wm&Snf? cdkifrmatmifom igwdkY
BuHaqmifrnf? atmifNyD/
tzwdkif;jynf 'dkY nDnGwfrnf? pnf;vHk;NyD; aqmif&Gufum
'dkYumuG,frnf? cGeftm;eJYnD pGefYpm;cJhonf? &JaoG;eJY aorif;udk
opömESHrnf? ArmrSefvQif owdå&Sdonf Aswdå&Sdonf? toufeJYvJr,hf &Jabmf
jzpfonf/
«rsKd;½dk;tmZmenf? ppfudkvJ tNrJwdkuf&rnf»2/ Armjynfudk «'dkY
apmifha&Smufrnf»2 toufeJYvJr,fh &Jabmfjzpfonf/
(oHNyKdif) «wyfrawmfBuD;vJ csDvmygNyD? atmifwyfrawmfBuD;vJ
csDvmygNyD»2/ ArmtmZmenf? urÇmrSm wm&Snf? cdkifrmatmifom igwdkY
BuHaqmifrnf? atmifNyD/

ArmwkdY&JUwyfrawmf
ArmArm urÇmay:rSm<um;EdkifapbdkY&m? AsL[mynm 'dkYtrsKd;om;wdkY
em;vnfapcsifwm? AsL[mynm oifMum;MuvdkY BuKd;pm;'dkYArm? 'dkYtrsKd;&JU
tusKd;twGuf onfydk;apbdkY&m/
aoe*FrSm xdyfwef;uom? vli,fwawG[m ArmwdkY&JU wyfrawmf
0if&ef tcsdefoifhawmf/
ArmhatmifvH urÇmaxmif&ef? 'dkYwm0efBuD;yg/ tmZmenfawG
'dkYaoG;acR;eJY &if;Edkifapjyefwm? tmZmenfawG vGwfvyfa&;rdkY aoG;ajruscH
wm? 'dkYtrsKd;eJY 'dkYwdkif;twGufwm onfydk;apbdkY&m/



 

atmifvHxGef;ajymif? Mu,faygif;cum? ArmhatmifvHyg? aqmif&ef
usif;awmh tvif;a&mifay: ArmwdkY&JU wyfrawmf/

ArmhtmZmenf
'dkYArmawG &JpGrf;jyrnf? tmZmenfyDyD/ 'dkY&Jabmfrsm;? tmvHk;nDnD?
oufpGefYum wkdufrnf/ rsKd;½dk;eJY &mZ0if armfuGef;wnf? ol&Jaumif;rsm;
xGef;um;onf? rif;&JausmfpGm wyifa&TxD;yHknD? bk&ifhaemifyg tavmif;
bk&m;wdkYonf? ArmhaoG; arG;cJhonf? &JZmenf atmifwyfrawmfcsD? ZGJeJY
'dkYrsm; wkdufcdkufrnf/

rsKd;jrefrmjynf&Gm
rsKd;jrefrmjynf&Gm? 'dkYapmifha&SmufzdkYyg? aoayapvJ raMumufyg?
&ifajruwkwfyrm? ppfaoG;? ppfa&;arG;vdkYom? Zmenfpdwfxm;wm? igwdkY
Arm? a'gif;vHwvlvl xlvdkYom? jriftHk;&awmhrSm/
Armjynfwdkif;wcGif? atmifyGJqif? wl,SOfumvJ wdkufcJhw,f?
Zmenfpdwfxm;&,f? a[ &Jabmf? &Jabmf ppfonfawmf? wl,SOfum wdkuf
raemf? wlaysmfaysmf? aemifO'gef;wGif&pfatmif pGefYpm;MupdkYaemf/



 

Armjynf umuG,frnf
Armjynf umuG,frnf? wyfrawmfcsDvmNyD? aoonf &Sio f nf 'dkY
rrIawmhonf? tmZmenf yDyD? wdkufzdkYvdkufcJhonf? Armjynf Armjynf
aoG;eJY ESD;cJhonf? 'Dajy 'DajrawG&,f? 'dkYydkifqdkifapbG,f? vli,fvl&G,f
ppfxJ0ifvdkY&,f? rcifwG,f rMuifw,f? cspfolpGefYvdkY&,f? wdkufyGJudkyif
awGUatmif&Smawmhr,f/
omuDaqG? vmNyDav? &J&JawmufarmifawG? aoap &Sifap pdwfpGJ
csufraoG? urÇmraMu? ArmawG? 'dkYjynf 'dkYydkifap? aorif;aqGa&
opömESHpdkYav/

wl,SOfumwdkufpdkY
wl,SOfumav wu,fbJ tpGrf;jycsifw,f? Armhowåd urÇmu
odatmif igwdkYwdkufcdkufr,f? aoayap 'dkYtoufudk zuf&GufrSwfygw,f?
awmawmiftxyfxyf csDwufwdkufcdkufr,f/
rdk;awGuvJ rpJbJ &GmoGef;w,f? jrpfacsmif;tif;tdkif a&awGajyUvdkY
igwdkYwkduf&w,f? b,frSmvJtdyf&w,f &Sdvdrfhr,f? tNrJwrf;csDwufvdkYom
wdkufcdkufae&w,f/
ppfajrrSmvJ rpJbJ ypfcwfw,f? usnfqefrsm;[m wzGJzGJeJY
&GmoGef;rdk;odkYES,f? 'dkYAdkvfu "m;udkqGJvdkY a&SUuwufygw,f? b,frSm
aMumufpdwf&Sdvdrfh igwdkYppfom;&,f/
&efolrSmvJ t½HI;BuD; ½HI;&w,f? olwdkYtavmif;aumif umuG,fjyK
vkdY igwdkYwdkuf&w,f? Armhowådudk b,frSm,SOfEdkifr,f? a0;pGma&Smif&Sm;yg
vdkY igwdkY[pfa<u;w,f/



 

wyfrawmftiftm;&SdrS wdkif;jynftiftm;&Sdr,f
« acwfrSDatmifom urÇmajrw0Srf;rSm 'dkYtpGrf;udkjyrnf?
wyfrawmf*kPfa&mif xGef;ajymifbdkY&m 'dkYwm0efjzpfonf »2/ wrsKd;vHk;
twGufudk toufeJYvJr,fh tmZmenfyDyD? ta&;&SdcJhvQif a&SUu&yfum
taocHr,f,HkMunf? igwdkYwyfrawmftrSefjzpfonf? EdkifiHwyfrawmf trSef
jzpfonf? tiftm;udk BuD;rm;atmifulnD/
«wyfrawmfBuD;udk tiftm;&SdbdkY t&m&mrSmulnD? &Jabmftaygif;
udk udk,fhaoG;om;rdkY tpOfrarhtyfayonf»2/
BuKd;BuKd;pm;pm; 'dkYtrsKd;om;ppfonf ZGJowdånD? xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
cGeftm;pGrf;jyrnf &JabmfZmenf? wdkif;jynfEdkifiH usufoa&aqmifawmh
onf? wu,frGefjrwfwJh wyfrawmf a&SUudkcsD/
«wyfrawmfomvQif EdkifiHtjrwfudk ay;tyfEdkifvdrfhrnf? Wyfrawmf
omvQif EdkifiHtusKd;udk onfydk;wdk;wufapEdkifonf»2/ wyfrawmf tiftm;
&SdrS wdkif;jynftiftm;&Sdrnf? wyfrawmftiftm;&Sdatmif pGrf;aqmifum
BuHpnf? aiGtm;eJYvltm;eJY? vltm;eJYaiGtm;eJY t&m&mrSm ulnD/
tiftm;opfjznfhwif;bdkY? cGeftm;opfjznhfwif;bdkY EId;aqmfygonf?
tusKd;arQmfum&nf? wyfrawmfonf EdkifiHvufeuftBuD;qHk; jzpfawmhonf?
«wyfrawmfBuD;udk tiftm;&SdbdkY t&m&mrSmulnD? &Jabmftaygif;
udk udk,fhaoG;om;rdkY tpOfrarhtyfayonf»2/
BuKd;BuKd;pm;pm; 'dkYtrsKd;om;ppfonf ZGJowdånD? xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
cGef;tm;pGrf;jyrnf &JabmfZmenf? wdkif;jynfEdkifiH usufoa&aqmifawmh
onf? wu,frGefjrwfwJh wyfrawmf a&SUudkcsD/



 

EdkifiHawmfudkcspfwJh om;aumif;ppfonfawmf
EdkifiHawmfudkcspfwJh om;aumif;ppfonfawmf? EdkifiHawmftwGufqkd
toufeJYvJvdkYaysmf? vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHawmf? NrJcdkifbdkYwm0efaemf?
jynfaxmifpk igwdkYjrefjynfay:? wvufrtxdrcH tjyKwfESHr,f 'dkY&Jabmf/
&efoludk bmrxD Zmenfppfonfawmf? vGwfvyfa&; ay;tyfum
vJ jrwfwJh'dkY&Jabmf? jynfolrsm;awG aumif;pm;&ef avmuedAÁmef? urÇmY
Nidrf;csrf;a&; &bdkY&ef &nf&G,farQmf? jynfwGif;&ef jynfy&ef 'dkYwGef;vSefr,f
aemf? aoG;eJYom acR;eJYom ZGJeJYEdkifatmifaqmf? vlxkeJYvufwGJum atmifyGJ
cHr,faemf/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 

aemufqufwGJ - C

Adkvfatmifqef;

(ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf wyfrawmfzGJUvdkY *syefjynfrSmuG,f?

wu,fbJ toufeJYvJvdkY qif;&J'ku©cHum BuHpnfw,f? ol&Jaumif;wJh
Adkvfatmifqef;eJYtmZmenfawG&,f)2/
igwdkYArmjynf rdbwdkif;u&,f? Adkvfatmifqef;vdk ol&Jaumif;
arG;&r,f? igwdkYArmjynf rdbtaygif;wdkYuuG,f ZmenftppfawGukd
wdkufzdkY arG;&r,f? aMomf-bk&ifhaemifeJY &mZ"d&mZfwdkYvdk rif;&JausmfpGm
yrmyHkaqmif? tavmif;bk&m;wdkYvdkuG,f? Armwdkif; ArmrsKd; tm;udk;avmuf
aywJh? raMumufwrf;? r&GHUwrf;? ArmawGatmifyef; qGwfMu&Smavw,f/
oHNyKdif/ /(&mZ0if tw¬KywådvJ &Sd&r,f? armfuGef;vJ xdk;avmuf
w,f? jrifhjrwfwJh Adkvfatmifqef;&,f)2/ wdkif;jynftusKd;pGefYcJhwJh
rsm;ZmenfEG,f? vGwfvyfzdkY 'dkYrsm;udk uRefwGif;rSu,f? 'dkYArmawG pdk;rdk;bdkY
arQmfMu&SmbdkY ay:vmw,f/
ArmEdkifiH xlaxmif&efeJY rsKd;½dk;rwdrfatmif BuHaqmifavw,f?
aersKd;omuD Armjynfvuf½Hk;? ArmEdkifiHtvHk; xifay:apw,f? pdwftm;
oefoef rmefudkravQmhw,f igwdkYvlrsKd;wefcdk;&SdbdkY ol&Jaumif;awG
pHknDw,f? wu,fyif owdk;r[mAE¨KvES,f? pGrf;owdå&mZ0if ajymifw,f?
om;aumif;rsm;vdkY ac:&avmufayw,f? O'gef;wGifapbG,f? Armhol&J
aumif; taygif;awG&,f/
oHNyKdif/ /(&mZ0if tw¬KywådvJ &Sd&r,f? armfuGef;vJ xdk;avmuf
w,f? jrifhjrwfwJh Adkvfatmifqef;&,f)2/ wdkif;jynftusKd;pGefYcJhwJh



 

rsm;ZmenfEG,f? vGwfvyfzdkY 'dkYrsm;udk uRefwGif;rSu,f? 'dkYArmawG pdk;rdk;bdkY
arQmfMu&SmbdkY ay:vmw,f/

tzEdkifiH*kPfudku,fwifcJhwJh atmifqef;aemf

csDwufMupdkY 'dkYArmwyfrawmf ppfqdk&if &JpdwfawG0if? Armwdkif;

aysmf? urÇmwGif &mZ0ifwifavmufoaemf? (yGJwdkif;ausmf vGwfvyfa&;ac:
'dkYwyfrawmf? wHcGefpdkufoaemf)2/
tzEdkifiH*kPfudk u,fwifcJhwJh atmifqef;aemf? AdkvfcsKyfaemf? awZ
aemf/ 'kdYppfonfaoG;wpuf &mjynfaxmif toufeJYvJvdkY zufrwefaygif
aemf? zkef;wefcdk; tmEkabmf? vTrf;rdk;vdkY urÇmvHk;ausmf? NyKdifbufuif;wJh
aumvDtwGif;0,f wOD;wnf; rif;ra[mf? &Snfygap- &Snfygap- &Snfyg
ap- touf&mausmf/ e,fcsJUwJh*kwfaoG;pkyf? trsKd;,kwfaumifawGudk?
wefcdk;Ekwfatmif trsKd;jyKwfatmif? usLyifckwf usLikwfrusefaqmf/
tzEdkifiH*kPfudk u,fwifcJhwJh atmifqef;aemf? AdkvfcsKyfaemf? awZ
aemf/ 'kdYppfonfaoG;wpuf &mjynfaxmif toufeJYvJvdkY zufrwefaygif
aemf? zkef;wefcdk; tmEkabmf? vTrf;rdk;vdkY urÇmvHk;ausmf? NyKdifbufuif;wJh
aumvDtwGif;0,f wOD;wnf; rif;ra[mf? &Snfygap- &Snfygap- &Snfyg
ap- touf&mausmf/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 

aemufqufwGJ-i

z?q?y?v tzGJUcsKyf jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m

nDvmcHobif OuúX rdefYcGef;

&JabmfwdkY
&mZ0if pmwif&rnfh þjynfolY nDvmcHobifBuD;odkY
uREkfyfwdkYonf jynfolYudk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf vma&mufcJhMuayonf/ þ
odkYpka0;&jcif;rSm urÇmolurÇmom;wdkY a&S;½dk;pOfvm ÓPfrsufaph us,fpGm
jzifh jyKvkyfaqmif&GufcJhMuaom enf;emedoQrsm;twdkif;jzpf&um; avsmfuef
oifhjrwfajzmifhrwfaom pka0;jcif;aywnf;/ a&S;ya0oPDupí urÇmol
urÇmom;wdkYonf jyóemwckudk awGUBuKH&vQif þuJhodkYyif pka0;aqG;aEG;
ajz&Sif;cJhMuayonf/ uREkfyfwdkY pnf;a0;&ma'oonfvnf; uREfkyfwdkY
&mZ0ifwGif usufoa&a&mif wajymifajymifjzifh aumif;jrwfaom r*Fvm
taygif;ESihf jynfhpHkaomaMumifh? uREfkyfwdkY r*Fvmobifonfvnf;
usufoa& r*Fvm tjzmjzmESifh jynfhpHkygay\/ þod*Fkwå&ukef;onfum;
av;ql"mwfyHka&Twd*kef apwDawmfjrwfBuD; wnf&Sd&mjzpf\/ apwDawmf
jrwfBuD;onf uREfkyfwdkYvlrsKd;\ a0jzmaom apwemtavsmuf uREfkyfwdkY\
rGefjrwfqHk;aom qE´udk ay:vGifapjcif;iSm wnfaqmufcJhonfjzpf&m a&T
a&mifwzdwfzdwfESihf uREfkyfwdkYajr§mfrSef;&m txGwftxdyfjzpfaom edAÁmef
tocFwodkY nTefjyawmfrl&mjzpfonfh qDrD;wefaqmifBuD; jzpfayawmh\/
uREfkyfwdkYywf0ef;usifudk Munfhjyefaomf vGefcJhaom ESpftenf;i,ftwGif;
wGif uREfkfyfwdkYwdkif;jynfESihfvlrsKd;\ uHMur®mudk zefwD;cJhaom ta&;awmfyHk
rsm;udk jzpfay:&mXmejzpf&um; þa'oonf uREfkyfwdkYtrsKd;om;twGuf
tvGefxl;jcm;pGm av;eufMunfnKd&mjzpfaom uREfkyfwdkYvlrsKd;\ a&SUaqmif



 

a&SUoGm;yk*dK¾ vfrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkYvlrsKd;twGuf toufudk y"merxm;bJ
pGefYpm;&ef vma&mufcJhMubl;ayNyD/ twdkcsKyfrSm ]jrefutp waumif;u}
qdkouJhodkY þae&m þa'oonf vnf; uREfkyfwdkYvlrsKd;\ pwif&ma'o
jzpfay\/ av;ql"mwfyHka&Twd*kefapwDawmfjrwfBuD;udk pwifwnfaqmuf
&mtcsdefupí ,aeYtxd ESpfaygif; 2500-cefYrQ &SdavNyD/ þrQaom
umvywfvHk; uREfkyfwdkY\ &mZ0if tjzpftysuf? uREfkyfwdkYvlrsKd;twGuf
owdåAswdåESihf tHhbG,fweef; oufpGefYBuKd;yrf; trIxrf;cJhMuonfh ra&
rwGufEdkifaom oGm;avol rsKd;cspfyk*¾dKvftaygif;wdkYESihfwuG xdkyk*¾dKvfwdkY
ay;tyfcJhonfh tarGtESpfwnf;[laom tmZmenfpdwf ponfwdkYudk uREfkyf
wdkY ,cktcsdeftcgü owd&Muayvdrfhrnf/ odkYowd&Muonfh tm;avQmfpGm
xdkxdkaom tmZmenfyk*d¾Kvftaygif;wdkYtm; uREkfyfwdkYonf wcPwmrQ
t½dktaojyKNyD;vQif xdkxdkaom tmZmenfyk*d¾KvfwdkY\ tqifhtwef;udk
rSDatmif tm;xkwfvHk;yrf;Murnf/ xdkxdkaom tmZmenfyk*d¾KvfwdkY\
vkyfief;udk qHk;cef;wdkifqufvufí aqmif&Gufrnf[lí opömjyKMuygpdkY/
uREfkyfwdkY\vlrsKd;onf trSefpifppf BuD;yGm;wdk;wuf wefcdk;xGufayawmh
rnf/
uREfkyfonf þuJhokdY &mZ0ifoabmtajccHudk em;vnfum pka0;
rdMuavNyD/ odkY&mwGif þpka0;jcif;onf yxrtBudrf r[kwfacs/ 1920-
ckESpfupí þpdwfqE´rsKd;ESihf pka0;cJhMuonfrSm tBudrfBudrf &SdcJhavNyD/
tb,fhaMumifh pka0;cJhMuoenf;/ ,ckvnf tb,fhaMumihf pka0;Mu
oenf;/ uREfkyfwdkY\ vlrsKd;onf &mZ0ifwavQmufwGif EdkifiHjcm;om;wdkY
pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyf uRefoabmufvkyfjcif;udk yxrqHk; cHcJhMu&um; uREfkyfwdkY
vlrsKd;rSm tzufzufwGif eif;jym;jzpfcJh&MuaomaMumifh vlcsif;rwl olcsif;
rrQ uREfkyfwdkY qE´twdkif; vlwef;aph b0udk raeEdkifcJhMuacs/ odkYtwGuf
uREfkyfwdkYvlrsKd;onf þumvtawmtwGif; wAdkvfvJu wAdkvfwuf?
wwyfysufu wwyfpk? vlxkESihfcsDí uREfkyfwdkY\ qE´jynfh0atmif BuKd;yrf;



 

pGefYpm;cJhMuayonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\ vGwfvyfa&;vkyfief;onf twuftqkwf
tzsuft½Iwf rnfrQavmufyif rsm;apumrl wjznf;jznf; tiftm;wdk;wuf
vmcJhavonf/ tqifhqifh tkwfjrpfupí wnfaqmufcJh&m uREfkyfwdkY
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yk*d¾Kvfrsm;\enf;edoQ vHkYvOó[udk ,cktcsdefwGif uREfkyfwdkY txifao;
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vGwfvyfa&;vkyfief;BuD;uJhodkYaom wdk;wufrIonf rsufaphwrSdwf vQyf
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EdkifrS wdk;wufatmifjrifrI &SdEdkifrnfudk owdjyKMu&ayvdrfhrnf/ okdYjzpfaom
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vGwfvyfa&;udk jyefvnf&,lEdkifMuayonf[lí od&Sdem;vnfMuayvdrhf
rnf/
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wdkYonf uREfkyftm; þcufcJaom vrf;c&D;wGif a&SUaqmifapvdkMu\/
uREfkyfudk þuJhodkY ,HkMunftm;xm;rIaMumifh uREfkyf aus;Zl;wifyg\/
odkYaomfvnf; ruG,fraxmifh ajzmifhrwfpGm ajym&rnfqdkvQif uREfkyf a&SU
aqmifjyKrIaMumifh jrefjrefxufxuf vGwfvyfa&;yef;wdkifodkY eD;uyfvdrfh
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atmif raqmif&GufEdkifjcif;aMumifh jzpfay\/



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txuf&mZ0if\ ajymif;vJrItonf tqihfqifh tajctaeudk axmufcsihf
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udk MunfnKdav;pm; tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKwwfaom vlrsm;\pdwfapwemudk
od&Sdem;vnfyg\/
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um; uREfkyfwdkYonf uREfkyfwdkYtm;ESihfoufqdkifaom vGwfvyfa&;vkyfief;
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vkyfief;BuD; NyD;pD;atmifjrifí uREfkyfwdkY\ vGwfvyfrIudk &Muayvdrfhrnf/
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yef;wdkifodkY a&SU½Ií oGm;MuygpdkY/
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
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jzpfaomaMumifh EdkifiHa&;udkrvkyfoifh? EdkifiHa&;onf tvGefjrifhjrwfonfh



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vdkufí tidkufudk zrf;NyD;aemuf pm;aygufxGifMuonhfudpö[kqdk&rnfavm/
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

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odkYygvsufESihf tcsKdUaomolrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;onf ,kwfrmnpfax;onf
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ajymjcif;tm;jzifh jynfolwdkY\pdwfudk ½IyfaxG;apí taMumif;tusKd;



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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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tzGJUrsm;udk zGYJpnf;NyD;avNyD/ a&S;tcguESihfrwl ,ckzGJUpnf;NyD; EdkifiHaygif;pHk
ukvor*¾wGif tvGeftxl;wefcdk;tiftm;&Sdaom qdkAD,uf½k&Sm;ESihf tar
&duefjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrsm;vnf; 0ifa&mufaqmif&Gufvsuf&SdMu\/ xdkY
tjyif w½kyfjynfBuD;onfvnf; acgif;aqmifwOD;taeESifh yg0ifaqmif&Guf
vsuf&Sd\/ pD;yGm;a&;? b@ma&;jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;rsm;twGuf b&uf
uif0k'f ac: uGefz&ifhtpnf;ta0;BuD;u xl;uJpGm pDrHNyD;jzpfavonf/
,cktcgü þrQomvQif jyKvkyfaqmif&GufEdkifayonf[k ukvor*¾vdkvm;
olwdkYu ajymMuayvdrfhrnf/ uGEfkyfwdkY rSwfom;oihfonfrmS þEdkifiHaygif;
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&Sd vufatmufcHvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf rnfodkYrQ tpDtrH raqmif&Gufao;aom
aMumifh xdkxdkaom EdkifiHrsm;&Sd vlrsKd;rsm;\ EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&; arQmfvihf
csufonf a&S;uuJhodkY raorcsm ra&r&myif &Sdayao;\/
þuJhodkY a0zef&mwGif uREfkyfwdkY ,HkMunfrIenf;onf[lí r,lq
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NAdwdoQ&mZ0ifq&mwOD;u þodkYxifjrifcsufay;bl;\/ EdkifiHtoD;oD;wdkY
\ acgif;aqmifwdkYonf tjzpftysuf BuD;us,foavmuf tvSrf;us,f
atmif rvdkufEdkifMuacs/ xdkolwdkYonf Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk xlaxmifMu\/
Nidrf;csrf;a&;rSmum; Nidrf;csrf;a&; tppfr[kwfacs/ tar&duef apwem&Sif
wdkYyifvQif tajymtm;jzifh ]vlrsKd;toD;oD;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\uHBur®mudk rdrd
wdkYzefwD;EdkifMuonf} [k qdkcJhaomfvnf; vkyfief;rSmrl &uf'ftif'D,ef;
vlrsKd;rsm;? tmz&du vlrsKd;rsm;ESihf ywfoufaomtcg þ0g'udk usL;ausmf
aomolwdkYudk vspfvsL½IcJh\/ tdEd´,ESihf tD*spfjynfwdkYwGif t*FvdyfwdkY vTrf;
rdk;BuD;pdk;vsuf&SdMuonfudk aMumifawmifMunfhaeMu\/ vlwdkY\ rlv



 

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tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESihf w½kwfjynfBuD;ay:wGif usa&mufvsuf&Sdaeay
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&mjzpfaom Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk zefwD;ay;&ayvdrhfrnf/ qdkAD,uf½k&Sm;wGif
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wGif;wGif vlxkaumif;pm;a&; qdk&S,fvpfZifac: 0g'twdkif; rqkwfrepf
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rdaomtcg uREkfyfwdkYonf tm;rwufbJ raeEdkifawmhacs/ qkdAD,uf½k&Sm;
udk uREfkyfwdkYonf MunfnKdrd\/ tm;xm;rd\/ ajr§mfudk;rd\/ vufatmuf
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rsm;\ ajymqdk jyKvkyfcsufrsm;udkaxmufaomf urÇmvGwfvyfrItwGuf



 
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jynfBuD;udk uREfkyfwdkY csDrGrf;axmyem Mobmay;&ayrnf/ yrmrSm w½kyf
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onf ,cktcgü nDnGwfa&;vrf;wGif ajzmifhwef;wnfhrwfpGm oGm;aeMuNyD
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twGuf þrnfaom EdkifiHBuD;oHk;EdkifiHonf wOD;ESihfwOD; jiLpljcif;r&SdbJ
twlwl aygif;oif;qufqHí urÇmay:wGif rw&m;rIwdkYudk yaysmufap
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EdkifMuygap[lí arQmfvifhtm;xm;&ayonf/ þEdkifiHBuD;oHk;EdkifiHonf
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aygufwnfNrJapatmif acgif;aqmifí þukvor*¾odkY EdkifiHtoD;oD;
vlrsKd;toD;oD;wdkY\ acgif;aqmiftppfrsm;udk zdwfMum;oifhMuayonf/
pum;tvsOf;oifhí ajymvdkonfrSm ta&SUzsm; aumfr&SiftzGJUü tdEd´,EdkifiH
jrefrmEdkifiHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk NAdwdoQtpdk;&u a&G;cs,fcefYxm;jcif;udk
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twGuf xdxda&mufa&muf aqmif&GufEdkifaom tzGJUBuD;jzpfvdkcJhygvQif
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yaysmufatmif jyKvkyfoifhMuayNyD/ EdkifiHBuD; EkdifiHi,fqdk&mü b,f



 

taMumif;udkaxmufí qHk;jzwfrnfenf;/ tus,ft0ef;udkvdkufí qHk;jzwf
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EdkifiHBuD;[lí ,lq&ayrnf/ odkY&mwGif tdEd´,udk EdkifiHBuD;[lí r,lqbJ
tdEd´,xufao;i,faom *syefEdkifiHudk EdkifiHBuD;[lí todtrSwfjyKcJhMuay
onf/ vlOD;a&udkvdkufí EdkifiHBuD;[kqdk&rnfavm/ odkYqkd&rnfqdkvQif
tdEd´,jynfonf EdkifiHBuD;wckyifwnf;/ vlOD;a&enf;aom tDwvDEdkifiHudk
tb,fhaMumifh EdkifiHBuD;[lí ,lqcJhayoenf;/ pifppfrSm EdkifiHBuD;qdkonf
rSm acwfrSDatmif BuD;yGm;wdk;wufaomEdkifiHudk qdkvdkayonf/ ½kk&Sm;EdkifiH
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yGm;a&; wdk;wufjyefYyGm;&mjzpfonhf wOD;wnf;aomEdkifiH jzpfay\/ ,ck
tcgü *&dwfNAdwdefac: t*FvdyfEdkifiHonf b,fuJhodkYaomtajctaeodkY
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onf EdkifiHBuD;r[kwfawmhacs/ NAdwdoQtifyg,mwGif ae0if onfr&Sd[lí
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aomfvnf; ,cktcgü NAdwdoQEdkifiHonf tar&duefEdkifiHtm; vdr®ma&;jcm;



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wnfwefYatmif xm;jcif;iSm pGrf;tm;r&Sdacs/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJU0g'Dorm;wdkY
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uREfkyfwdkYonf pkaygif;í tm&Sacwfopfudk xlaxmifMu&rnf/ þtm&S
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onfh trnfrQomjzpfaom acwfopfr[kwfacs/ EdkifiHwOD;u EdkifiHwOD;



 
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vGwfvyfrItwGuf ,cktcgü &ifabmifwef; tm;rxkwfEdkifao;aomfvnf;



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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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aygh EdkifiHa&;avmuudk jyuf&,fjyKwJhpum;udk ajymrdygw,f/ tvGef
0rf;enf;rdygw,f/ uRefawmfajymrdwJh tcsuftvufawGudk ½kyfodrf;ygw,f
cifAsm}} qdkNyD; awmif;yef,l&wJh tjzpftysufuav;udk azmufo,fcsvdkuf&
ygoAsKdU/
9?6?62 aeYxkwf
aMu;rHkowif;pmrS/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 

aemufqufwGJ-q

atmifqef;-tufwvD pmcsKyf
bk&ifrif;jrwf tpdk;&ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH bk&ifcHrif;BuD;\
trIaqmifaumifpDrS udk,fpm;vS,fawmfwdkY
aqG;aEG;wdkifyif&mrS a&muf&SdcJhaom tqHk;owfcsufrsm;/

udk,fpm;vS,fawmfBuD;rsm;u ta&;qdkaom *&dwfNAdwdefESihf jrefrm

EdkifiHawmfwdkY\ tem*wfqufqHa&;ESihf oufqdkifaom udpöt00wdkYudk
bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHawmf trIaqmifaumifpD\ udk,fpm;
vS,fawmfrsm; aqG;aEG;wdkifyifNyD;vQif ]aumfarmf0Jvfof} twGif;wGifjzpfap?
tjyifrSjzpfap? aqmvsifEdkiforQ aqmvsifpGm jrefrmEdkifiHawmfol EdkifiHawmf
om;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYvGwfvyfa&;udk qGwfcl;Edkifaprnfjzpfaom enf;vrf;
rsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;í? atmufygoabmwl tqHk;owfcsufrsm;udk a&muf&SdMu
avonf/

1/ wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf
jrefrmEdkifiHawmfol EdkifiHom;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\EdkifiH tem*wf tkyf
csKyfa&;udk aqmvsifEdkiforQ aqmvsifpGm qHk;jzwfEdkifpdrfhaomiSm? 1935-ck
ESpf tufOya't& Oya'jyKtzGJUtpm;? wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfudk a&G;
aumufwifajr§muf ap&rnf / þudpt ö wGuf 1935-ckESpf tufOya' a&G;
aumufenf;pepfudk toHk;jyKvdrfhrnf/



 

2/acwfajymif;csdeftpdk;& trsKd;tpm;
acwfajymif;csdefumvtwGif;? jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf ,ck
twdkif;uJhodkYyif 1935-ckESpf tufOya'tydk'f 139-t& tyfESif;xm;aom
txl;tmPmrsm;ESifh 1945-ckESpf ,m,DpDrHcsuftufOya'ESihfwuG ,if;
Oya't& aumifpDwGifxkwfjyefvdkufaom trdefY[lorQtwdkif; aqmif&Guf
oGm;vdrfhrnf/
tpdk;&wOD;wzuf\oabmwGif txl;aqmif&Guf&ef vdkonf[k
xifjrifaom xl;jcm;onfh taMumif;tcsufrsm; ay:aygufvQif xdk
taMumif;tcsufrsm;udk vdkufavsm&ef ajymif;vJEdkifcsuf&SdvQif? rnfodkYaom
ajymif;vJEdkifcsufjyKvkyfEdkifonfudk bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&u pOf;pm;vdrfhrnf/

3/ Mum;jzwfOya'jyKtzGJU
Mum;jzwfumvtwGif; 1945-ckESpf tufOya'ujy|mef;xm;onfh
twdkif;jzpfaom Oya'jyKaumifpDwck &Sdvdrfhrnf/ tcGifhjyKxm;aomOD;a&udk
50 rS 100 odkY wdkYjr§ifh&eftmPmudk bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&u aumifpDwGif
xkwfjyefaomtrdefYjzifh azG&Smvdrfhrnf/
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmftwGuf a&G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;rsm; NyD;
qHk;onfESihfwNyKdifeuf? bk&ifcHrif;BuD;onf OD;a& 100 yg0ifaom Oya'
jyKaumifpDwckudk trnfwyfcefYtyfvdrfhrnf/ xdkaumifpDtzGJUwGif wdkif;&if;
om; r[kwfaom vlenf;pkrsm;\udk,fpm;aqmif&Guf&ef vlOD;a& tenf;
i,fudk yg0ifapvsuf? wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfodkY a&G;aumufwifajr§muf
vdkufaom olrsm;xJrS a&G;cs,fvdrfhrnf/



 

Oya'jyKaumifpD\ tmPmrsm;rS rMumao;rDu zsufodrf;vdkuf
aom OD;a& 50 yg0ifonfh Oya'jyKaumifpD &&Sdxm;aomtmPmrsm;ESifh
xyfwlxyfrQ jzpfvdrfhrnf/

4/ Mum;jzwftpdk;&
bk&ifcHrif;BuD;\ trIaqmifaumifpDonf jrefrmEdkifiHawmf\
Mum;jzwftpdk;& jzpfvdrfhrnf/ txufygtydk'f 2-wGif azmfjycJhaom tjzL
xnfabmiftwGif;wGif qufvufwnf&rnfjzpfom trIaqmifaumifpD?
odkYr[kwf bk&ifcHrif;BuD;\ w&m;0iftmPmrsm;udk rajymif;vJap&ef rjzpf
Edkifjim;aomfvnf;? Mum;jzwftpdk;&onf ,cktcg tdEd´,Mum;jzwftpdk;&
enf;wl a,bl,stm;jzifh aqmif&GufoGm;vdrfhrnfhjyif? txl;ojzifh-
(u) trIaqmifaumifpDudk 'dkrDeD,eftpdk;&rsm;tm; &if;ESD;pGm wdkif
yifESD;aESm tav;*½kjyKbdouJhodkY jyKrlvdrfhrnfhtjyif? trIaqmifaumifpD
onf EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&; aqmif&GufNrJwm0efrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&mü tBuD;Edkif
qHk;aom vGwfvyfcGifhudk &&Sdvdrfhrnf/
0efBuD;tzGJU pnf;a0;yGJrsm;wGif bk&ifcHrif;BuD;u Ouú|tjzpfjzifh
aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifhywfoufí 1935-ckESpf tufOya' wnfqJoabm
twGif; toHk;jyKaom "avhxHk;pHudk trIaqmifaumifpDESihf oufqdkif&mwGif
yif qufvufusifhoHk;vdrfhrnf/
(c) jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf udk,fydkifb@ma&; tkyfcsKyfrI
«aemufqufwG c-udkMunfhyg/» udk &&Sdaprnf[k rltm;jzifh bk&ifrif;jrwf
tpdk;&u oabmwlnDonf/



 

(*) umuG,fa&;ESifh EkdifiHjcm;a&;qdkif&m udpörsm;udk trIaqmif
aumifpDwGif wifoGif;vdrfhrnf/ trIaqmifaumifpDonf þta&;udpörsm;
udk pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif tjynfhtpHk wGJzufaqmif&Gufvdrfhrnf/
(C) xdkudprö sm;aqmif&GufNrJwm0efudk bk&ifcHrif;BuD;u umuG,f
a&;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;a&;twdkifyifcH0efBuD;tm; wm0efvTJtyfvrd fhrnf/
w&m;0iftajctaewGif oufa&mufaom uefYowfcsufrsm;rSty?
trIaqmifaumifpDtzGJUonf pDrHudef;ESihftkyfcsKyfrIe,fy,fwGif ay:ayguf
aomudpö[lorQudk ta&;qdk&efESifh pOf;pm;&ef¤if;? aqG;aEG;&ef¤if;? qHk;jzwf
&ef¤if; vHk;0vGwfvyfcGifh&Sdvdrfhrnf/

5/ EdkifiHjcm;a&;&mudpörsm;
vef'efNrKdUawmfwGif jrefrmtpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf aqmif&Guf&ef
jrefrmEdkifiHawmftwGuf r[mrif;BuD;wyg; cefYxm;apvdrfhrnf/ jrefrmEdkifiH
awmfu wdkif;a&;jynfrI aphpyfajymqdkoludk,fpm;vS,f vJvS,fvdkaom EdkifiH
rsm;\tpdk;&rsm;tm; xdkuJhodkYvJvS,fjcif;udk oabmwl&ef bk&ifrif;jrwf
tpdk;&u awmif;qdkvdrfhrnf/

6/ jynfaxmifcsif;csif; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ tzGJU0iftjzpf

ukvor*¾tzGJUwGif tzGJU0ifwOD;tjzpfjzifh yg0if&ef jrefrmEdkifiH
awmf\ avQmufxm;csufudk jrefrmEdkifiHawmf\ wdkif;jyKjynfjyKa&; tajc
taeonf xdkavQmufxm;csufrsKd;udk vufcHEdkifavmufatmif jzpfonfESifh
wNyKdifeuf? bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&u vHk;0axmufcHcsuf ay;vdrfhrnf/ þ
tawmtwGif;ü urÇmYukvor*¾tzGJUu BuD;rª;aomtpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif



 

jrefrmEdkifiHawmfu rnfrQavmuf yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifonfudk urÇmYukv
or*¾\ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;ESifh pHkprf;n§dEdIif;vdrfhrnf/
jrefrmEdkifiHawmfu csOf;uyfqufoG,fvsuf &Sdapvdkaom tjcm;
tjcm;aom jynfaxmiftcsif;csif; tzGJUtoif;rsm;odkYvnf; xdktzGJUrsm;\
tvkyfwGif tzGJU0ifEdkifiHtjzpfjzifh? odkYr[kwf tjcm;enf;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiH
awmfu yg0ifaqmif&GufEkdif-rEdkifudk axmufvSrf;ppfavQmufaomoabm
ESifh csOf;uyfqufoG,fvdrfhrnf/

7/ umuG,fa&;
(u) wnfNrJvsuf&Sdaom vkyf½dk;vkyfpOftwdkif; jrefrmEdkifiHawmf
wGifcsxm;aom NAdwdoQppfonfawmfrsm; tm;vHk;onf bk&ifrif;jrwf
tpdk;&\ tqHk;pGefaom tkyfcsKyfrIvufatmufwGif aevdrfhrnf/
(c) jrefrmppfonfawmftm;vHk;wdkYrSm jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&\
tkyfcsKyfrIatmufodkY csufcsif; a&muf&Sdapvdrfhrnf/
(*) jrefrmEdkifiHawmf ppfAdkvfcsKyfBuD;onf apmEdkiforQ apmapm
jzpfEdkifaomtcsdefü bk&ifcHrif;BuD;ESihf jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;& vufatmufcH
jzpfap&rnfqdkonfudk rltm;jzifh bk&ifcHrif;jrwftpdk;&u oabmwlnD
aMumif;/ odkY&mwGif ,cktcdkuftwefYrSm EdkifiHaygif;rsm;pGmwGif jyefYESHYvsuf
&Sdaom r[mrdwftcsif;csif; ppfzufqdkif&m tkyfcsKyfrItpDtpOfrsm;udk r½kyf
odrf;ao;orQ jrefrmEdkifiHawmf ppfAdkvfcsKyfBuD;onf ta&SUtm&Swdkuf
awmifydkif; ukef;wyfrsm;\ vufatmufcH jzpfaevdrfhrnf/ þumv
twGif; jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh qdkif&mtmPmydkifwdkYonf "r®wmtwdkif;
yif &if;ESD;pGm yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvdrfhrnf/



 

a&wyf? avwyfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í tvm;wl oifhwifhavQmufywf
aom tpDtpOfrsm;udk owfrSwfxm;vdrfhrnf/
(C) jrefrmEdkifiHawmf umuG,fa&;wyfrsm; zGJUpnf;jcif;wGif ulnD
axmufyHh&ef jyóemonf ESpfOD;aom tpdk;&wdkY aqG;aEG;&efudpö jzpfapvdrfh
rnf/ bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&u þudpöwGif jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&tm; tpGrf;
ukefulnD&ef qE´&Sdaomfvnf; urÇmay:&Sd tjcm;&yfuGufa'orsm;wGif ,l
NyD;aom BuD;av;onfh wm0efrsm;udkvnf; *½kxm;ayOD;rnf/
(i) tkyfcsKyfa&;opf jzpfxGef; oufa&mufvmonfhaemuf jrefrm
EdkifiHawmf&Sd NAdwdoQwyfrsm;udk qufvufxm;&Sd&ef? odkYr[kwf toHk;jyK&ef
jyóemrSm bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&wdkY oabmwl&ef
udpö jzpfayvdrfhrnf/

8/ e,fjcm;a'orsm;
e,fjcm;a'orsm;ESifh 0efBuD;rsm;tkyfcsKyfaom jrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk
xdka'orsm;wGif aexdkifaomolrsm;\ vGwfvyfaom oabmwlcsufESifh
tcsdefraESmif; aygif;pnf;jcif; atmifjrif&efrSm bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&ESifh
jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm; ESpfOD;ESpfzuf\ oabmwlNyD;aom &nf&G,f
csuf jzpfonf/ þtawmtwGif; e,fjcm;&Sdvlrsm;onf ESpfOD;ESpfzuf
tusKd;&Sdaom udprö sm;ESihfywfoufí ESpfOD;ESpfzuf vufcHEdkifaomenf;jzifh
jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&wdkYESifh &if;ESD;pGm aygif;oif;wGJzuf&monf/ þonf
wdkYudk ajr§mfudk;í oabmwlnDMuonfrSm-
(u) e,fjcm;a'ovlrsm;ESifh 0efBuD;rsm; tkyfcsKyfaom jrefrmEdkifiH
awmf vlrsm;onf twm;tqD;r&SdbJ vGwfvyfpGm ul;vl;qufqHjcif; &Sdap
&rnf/



 

(c) (1) tjcm;udpörsm;ay:wGif bk&ifrif;jrwfudk tBuHÓPfay;&ef
ESifh trIaqmifaumifpDESifh &if;ESD;pGmqufqH&ef e,fjcm;a'oudk,fpm;vS,f
cefYxm;jcif;jzifh¤if;? odkYr[kwf-
(2) e,fjcm;udpörsm;udk tkyfcsKyfaom trIaqmif0efBuD;tjzpf
jzifh e,fjcm;a'o udk,fpm;vS,fwOD; cefYxm;jcif;jzifh¤if;? odkYr[kwf-
(3) tjcm;enf;jzifh¤if;? acwfajymif; acwfvGJumvtwGif;
vufcHEdkifrnf[k rdrdwdkY xifjrifaom jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh yl;wGJaygif;
zufyHkESihfywfoufí rdrdwdkYxifjrifcsufrsm;udk xkwfazmfajymqdkEdkif&ef
aemufvqef;wGif usif;yrnfjzpfaom 0efBuD;uGefz&ifhwiG f¤if;? odkYr[kwf
þudpt ö wGuf usif;yaom txl;uGefz&ifhwGif¤if;? e,fjcm;a'o&Sd vlrsm;
\acgif;aqmifrsm; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk ar;jref;&rnf/
(*) yifvHktpnf;ta0;? odkYr[kwf txl;uGefz&ifh tpnf;ta0;
NyD;qHk;onfhtcgwGif bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&wdkYonf
e,fjcm;vlrsm; xkwfazmfajymqdkaom xifjrifcsufrsm;ESifh vdkufavsmnDpGm
trsm;oabmwl vdkvmcsufrsm;udk jznfhpGrf;&ef taumif;qHk;aomenf;
pepfudk oabmwlnDcsuf &,lvdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif;/
(C) jrefrmEdkifiHawmf tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'opftwdkif; aqmif&Guf&mü
e,fjcm;om;rsm; aygif;pnf;qufqHEdkif&ef taumif;qHk;aomenf;pepf
&SmazG&eftwGuf pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDwckudk csufcsif;wnfaxmif&ef
0efBuD;rsm; tkyfcsKyfaom jrefrmEdkifiHawmf&yfuGufa'orS trIaqmif
aumifpDtzGJUu wifajr§mufaom tzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh e,fjcm;a'o
acgif;aqmifrsm; wdkifyifESD; aESmvsuf wifajr§mufaom tzGJU0ifrsm;
xkdaumfrDwDwGif OD;a& tnDtrQ yg0ifvdrfhrnfhjyif oabmwla&G;cs,faom
jrefrmEdkifiHawmf tjyiftyrS Mum;aeyk*d¾KvfwOD;udk Ouú| cefYxm;rnf



 

jzpfaMumif; þaumfrDwDu wdkif;jyK jynfjyKvTwfawmf tpnf;ta0;rprD
tpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;&ef awmif;qdk rnf/

9/ b@ma&;
b@ma&;jyóemrsm; tawmftwef pOf;pm;cJhNyD;í þudpörsm;udk
rnfodkY pDrHcefYcGJEdkif&ef oabmwlnDcsufwck qdkufa&mufcJhNyD;jzpfonf/
oabmwlnDcsufudkrl yl;wGJyg aemufqufwGJwGif azmfjyxm;onf/

aemufqufwGJ (u)
vmrnfh a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif rJqE´ay; a&G;aumufjcif; cHEdkifcGifh
tvdkiSm jrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGif arG;zGm;í 1942-ck Zefe0g&Dv 1-&uf?
odkYr[kwf 1947-ck Zefe0g&Dv 1-&ufaeY ra&S;raESmif;jzpfaom 10-ESpf
twGif;wGif pkpkaygif; 8-ESpfxufrenf; jrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGif aexdkifcJhaom
NAdwdoQvufatmufcH odkYr[kwf tdEd´,e,fvufatmufcH EdkifiHom;udk jref
rmEdkifiHom;[k t"dyÜm,fazmfjyonf/

aemufqufwGJ (c)
b@ma&;
1/ jrefrmEdkifiHawmfonf udk,fydkifb@ma&; tkyfcsKyfcGif&Sdoifhonf
udk bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&u oabmwlNyD;jzpfonf/
2/ ]EdkifiHcsif;csif; aiGaMu;&HyHkaiGESifh EdkifiHcsif;csif;bPf} wGif yg0if
vdku avQmufxm;&ef tajctae&SdonfESifhwNyKdifeuf cdkifvHkaom tzGJU0if



 

wOD;tjzpfudk &pdrfhaomiSm bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&wdkYu pGrf;tm;&Sdoavmuf
aqmif&Guf&ef wm0ef,lNyD;jzpfonf/
3/ 1945-ck atmufwdkbmvrS? 1946-ck pufwifbmvtxd jref
rmEdkifiHawmf b@ma&;ESpftwGif; jrefrmEdkifiHawmfu twdk;vGwf a&T'*Fg;
aygif; 8ç000ç000 (tom;wif) cefY&&SdcJhNyD/ xdkYjyif 1946-ckESpf atmufwdk
bmvrSpí 1947-ck pufwifbmvtxd b@ma&;ESpftwGif; aemufxyf
75oef ;(tom;wif) &&Sd&eftwGuf oabmwlNyD;jzpfonf/ e,fjcm;a'o
rsm;twGuf axmufyHhaMu;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;í ½dk;½dk;bwf*sufwGif
,ckESpfavQmhaomaiGtwGuf xyfrHaxmufyhHrnf[k bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&u
oabmwlNyD;jzpfonf/
4/ (tpdk;&wdkY\ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh a,bl,s
tm;jzifh oufqdkifaom) y½dk*sufpDrHudef;qdkif&m bwf*sufESifh pyfvsOf;í
bk&ifrif;jrwfu bdvyfEdkifiHrS tcsKyftcs,fr&Sdaomfvnf; tjyeftvSef
tjynfhtpHk taMumif;Mum;enf;ESifh owfrSwfxm;aom aiGacs;a&;udpö jyK
vkyfEdkifrnf rvkyfEdkifrnfudk bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&u pHkprf;ppfaq;Edkifvdrfh
rnf/
5/ b@ma&;tajcrSefrsm;udk xyfrHwGJzufppfaq;í &aomwGuf
udef;rsm;udk owdrlNyD;vQif twdk;vGwfacs;iSm;xm;aom aiGwpdwfwa'o
udk tNyD;tNidrf; axmufyHhaiGtjzpfodkY ajymif;vJEdkifonfudk rltm;jzifh
oabmwl&ef bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&u tqifoifh&Sdonf/
6/ wOD;tay:wOD; wm0efrxm;bJ b@a&;tajcrSefudk jrefrm
EdkifiHwGif xyfrHwGJzufppfaq;&ef oabmwlnDaMumif; tydk'fi,f-3? tydk'f
i,f-4 wdkYwGif azmfjyxm;aom oabmwlnDcsufxufydkrdkí bk&ifrif;jrwf
tpdk;&xHrS xyfrH tultnDtvdk&Sdojzifh xdkodkYaomtultnD ay;cJhvQif
oabmwlnDaompnf;urf;csufrsm;twdkif; jzpfvdrfhrnf/



 

10/ tjcm;udpörsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHawmf tqifhtwef; ajymif;vJjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í bk&if
rif;jrwf\tpdk;&ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&wdkY oabmwlqdkufa&muf&ef
tjcm;jyóemrsm; ay:aygufvdrfhrnf/ þjyóemrsm;udk ay:aygufvm
onfhtavsmuf vufcHí ,ckaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif xif&Sm;cJhaom rdwfaqG
&if;csm or0g,rESvHk;xm;jzifh aqmif&Gufvdrfhrnf/
bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&ESifh jrefrmtrIaqmifaumifpD\ udk,pf m;vS,f
rsm;onf wdkifyifESD;aESmjcif;ESifh ulnD,dkif;yif;jcif;? ,ckenf;udk qufvuf
apaomtm;jzifh NAdwdoQ ]aumfarmf0Jvfof} twGif;wGifjzpfap? tjyiftyrS
jzpfap udk,fydkifvGwfvyfaom jrefrmEdkifiHawmfb0odkY a&mufapvdkaom
ESpfOD;ESpfzuf &nf&G,fcsufudk acsmarmvsifjrefpGm wdk;wufatmif jyKvkyfEdkif
rnf[k wxpfcs ,HkMunfMuonf/ odkYtwGufaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHawmf\
tkyfcsKyfa&;opf ra&mufrD acwfajymif;acwfvGJwavsmuf ay:aygufvdrfh
rnfjzpfaom tem*wfudprö sm;udk oabmwlqdkufa&mufa&;wGif wOD;udk
wOD; ,dkif;yif;ulnD&ef oabmwlMuavonf/

pD? tm&f? tufwvD atmifqef;

10 a'gif;eif;vrf;/
Zefe0g&Dv 27-&uf? 1947ck/

(0efBuD;ocifApdefESifh 0efBuD;OD;apmwdkYonf þqHk;jzwfcsuf

rsm;wGif bufpyf&ef rwwfEdkifawmhacs/)
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 

aemufqufwGJ-Z

1947-ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 25-&ufaeY?

awmifolv,form;nDvmcHwGif
>rufMum;onfh rdefYcGef;

uRefawmfwdkY[m rMumcifu bdvyfudkoGm;NyD; ArmjynfvGwfvyf

a&; &&m&aMumif;udk enf;vrf;&SmwJhoabmeJY oGm;cJhw,f/ a&G;aumufyGJudk
vJ vmrnfh {NyDvrSm vkyfzdkY&Sdw,f/ 'Da&G;aumufyGJ[m trwfa&G;aumufyGJ
r[kwfbJ Armjynf&JU vGwfvyfa&;uHMur®mudkzefwD;r,fh wdkif;jyKjynfjyK
vTwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJ jzpfw,f/ tJ'D wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfrSm Arm
jynf&JU tem*wftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'rsm;udk a&;qGJMu&r,f/ vTwfawmfrSm yg
wJhudk,fpm;vS,fawG upifhu&Jjzpf&if ArmjynfepfembdkYbJ/ wdkif;jynfvGwf
vyfa&; xdckdufzdkY&SdwJhtwGuf tifrwef ta&;BuD;w,f/

vG,faomtvkyfrsm;
usKyfwdkYu bdvyfujyefvmwJhaemuf &Srf;? *sif;azm? csif; pwJh
awmifwef;e,frsm;ESifh nDnGwfzdkY vkyfcJh&w,f/ tJ'DujyefvmwJhtcg
oydwfta&;rsm;udk ajz&Sif;&w,f/ oydwfawGtwGuf usKyfwdkYvkyfief;awG
aESmifhaES;NyD; vkyfp&mawGudk odyfNyD; *½krpdkufEdkifbl;/ ta&;BuD;wJhudpöawG
aqmif&Gufcsifoavmuf raqmif&GufEdkifbl;/



 

vGwfvyfa&;&aomtcg
awmifolv,form;awGu ArmjynfrSm vlrsm;pkjzpfw,f/ vGwf
vyfa&;&wJhtcgrSm cifAsm;wdkY&JU vGwfvyfa&; ygvmr,f/ awmifolv,f
orm; vlrsm;pk&JU tcGifhta&;rygbJ vGwfvyfa&;[m t"dyÜm,fr&Sdbl;vdkY
,lqw,f/
aiGa&;aMu;a&; vdkw,f
t*Fvdyftpdk;&u usKyfwdkYvufxJudk tmPmay;oifhoavmuf ay;
xm;aomfvJ tcsKdUrvkyfEdkifwJhudpaö wGvJ &Sdw,f/ vkyfEdkifwmvJ &Sdw,f/
wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfw,fqdkwm aiGa&;aMu;a&; vdkw,f/ 'DaiGa&;aMu;a&;[m
cifAsm;wdkY wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;qDrS aumufcHwJh tcGefawmfawGbJ/
'DtcGefawmfawG[m rSefovm;? rSm;ovm; rpOf;pm;wwfawmh 'Dtwdkif;
jzpfaew,f/
0ifaiGxGufaiG rrQw
tpdk;&&JU&HyHkaiG[m uka# 20-om&SdNyD; toHk;p&dwfu uka# 40
jzpfaew,f/ ppfrjzpfrDuqdk&if 0ifaiGeJYxGufaiG[m rrQwao;bJ cifAsm;
wdkYudk trawmfaMu;aiG rsm;rsm;ay;csifayr,fh aiGr&SdvdkY ray;EdkifcJhbl;/
trawmfaMu; avQmfbdkYajymw,f/ avQmfvdkuf&if cifAsm;wdkYudk xdcdkufrSmbJ?
odkYaomf oufombdkYvrf;udk &SmaewmbJ/

ray;bJaevdkY&w,f
ppftpdk;vufxuf *syefpuúLawG wefbdk;r&SdvdkY t*Fvdyfu
aMunmvdkufpOfu xkwfacs;wJh trawmfaMu;awG avQmfypfzdkY usKyfwdkY
ta&;qdkxm;w,f/ &p&mvrf; &Sdw,f/ r&vdkY&Sd&ifvJ cifAsm;wdkY ray;bJ
aevdkY&ygw,f/ rwwfEdkifygbl;/(MobmoHrsm;)



 

usKyfwdkYvkyfcsifwmu trsm;BuD;/ tcsdefu r&Sd/ usKyf[m Arm
jynfrSm acgif;tBudrf;qHk;bJ/

wESpftwGif;jrifw,f
oydwfudp?ö v,form;udpö? tvkyform;udpö? wdkif;jynfudpöawGeJY
[dkajy; 'DvTm;eJY tifrwef acgif;Budrf;w,f/ wdkif;jynfacgif;aqmifvkyfwm
cifAsm;wdkYu odyfNyD; pnf;pdrf&Sdw,f xifw,f/ usKyftzdkY usm;NrD;qGJrdvdkY
om qufvkyfae&w,f/ odkYaomf vGwfvyfa&;&wJhtxd qufvkyfNyD;
vGwfvyfa&; &NyD;wJhaemuf tem;,l&rvm; rajymwwfao;bl;/ wESpf
twGif; vGwfvyfa&;&bkdY taMumif;jrifw,f/ tdEd´,jynf udk,fawGU/
1948-ckESpf ZGefvrSm tmPmvTJbdkY t*Fvdyftpdk;&u aMunmw,f/

vGwfvyfa&;owfrSwf&ef
usKyfwdkYArmjynfrSmvJ wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfNyD;wJhaemuf arvrSm
z?q?y?v tzGJUcsKyfnDvmcHudk usif;yjzpfr,fxifw,f/ wdkif;jynfjyKvTwf
awmf aemufoHk;av;vMumrSm vGwfvyfa&;owfrSwfEdkifbdkY taMumif;&Sd
w,f/ tJ'Dvdk wESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;&cJhvdkY&Sd&if cifAsmwdkY&JU tajctae
udk 'Dxufaumif;atmif vkyfay;Edkifr,f/

tajctaeudk jyKjyifajymif;vTJcsifw,f
cktcgrSmawmh qifhyg;pyfESrf;yuf jzpfaew,f/ vkyfcsifovdk rvkyf
Edkifbl;/ cifAsm;wdkY vdkcsifMuovdk ajrpepfudk jyKjyifajymif;vJcsifw,f/
v,fydkif&Sifpepfudk jzKwfypfEdkifbdkYbJ/ tJ'DvdkvkyfcsifaywJh rjzpfEdkifao;bl;/



 

aZmf*sD0dZÆmawGvdk cifAsm;wdkY vdkcsifwmawG wr[kwfcsif; vkyfray;Edkifbl;/
cifAsm;wdkY ta&;awGudk ajymcsif&if qdkif&mtzGJYawGu wqifh usKyfwdkY
tpdk;&tzGJUudkajym&if wwfEdkifoavmuf aqmif&Gufay;bdkY rcJ,Of;ygbl;/
aemufqHk;ajymvdkwmu ckvmr,fh wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfrSm
wu,faqmif&Gufr,fhvlawGudk z?q?y?v rSm a&G;cs,fay;r,f/ tJ'Dtrwf
awGudk cifAsm;wdkYu a&G;aumufyGJvkyfwJhtcgrSm c&D;yef;wmudk *½krpdkufbJ
tcuftcJrsm;udk onf;cHNyD; z?q?y?v &JU trwfavmif;rsm;udkbJ ay;Mu
r,fqdk&if ArmjynfBuD;[m wESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&; &rSmbJ/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 

aemufqufwGJ-ps

1947-ckESpf? rwfv 19-&ufaeYwGif usif;yaom

EdkifiHa&;&Sif;vif;yGJ rdefYcGef;

,ckvmr,fha&G;aumufyGJ[m bma&G;aumufyGJqdkwm yxrqHk;

odbdkYvdkw,f/ vmr,fha&G;aumufyGJ ar;vdkufr,fqdk&if wdkif;jyKjynfjyK
vTwfawmf a&G;aumufyGJvdkY ajymMurSmbJ/ wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf
a&G;aumufyGJqdkwm vltrsm;u odayr,fh wu,fhwu,fusawmh udk,fh
pdwfxJr,f cgwdkif;Oya'jyK vTwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJvdk rsm;aomtm;jzifh
xifaeMuw,f/

Oya'jyKvTwfawmf
Oya'jyKvTwfawmf a&G;aumufyGJqdkwmu wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfa&;
Oya't& jyKvkyfwJh vTwfawmfomjzpfw,f/ trwf[m 3-ESpf? 5-ESpfom
oufwrf;&Sdw,f/ tJ[dktxJrSm vkyf&r,fhudpöu Oya' vkyf&r,f/ 'D
wdkif;jynfrSm&SdwJh tpdk;&pepf[m wdkif;jynfudk wm0efcHtkyfcsKyfwJh pepfrsKd;
jzpfvdkY&Sd&if vTwfawmfxJrSm tpdk;&tzGJUudk t,HktMunfr&Sd tqdkwdkY bmwdkY
wifoGif;Edkifw,f/

wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfqdkwm
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfu 'Dvkdr[kwfbl;/ 'Dvdkr[kwf&if bmvJ/
wdkif;jynfwnfbdkY/ b,fvdkwdkif;jynf wnfrvJ/ tJ'D vTwfawmfrSmygwJh



 

trwfawGtay:rSm wnfw,f/ olwdkY a&Smf&if ArmjynftwGuf qHk;jzwf
vdkufwJh zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'[m ta&Smfpm;jzpfr,f/ trwfawGawmfw,f
qdkwmu t&nftcsif;wif rubl;/ oDv orm"d odu©mudk ajymwm/
olwdkY awmfvdkY&Sd&if vGwfvyfa&;&p&mtaMumif; &Sdw,f/ vGwfvyfa&;
wdkufyGJ jzpf&wJhwaeYus&if aemufuaeNyD; ]pdkif&Sif;} qdkwJh tiftm;pk?
tifrwefaumif;wJh tiftm;pk jzpf&r,f/ cgwdkif; Oya'jyKvTwfawmf a&G;
aumufyGJrSm bmtrwfawGygyg udpör&Sdbl;/ 'DwcgrSm wkdif;oljynfom;awG
u wifvdkufwJh trwfawG[m ArmjynfBuD;&JU uHMur®mudk zefwD;&r,fh
trwfawG jzpfw,f/
'DurÇmppfBuD;NyD;wJhtcg ArmjynfeJY tdEd´,jynfudk t*Fvyd ftpdk;&
u tkyfcsKyfEdkifwJh tajctae r&Sdawmhbl;/ taMumif;trsKd;rsKd; qdkufvmNyD/
1-tcsufu t*FvefjynfrSm t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm;tiftm;[m a&S;ueJY
pm&if trsm;BuD; tiftm;enf;vmNyD/ 2-tcsufu urÇmY tMunftnKdudk
tysufrcHEdkifbl;/
Armjynf[m i,fayr,fh olYtavsmuf wefbdk;&Sdw,f/ a&S;u
awmh r&Sdbl;/ ,ckArmjynf[m Oa&mywdkufrSm b,fvf*sD,efjynfeJY
wlw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh Armjynf[m tdEd´,jynfESifh w½kyfjynfBuD;
ESpfjynfMum;rSm&SdNyD; tifrwef ppfzufu ta&;ygt&ma&muf tuGufuswJh
tcsuftjcmEdkifiH jzpfaew,f/ ppfESifhywfoufNyD; ppfypönf;awGvJ &Sdw,f/
NyD;cJhwJh urÇmppfBuD;rSm Armjynf[m b,favmuf ta&;ygw,fqdkwm
jyifbufvlawGudk,fwdkif jrifoifhoavmuf jrifMuw,f/
uRefawmfwdkYuawmh twGif;usus vkyfcJhvdkY odw,f/ EdkifiHwum
ta&;udpöawG ay:aygufvmwJh tcsdefusrS aemufu0ifNyD; jrefrmEdkifiHu
ajcxdk;Edkifw,f/ tJ'Dvdk Armjynfu ta&;ygwJh tajctaeudk a&mufae
w,f/



 

Armjynf ta&;BuD;w,f
tdEd´,jynftzdkY 1948-ck ZGefv aemufqHk;xm;NyD; vGwfvyfa&;
ay;r,fvdkY aMunmw,f/ ArmjynfrSmawmh wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfac:
tkyfcsKyfa&;eJY Armjynf[m NAdwdoQtifydkif,mrSm 'kdYeJYtwl aecsifovm;/
'dkYeJYcGJNyD; vHk;0vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHtjzpf aecsifovm; qHk;jzwfzdkY vlvdr®m
pum;ajymNyD; uRefawmfwdkYudk vTJvdkufw,f/

jynfoludk ,HkMunfvdkY
uRefawmfwdkY wdkif;oljynfom;awGu b,fvdkoabmxm;&rvJ/
'grauseyfbl;ajym&if tusKd;taMumif;eJY rnDnGwfwJhvlpm;rsKd; jzpfoGm;
r,f/ uRefawmfwdkY wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfudk 0ifr,f/ 0ifwJhae&mrSm
wdkif;oljynfom;awGudk ,HkMunfvdkY 0ifw,f/ r,Hk&if 0ifcsifrS 0ifr,f/
tJ'Dwdkif;oljynfom;awGudk bmjzpfvdkY ,HkMunfovJ/ tJ'D ta&;BuD;wJh
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf a&G;aumufyGJrSm pGefYpm;p&m&SdwJhtcsdefrSm bmrS
rpGefYpm;wJh pm;zm;BuD;awGudk cifAsm;wdkY wifcsifw,fqdk&if cifAsm;wdkYxuf
rdkufwmr&Sdbl;/ Armjynf woufvHk; arSmufrSmbJ/ (MobmoHrsm;)
vGwfvyfa&;qdkwm awmif;vdkYr&bl;/
uRefawmfwdkYArmjynf[m vGwfvyfa&; rvdkcsifbl;/ vGwfvyfa&;
ESifh rxdkufwefygbl;? t*FvdyfvufatmufrSmbJ aecsifygao;w,fvdkY qHk;
jzwf&if cifAsm;wdkY bmrSrwwfEdkifbl;/ cifAsm;wdkYwifvdkufwJh ppfuJawGbJ/
tckvmr,fh a&G;aumufyGJ[m tifrwef ta&;BuD;w,f/ tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJ
eJYywfoufNyD; vGwfvyfa&;udpö b,fvdkoufqdkifw,fqdkwm &Sif;jyr,f/
vGwfvyfa&;qdkwm awmif;vdkYr&bl;/ vkyf,lrS &w,f/ wdkuf,lwefwJh
tcg wdkuf,l&r,f/ tiftm;udk trSDpGJjyKNyD;rS &Edkifw,f/



 

pm&GufxJu vGwfvyfa&;
tiftm;r&SdbJeJY pm&GufpuúLay:rSm tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifESifh
vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHudk b,fvdkBuD; a&;xm;yap? udk,fhaemufrSm tiftm;
aumif;r&Sd&if bmrS t"dyÜm,fr&Sdbl;/ *syefvufxufu vGwfvyfa&; &cJh
bl;NyD/ tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifESifh ArmEdkifiHawmfvGwfvyfa&;udk pm&GufxJ
rSmawmh a&;xm;w,f/ b,fvdkvGwfvyfa&;qdkwm cifAsm;wdkY odMuw,f/

vlxkrnD&if rvefYbl;
Armjynf[mvJ vlOD;a& 16-oef;&Sdw,f/ wl&uDjynfrSmvJ vlOD;
a& 16-oef;om &Sdw,f/ e,fy,fqdk&if uRefawmfwdkYwdkif;jynfu ydkBuD;
w,f/ "mwfowåK? obm0tzdk;wefypönf;awG &Sdw,f/ odkYaomf wl&uD[m
i,fayr,fh xufxufjrufjruf&SdvdkY tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif&SdwJhae&mrSm
tawmfuav; vufawGUtm;jzifh&Sdw,f/ Armjynfudk wl&uDEdkifiHvkdjzpf
atmif BuKd;pm;NyD; vkyfMur,fqdk&if cJcJ,Of;,Of; vkyf&r,f/ vkyfEdkifwJh
tajctae&Sdw,fvdkY ,lqw,f/
ArmjynfvGwfvyfwJhtcsdeftcgrSm b,folvmNyD; bmvkyfr,f?
nmvkyfr,fqdkwmudk usKyfrvefYbl;/ Armjynfvlxk nDnw
G fzdkYvdkw,f/

vli,fawG nDMuyg
EdkifiHa&;pm;zm;awG nDnGwfzdkY rvdkbl;/ b,folawG nDnw
G f&r,f
qdk&if wufacwfArmjynfrSm wuftHhqJqJ vli,fEdkifiHa&;orm;awG
nDnGwfr,fqdk&if Armjynf nDnGwfrSmbJ/ wa,mufeJYwa,muf
taMumif;jycsuf rvHkavmufbJ rnDrnGwfjzpfae&if tcsKyftjcmtmPm
ydkiftjzpf a&mufEdkifrSm r[kwfzl;/



 

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a&SUtqifh ESpfqifh
tJ'Dvdk ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf tvkyfvkyfzdkYqdkawmh Arm
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Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä


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 

aemufqufwGJ-n

a&G;aumufyGJ owday;csuf
(1947-ckESpf rwfvtwGif;? &efukefNrKdU jrefrmEdkifiHawmf
toHvTifhXmerS toHvTifhcsuf)

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
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 

pmcsKyf csKyfwJhtcg
usKyfwdkY ta&;rqdkcifbJ NAdwdoQtpdk;&u tdEd´,rSmvdk &uftuefY
towf ay;csifvJ ay;rSmbJ/ 'Dudpö[m cufr,fvdkY usKyfrxifbl;/ olwdkYeJY
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
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 
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yg&ap/

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

 

z?q?y?v xJrSm cavmufqHbdkY jynfolY&JabmfeJY vuf0J*dkPf;om; tcsif;
csif; wdkufay;bdkY vkyfrSmbJ qdkwmvJ usKyfwdkYjrifNyD;bJ/ odkYaomf usKyfwdkY
[m acgif;aqmifawGyDyD rSefw,f aumif;w,fxifwmudk &J&JBuD; qHk;jzwf
vdkufwmbJ/

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ygoavmuf ygw,f/

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,ckusKyfwdkYa&G;vdkufwJh trwfavmif;awGudk wcJeuftm;ay;NyD; wiforQ
trwftm;vHk; ta&G;cH&atmifom BuKd;pm;aqmif&GufMuyg/



 

e,futrwfavmif;rsm;
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ta&G;cH&&if tJ'DtxJrSm eJeJyg;yg; tacsmiform;awG&Sdawmif ta&;rBuD;
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rodwJh trwfavmif;udpöudkawmh e,fu odwJh trwfavmif;csnf; jzpfzdkY
[m b,fwkef;urS rjzpfcJhygbl;/ odkYaomf z?q?y?v tzGJU0ifyk*d¾Kvfrsm;u
odatmifvkyfay;&r,f/

bk&m;vufxufu Oyrm
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

 

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
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 
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rrdkufMueJY
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

 

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w½kyf? ukvm;awGudk owday;jcif;

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rdefYMum;aomrdefYcGef;

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uRefb0uaeNyD; ocifEdkifiHb0odkY vufiif; wufvSrf;Edkifatmif pDpOf&
r,fh jyóemawGudk aqG;aEG;wdkifyifESD;aESm&atmifqdkNyD; uRefawmfwdkY wcg
awGUqHkpnf;a0;Mu&w,fqdkwm tifrwefaumif;wmbJ/ cifAsm;wdkY 'D
a&mufvmwm odwJhtwdkif; wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf a&SUajy;yPmr jyif
qifrInDvmcHudk vmwufwJh udk,fpm;vS,fawGtjzpfeJY a&mufvmMuwm
bJ/ 'DnDvmcHrsKd;[m 'DArmjynfrSm 'DwcgbJ vkyfzl;ao;w,f/ 'Dvdk nDvm
cH&JU ukd,fpm;vS,fawGtjzpf cifAsm;wdkY&JUwm0efawG[m tifrwef BuD;rm;
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vdrfhr,f/ cifAsm;wdkY aemufqHk;tvkyfu xGufay:r,fh tusKd;w&m;awG[m
vJ &mZ0ifwGifusef&pfEdkifw,f/ 'gaMumifh tck cifAsm;wdkY 'DnDvmcHudk
vmwufwJhtwGuf cifAsm;wdkYudk 0rf;yef;wom c&D;OD;BuKdjyKw,fqdkwm
avmufbJ avmuGwfpum;ajymNyD; ajymoifhajymp&m&SdwJh tcsufawGudk
wef;NyD; ajymjycsifw,f/



 

vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;om vkdcsifw,f
'DyPmrnDvmcH[m z?q?y?v uvkyfwJh nDvmcHbJ/ wdkif;jyKjynf
jyKvTwfawmf&JU vkyfief;awGudk tpm;xdk;bdkY r[kwfbJ jznfhpGufzdkYom jzpf
w,f/ 'DnDvmcH[m z?q?y?v tzGJUcsKyf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk Oya't& vkyf
wmr[kwfzl;/ trSef usKyfwdkY&JU rlv&nf&G,fcsufuawmh z?q?y?v ESpfpOf
nDvmcHobifusif;yNyD; enf;vrf;wusa&G;wJh wwdkif;wEdkifiHvHk;&JU udk,f
pm;vS,fawGeJY z?q?y?v wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmftrwfawGuaeNyD; Arm
EdkifiH zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'pnf;rsOf;tajccHawGudk pOf;pm;bdkYbJ/ odkYay
r,fh tcsdefr&wmeJY 'kwd, vlpHkpHk&wJhenf;udk xGifNyD;oHk;&wmbJ/
Armjynf&JU zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya' pnf;rsOf;tajccHawGudk pOf;pm;
r,fqdkawmh a&S;OD;pGm wcsKdUowif;pmawG? vlawG ½IyfwkyfwkyfvkyfaewJh
tcsufBuD;udk wcgxJ&Sif;ypfvdkufcsufw,f/ 'DtcsufBuD;[m bmvJqdk&if
z?q?y?v u vHk;0vGwfvyfa&; qHk;jzwfrvm;/ 'dkrDeD,ef tkyfcsKyfa&; qHk;
jzwfrvm;qdkwJh r½IyfoifhbJ ½IyfaewJh ar;cGef;bJ/ 1946-ck Zefe0g&DvxJ
rSm usif;ycJhwJh z?q?y?v nDvmcHobifBuD;u bmqHk;jzwfcJhovJ/ 'D
nDvmcHobif[m usKyfwdkY z?q?y?v tzdkYrSmqdk&if ,cktxd tmPmtydkif
qHk; tzGJUBuD;bJ/ 'DtzGJUBuD;uaeNyD; b,fvdk 'dkrDeD,eftrsKd;tpm;rS rvdkcsif
bl;/ vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;udkom awmif;qdkw,fqdkNyD; twdtvif;qHk;jzwf
xm;wm&Sdaewm bmrSxyfNyD; em;½Iyfp&m rvdkygbl;/ usKyfwdkY[m rSefwm
rrSefwm? aumif;wm raumif;wmawG tyxm;NyD; tJ'DnDvmcHBuD;&JU qHk;
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[m bmrSxyfay:p&m rvdkawmhbl;/ odkYaomfvJ Armjynf vHk;0vGwfvyf
awmh tcsKyftjcm tmPmydkifwJh EdkifiHvlrsKd;aygif;pHk (Commonwealth of
Sovereign Nations) udk jrefrmjynf u rwnf axmifbl;vm;? r0if
bl;vm;qdkwJh ar;cGef;uawmh wjcm;jzpfw,f/ tJ'Dar;cGef;[mawmh Arm



 

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udpu
ö dkawmh uRefawmfaemufrS aqG;aEG;ygtHk;r,f/

orwEdkifiH xlaxmifr,f
udkif; vGwfvyfwJhArmjynfqdkawmh b,fvdkArmjynfrsKd;vJ/ orw
EdkifiHvm;? &Sifbk&ifpepfeJY tkyfcsKyfr,fh EdkifiHvm;/ 'Dar;cGef; ay:vmw,f/
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vnfatmif tpdk;& (State) qdkwJh oabmw&m;eJY ywfoufNyD; aqG;aEG;
csifw,f/ 'D ]tpdk;&} qdkwJh obmw&m;eJY ywfoufNyD; a&S;u w½kyf?
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w&m;[m wajz;ajz; acwfpm;vmw,f/

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tJ'D0g'[mvJ tqHk;pGefw&m; r[kwfao;bl;/ &Smwkef;azGwkef;
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tkwfjrpfay:rSm wnfw,fqdkwmudkawmh b,folrS rjiif;Edkifawmhygbl;/
vl&,fvdkY jzpfvm&if vl[m pm;&r,f? 0wf&r,f? ae&r,f/ tJ'D tpm;?
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awGudk &SmBuHwJhtcgusawmh vlYypönf;vkyfief;pepfawG ay:vmw,f/ tJ'D
ypönf;pepfawG ay:vmwJhtcg vltcsif;csif; qufqHaygif;oif;rIpepf[m
vJ ay:vmw,f/ vlwef;pm; jcm;em;vmMuw,f/ tJ'Dvdk jcm;em;vmMu&m
u tusKd;jcif; uGJjym;NyD; y#dyu©jzpfvmMuw,f/ 'Dy#dyu©jzpfwmawGudk



 

BuD;wJhtrIi,fatmif? i,fwJhtrI yvyfatmif vkyfzdkYqdkNyD; tpdk;&qdkwmudk
vlawGu wifajr§mufw,f/ wifajr§mufwkef;uawmh vlawGubJ/ 'gay
r,fh aemufusawmh vltxufa&mufoxufa&mufNyD; vlawGtxJu ay:cJh
wJhtpdk;&[m rdk;usa&Tudk,fb0 a&mufoGm;w,f/ tJ'Db0upNyD; tpdk;&
qdkwm vlawGu tmPmtyfvdkY jzpfwmygvm;qdkwJh obm0[m vHk;vHk;
aysmufoGm;wmbJ/ tJ'D&Sifbk&ifpepfvkd om;pOfajr;quf qufcHwJhtpdk;&
rsKd;usawmhvJ bmajymp&m &SdawmhrvJ/ wcgxJ tpdk;&qdkwm bkef;uH
aMumifh (Divine Rights King) qdkNyD;awmif wcgwkef;u t,ljzpfwJh
txd tpdk;&&JU rlvb0[m aysmufcJhwmbJ/
tJ'DrSm ajymcsifMuvdrfhtHk;r,f/ 'gu a&S;&ifbk&ifawGyg/ tck
&Sifbk&ifawGuawmh tmPmvJr&Sdawmhygbl;/ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'
twdkif; tkyfcsKyf&wmygvdkY ajymMuvdrfhr,f/ aumif;NyD/ &Sifbk&ifqdk&if
om;pOfajr;quf qufcH&vdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dvdk rª;awG rwfawG &Sd&vdrfhr,f/
t*FvefrSmqdk&if 'Dtwdkif;bJ r[kwfvm;/ rª;awG rwfawGqdkNyD; tacsmif
yGaeoavmuf yGaeMuwm/ (House of Lords) rª;awG rwfawG
vTwfawmfqdkNyD; tqmus,faeMuwm olwdkYwawGbJ/ tmPm&Sdwm r&Sd
wmudk tyxm;NyD; olwdkYwawGudk 'Dvdk&Sdwm[m vlvlcsif; twlwlbJqdkwhJ
oabmw&m;udk zHk;vTrf;EdkiforQ zHk;vTrf;EdkifatmifvkyfNyD; aemufqHk;usawmh
vlawGu ay;xm;wJh tpdk;&tmPmudk tacsmifaumfEdkifatmif pDpOfxm;wm
awGbJ/ tmPmqdkwmvJ r&Sdbl;r[kwfygbl;/ ajAmifom odyfr&Sdw,f/
oG,f0dkufwJhenf;? pD;yGm;a&;enf;? [dwfvHk;[efvHk;enf;awGeJY trsm;BuD;bJ/
olwdkYtmPm&SdaeMuwmbJ/ NyD;awmh 'D&Sifbk&ifpepfqdkwmrsKd;[m tacsmif
wdkif;jynfydkufqHukefwJh&mxl;awG awmfawmfbJ&Sdw,f/ 'Dawmh vlawGu
wifajr§mufwJh ]tpdk;&} qdkwm[m vlawG&JU tpdk;&? jynfolawG&JU tpdk;&?
jynfolawGESifh tvSrf;ra0;bJ tNrJvufwGJaewJhtpdk;& jzpfrSomvQif
oabmw&m;twdkif; udkufnDr,fvdkY uRefawmfxifw,f/ tJ'Doabm



 

w&m;eJY ajzmifhajzmifhBuD;qefYusifwJh om;pOfajr;quf qufcHoGm;wJh
&Sifbk&ifpefpudk rvdkcsifbl;/

'Drkdua&pD0g'tppfudkom zefwD;r,f
tJ'Dawmh orwpepfudk vdkcsifw,f/ orwpepfom wdkif;oljynf
om;awGomvQif t&if;cHrlvblw jzpfw,fqdkwJh obm0udk jyefazmfw,f/
vlvlcsif; twlwlbJqdkwJh obm0udk jyefazmfw,f/ 'gayr,fh wckowdjyK
&r,f/ ]tpdk;&} qdkwJhtmPm[m tifrweftzdk;wef toHk;0ifw,f/ tJ'D
tmPmudkvJ ypönf;tiftm;aumif;wJhvlawG tcsif;csif; vkMuw,f/ &&if
vJ vufrvTwfcsifbl;/ wdkif;oljynfom;awG qdkwmuawmh tJ'DxJrSm
wkwfvkyft½dkufcH&r,fhtcgusrS yg&wmbJ/ 'DvdktmPmvkMuwJhtcg ]'Drdk
ua&pD} qdkNyD;? ]jynfolYqE´ jynfolYtmPm} vdkY a<u;aMumf[pfatmfNyD; nm
wJhpepfawGvJ &Sdw,f/ vlawGu? wdkif;oljynfom;awGu ]tpdk;&} tmPm
tyfvdkufwkef;u usKyfwdkYtwGuf aumif;atmifvkyfay;yg qdkNyD; tmPm
tyfvdkufwmbJ/ 'gayr,fh usKyfwdkYudk cifAsm;wdkY tkyfpdk;wJhvlawGtwGuf
ESdyfuGuftkyfcsKyfyg qdkwJhtcsufom jzpfaewmbJ/ vlawGu wifajr§mufNyD;
vlawG&JUtusKd;udkvkyfwJh vlawG&JUtpdk;&omvQif 'Drdkua&pD jzpfEdkifr,f/
tjcm;[mawG 'Drdkua&pDtppf rjzpfEdkifbl;/ twkawGomjzpfw,f/

'Drdkua&pDqdkwm bmvJ
tJ'DvdkpepfrsKd;eJY orwtpdk;&rsKd;rSom usKyfwdkYwdkif;oljynfom;
awGudk tusKd;xda&mufpGm aqmif&Gufay;EdkifrSmbJ/ 'Drdkua&pDwdkif; 'Drdk
ua&pDwm r[kwfzl;/ 'Drdkua&pD acwfpm;vmwJhtcgrdkY a&ma,mifNyD;
oHzrf;ajymMuwmawGvJ trsm;BuD;bJ/ 'gjzifh 'Drdkua&pD qdkwmbmvJ/ vl



 

vlcsif;? vlwef;pm; tcsif;csif;? vlrsKd; tcsif;csif; tp&Sdonftm;jzifh tcGifh
ta&;wef;wl usyfjynhf wif;jynfh r&SdorQumvywfvHk; 'Drdkua&pD usyf
jynfh wif;jynfh r[kwfao;bl;/

'Drdkua&pDwkawG
tck 'Drdkua&pD ac:aewJhwdkif;jynfawG trsm;[m wu,f h 'Drdk
ua&pD r[kwfao;bl;/ ig;rl;? oHk;rl;wyJavmufbJ 'Drdkua&pDawG jzpfMu
ao;w,f/ tJ'D 'Drdkua&pDawG[m t&if;ppfvdkufawmh t&if;&Sifac:wJh
ypönf;&Sif t&if;&SifawG pD;yGm;a&;cs,fvS,fwJhpepf tajccHwJh 'Drdkua&pD
awGjzpfw,f/ wenf;tm;jzifh t&if;&SifawG&JU tmPm&Sifpepf tkyfcsKyfa&;
udk 'Drdkua&pDqdkwJh brf;jyNyD;xm;wJh tkyfcsKyfa&;bJ/

'Drdkua&pD tppfuawmh
Armjynf vGwfvyfa&;&wJhtcg wdkif;oljynfom;awGomvQif
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jzpfEdkifr,f/ 'Drdkua&pD t&if;cHbJ/ qdk&S,fvpf0g'? uGefjrLepf0g'qdkwm
awG[m pifppfawmh 'Duae jzmxGufoGm;wmbJ/ b,f[mrS 'Drdkua&pD
rppfao;bl;/ EdkifiHa&;wGifru pD;yGm;a&;yg ygrS 'Drdkua&pD ppfEdkifr,fvdkY
'Drdkua&pD oabmw&m;awGudk vdkuf&SmNyD; vkyfaeMujcif;om jzpfw,f/
'Dawmh 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm b,fvdkt*FgrsKd;eJY nDnGwf&rvJ/ tJ'Dvdk
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csufcsif;jzpfrvm;/ b,favmuf MumrvJ/ b,fenf; taumif;qHk;vJ
qdkwmawGudk tck usKyfwdkY wdkif;jynfwnfaxmif&r,fhtcg txl;pOf;pm;&
r,fh tcsufawGbJ/



 

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tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'awG uvnf; pD;yGm;a&;oabmw&m;awGESifh uif;vdkY
rjzpfEdkifbl;/ t&if;&Sif 'Drdkua&pDorm;oufouf rsufpdeJYMunfhajym&if
awmh 'grrSefbl;vdkY ajym&rSmbJ/ 'gayr,fh urÇmt&yf&yfrSm&SdwJh EdkifiHtoD;
oD; zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk Oya'awGudk twGif;ususavhvm&if pD;yGm;a&;
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jzpfw,f/ 'DpepfomvQif wnfwefY&r,f/ tJ'Dpepf[m tNrJwrf;wnfwefY
ovdkvdk,lqNyD; tvkyfvkyfMuw,f/ trSefrawmh b,fEdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;
pepfrS tNrJwnfwefYwm r&Sdbl;/ olYtcsdef olYtajctaetvdkuf jzpfvm
MuwmbJ/
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ua&pDEdkifiHudk a&mufatmifoGm;Edkifvdrfhr,f/
wu,fh 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm EdkifiHa&;oabmw&m;t& jynfolawG&JU
tusKd;twGuf jynfolawGu wifajr§mufwJh jynfolawG&JUtpdk;&jzpf½HkeJY rNyD;
ao;bl;/ tJ'Dtpdk;&[m jynfolawG&JU vufiif;pD;yGm;a&; tqifhtwef;udk
tcGifhta&; wef;wl&EdkifwJhtajctxd jr§ifhwifEdkifatmif aqmif&Gufay;rS
wu,fh 'Drdkua&pDtxd wufvSrf;Edkifr,f/ 'gjzifh tJ'Dvdk 'Drdkua&pD
tqifhtwef;a&mufatmif b,fvdktajccHawG cs&rvJ/



 

'Drdkua&pD tajccHrsm;
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2/ tvkyform;awG&JU aea&;? xdkifa&;? pm;a&;? aomufa&;?
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&Sd&r,f/
3/ v,fvkyfwJhvlawG&JUvufxJ v,fa&mufatmif pDpOfEdkif&
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pDpOfxm;&r,f/
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oabmw&m;udk cdkifcdkifrmrmjzpfatmif pDpOfwwf&r,f/
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wJhtcGifhta&;awG yg&r,f/
7/ wdkif;jynfumuG,fa&;[m jynfolYtpdk;&wm0ef jzpfw,f/ tck
uRefb0rSmvdk a&S;uvJ &JtzGJUtp&SdwJh tck jynfolY&JabmfwyfzGJUqdkwJh tzGJU
rsKd;awGudk woD;wjcm; wnfaxmif&wJh tajctaersKd; r&Sdap&bl;/
8/ wdkif;jynf Oya'w&m;½Hk;pepf[mvJ jynfolawG&JUtusKd; a&SU½I
r,fh jynfolYw&m;½Hk;pepfrsKd; jzpf&r,f/
tJ'Dvdk tcsufawGygrSomvQif wu,fh'Drdkua&pD tajccHawG cs&m
a&mufr,f/ 'grSomvQif olYtcsdeftcga&mufwJhtcg 'Drdkua&pD qdkwJh
taqmufttHkBuD;udk rm;rm;rwfrwf wnfaqmufEdkifr,f/



 

'DtcsufawGudk xyfNyD; uRefawmf&Sif;jyygtHk;r,f/ yxrtcsuf
oabmuawmh ukefypönf;vkyfenf; (Means of Production) rsm;wGif
tcsuftcsmjzpfwJh opfawm? owåK tp&SdwJh ajray:ypönf;? ajrwGif;ypönf;
rsm;? a&wGif;a&ay:oufqdkif&mrsm;? obm0tm;? vQyfppftm;? rD;&xm;?
avaMumif;oGm;vma&;? pmydkYwdkuf? oHBuKd;? pum;ajymaMu;eef;? toHvTifh
½HkwdkY[m wdkif;jynf&JUudk,fpm; tpdk;&ydkif jzpf&vdrfhr,f/ wjcm;ypönf;vkyf
ief;awGudkvJ wwfEdkiforQ jynfolYor0g,rtoif;rsm;u ydkifqdkifatmif
BuKd;pm;&vdrfhr,f/ tpdk;& odrf;orQ ypönf;vkyfief;rsm;udk tpdk;&udk,fwdkif
vkyfEdkif&ifvkyf? rvkyfEdkif&if tjcm;vlawGudk iSm;&rf;wJh oabmom jzpf&
vdrfhr,f/
EdkifiHjcm; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;udpöqdk&if tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfEdkifatmif
pDpOf&r,f/ 'D[mawGudk bmjyKvdkY tajccHcs&ovJqdk&if jynfolawG trsm;
tusKd;&SdEdkifbdkYbJ/ 'Dvdkr[kwf&if t&if;&SifawGu cs,fvS,fcsifwdkif; cs,f
vS,fwJh tjzpfrsKd;a&mufNyD; wdkif;oljynfom;awGtay: t&if;&SifawGu
vuf0gBuD;tkyf aoG;pkyfEdkifwJh tajctaersKd; a&mufoGm;r,f/ tJ'Dvdk
t&if;&SifawGu BuD;pdk;½HkwGifru woD;yk*¾vt&if;&Sifydkif ukrÜPDBuD;awG
(Monopoly) wOD;wnf ;ydkifoabmrsKd; jzpfoGm;NyD; aps;emt&yf &yfeJY EdkifiH
pD;yGm;a&;t&yf&yfudk olwdkYpDrH&m cH&r,fqdkwJhpepfrsKd; &Sdvmr,fqdk&if
uRefawmfwdkY 'DurÇmBuD;[m waeYraeYu tvGefatmhESvHk;emNyD; &GHrkef;p&m
jzpfwJh zufqpfpepfBuD; jyefay:vmbdkY pD;yGm;a&;tajccHBuD;udk cGifhjyK&m
usw,f/

t&if;&Sifpepf jzKwfypfr,f
'gaMumifh tJ'Dvdk (Monopoly) vuf0g;BuD;tkyf t&if;&Sif ukrÜPD
BuD;rsm;jzpfwJh (Cartels, Syndicates, Trusts) tp&SdwJh woD;yk*¾v



 

ypönf;vkyfief;BuD;awGudkawmh usKyfwdkY&JU zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'rSm twd
tvif; ydwfyifxm;&vdrfhr,f/ tck uRefawmfwdkYajymaewJh tcsuftvuf
awG[m qdk&S,fvpf0g't&vm;vdkY ar;csifar;Muvdrfhr,f/ r[kwfao;bl;/
trSefuawmh uRefawmfwdkYArmjynfrSm qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk uRefawmfwdkY
b,favmufbJ xlaxmifcsifayr,fh tckArmjynfrSmjzpfaewJh pD;yGm;a&;
tajctaet& b,fenf;eJYrS rjzpfEdkifao;bl;/ usKyfwdkYjynfrSm t&if;&Sif
pepfqdkwmawmif aumif;aumif;r&Sdao;bl;/ t&if;&Sifpepfxuf aemuf
wqifhuswJh pD;yGm;a&;pepfrSm usKyfwdkY a&mufaew,f/ 'Dawmh usKyfwdkY[m
t&if;&Sifpepfudk rvTJra&SmifomvkdY cGifhjyKxm;awmh udk,yf dkif woD;yk*¾v
ypönf; udk,fydkifvkyfief;awG &SdtHk;rSmbJ/ 'gayr,fh uRefawmfwdkY[m
t&if;&Sifpepfudk rwwfomvdkY cGifhjyK&ayr,fh wwfEdkiforQ csKyfcs,f&vdrfh
r,f/ udk,fydkifypönf;? udk,fydkifvkyfief;awGqdk&if trsm;tusKd;udk rxdcdkuf
ap&bl;/ udk,fydkifypönf;? udk,fydkifvkyfief;awGudk vkdwJhtcg tpdk;&u wdkif;
jynfudk,fpm; odrf;Edkifr,fh tajccHrsKd;awG zGifhxm;&vdrfhr,f/

tvkyform;tcGifhta&; umuG,fr,f
t&if;&Sifpepfudk cGifhjyKxm;awmh tvkyform;awG&JU tcGifhta&;
awGudk aumif;aumif;owfrSwfNyD; olwdkYaoG;pkyfcsifwdkif; rcH&atmif pDrHzef
wD;NyD; tajccHw&m;awG zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'rSm xnfhxm;&vdrfhr,f/

v,fvkyfolom v,fydkif&r,f
v,f,majrydkifqdkifrIudpörSmqdkvJ v,f,majrvkyfwJh vlawG
v,f,majr&atmif tajccHawG cs&vdrfhr,f/ v,fajr{u tajrmuftjrm;
ydkifwJh v,f&SifBuD;pepfudkawmh Oya't& uefYowfcsKyfcs,f zsufy,fypf&



 

vdrfhr,f/ aemufNyD; b,fvdk udk,fydkifv,f,majrrsKd;jzpfjzpf b,fESpf{u
xuf rydkap& tp&Sdonftm;jzifh Oya't& uefYowf&vdrfhr,f/ 'DvdkrS
rvkyf&if v,fydkif&SifpepfBuD;[m &Sdaewmudk rzsufEdkif½Hkwif r[kwfbl;?
jyefjzpfatmif vkyfwmjzpfvdrfhr,f/ v,f,majrrsm;udk trSeftm;jzifhqdk&if
aemufqHk; wdkif;jynfydkif ( tpdk;&ESifh or0g,rtzGJUydkif) vkyfEdkif&if aumif;
rSmbJ/ odkYaomfvJ tJ'D[m rvkyfrD v,f,majrvkyfolwdkif; ajrvuf&Sd&
atmif vkyfEdkif&r,f/ 'DtcgrsKd;rSm tpdk;&u tv,ftvwfwef;ESifh
atmufwef;uswJh awmifolv,form;awGudk wwfEdkiforQulnD&vdrfhr,f/
tJ'Dvkd pD;yGm;a&; tajccHw&m;awGudk zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'rSm xnfhbdkY
vdkvdrfhr,f/
tckeajymcJhwJh pD;yGm;a&;tajccHoabmw&m;awG[m t&if;&Sif
pepfeJY ruif;ao;ayr,fh trSefuawmh t&if;&SifpepfvJ rubl;/ qdk&S,f
vpfpepfvJ rusao;bl;/ EdkifiHa&;qdkwm pD;yGm;a&; tajccHoabmw&m;
awGudk acgifcsKyfo½kyfaqmifwJhtwkdif; 'Dvdk pD;yGm;a&;tajccHwJh t&if;&Sif
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;[m t&if;&Sifoufouf 'Drdkua&pDvkd t&if;&SifawG&JU
tmPm&Sifpepfudk umqD;rxm;bJ e,fcsJUpepf (Feudalism) udk wGef;vSef
NzKdzsufNyD; jynfolawG&JU tcGifhta&;udk aqmif&Gufr,fh jynfolvlwef;pm;
aygif;pHk tmPm&SifpepfyHkoP²mef aqmifxm;wJh 'Drdkua&pDopfEdkifiHa&;
jzpf&r,f/ tcktcsKdUEdkifiHawGrSm usKyfwdkY Mum;odawGUjrif&wJh 'Drdkua&pD
qdkwmawG[m trSefuawmh (Oligarctry) ac:wJh t&if;&Sifjzpfjzpf?
t&if;&Sifvdk vlwef;pm;awGjzpfjzpf vlwpkavmufom BuKd;udkifxm;wJh
tmPm&Sif vkyfaewJhpepfawGjzpfw,f/



 

vltrsm;qHk;tusKd;&SdrI a&SU½Iw,f
usKyfwdkYvdkcsifwmuawmh (Greatest happiness of the
Greatest number) vltrsm;qHk; taumif;qHk; csrf;omokc&atmif
tJ'Dvdk vltrsm;qHk;u BuKd;udkifwJh tmPm&SifvkyfwJh 'Drdkua&pDrsKd;udkom
vdkcsifwmbJ/ tukefvHk;tusKd;&SdwJh 'Drdkua&pDqdkwmawmh ckvdk t&if;&Sif?
tvkyform;? v,f&Siftp&SdwJh vlwef;pm;uGJjym;rIawG&SdaeorQ umvywf
vHk; rjzpfEdkifao;bl;/ v,f&Sif tusKd;&Sdwdkif; v,form; tusKd;r&SdEdkifbl;/
tvkyf&Sif tusKd;&Sdwdkif; tvkyform; tusKd;r&SdEdkifbl;/ olwdkYtcsif;csif;
tusKd;awG[m wcgwcg aphpyfvdkY r&EdkifbJ wOD;tusKd;&Sd&if wOD;xdr,f
qdkwJh tajcrsKd; jzpfvmwJhtcg tpdk;&[m wzufzufu yif;rSjzpfr,f/ tJ'D
awmh 'Drdkua&pDopfqdkwm tpdk;&u vlrsm;pkjzpfwJh vlqif;&JawGbufu
xHk;pHawmh yifr,fqdkwJhoabmbJ/

vlrsm;pktmPmydkif tkyfcsKyfa&;
'Drdkua&pDopft&vkyfr,fh zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'rsKd;[m b,fvdk
jzpf&rvJqdk&if wdkif;oljynfom;vlrsm;pkawG tmPmydkiftjzpf tkyfcsKyfEdkif
atmif olwdkYa&G;aumufwJh udk,fpm;vS,fawG[m atmufuaeNyD; xdyftxd
wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfa&; wdkif;jynftpdk;&tmPmudk udkifxm;&r,f/ olwdkYa&G;
aumufvdkufwJh udk,fpm;vS,fawGudk rBuKdufvdkY&Sd&if jyefac:Edkif&r,f/
'Dawmh tck ArmjynfrSm&SdaewJh t&m&SdjAL½dku&uf tkyfcsKyfa&;rsKd;
r&SdEdkifawmhbl;/ wdkif;jynfopömrazmufwJh wdkif;BuD;jynfBuD;om;awG[m
jynfolYvGwfvyfcGifhawGudk trsm;tusKd;twGufvkyfr,fh ae&mawGrSm &&Sd
vdrfhr,f/ 'Dae&mrSm vltrsm;pkvdkYqdkwm[m ypönf;tajctae &mxl;tajc
taeudk taMumif;jyKNyD;om vlrsm;pk? vlenf;pkjzpfMuwJh vlawGudkom
qdkvdkw,f/ vlrsKd;a&;t& uGJjym;aewJhvlrsm;pk vlenf;pk udpöawGrSmawmh



 

vlrsm;pkvlrsKd;pku vlenf;pkvlrsKd;awGtay: vTrf;rdk;rIr&SdaprS 'Drdkua&pD
rSefr,f/ vlrsKd;t& bmomt& vdift& tcGifhta&;cGJjcm;rI? ESdrfcsrIawGudk
Oya't& y,fzsufNyD; 'DvdkESdrfeif;wmawGrsKd;awGU&if Oya't& tjypfay;
wmrsKd;awmif pDrH&r,f/ 'grS 'Drdkua&pD yDor,f/ vlrsKd;a&;ESifh ywfoufí
xyfrHNyD; uRefawmfaqG;aEG;ygtHk;r,f/

jAL½dku&uftkyfcsKyfa&; zsuf&r,f
txufrSmajymcJwJhtxJrSm tck ArmjynfrSm&SdaewJh t&m&Sd jAL½dk
u&uftkyfcsKyfa&;rsKd; r&SdEdkifawmhbl; qdkwm[m bmqdkvdkwmvJ/ uRefawmf
&Sif;jyvdkygao;w,f/ vGwfvyfr,fh ArmjynfBuD;rSm tck tpdk;& t&mxrf;?
trIxrf;awG? avmu"mwfq&m? ynmonf? pufq&m? aq;q&m tp&SdwJh
vlawGudk rvdkawmhbl;vm;qdk&if olwdkYudk vkdvdrfhr,f/ olwdkYtxJu
(Technicians) ac:wJh txl;oifMum;rI wwfwJva l wG qdkvdkY&Sd&if
tpdk;&u aumif;aumif; ajr§mufpm;&rSmbJ/ 'gayr,fh olwdkY[m jynfolY
tpkd;& jynfolYrdwfaqGawG jzpf&r,f/ jynfolawGudk *½krpdkufbJ txuf
vlBuKduf NyD;a&mvkyfwJhvlpm;awG rjzpf&bl;/ wdkif;jynfeJY jynfolawG&JU
opömudk apmifhxdef;wJhvlawG jzpf&vdrfhr,f/ tJ'DvdkvlawG trSefrawmh
wcsKdU vcawG bmawGrSm enf;csifenf;vmayr,fh vGwfvyfr,fh Arm
jynfrSm ydkNyD;tcGifhta&;awG ay;vmEdkifygvdrfhr,f/ ,cktcg t*Fvdyf
awGom vkyfae&wJh ae&mrsKd;awG uRefEdkifiHjzpfaevdkY ocifEdkifiHvkyf&wJh
ae&mrsKd;awGrSm olwdkY 0ifcGifh vkyfcGifh &SdvmMurSmbJ/ odkYaomfvJ a&S;u
t&m&Sdpepftwdkif; jynfolawGESifh wjcm;pDawmh aevdkYrjzpfEdkifbl;/



 

wdkif;jynfumuG,fa&; tpdk;&wm0ef
NyD;awmh *syefjynfrSmvdk ppfwyfu EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;rSm cs,fvS,f
wmrsKd;? *smrPDrSm [pfwvmwdkY wufvmwmrsKd;udk pD;yGm;a&;? EdkifiHa&;
t& ESdrfeif;wJhae&mrSm vGwfvyfwJhArmjynfwGif wdkif;jynfumuG,fa&;[m
tpdk;&&JUwm0ef? wwdkif;jynfvHk;&JU wm0efjzpfvmwJhtwdkif; umuG,fa&;
vkyfief;rSeforQ tpkd;&omvQif vkyfEdkif&r,f/ ]woD;wjcm; udk,fydkiftzGJU
awGu vkyfzdkYvJ rvdkbl;/ tcGifhvJ jyKEdkifrSm r[kwfzl;/} tckvdk uRefb0rSm
awmh wdkif;jynfumuG,fwJhwm0efu ocifvlrsKd;tpdk;& wm0efvkdjzpfNyD;
olwdkYuvJ aumif;aumif;rvkyfawmh uRefawmfwdkYzmom uRefawmfwdkY
wwforQ rSwforQ jzpforQ jynfolY&JabmfwyfzGJU tp&SdwJh tzGJUrsKd;awGzGJU
NyD; vkyfae&w,f/

ppfoabm EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; r&Sd&

'DvkdtzGJUawG[m vGwfvyfwJhArmEdkifiHrSm r&SdEdkifawmhbl;/ odkY
r[kwf&if vGwfvyfwJhArmjynfrSm 'DvdktzGJUrsKd;[m ppfoabm EdkifiHa&;
ygwDrsKd; jzpfwwfNyD; jzpfvmwJhtcg zufqpf0g'awG arG;jrLvmwwfw,f/
'gudkvnf; aumif;aumif; owdjyK&r,f/ txl;ojzifh zufqpf0g' Arm
jynfrSm ray:Edkifatmif pD;yGm;a&; EdkifiHa&;t& tzufzufuaeNyD; wm;&
vdrfhr,f/ zufqpfpepf zufqpf0g'qdkvdkY ArmjynfrSm a,mif0g;0g;awG
trsm;BuD; jzpfaeMuw,f/ zufqpfpepfqdkwm bmvJ/ Murf;oifhvdkY Murf;
wmudk zufqpfpepfac:wm r[kwfbl;/ udk,fESifhpdwf roifhwm vkyforQ
udk zufqpfpepfvdkYac:wm r[kwfbl;/ aiGyifaiG&if; (Finance Capital)
BuD;awGu vufudkifwkwfvkyfxm;wJh wynfhawGeJY wdkif;oljynfom; vl
trsm;udk tMurf;ywrf;zdESdyfNyD; tifrwefusOf;ajrmif;rSm;,Gif;wJh? vlrsKd;a&;
w&m; vufudkifxm;wJh0g'[m zufqpf0g'bJ/ tJ'Dawmh pD;yGm;a&;? EdkifiH



 

a&;? vlrsKd;a&;w&m;awGESifh ywfoufNyD; usKyfwdkY[m zufqpftm;ay;
w&m;awG ray:atmif wdkif;jynfzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya' vkyfuwnf;u pDrH
xm;&vdrfhr,f/

vlrsKd;BuD;qdkwmbmvJ
'Dae&mrSm vlrsKd;a&;udpu
ö dk uRefawmfaqG;aEG;vdkw,f/ t*Fvdyfvkd
rSm ( Nation or Nationality, Race, Tribe) tp&Sdonftm;jzifh
vlrsKd;a&;awGudk toD;oD; ac:xm;wm&Sdw,f/ (Nation or Nationality)
qdkwmrsKd;uawmh Armvdk wdwdusus b,fvkdjyef&r,fqdkwm Armh
tbd"mef ususeexGufrSbJ jzpfEdkifrSmbJ/
t"dyÜm,fuawmh Oyrm NAdwdoQvlrsKd;qdk&if t*Fvdyf? paumh?
a0v? tdkif;&pfvlrsKd;awG aygif;xm;wmudk ac:wmbJ/ tar&d uefvlrsKd;qdk
&ifvJ Oa&myuvlrsKd;pHk tar&duefrSm vmaeNyD; tar&duefvlrsKd;vdkaewJh
vltm;vHk;udk ac:wmbJ/ 'Dawmh (Nation) odkYr[kwf (Nationality)
ac:wJh vlrsKd;BuD;udk qdkMuygpdkY/ tJ'DvlrsKd;BuD;qdkwm b,fvdk tcsif;t&m
awGeJYjynfhpHkrS vlrsKd;BuD;vdkY ac:rvJ/ tJ'DvlrsKd;a&;jyóemeJY ywfoufNyD;
tck urÇmausmf qdkAD,uf,leD,efacgif;aqmifBuD;jzpfwJh pwmvifu b,f
vdko½kyfazmfxm;ovJqdk&if A nation is a historically evolved
Stable Community of Language, territory, economic life, and
psychological maker, manifesteo in a community of cluture:

vlrsKd;BuD;qdkwm
vlrsKd;BuD;qdkwm &mZ0ift& jzpfyGm;vmNyD; wnfwnfwefYwefY ae
vmwJh olYbmompum;eJY olYe,fajreJY olYpD;yGm;a&;eJY olY,Ofaus;rIynm



 

xHk;pH"avhawGeJY nDnGwfpnf;½Hk;xm;wJh vlaygif;pkbJvdkY pwmvifu o½kyf
azmfjycJhw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm vlaygif;pkqdkwm[m (A nation is not a racial
or tribal community of people) vdkY twdtvif; azmfjyxm;w,f /
t"dyÜm,fuawmh vlrsKd;BuD;qdkwm taoG;tom; tqif;wlwJh ( Race) wdkY
(Trible) wdkYac:wJh vlrsKd;pkrsKd; r[kwfzl ;/ tJ'D (Race) wdkY (Trible) wdkY
ac:wJh vlrsKd;pkrsm;udk aygif;pyfxm;jcif;jzpfw,fvdkY &Sif;vif;jyefw,f/
tJ'DrSmvJ pum;wl&Sd½HkeJYvJ vlrsKd;BuD; rjzpfEdkifao;bl;wJh/ pum;
wrsKd;xJ ajymMuwJh t*FvdyfeJY tar&duef[m vlrsKd;BuD;ESpfrsKd; jzpfaewm
txift&Sm;bJ r[kwfvm;wJh/ vlrsKd;jcm;wdkif; pum;rjcm;bl;/ pum;wl
wdkif; vlwrsKd;xJ r[kwfzl;/ taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm qHk;pnf;cGifhr&SdvdkY&Sd&if
wrsKd;pDjzpfw,f/ tJ'Dvdk qHkpnf;wJhae&mrSm wajrxJae? wa&xJaomufwJh
vlawGrS vlwrsKd;xJjzpfvmEdkifowJh/ aemuf pD;yGm;a&;rSmvJ wOD;eJYwOD;
ausmaxmufaemufcH oabmrsKd;rSDcdkNyD; aygif;pnf;xm;rSm jzpfowJh/
NyD;awmh vlrsKd;wrsKd;&JU pdwf"mwf (National Character) vdkYqdkwJh
vlY,Ofaus;rI xHk;pH"avhqdkwmudk rxm;vdkY rjzpfzl;wJh/ tck 'DtcsufawG
xJu wckESpfck&Sd½HkeJY vlrsKd;BuD;wrsKd; rjzpfEdkifbl;wJh/ 'DtcsufxJu wck
avmuf r&½HkeJYbJ vlrsKd;BuD;qdkwJh *kPft*Fgudk rxdkufbJ jzpfoGm;EdkifowJh/
tJ'Dawmh 'Dtcsif;t&mawGtm;vHk; jynfhpHkrS vlrsKd;BuD;wrsKd; jzpfw,fqdkbJ/
'Dae&mrSm (Common Language) qdkwJh pum;wlvdkY qdkwmrSmvJ Oyrm
NAdwdoQvlrsKd;BuD;rsm; t*Fvdyfpum; tm;vHk;ajymMuw,f/ em;vnfMu
w,f/ 'gayr,fh tdkif;&pfwdkY bmwdkYrSm olwdkYpum; oyfoyf&Sdw,f/
tJ'gudkvJ owdjyKbdkYvdkw,f/



 

EdkifiHawmf
aemufNyD; (State)? ('Dae&mrSmawmh vufeufEdkifiHawmfvdkYbJ
qdkMuygpdkY/) tJ'DvufeufEdkifiHawmfqdkwJh (Pol, Community) EdkifiHa&;
vlaygif;pHkeJY vlrsKd;BuD;aygif;pHk (National Community) udk em;r½Iyf
apvdkbl;vdkY pwmvifu &Sif;xm;w,f/ b,fvdkvJqdk&if wlwmawGxJrSm
pum;wlrS vlrsKd;BuD;wrsKd; qdkwm jzpfEdkifr,f/ odkYaomfvnf; vufeuf
EdkifiHawmfqdkwJh EdkifiHa&;vlaygif;pkxJrSmawmh pum;rwlayr,fh wEdkifiHxJ
jzpfEdkifw,fqdkwm azmfjyxm;w,f/

vlrsKd;a&;vlenf;pk
aumif;NyD/ 'DtcsufawGudk tajcjyKNyD;pOf;pm;&if uRefawmfwdkY Arm
jynfrSm (Nation or Nationality) vlrsKd;BuD;tjzpfeJY b,fESpfrsKd;
&SdovJqdk&if pifppfajym&&ifawmh tm;vHk; wrsKd;xJbJ &SdEdkifr,f/ (Race,
Tribe) qdkwJh[mrsKd;awmh &S doaygh/ 'grsKd;awGaum (Nation or
Nationality) xJrSm r&Sdbl;vm;qdkawmh &SdowJh/ olwdkYudk (National
Minority) vkdY ac:w,f / vlrsKd;a&;vlenf ;pkawGvdkY ac:w,f wJh/ tJtcke
uRefawmfwdkY ArmjynfrSm vlrsKd;BuD;vdkY ppfppfac:Edkifwm tm;vHk;
aygif;ac:rSm jzpfEdkifw,fvdkY uRefawmfbmjyKvdkYajym&ovJqdk&if txufrSm
azmfjycJhwJhtcsufawGeJY jynfhpHkwJh vlaygif;pkqdkvdkY &Srf;vlrsKd;udk ajymr,fqdk
&ifawmh ppfppfr[kwfbJ cyfavsmhavsmh oabmrsKd;qdk&if vlrsKd;BuD;vdkY ac:
Edkifygvdrfhr,f/ wjcm;vlrsKd;qdk&if rac:Ekdifbl;/



 

uGJjym;csufawG
Oyrm *sif;azmvlrsKd;? olwdkYrSm txufyg vlrsKd;BuD;t*Fg jynfhjynfh
pHkpHk r&Sdbl;/ txl;ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;rSm olYcsnf; rjzpfEdkifbl;/ Oyrm csif;/
csif;usawmh ydkawmifqdk;oGm;ao;w,f/ bmjyKvdkYvJqdk&if olwdkYrSm pum;
wludk r&Sdbl;/ tcsif;csif;usawmh Armpum;&ifvJoHk;? t*FvdyfawG pDrHcJhvdkY
ukvm;pum;&ifvJ oHk;ae&wmbJ/ u&ifeDudkMunfh/ vlOD;a&uvJ rdk;NAJe,f
qdkwm xnhfygrS &Spfaomif;avmufbJ &Sdw,f/ tJ'D &Spfaomif;avmufu
tcsif;csif; bmpum;oHk;ae&ovJqdk&if Armpum;udk oHk;&w,f/ u&if
vlrsKd; MunfhtHk;rvm;/ trsKd; 12-rsKd;avmufuGJNyD; pum;qdk&ifvJ
(Principal Languages) t"du pum;ESpfrsKd;awmif &Sdaew,f/
tcsif;csif;usawmh Armpum;bJ oHk;&wmbJ/ &Srf;qdkwmvJ trSefuawmh
Armpum; trsm;tm;jzifh em;vnfMuwmbJ/ ,Ofaus;rIqdk&if Armh
,Ofaus;rIeJY wlwmawG trsm;BuD;bJ/ vlrsKd;BuD; tcsif;csif;qdk&ifawmh
(Nations are sovereigns and all nations are equal) vdkY
vlrsKd;BuD;awG[m tcsKyftjcmtmPm&Sdw,f? twlwlbJ? wef;wlbJvdkY
pwmvifu qdkxm;w,f/

udk,fydkifjy|mef;EdkifcGifh
'gjzifh 'Dt"dyÜm,fu b,fvdkoabmvJ/ vlrsKd;BuD;qdkwm tcsif;
csif;aygif;oif;ae&if (Regional Antonomy) qdkwJh e,fajrt&
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&SdNyD; cGJxGufcGifhyg &xkdufowJh/ udk,fydkifjy|mef;EdkifcGifh
vHk;0&xdkufowJh/
The right of self determination means that a nation
can arrange its life according to its own will. Its has the right
to arrange its own life on the basis of antonomy.



 

It has the right to enter into federal relation with
other nations. It has the right to complete secession. vkdY
qdkxm;w,f/ 'gayr,fh qufajymxm;wm &Sdao;w,f/
This of courese does not mean that Social Democrats
will support every demand of a nation. A nation has the right
even to return to the order of things; but this does not mean
that Social Democrats will subscribe to such a decision if
taken by any institition of the said nation......NyD;awmh

In fighting for the right of nations to self

determination, the aim of the Social Democrats is to put an
end to the policy of national oppression, to render it
impossible, and there by to remove the grounds of hostility
and reduce it to a minimum.
udk,fydkifjy|mef;EdkifcGifhudk vlrsKd;BuD;qdkwmwdkif; &xdkufw,f qdkay
r,fh ae&mwum tNrJwrf;r[kwfzl;/ aumif;usKd;vkyfzdkYom jzpfw,f/ qdk;
usKd;vkyfzdkY r[kwfzl;qdkwm ajymxm;w,f/ vlrsKd;tcsif;csif; cs,fvS,fvTrf;
rdk;rI? ESdyfpufrIrjzpf&atmif 'DtcGifhta&;rsKd;udk vlrsKd;BuD;wdkif;udk ay;wm
bJ/ yD;awmh ]rwf0g'} #Dumq&mwOD;uvJ
It would be wrong to say that marxists must support
every national movement and that they have to apply the
principle of national self-determination as a dogma in every
simple case. Also the right of self-determination of this or
that national group has to be definitely denied if under the
given conditions it would serve reactionary purposes and do
a disservice to the general cause of democracy.
uG,fvGefoGm;wJh vDeifqdkwJh yk*¾KdvfBuD;uvJ qdkxm;w,f/
The various demands of democracy, including self-
determination, are not absolute, but a small part of the



 

general democratic (now general socialist) world movement.
Possible in individual concrete cases, the part may contradict
the whole, if so it must be rejected. aemufNyD;

The question of the right of a nation freely to secede

must not be confused with the question of whether it would
be expedient for any given nation to secede at any given
moment.
'gawGtm;vHk;NcKHvdkufawmh bmt"dyÜm,fxGufovJqdk&if vlrsKd;BuD;
qdkwm tcsif;csif; aygif;Mu&if udk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifht& aygif;Mu/ 'gayr,fh
ae&mwum tcsdeftcgwdkif;rSm tajctae tusKd;taMumif;udk raxmufbJ
t&rf;ukd,fydkifjy|mef;cGifh r[kwf&bl;qdkwJh t"dyÜm,fygbJ/ 'gu (Nation
or nationality) qdkwJh vlrsKd;BuD;ESif h ywfouf NyD ; odoif hodxk dufaom
oabmw&m;awGbJ/ yD;awmh
Of course, not one of the regions constitutes a
compact homogeneous nation for each is interspersed with
national minorities. Such are the Jews in Poland, the Latvians
in Lithuania, the Russians in Caucasus, the Poles in the
Ukraine, and so on. It may be feared, therefore, that the
minorities will be oppressed by the national majorities. But
there will be grounds for this fear only if the old order
continues to prevail in the country. Give the country
complete democracy and all grounds for this fear will vanish.
What is it that particularly agitates a national
minority? A minority is discontented because it does not
enjoy the right to use its native language. Permit it to use its
native language and the discontent will pass of itself. A
minority is discontented because it does not posses its own
schools. Give it its own schools and all grounds for discontent
will disappear. A minority is doscontented because it does



 

not enjoy liberty of conscience, etc. Give it these liberties
and it will cease to be discontented. Thus national equality
in all forms (language, schools etc) is an essential element
in the solution of the national problem. A state law based on
complete democracy in the country is required, prohibiting all
national privileges without exception and all kinds of
disablities and restrictions on the rights of national
minorities.
'D[muawmh vlrsKd;a&; vlenf;pk tcGifhta&;awGESifh ywfoufNyD;
odoifhodxdkufwJh tcsufawGbJ/ yD;awmh vlrsKd;a&; vlenf;pkqdkwm vlOD;
a&b,favmuf&SdrS vlrsKd;a&; vlenf;pk ac:rvJqdkwmudkvJ odbdkYvdkw,f/
t&if ppfrjzpfcifwkef;u&SdcJhwJh EdkifiHaygif;pHk toif;csKyfBuD;u o½kyfjy
|mef;xm;wmuawmh? vlrsKd;a&; vlenf;pkqdkwm vlrsKd;a&; vlrsm;pk&JU ig;yHk
wyHkavmuf&SdrS vlrsKd;a&; vlenf;pkvdkY ac:Edkifr,fvdkY qdkxm;w,f/ bmjyK
vdkYvJqdk &Srf;jynfrSm vlrsKd;aygif; 20-30 avmuf&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dvdkom vlrsKd;
uGJwdkif; a&Smufac:ae&&if qHk;rSmr[kwfzl;/ 'ghaMumifh vlOD;a& owfrSwf&
wmbJ/ odkYayr,fh ArmjynftzdkYrSm vlrsKd;a&; vlrsm;pk&JU ig;yHkwyHkqdkwm
awmh rsm;vGef;tm;BuD;w,f xifw,f/ q,fyHkwyHkavmuf&Sd&ifbJ vlrsKd;
a&; vlenf;pkvdkY ac:oifhw,fvdkY uRefawmf,lqw,f/ vlrsKd;a&; vlrsm;pk
&JU ig;yHkwyHk&SdrS vlrsKd;a&; vlenf;pkqdk&ifawmh ArmjynfrSm vlrsKd;a&; vl
enf;pkudk r&SdEdkifawmhbl;/

u&ifvlrsKd;a&; vlenf;pk
'gayr,fh Oyrm u&ifvlrsKd;qdkvdkY&Sd&if vlrsKd;a&; vlenf;pktjzpfeJY
tcGifhta&;awG &oifhoavmuf r&bJ &Sdaew,fqdkwm jiif;vdkY usKyfwdkY
&rSm r[kwfzl;/ NyD;awmh olwdkYwawG[mvJ ArmawG&JU q,fyHkwyHkavmuf



 

tzsif;qHk;&Sdvdrfhr,f/ tJ'gaMumifh olwdkYudkawmh vlrsKd;a&; vlenf;pk tcGifh
ta&;awGudk ay;bdkY awmif;w,f/ rGefvlrsKd; udpö qdk&ifawmh olwdkYrSm tck
vlrsKd;a&; vlenf;pk tjzpfeJY rGefpmay? rGefausmif;awG udpöavmufuvGJ&if
wjcm;epfemcsufawG r&Sdygbl;/ rGef&,f Arm&,f cGJjcm;NyD; u&ifudk
oabmxm;ovdk xm;apcsifvdkYawmh rjzpfEdkifbl;/

jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH xlaxmifMupdkY
'Dawmh vlrsKd;a&;jyóemeJY ywfoufNyD; uRefawmf awmfawmf pHkpHk
vifvif ajymjyNyD;wJhaemuf uRefawmfwdkY Armjynfopfudk wnfaxmifawmh
jynfaxmifpkoabm wnfaxmifrvm;/ vlrsKd;BuD; wrsKd;xJbJqdkwJh wdkif;
jynfrsKd; (Unitary State) wnfaxmifrvm;qdkwJh ar;cGef;udk ajzqdk
vdkw,f/ uRefawmfhtjrift& qdk&ifawmh txufvlrsKd;a&;t& &oifh&xdkuf
wJhtcGifhta&;awGudk pnf;urf;owfrSwfay;NyD;awmh (Unitary State)
vlrsKd;BuD;wrsKd;xJqdkwJh EdkifiHrsKd;awmh axmifvdkY rjzpfzl;/ jynfaxmifpk
oabmrsKd;bJ jzpf&rSmbJ/ 'gayr,fh aygif;cgrS aq;twGufav;wJh jynf
axmifpkrsKd;? vDeifajymovdk wpdwfwa'ou wckvHk;udk qefYusifwhJ
(The Part Contradicting the Whole) jynfaxmifpkrsKd; qdk&ifawmh
rjzpfEdkifao;bl;/ txl;ojzifh jynfaxmifpk[m pD;yGm;a&; wdkufwufrIudk
pkaygif;NyD; pepfwus pDpOfEdkifr,fh jynfaxmifpkrsKd; jzpf&vdrfhr,f/ 'grS
vlrsKd;tm;vHk; wdkif;oljynfom;trsm;qHk; wdk;wufrIudk vkyfEdkifrSmbJ/ aygif;
w,fqdkwm tcsif;csif; aumif;usKd;&Sdatmif aygif;MuwmjzpfNyD; qdk;usKd;&Sd
atmif aygif;wmrsKd; b,fenf;eJYrS rjzpfEdkifbl;/
'DvlrsKd;a&;jyóemeJY ywfoufNyD; aemuftaMumif;ay:&if ay:o
vkd aqG;aEG;oifh&if aqG;aEG;ygtHk;r,f/ tck 'DrdefYcGef;rSmawmh 'DavmufeJYbJ
awmfavmufNyDvdkY uRefawmf ,lqygw,f/



 

udkif; usKyfwdkY vmr,fh wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfrSm b,fvdkzGJUpnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'rsm; a&;qGJqHk;jzwfoifhw,fqdkwmeJY ywfoufNyD; tajccH
w&m;awGudk uRefawmf ajymjycJhNyD;NyD/ 'Dtjyif uRefawmfwdkY bmawGvkyf
MuOD;rvJqdkwmawG pOf;pm;MutHk;pdkY/
yxr usKyfwdkY wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf uaeNyD; b,fvdk b,fvdk
qHk;jzwfoifhw,fqdkwmawG pOf;pm;wmuawmh [kwfygNyD/ 'gayr,fh usKyf
wdkYqHk;jzwfwm twnfjzpfyghrvm;/ usKyfwdkY wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf[m
tcsKyftjcm tmPm&Sd&JUvm; qdkwJhar;cGef;udk uRefawmf ajzjyvdkw,f/
tdEd´,jynfrSm wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf[m tcsKyftjcm tmPmeJYjynfhpHkwJh
tzGJUvdkY ,lqNyD; pDpOfMuw,f/ b,fvdkpDpOfMuovJqdk&if wdkif;jyKjynfjyK
vTwfawmf pwJhaeYupNyD; wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfeJY qdkiforQudpö rSeforQ
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfomvQif tmPmydkif qHk;jzwfEdkifw,f/ tpdk;&eJY
rqdkifbl;qdkNyD; pDpOfMuw,f/ usKyfwdkY bdvyftpdk;&eJY oabmwlxm;wJh
twdkif;uawmh wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfu zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'udk qHk;
jzwfygqdkwJhtcsuf ygcJhw,f/ odkYaomf tcsKyftjcmtmPmqdkwm Oya'
oabm yg;pyfoabmjzpf½HkESifh rNyD;ao;bl;/ usKyfwdkY wdkif;jynfaemufu?
usKyfwdkY wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfaemufu (Popular Mass Sanction)
ac:wJh wdkif;jynfvlxk&JU tm;ay;axmufcHrI&rS tcsKyftjcm tmPmqdkwm
aoaocsmcsm taumiftxnfazmfEdkifr,f/
uRefawmfwdkYvdk tajctaersKd; rajymeJY/ vGwfvyfaew,fqdkwJh
EdkifiHawG&JU tcsKyftjcm tmPmawGawmif udk,fhwdkif;jynfaemufu
(Sanction) tm;raumif;vdkY&Sd&if tcsKyftcs,fcH&w,fqdkwm uRefawmf
wdkY owdjyKMu&r,f/ tJ'gu Oya'oabm? Oya'pum; r[kwfzl;/ EdkifiH
a&;oabm? EdkifiHa&;pum;bJ/ uRefawmfwdkY wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf ay:
aygufvm&jcif;[m awmfvSefx<uNyD; tmPmodrf;ydkufNyD;wJh EdkifiHtajc
taersKd;rSm ay:aygufwmrsKd; r[kwfbJ w0ufwysuf awmfvSefa&; tajc



 

tae (Semi-revolutionary Situation) rsKd;rSm ESpfOD;ESpfzuf aphpyfNyD;
ay:aygufvm&wJh wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfrsKd;jzpfawmh olYtajctae
twdkif; xl;qef;wJh taMumif;csif;&mawG awGU&w,f/ trSefuawmh
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfudk rusif;yrD vGwfvyfwJh ,m,DtrsKd;om;tpdk;&
(Provisional National Government) qdkwmrsKd; ay:aygufNyD; vkyfEdkif
&ifawmh ydkNyD;aumif;wmbJ/ 'gayr,fh usKyfwdkY[m b0tajctaerSef
twdkif; aumif;wmudk pdwful;oefovdk ajymraebJeJY jzpfovdkuaeNyD;
udk,fvdk&m udk,fa&mufatmif qGJaqmifoGm;EdkifrS acgif;aqmifawG ppfr,f/
awmfvSefa&;orm; ppfr,f/ aeygtHk;/ awmfvSefa&;qdkwm bmvJ/
'Dar;cGef;udk uRefawmf ar;? uRefawmf ajzcsifao;w,f/ bmjyKvdkYvJqdk&if
usKyfwdkYwdkif;jynfrSm vli,fawG awmfvSefa&;pum; awmfawmfajymMuw,f?
'gaMumifh 'Dta&;udk uRefawmf tckaqG;aEG;&wmbJ/

awmfvSefa&;qdkwm bmvJ
bmvJ awmfvSefa&;/ tMurf;ywrf;vkyfwmwdkif; awmfvSefa&;
vm;/ r[kwfzl;/ tzsufvkyfief;qdkwmwdkif; awmfvSefa&;vm;/ r[kwfzl;/
vkyfcsifwdkif;vkyfvdkY &ovm;/ r[kwfzl;/ bm&nf&G,fcsufeJYvJ/ b,fvdk
vJ? vJ vJ vJ/ tJh'Dvdk ]vJ} awG trsKd;rsKd;eJY uRefawmfwdkY pOf;pm;MupdkY/
w&Ha&mtcgu 'Dar;cGef;udk uRefawmf 'DvdkajzcJhw,f/
Revolution is direct participation of masses
themselves to shape their own destiny fundamentally by all
possible means; historically inevitable and necessary, and
inadmissible of all forms of dry schematisation unrelated to
given historical conditions, and of blind, negative,
spontaneous, destructive character; and therefore creative in
the highest degree. Its fundamental objective is the



 

emencipation of all toilers; its basis mass participation, its
guarantee of victory mass consciousness. (in other words,
the degree to which the toiling mass is organised and thus
conscious of its role and power.)

awmfvSefa&;qdkwm
awmfvSefa&;qdkwm vlxku vlxk&JUuHMur®mudk tajccHuaeNyD;
zefwD;&mrSm b,fvdkbJjzpfjzpfqdkNyD; vlxkudk,fwdkif yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;
jzpfw,f/ &mZ0ifaMumif;t& rvTJra&SmifomvdkYvJ vdkw,f/ jzpfysufay:
aygufaewJh &mZ0iftajctae tcsuftvufawGeJY tjcm;wvrf;jzpfwhJ
tacsmufwdkuf pdwful;pDrHudef;rsKd;eJYawmh rjzpfEdkifbl;/ NyD;awmh rsufaph
pHkrSdwfNyD; tuef;vdk &rf;vdkYrjzpfbl;/ wzufwGifom vkyfwJhtvkyf? tvkd
tavQmuf vlxkx<urI zsufqD;½HktvkyfudkvJ vufrcHEdkifbl;/ tJ'gawG
aMumifh awmfvSefa&;qdkwm tBuD;tus,fqHk; jyKjyifzefw;D wwfwJhowdå &Sd
ygw,f/ awmfvSefa&;&JU tajccH &nf&G,fcsufBuD;uawmh vkyfpm;udkifpm;
vlxkBuD; vGwfvyfrIjzpfygw,f/ awmfvSefa&;&JU tajccHtkwfjrpfuawmh
vlxkyg0ifatmif aqmif&Gufa&; jzpfygw,f/ awmfvSefa&; atmifjrifbdkY
tajccHuawmh vlxkBuD;&JU Edk;Mum;x<urI wenf;tm;jzifh vlxkBuD;[m
b,ftxd zGJUzGJUpnf;pnf;&SdvdkY b,ftxd rdrd&JUwm0efeJY wefcdk;tmPmudk
od&Sdem;vnf Edk;Mum;ovJqdkwJhtay:rSm wnfygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd uRefawmf
ajzcJhw,f/
'DaeYvJ 'DvdkbJ ajz&rSmbJ/ usKyfwdkY tckvkyfaewm tm;vHk;awG
[m bmudk vkyfaewmvJ/ usKyfwdkYwdkif;jynfBuD;udk awmfvSefajymif;vJae
MuwmbJ r[kwfvm;/ tJ'Dvkd awmfvSefajymif;vJaewJhtcg Murf;oifhwJh
tcgvJ Murf;cJhw,f/ Murf;p&m vdkao;&ifvJ Murf;&tHk;rSmbJ/ odkYaomfvJ
Murf;&r,fqdkwmawmh uRefawmfem;vnfoavmuf wu,fhawmfvSefa&;



 

oabmw&m; r[kwfzl;/ trd0rf;u zGm;jrifvmaomcav;[m rarG;cif
y#doaE¨wnf&w,f/ aeY&ufaphrS arG;zGm;&w,f/ tJh'DrwdkifrD arG;zGm;&if
ao&ifvJ aor,f/ avQm&ifvJ avQmr,f/ csdeJY&ifvJ csdeJYr,f/ tifrwef
aumif;cJw,f/ NyD;awmh arG;zGm;wJhtcgrSmvJ jyif;jyif;xefxefeJY zGm;&wm
&Sdw,f/ oufoufomomeJY zGm;&wm&Sdw,f/ tar? taz&JU usef;rma&;?
vufo,fvkyfwJhol usifvnfrI tp&SdwJh tajctaeawGt& jzpfwmbJ/
tckvJ tJ'Dtwdkif; awmfvSefa&;udk pOf;pm;r,fqdk&if wcsKdUvlawGu Murf;
rS tmPmodrf;&r,fqdkNyD; ajymMuw,f/ udkif; ½k&Sm;jynfrSm awmfvSefa&;
jzpfwkef;u tmPmodrf;,lwJhtcg Murf;cJh&ovm;/ NcKHMunfh&if rMurf;cJh&
bl;/ odrf;NyD;tmPmudk aemufusawmh jyefumuG,fwJhtcgrSm Murf;wm
awG vkyf&w,f/ bmjyKvdkY tmPmodrf;wJhae&mrSm rMurf;cJh&ovJ/

tmPmxdef;odrf;xm;EdkifbdkY vkdw,f
awmfvSefa&; vkyfwJhvlawGu Murf;csifvdkYvJ r[kwfzl;/ rMurf;
csifvdkYvJ r[kwfzl;/ Murf;p&mrvdkvdkY rMurf;&wmbJ/ awmfvSefa&;&JU
aemufqHk;tqifh[m tmPmvuf& odrf;ydkufrIbJ/ tmPmvuf& odrf;ydkuf
rIqdkwmvJ uaeY tmPm&NyD; eufjzef jyefvGwfoGm;wmrsKd; r[kwfzl;/
&yD;wJhtmPmudk xdef;xm;Edkifatmif pDpOfNyD; odrf;ydkufrS wu,fh tmPm
odrf;ydkuf&m a&mufr,f/ t&ifppfBuD;jzpfcJhwJhtajctaeeJY tck ppfBuD;NyD;cJh
wJhtajctae jcm;em;rIudkvJ uRefawmfwdkY jrif&w,f/
t&ifppfBuD;tNyD;wkef;u e,fcsJUpepf[m tckvdk r,dkifvJao;bl;/
qdkAD,uf,leD,ef? Oa&myta&SU? w½kwfjynfajrmufydkif;wdkYrSmvdk awmfvSef
a&; atmifjrifxm;wJhEdkifiHawG r&Sdao;bl;/ NyD;awmh ta&SUtm&Sawmifydkif;
tajctaeudk oHk;oyf&r,f/ tif'dkae;&Sm;rSm vufeufeJY awmfvSefcJhw,f/
vHk;0vGwfvyfa&; &NyDvm;/ r&ao;bl;/ NyD;awmh usKyfwdkY awmfvSefa&;



 

vkyf&if b,ftxd tvGefqHk; vkyfEdkifrvJ/ trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pD awmfvSef
a&;qdkwmxuf ydkroGm;Edkifbl;/ 'g tvGefqHk;bJ/ wcHkxJESifh avSum;
tqifhqifh ausmfa&mufcsifvdkY rjzpfbl;/

There are in the meantime, another kind of people

who, though they may not be malicious, often got taken in
by the so-called theory of one stage Revolution and the
entirely subjective thesis which purports to complete the
political and social revolution in one stroke in utter disregard
of the development of the revolution, i.e the necessity of a
period of transition between one revolution and another; and
then permit themselves the non-sense of the talk referred to,
viz, to complete the political and social revolution in one
stroke.

olYenf;ESifhol udk,fhenf;ESihfudk,f
tJovdk w½kwfuGefjrLepfacgif;aqmif armfpDwkef;u ajymcJhw,f
r[kwfvm;/ aemufNyD; pwmvifu rwf0g'orm;awG[m t&if;&Sifpepfudk
awmfvSefajymif;vTJNyD; qdk&S,fvpf0g' xlaxmifwJhae&mrSm wvrf;wenf;
wnf;om &SdwmvdkY r,lqbl;/ ½k&Sm;jynf&JUenf;[m ½k&Sm;jynf&JU tajc
taet&jzpfw,f/ t*FvefjynfrSm t*Fvefjynf&JU tajctaet& t*Fvdyf
enf;t& jzpfw,f/ ½k&Sm;enf;u ydkMurf;w,f/ t*Fvdyfenf;u ydkc&D;&Snf
w,f tp&Sdonftm;jzifh ajymcJhw,f/ aemufNyD; pwmvifubJ
(Revolution does not come of itself. It must be prepared for
and won.) awmfvSefrIqdkwm tvdktavQmuf rjzpfzl ;/ jyif qifNyD ;vkyfrS
atmifjrifEdkifr,fvdkY qdkcJhw,f/



 

vGwfvyfa&;pcef;udk b,fvdkvSrf;rvJ
tJovkd tcsufawGpOf;pm;NyD; usKyfwdkY vGwfvyfa&;pcef;udk b,f
vkdvSrf;&vJ/ uRefawmhftjrift&ajym&&if Armjynf&JU awmfvSefa&;[m
ta&SUtm&Sawmifydkif; awmfvSefa&;&JU wpdwfwa'otjzpf yl;aygif;oGm;Edkif
rS vHk;0atmifjrifr,f/ tJ'DrwdkifrD usKyfwdkY ta&SUtm&Sawmifydkif;rSm&SdwJh
wdkif;jynfawG woD;wjcm;pD udk,fhvrf;udk,foGm;wJh tajctaersKd;awG
&SdaetHk;rSmbJ/ tJ'DtajctaersKd;rSm vGwfvyfa&;qdkwm &oavmufawmh
&rSmbJ/ vHk;0jynfhpHkr,fvdkY wxpfcs rqdkEdkifbl; ta&SUtm&Sawmifydkif;
jynfaxmifpkomvQif tJ'Dtydkif;rSm&SdwJh EdkifiHawG&JU tpGrf;ukef vGwfvyfa&;
udk &,lEdkifr,f/ xdef;odrf;Edkifr,f/ wdk;csJUEdkifr,f/ 'Dtydkif;rSm urÇm&JU
e,fcsJUEdkifiHawG trsm;qHk;pkNyD; pdk;rdk;aeMuw,f/ tJ'De,fcsJUEdkifiHawG[m
woD;wjcm;pDtm;jzifh tiftm;enf;ayr,fh pkaygif;vdkuf&if tm;rao;ao;
bl;/ olwdkY[mvJ wOD;udkwOD; tultnDjyKoavmuf jyKaeMuw,f/
usKyfwdkYEdkifiHtcsif;csif;uvJ rdwfawmifrS aumif;aumif;rqufEdkifMuao;
bl;/ usKyfwdkY&JU toD;oD; tiftm;awG[mvJ vHk;0 cdkifrmawmifhwif;ae
w,fvdkY rqdkEdkifao;bl;/

jyifqifrIawG vkyfMupdkY
tJ'Dvkd paumpujzpfaewJh tajcrsKd;r,f usKyfwdkY paumpubJ
&SdaetHk;rSmbJ/ usKyfwdkY&JU EdkifiHtoD;oD;[m tdEd´,jynfrSmom [dE´LESifh
rlpvifrsm; nDnGwfEdkif&if tdEd´,vGwfvyfa&;[m usyfjynfhwif;jynfh
jzpfEdkifw,f/ odkYaomfvnf; jzpforQxJu taumif;qHk; jzpfatmif usKyfwdkY
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfu Armjynf&JU vGwfvyfa&;zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'
udk qHk;jzwfvdkufwJhtcg wdkif;jynfvlxk tHk<uaxmufcHrIudk EdkifiHa&;?
pnf;½Hk;a&;? pD;yGm;a&; jyifqifrIawGu wzuf/ tdEd´,? w½kwfjynf? ta&SU



 

tm&Sawmifydkif; tjcm;EdkifiHawGESihf qufoG,frIt&yf&yfvkyfNyD; jyifqifrI
awGu wzuf/ usKyfwdkYwdkif;jynf&JU umuG,fa&;tiftm;pkawGudk pkEdkiforQ
jyifqifrIawGu wzuf/ tpdk;&vkyfief;eJY jynfolYvkyfief;awGudk wGJzufNyD;
jyifqifrIawGu wzuf/ tJ'Dvkd tzufzufjyifqifrIawGvkyfNyD;awmh wdkif;
jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfBuD;udk pum;oabm tcsKyftjcmtmPmeJY jynfpHkwhJ
tzGJUuaeNyD; vufawGUoabm tcsKyftjcmESifh jynfhpHkwJh wdkif;jyKjynfjyK
vTwfawmfjzpfatmif usKyfwdkYwdkif;jynf usKyfwdkYtajctaet& usKyfwdkYenf;
awGeJY zefwD;&vdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dvkd zefwD;wJhae&mrSm usKyfwdkY bmawG
vkyf&rvJ/

aoG;ykyfawG azmufypfMu
1/ z?q?y?v eJY qufoG,fwJh vlxktpnf;t½Hk; (jynfolY &JabmfwyfzGJUyg)
awGu rdrdwdkY twGif;tiftm;pkawG oefY&Sif;EdkiforQ oefY &Sif;Edkifatmif
udk,fhwyf vHkEdkiforQ vHkatmif? aoG;ykyfawG azmufypfwJh pepfudk
wEdkifiHvHk;csDNyD; vkyf&vdrfhr,f/
2/ EdkifiHa&;oifwef;awGudk pepfwuszGifhNyD; EdkifiHa&; vkyfaewJh
vli,fawGudk EdkifiHa&; xyfNyD; tjyif;txef oifay;Mu& vdrfhr,f/
3/ or0g,rvkyfief;udk tpdk;&tultnD &orQ,lNyD; taumiftxnf
jzpfoGm;atmif vkyf&vdrfhr,f/
4/ z?q?y?v vGwfvyfa&;&HyHkaiGudk qufNyD; aumufcHMu& vdrfhr,f/
5/ tpdk;&eJY jynfol yl;aygif;NyD; wdkif;jynf jyefvnf xlaxmifa&;udk
z?q?y?v u tifwdkuftm;wdkuf nTefMum;acgif;aqmifNyD; vkyfoGm;
&r,f/



 

vGwfvyfa&;onf vrf;qHk;r[kwf
z?q?y?v wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf trwfawG[m z?q?y?v
tpkdk;&udk jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;awGrSm tBuHay; ÓPfay; ulnD
aqmif&Guf csJUxGifay;½HkwifrubJ rdrdwdkYqdkif&m rJqE´e,fawGeJY tquf
rjywfbJ vGwfvyfwJh ArmjynftwGuf wdkif;jynfvlxkudk tjrifrSeftwdkif;
jyifqifxm;bdkYvdkw,f/ txl;ojzifh wdkif;jynfvlxk[m vGwfvyfa&;&JU
wm0efrsm;udkvJ xrf;bdkY tqifoifhjzpfatmif a[majym jyifqifxm;bdkY
vdkw,f/ vGwfvyfa&;&w,fqdkwJhudpö[m vG,fwJhudpö r[kwfzl;/ vGwf
vyfa&; &½HkESifh usKyfwdkYjyóemawG ajz&Sif;oGm;MurSm r[kwfzl;/ tJ'Dtcg
usrS wu,fhjyóemawG ay:vmvdrfhr,f/ vGwfvyfa&;[m vrf;qHk;
r[kwfbJ vlawG&JU aumif;pm;a&;udk a&mufapr,fh vrf;aMumif;om
jzpfw,f/

NcKd;NcHZGJoefMuyg
wdkif;jynf jyefvnfxlawmif&mrSm tck ½k&Sm;jynfopf wnfcgp
uvdk? tck bdvyfrSm jzpfaeovdk vlawG[m tifrwef NcKd;jcHonf;cHNyD; ZGJ
ebJeJY pdppfaqmif&Guf vkyfudkifEdkifrS avmifpmusNyD; jymyHktwdjzpfaewJh
ArmjynfBuD;udk pnfyifom,m0ajymatmif reJ usKyfwdkYvkyf&vdrfhr,f qdk
wmudk usKyfwdkY[m vlxkacgif;aqmifawGqdkvdkY&Sd&if vlxkem;vnfatmif
a&SUaqmifa[majymnTefjyNyD; owdå&Sd&Sd vkyfjy&vdrfhr,f/

vGwfvyfa&;twGuf csoifhu cs&r,f

tJ'Dawmhum t*FvdyfawGeJY pm&if;&Sif;MuwJhae&mrSmvJ Armjynf
vGwfvyf&if b,folawGeJY aygif;&rvJ/ b,folawGeJY aygif;vdkY aumif;



 

rvJ/ usKyfwdkY[m EdkifiHjcm;tultnD uif;vdkYrjzpfEdkifbl;qdkwmawG
axmufNyD; tajrmftjrifBuD;BuD;eJY vkyfwwf&vdrfhr,f/ tMurf;ywrf;
jzpf&ifvJ 'DavmufbJ/ 'Dtwdkif;oGm;vJ 'DavmufbJqdkwJh tajctaersdK;
qdk&ifawmh uRefawmfwdkYtzdkYrSm b,folbmajymajym tMurf;rudkifbJeJY
vGwfvyfa&;tmPmodrf;Edkifatmif vkyfrSmbJ/ odkYayr,fh 'DvkdrjzpfEdkifbl;
qdk&ifawmh cs&rSmbJ/ tJ'Dvdk vkyf&r,fhudpöawGrSm z?q?y?v rSm&SdwhJ
vuf0Jorm;awG&JUnDnGwfrI[m tajccHyifr tcsufBuD;jzpfw,fqdkwm
wkarS- oifw&m;emy&dowftaygif;wdkYonf? *PSmx- rarhravsmhraygh
owdESifh rSwfom;oGm;Muukefavmh[lí wdkufwGef;vdkuf&ayownf;/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 

aemufqufwGJ-!

vGwfvyfonfh tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif
jrefrmEdkifiHawmftwGuf
a&;qGJ&rnfh zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'ESifh
ywfoufonfh vrf;nTefjyXmef;csuf

Ouú|/ / OD;atmifqef;emrnfESihf wifoGif;xm;wJhtqdkudk

OD;atmifqef;u wifoGif;ygvdrfhr,f/
OD;atmifqef;(&efukefNrKdUr? vrf;rawmf)/ / awmifwef;a'orsm;
ESihf u&ifeDe,frsm;tygt0ifjzpfaom jrefrmEdkifiHawmfol EdkifiHawmfom;wdkY
\ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf wdkif;oljynfom;wdkY\ tmoDoqE´ ESifh avsmfnD
pGm EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk pDpOfa&;qGJ&eftvdkYiSm pHknDpk
a0;Muvsuf atmufygjyXmef;csufrsm;udk csrSwfMuaMumif;/
(1) EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'onf ]jrefrmjynf
axmifpk EdkifiHawmf} [k ac:wGifapaom vGwfvyfonfh tcsKyftjcm
tmPmydkif orwEdkifiH\ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' jzpfap&rnf/
xdkYjyif-
(2) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGif zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH
Oya'u owfrSwfazmfjyonfh woD;yk*¾vjynfe,frsm;yg0ifapvsuf? odkY
owfrSwfazmfjyonfh woD;yk*¾vjynfe,frsm;onf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajc
cH Oya'wGif owfrSwfazmfjyxm;onfESifhtrQ udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;tmPm
&&Sdap&rnf/



 

xdkYjyif-
(3) tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif vGwfvyfaom orwjrefrmEdkifiHawmf
ESihfwuG tygt0ifjzpfonfh jynfe,frsm;ESihf tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk;wdkY
\ tcGifhtmPm [lorQwdkYonf wdkif;oljynfom;wdkYxHrS oufqif;ap&
rnf/
xdkYjyif-
(4) jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf\ wdkif;oljynfom;rSeforQonf vlrI
a&;ü¤if;? pD;yGm;a&;ü¤if;? EdkifiHa&;ü¤if; w&m;rQwrI&Sdapvsuf tqifh
twef; tcGifhta&;ESifh Oya'oufa&mufrIwdkYwGif qlBuKHedrfhjrifhr&Sd? yuwd
wlnDap&rnfhjyif? w&m;Oya'ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;? trsm;jynfolwdkY
apmifhpnf;tyfaom tusifhodu©mESihfaomfvnf;aumif; rqefYusiforQ
vGwfvyfpGm BuHpnfydkifcGifh? xkwfazmfajymqdkydkifcGifh? ,HkMunfydkifcGifh? bmom
w&m; udk;uG,fydkifcGifh? 0wfjyKydkifcGifh? y&da,oe &SmrSD;ydkifcGifh? pnf;½Hk;ydkif
cGifh? jyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifhwdkY &&SdwnfNrJap&eftwGuf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'wGif tcdkiftvHk owfrSwfxm;ap&rnf/
xdkYjyif-
(5) þzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif vlenf;pkrsm;tzdkY
vHkavmufaom umuG,fcsufrsm; xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;&Sdap&rnf /
xdkYjyif-
(6) vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif orwjrefrmEdkifiH\
e,fajrwdkY waygif;wpnf;wnf; wnfwefYcdkifNrJa&;udkvnf;aumif;? EdkifiH
awmf\ Munf;? a&? av wdkYudk tcsKyftjcm pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhudk
vnf;aumif;? w&m;"r®ESihfwuG jynfaxmifcsif;csif; Oya't& xdef;apmifh
xm;&Sdap&rnf/



 

xdkYjyif-
(7) &mZ0ifwGif xif&Sm;cJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHawmfonf urÇmay:wGif
rdrd*kPfusufoa&ESifhavsmfnDpGm &oifh&xdkufaom tqifhtwef;odkY a&muf
&Sdap&rnfhjyif vlowå0gwdkY\ wdk;wufa&;ESifh aumif;usKd;csrf;om jynfh0
a&;wdkYudk wm0eftavsmuf apwemjzifh tpGrf;ukef jznhfpGrf;xrf;&Gufum
jynfaxmifcsif;csif; qdkif&mw&m;"r®ESihf usifh0wfodu©mudk tajccHjyKí
urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&; a&SU½Ivsuf EdkifiHwumwdkYESifh rdwf0wfrysuf wGJzuf
yl;aygif; aqmif&GufrIudk cdkifNrJaom t"d|mefjzifh apmifhxdef;awmhtHh/
'Dtqdkudk uRefawmf wifoGif;&wJhtaMumif;uawmhum uRefawmf
wdkY te,fe,ft&yf&yfu vlrsKd;pHkudk,fpm;vS,fwdkY tp&Sdonftm;jzifh vm
a&mufpka0;NyD;awmh wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfqdkNyD; uRefawmfwdkY zGJUpnf;NyD;
wJhaemuf Armjynf&JU zGJpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk a&;qGJbdkYqdkNyD; 'D
vTwfawmfrSm wm0efusvmygw,f/
,ckvdkvmNyD; aqG;aEG;MuwJhtcgrSm b,fvdktajccHeJY uRefawmfwdkY
EdkifiHawmf&JU zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk b,fvdka&;qGJrvJqdkwmudk
yxra&S ;OD;pGm odxm;bdkY vkdygvdrfhr,f/ 'DvdktajccH tcsuftvufqdkNyD;
rodbJeJY uRefawmfwdkY a&SUqufvufNyD; Armjynf&JU zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajc
cHOya'udk a&;qGJr,fqdkvdkY&Sd&if wa,mufwaygufqdkwJh oabmrsKd;jzpfNyD;
bmrS tajccHr&Sdbl;/ vrf;pOfvnf; r&Sdbl;/ vrf;pOfnTefjyxm;jcif;vnf;
r&Sd NzpfNyD;awmhum vdkcsif&mudk tjref&rSmr[kwfbl;/ ,ck uRefawmf wif
oGif;wJhtqdk[m Directive Resolution. aemuf 'Dtpnf;ta0;rSmbJ cefY
&r,fh EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;qGJwJh tzGJUtoD;oD;udk
vrf;nTeftrSmozG,fjzpfwJh tqdkom jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D aumfrDwD toD;oD;
awGu qufvufNyD; zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'xJrSm bmawGxnfhoifh
w,fqdkwm tao;pdwftm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? rltm;jzifhaomfvnf;



 

aumif; aoaocsmcsm aqG;aEG;wJhtcg tajccHtm;jzifh b,ftay:rSm
rlxm;NyD; aqG;aEG;&r,fqdkwmudk odxm;rS jzpfEdkifygvdrfhr,f/ wOD;eJYwOD;
od&Sdxm;wmcsif; rwlwdkY&Sd&if uRefawmfwdkY aumfrDwDawGvkyfr,fh vkyfief;
awG[m tifrwef tcuftcJawGudk awGUp&m&Sdygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dawmh tajc
cHoabmtm;jzifh vrf;jywJh? vrf;nTefwJh qHk;jzwfcsufwckudk wkdif;jynfjyK
vTwfawmfu yxrOD;pGm qHk;jzwf&ef vdkygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dvdk vrf;nTefwJh
qHk;jzwfcsuf &NyD;rS aumfrDwDawG zGJUpnf;NyD; tvkyfudk qufvufvkyfMu&
ygvdrfhr,f/ 'DvdkrS r[kwf&if wcsKdUaumfrDwDu ]orw} pepft& oabm
rsKd;eJY aqG;aEG;oGm;csif aqG;aEG;r,f/ wcsKdUuvnf; ]&Sib f k&if} pepft&
aqG;aEG;csif aqG;aEG;r,f/ aemufNyD;awmh ]jynfaxmifpEk dkifiH} oabmudk
vufcHwJhvlawGu vufcH? vufrcHwJhvlawGuvJ olwdkYoabmtwkdif;
vkyfqdkovdk jzpf&if tzGJUtrsKd;rsKd;u wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfrS jyefNyD; tpD
&ifcHwJhtcg qufpyfvdkYr&EdkifwJh tpD&ifcHpmtrsKd;rsKd;udk uRefawmfwdkY
b,fvdkrSvkyfNyD; qHk;jzwfwwfrSm r[kwfzl;/ 'gaMumifh 'DtajccHrludk
jyXmef;xm;NyD;rSomvQif a&SUqufvdkY &Edkifygvdrfhr,f/ 'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkY
'DvdktajccHvdkwJhtwGuf 'DvTwfawmfwGif 'Dtqdkudk ,ckwifoGif;&jcif; jzpf
ygw,f/ 'Dtqdkudk uRefawmfwdkY tawmfbJ pOf;pOf;pm;pm;eJY a&;qGJNyD; wif
oGif;xm;ygw,f/ rlvyxrwkef;u uRefawmf wifoGif;&r,fhtqdk[m
z?q?y?v yPmrnDvmcHwkef;u qHk;jzwfcJhwJh tqdkbJ jzpfygw,f/
odkYaomfvJ tJ'Dtqdkudk zwfMunfhwJhtcg jyifp&mvdkaewJh tcsKdU tcsuf
tvufawGudk awGU&ygw,f/ z?q?y?v nDvmcHwkef;u qHk;jzwfcJhwJhtqdk
awGeJYywfoufvdkY wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf½Hk;uaeNyD;awmh ½dkufNyD;a0xm;wJh
pmtkyf&Sdygw,f/ tJ'DtxJrSm Munfhr,fqdk&if awGUygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'D
qHk;jzwffcsufrludk uRefawmf jyifqifxm;ygw,f/ jyifqifwmuawmh
ed'gef; pum;csD;rSm awmifwef;a'orsm;eJY u&ifeDe,frsm; tygt0ifjzpf
aom jrefrmEdkifiHawmfol EdkifiHawmfom;wdkY\ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf wdkif;



 

oljynfom;wdkY\ tmoDoqE´ESifh avsmfnDpGm EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'udk pDpOfa&;qGJ&eftvdkYiSm pHknDpka0;½HkavmufuvGJNyD; wjcm;
oabm ryg0ifatmif jyifqifxm;ygw,f/ ,ck (State) qdkwJh EdkifiH
awmfBuD;udk uRefawmfwdkY ArmjynfrSm rzGJUpnf;rdMuao;ygbl;/ tJ'Dawmh 'D
zGJUpnf;r,fh EdkifiHawmfrSm b,fe,fawG? b,fe,fawG yg&r,fqdkwm
uRefawmfwdkY ususee owfrSwfNyD;om; rjzpfEdkifao;ygbl;/ ,ck
uRefawmfwdkY aqG;aEG;&eftcsuf[m ]EdkifiHzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'
onf jrefrmjynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmf[k ac:wGifapaom tcsKyftjcm
tmPmydkif orwEdkifiH zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' jzpfap&rnf} qdkwJh
tcsufudkom aqG;aEG;&ef jzpfygw,f/ jrefrmjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHqdkwmudk
uRefawmf txl;&Sif;jyaep&m rvdkygbl;/ 'DEdkifiHawmfudk jynfaxmifawG pk
xm;r,fqdkwJh oabmavmufygbJ/ jynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmfqdkuwnf;u
uRefawmfwdkY tck zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'[m (Unitary
Constitution) vlwrsKd;xJqdkwJh Ed kifiH rsKd;r[kwfbJeJY vlrsKd;aygif ;pHk jynf
axmifpkEdkifiHawmfqdkwJh t"dyÜm,fa&mufoGm;ygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh uRefawmfu
aeNyD; jynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmftjzpf zGJUpnf;tyfw,fvdkY tqdkwifoGif;wJh
udprö Sm ,ck<ua&mufvmMuwJh trwfrif;rsm;u ArmEdkifiHawmfudk 'Dvdk
jynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmftjzpfeJY zGJUpnf;tyfw,fvdkYqdkwJh tajccHrl[m oifh
roifhudk 'DvTwfawmfBuD;u pOf;pm;bdkYygbJ/ uRefawmfwdkY tckjzpfaewJh
Armjynf&JU tajctaeawGudk axmufvdkYMunfh&if uRefawmfwdkYEdkifiHudk
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmftjzpfeJY zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifrSomvQif oifhavQmf
avsmufywfygvdrfhr,fvdkY ,lqwJhtwdkif; 'DtajccHoabmxm;udk 'Dtqdk
xJrSm xnfhoGif;NyD; 'DvTwfawmfBuD;rSm wifoGif;jcif;jzpfygw,f/ jynf
axmifpkEdkifiHawmfvdkY 'DrSm wifjyjcif;tm;jzifh ,ck 'Dwdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf
rSm <ua&mufvmMuwJh awmifwef;a'orsm;u udk,fpm;vS,ftrwfrif;rsm;
[m 'DjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfwGif olwdkYoufqdkif&me,frsm;u yg0ifNyD;om;



 

jzpfoGm;r,fvm;qdkNyD; oHo,&Sdaew,fvdkY uRefawmf od&ygw,f/ tJ'D
awmh 'Dudpeö JYywfoufvdkY uRefawmf wdwdvif;vif; &Sif;csifwmuawmh
Armjynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmfvdkY ac:wGifbdkYqdkNyD;awmh 'DtqdkxJrSm wifjy
xm;ayr,fh 'Djynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmfxJrSm b,fe,fawGygvdkY b,fe,f
awGyg&r,fvdkY owfrSwfxm;jcif; r&Sdao;ygbl;/ 'Dawmh awmifwef;a'o
uaeNyD;awmh wufa&mufvmMuwJh udk,fpm;vS,fawG[m bmrS 'Dudpeö JY
ywfoufNyD; pkd;&drfp&m tvsOf;r&Sdygbl;/ 'Djynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmfxJrSm
udk,fygcsifrS udk,fhe,fqdkif&mrSaeNyD;awmh ygcsifrS ygEdkifwmbJ/ 'D
wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf rzGJUpnf;rDtcgrSm wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf zGJUpnf;&ef
tvkdYiSm uRefawmfwdkY oabmwlnDcsufawG pmcsKyftrsKd;rsKd; csKyfwJhtcg
wkef;u awmifwef;a'ou udk,fpm;vS,frsm;eJY uRefawmfwdkYcsKyfqdkcJhwJh
pmcsKyft& qdk&ifjzpfap? aemufNyD;awmh awmifwef;a'oqdkif&m pHkprf;a&;
tzGJU tpD&ifcHpmrS axmufcHcsufrsm;udk uRefawmfwdkY vufcHvmcJhwJhtwdkif;
jzpfap? tJ'Dvdk vufcHxm;wJh 'DpmoabmwGifrubJ (Not only the
letter of agreement) 'Dpmoabmudk uRef awmfwdkY oabmwlnDvmcJh
wmwGifrubJ? uRefawmfwdkYtzdkYrSmqdkvdkY&Sd&if (The spirit of
agreement) oabmwlnDvmcJhwJh wu,fht&if;cH oabmw&m;ud k
vufcHNyD;awmh 'Dtwdkif;bJ 'Dwdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfrSm vkyfrSmygbJqdkwm
awmifwef;e,fqdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wdwdvif;vif; em;vnfapcsifyg
w,f/ uRefawmfwdkY ay;xm;NyD;om;uwd? em;vnfNyD;om; oabmwlnD
csufawGudk e,fcsJUorm;awGudkvJ uRefawmfwdkY azmufzsufjcif; rvkyfyg
bl;/ tJ'Dvdkay;NyD;om;uwdeJY em;vnfNyD;om; oabmwlnDcsufawGudk
azmufzsufrnfvm;vdkY oHo,&SdwJhvlawG[m Ouú|rif; cGifhjyKcsuft&
ajym&&if uRefawmfwdkY&JU Sense of honour, Sense of Self-respect,
Sense of pride wdkYudk apmfum;w,fvdkY uRefawmf ,lqygw,f / tJ'D
awmh uRefawmfwdkYay;NyD;om;uwd? em;vnfNyD;om; oabmwlnDcsufwdkY



 

t& awmifwef;e,fu udk,fpm;vS,fawG[m wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfxJ
a&mufvmwJhtcg aoaocsmcsm em;vnfapcsifwmu b,fenf;eJYrS uRef
awmfwdkY Armvlrsm;pkjzpfwJhvlawG[m cifAsm;wdkYudk twif;tm;jzifh uRef
awmfwdkY jynfaxmifpkxJrSm roGif;ygbl;/ oabmrwlbJ raeEdkifwJh tajc
taersKd;udk vufwvHk;jcm; vdrfwJhenf;eJYvJ uRefawmfwdkY rvkyfygbl;
qdkwm twdtvif; em;vnfapcsifygw,f/ (MobmoHrsm;)
'Dae&mrSm uRefawmf xyf&Sif;csifwmu waeYwkef;u uRefawmfhqD
udk pmwapmif a&mufvmygw,f/ trSefpifppfu uRefawmfwdkY awmifwef;
e,f udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u ajymvdkYvm;? 'DvdkrS r[kwf&ifvJ awmifwef;e,f
qdkif&m XmenTefMum;a&;0efu olYzmomtaeomBuD;? jrif;urvIyf cHku
vIyfwmvm;/ 'gawmh uRefawmf rajymwwfzl;/ odkYaomfvJ wqifhuaeNyD;
awmh awmifwef;a'oqdkif&m udpaö wGeJY ywfoufNyD; wdkif;jynfjyKvTwf
awmfrSm aqG;aEG;wJhtcgrSm tifrwef pdk;&drfaMumifhMuaewJhtaMumif;
uRefawmf pmwapmif&ygw,f/ 'Dwdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf½Hk;uvnf; &
ovm; rajymwwfbl;/ tJ'DpmxJrSm bmygovJqdk&if uRefawmfrSwfrd
oavmufajym&&if awmifwef;e,fqdkif&mudpö t&yf&yfudk 'Dwdkif;jynfjyK
vTwfawmfuaeNyD; qHk;jzwfwJhtcgrSm qdkif&mqdkif&me,f&JU udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm; pk½Hk;oabmwlnDcsufr&bJeJY wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfuaeNyD; rqHk;jzwf
Edkifbl;qdkwm uRefawmfwdkY awmifwef;e,f pHkprf;a&;tzGJUwkef;u axmufcH
csufay;cJhygw,f/ tJ'gvJ trSefpifppf uRefawmfwdkY tBuHay;wJhtwdkif;
xnfhcJhjcif; jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DrSmqdk&if qdkif&mudk,fpm;vS,fawmfawG tcsif;
csif;bJ vlrsm;pk vlenf;pk rjzpfbJeJY oabmuGJvGJwJYae&mrSm nDwlrQwl
oabmuGJvGJaeMu&if b,fvdkenf;eJY wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfuaeNyD; qHk;
jzwfrvJqdkwJh 'Dar;cGef;udk awmifwef;e,fqdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,fawG[m 'D
udkawmh vmrar;Muygbl;/ odkYaomfvJ rqdkifwJh awmifwef;e,fqdkif&mXme
nTefMum;a&;0efuaeNyD; EdI;aqmfcsuft& bk&ifcHrif;BuD;uaeNyD; pdwfylNyD;



 

ar;w,f/ uRefawmfhoabmrSm 'g[m enf;vrf;pnf;urf; rrSefbl;vdkY
,lqw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdk&if ,ck ajymqdkaejcif;[mvJ awmifwef;e,f
qdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,frsm;uaeNyD;awmh t*Fvdyf oGm;uyfw,fvdkY uRefawmf
rqdkvdkygbl;/ odkYaomfvJ 'Dwdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfu qHk;jzwfwJhudpörSm
t*Fvdyf&JU tumtuG,fudk igwdkYawmhjzifh ,lrS csrf;om&m&r,fvdkY xif&if
uRefawmf &Sif;&Sif;bJajymcsifygw,f/ t*Fvdyf[m trSefpifppf taES;eJY
tjref olYvufatmufcH wdkif;EdkifiHawGu xGufoGm;&awmhrSmbJ/ b,fvdk
jzpfjzpf 'DvdkjzpfaeNyD/ urÇmYtvm;tvmBuD;xJrSm 'Dvdkpdwfxm;&SdwJhvlawG
[m udk;uG,f&m b,fenf;eJYrS &SdrSmr[kwfbl;qdkwmudk uRefawmf owday;
ygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkY wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf taMumif;ajym&&if
b,ft*Fvdyf&JU tultnDeJYrQ 'Dwdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfudk vmNyD;awmh
MoZmray;Edkifbl;qdkwm odapcsifw,f/ 'Dwdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfrSm awmif
wef;a'oqdkif&m udpaö wGudk pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;wJhtcgrSm cifAsm;wdkY
oufqdkif&m awmifwef;e,f udk,fpm;vS,fawGtcsif;csif; b,folY b,fol
rS rJrombJeJY wlaeMuw,fqdk&if 'DvTwfawmfxJrSm z?q?y?v trwf
trsm;qHk;jzpfwJhtwdkif; trsm;qHk;tzGJU&JU acgif;aqmiftjzpfeJY uRefawmfwdkY
wdwdvif;vif; uwday;vdkwmu cifAsm;wdkYtcsif;csif; tJ'Dvkd b,folY
b,foludkrS rJrombJeJY rJNyKdifaewJhtcgrSm uRefawmfwdkY 'Dwdkif;jynfjyK
vTwfawmfuaeNyD;awmh twif;zdNyD;awmh rqHk;jzwfapbl;qdkwmudk uRef
awmf uwday;ygw,f/ (MobmoHrsm;) tJ'Dawmh awmifwef;e,fqdkif&m
udpeö JYywfoufNyD;awmh uRefawmfwdkY&JU apwem[m tifrwef&Sif;ygw,f/
uRefawmfwdkY wifoGif;wJh tqdkjyKNyD;wJhaemuf qufvufawmhum? 'Djynf
axmifpkzGJUpnf;wJhae&mrSm jynfaxmifpkxJygcsifwJh jynfe,fawG[m b,f
vdktcsuftvufawG? b,fvdktcGifhta&;awG? b,fvdktajccHawG? tJ'Dvkd
tcsuftvufawGt& pkaygif;oifhw,fqdkwJhudpöawG aqG;aEG;wJhtcgrSm
uRefawmfwdkY wifoGif;wJhtqdkawG uRefawmfwdkY wifoGif;wJhtBuHÓPfawG



 

'gawGudk oabmrusvdkY&SdvQif oabmrwlwJhtwdkif; awmifwef;e,f
oufqdkif&mudk,fpm;vS,fawG[m oabm&Sd ArmjynfeJY raygif;bJ aecsif
aeEdkifygw,f/ 'g ,aeY uRefawmfwdkY 'Dwkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfrSm 'Dpum;
udk ajymjcif;bJ/ uRefawmfwdkYpdwfapwemudk b,favmufxdatmif &Sif;&Sif;
vif;vif; jywfjywfom;om; xm;w,fqdkwmudk odapcsifvdkY ajymqdkjcif;
jzpfygw,f/ aemufNyD;awmhwcsuf 'Dvdk cifAsm;wdkY oabmrwlvdkY&Sd&if ryg
csifaevdkY ajymwJhae&mrSmvJ e,fcsJUorm;awGvdk wzufuaeNyD;awmhum
rygcsifaeyguGmqdkNyD;awmh rygbl;vdkYxifwJhtcgusawmh wzufu 0ifNyD;
awmh r½Iyfzl;/ odkYaomfvnf; uRefawmfwdkY tjrifawmh&Sdw,f/ b,fEdkifiH
b,fe,frSmjzpfjzpf ,ckacwfrSm b,fwdkif;EdkifiHrS urÇmBuD;rSmjzpfaewJh0g'
eJY urÇmBuD;rSmjzpfaewJh ta&;udpöawG&JU *,uft½dkufudk rcH&wJhe,f&,f
vdkY &SdrSmr[kwfzl;/ 'Drdkua&pD0g'? 'Drdkua&pDpepf? 'Drdkua&pDoabmw&m;
awG acwfpm;aewJh 'DurÇmBuD;rSm 'Drdkua&pDoabmxm; rxm;EdkifwJhe,f
[m taES;eJYtjref 'De,frSm&SdwJhvlawG Edk;Mum;x<uvmNyD;? 'DvdkurÇmBuD;&JU
oabmw&m;awGeJY jzpfysufaewJh acwfoabmw&m;awGeJY qefYusifbuf
oabmw&m;awGudk wGef;vSefypfMurSmbJqdkwm uRefawmf erdwfzwfxm;
csifw,f/ tJ'Dawmh 'DvdkuRefawmfem;vnfxm;wJhtwdkif; uRefawmfwdkYeJY
twlwlygNyD; rvkyfcsifygbl;qdk&if uRefawmf twif;rwdkufwGef;ygbl;/
tJ'Dvdk ryg ygatmifqdkNyD;awmhum 'guawmh Armpum;r[k wfzl;xif
w,f/ uRefawmf em;vnfoavmufawmh u&ifpum;bJvdkY xifw,f/
twif; eom;yg,m; vkyfwJhenf;rsKd;udkvJ rvkyfygbl;/ tJ'gudk wdwd
vif;vif; awmifwef;e,fu uRefawmfhrdwfaqGrsm;udk uRefawmf em;vnf
apcsifygw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdk&if uRefawmfwdkY tifrwef &Sif;&Sif;vif;
vif; oabmxm;aewJhtxJuaeNyD;awmh ½IyfatmifvkyfaewJhvlawGu ,ck
wavmrSm awmfawmfrsm;aeawmh 'gudk &Sif;onfxuf &Sif;atmif xyfNyD;
ajym&jcif;jzpfygw,f/ uRefawmfhrdwfaqGwa,mufu uRefawmfhudk ajym



 

ovdkbJ cifAsm; tJ'Dvdk&Sif;&Sif;ajymwmudkbJ olwdkYpdwfxJrSm ½Iyfaew,f
qdkawmh tJ'gawmh rwwfEdkifbl;/ (&,foHrsm;) tJ'Dawmh 'Djynfaxmifpk
EdkifiHawmfrSm b,fe,fawG yg&r,fqdkwm uRefawmfwdkY 'DtxJrSm xnfh
xm;wmvJ r&Sdao;ygbl;/ ygcsifwJhvlaawGrS ygMu/ t"dyÜm,fu e,fudk
owfrSwfrxm;bJeJY jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfvdkYom omrnxnfhxm;jcif;
jzpfygw,f/ aemufNyD; tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif orwEdkifiHawmfvdkY qdk&jcif;
[m vGwfvyfw,fqdkwJh t"dyÜm,fudk uRefawmf odyfNyD; &Sif;jyaep&m rvdk
ygbl;/ 'gayr,fh bmjyKvdkY tcsKyftjcmtmPm Sovereign Power
&Sd&r,fvdkY xyfNyD;qdk&ygovJqdk&if tcsKyftjcmtmPm qdkwm oabm
w&m;trsKd;rsKd; &Sdygw,f/ trSefuawmh State EdkifiHawmfqdkuwnf;u
tcsKyftjcmtmPm[m tusKH;0ifNyD;om;bJ/ 'Dvkdoabmw&m;eJY &SdwJh[m
vJ &Sdygw,f/ odkYaomf 'DEdkifiHawmfqdkayr,fh tm;r&rauseyfao;bJeJY
tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifwJh EdkifiHawmfqdkrSomvQif jynfhpHkvHkavmufwJhoabm
w&m;rsKd;vJ &Sdygw,f/ yxr oabmw&m;uawmhum Theory pmoabm
avmufom jzpfygw,f/ 'kwd, oabmw&m;uawmh vufawGUjzpfwJh
oabmw&m;ygbJ/ b,fvdkvufawGUjzpfwJh oabmw&m;rsKd;awGygovJ
qdk&if 'DvGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHawmf qdkNyD;awmh zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifvdkufMuwJh
EdkifiHawmftoD;oD;wdkY &SdMuayr,fh tcsKyftjcmtmPmeJY jynfhpHkwJh EdkifiH
awmf (Sovereign State) tcsKdUEdkifiHawGuawmh tJ'Dvdk r[kwfbJeJY jynf
axmiftcsif;csif; qufoG,fwJh EdkifiHa&;pum;rSmqdkvdkY&Sd&if Vassal State
vdkY tqdkcH&ygw,f/ Vassal qdkwmu wynfh uRefEdkifiHvdk oabmrsKd;bJ/
uRefqdkayr,fh Colony vJ r[kwfzl;/ olYzmomol olYrif;eJY olYcsif;eJY
olYtpdk;&bJ/ tjyifbrf;tm;jzifhawmh vGwfvyfw,f/ odkYaomfvnf; EdkifiH
BuD;wEdkifiH&JU MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIcsKyfcs,frIudk txl;wvnfcHae&wJh EdkifiH
jzpfvdkY (Vassal State) vdkYac:w,f/ aemufNyD;awmh uRefawmfwdkY EdkifiH
BuD;ESpfEdkifiHtMum;rSm e,fedrdwfjcm;ay;½HkavmufjzpfwJh EdkifiHawmfrsKd;vnf;



 

&Sdygao;w,f/ (Buffer State) tJ'DvdkEdkifiHawmftrsKd;rsKd; vufawGUtm;
jzifh &Sdw,fqdkwmudk uRefawmfwdkY awGU&ygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY vdkcsifwm
uawmh EdkifiHBuD;ESpfEdkifiHMum;rSm e,fedrdwfjcm;ay;½HkavmufjzpfwJh (Buffer
State) rsKd;vdk e,fjcm;Ed kifiH uav;rsKd;vJ rjzpfcsif bl;/ aemufNyD;awmh Ed kif iH
BuD; wEdkifiH&JU MoZmvTrf;rdk;rI txl;wvnfcH&wJh (Vassal State)
rsKd;vnf; rjzpfcsifbl;/ uRefawmfwdkY jzpfapcsifwmuawmh qefr&Sd apmuf
pm;BuD;bJac:ac:?(&,farmoHrsm;) uRefawmfwdkYjzpfcsifwJh EdkifiHuawmh
vGwfvyfNyD; tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifwJhEdkifiHawmf jzpfcsifw,f/(MobmoH
rsm;) tJ'DEdkifiHawmfjzpfwJhtcgrSmvnf; uRefawmfwdkYEdkifiHrSm orwpepf
tm;jzifh zGJUpnf;&r,f/ wjcm;pepft& zGJUpnf;wmudk uRefawmfwdkY rvdkvm;
bl;/ orwpepfqdkwm[m uRefawmfwdkY ,ckacwf 'DtcgusrSom
uRefawmfwdkYArmpmrSm ay:vmwJhpum;yg/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkvQif wwdkif;
wjynfvHk;udk wEdkifiHvHk;udk rif;vkyftkyfcsKyf&r,fh yk*d¾Kvfudk 4-ESpfwBudrf
jzpfap? 5-ESpfwBudrfjzpfap? 10-ESpfwBudrfjzpfap ponftm;jzifh tJ'Dvdk
a&G;aumufwifajr§mufw,fqdkwJh xHk;pH[m ,ck'DbufacwfawGusrS ay:
vmwJh pepfrsKd; jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkYtzdkYrSmawmh ]rif;} qdkvdkY
&Sd&if wdkif;oljynfom;vkyfwJhvlawGu t&rf;vTwfxm;tyfwJh vlawG
r[kwfzl;/ tcsKyftjc,f &Sdwefoavmuf &Sdoifhw,f/ trSefpifppf EdkifiH
awmf&,fvdkY zGJUpnf;vdkufwJhtcgrSm tJ'DEdkifiHawmfrSm&SdwJh tcsKyftjcm
tmPmydkifawGudk ydkifwJhvlawG[m b,folawGjzpf&rvJqdkvdkY&Sd&if uRef
awmfwdkY ,HkMunf,lqcsufuawmh EdkifiHawmfol EkdifiHawmfom;wdkY[m tJ'D
EdkifiHrSm&SdwJh tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifqdkifwJhvlawGvdkY ,lqygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk
ydkifqdkifwJhvlawGuaeNyD; vTJay;vdkYom ]rif;} wdkY? ]tpdk;&} wdkYqdkwm ay:vm
&jcif; jzpfw,f/ tJ'Dvkd vTJay;wJhtwdkif; ]rif;} wdkY? ]tpdk;&} wdkYay:vmwJh
tcgrSm 'D ]rif;} wdkY? ]tpdk;&} wdkY[m tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk ydkifxm;wJh EdkifiH
ol EdkifiHom;awGu rvdkcsifwJhtcgrSm rvdkwJhtavsmuf wm;qD;EdkifwJh



 

tajctaersKd; &Sd&r,f/ tJ'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkYtzdkYrSmqdkvdkY&Sd&if ArmEdkifiH
twGuf vdkvm;tyfwJhpepf[m tcsdeftcgtvdkuf a&G;aumufwifajr§mufwJh
orwpepfudkomvQif uRefawmfwdkY vdkvm;wJhtwdkif; 'Dwdkif;jynfjyKvTwf
awmfrSm 'Dtqdk oGif;wJhtcg orwEdkifiHqdkwJhpum;vHk;udk oGif;xm;jcif;
jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh yxrtydk'fuqdk&if ]EdkifiHawmf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'onf jrefrmjynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmf[k ac:wGifaom vGwfvyf
onfh tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif orwEdkifiH\ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH
jzpfap&r,f/} 'Dt"dyÜm,fuawmh uRefawmfwdkYwdkif;jynfudk vGwfvyfwJh
tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif EdkifiHtjzpfeJY aMunmr,f/ tJ'DEdkifiH[mvJ orw
EdkifiHjzpf&r,f/ orwpepft& zGJUpnf;xm;wJh EdkifiHawmfjzpf&r,fqdkwJhrl
awGudk xnfhxm;ygw,f/ 'DEdkifiHawmf[mvJ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf
jzpf&r,f/ 'kwd,tydk'fjzpfwJh ]jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfwGif zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'u owfrSwfazmfjyxm;onfh woD;yk*¾vjynfe,frsm; yg0ifap
vsuf} tJ'gu uRefawmfwdkY 'DjynfaxmifpkxJrSm b,fe,f b,fe,fawG
ygrvJqdkwmudk owfrSwf&r,f/ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOay' a&;qGJwJh
tcgrSm b,fe,f b,fe,fawG yg&r,fqdkwm owfrSwf&r,f/ tck
rowfrSwfao;bl;/ ygcsifwJhe,frS ygMuygqdkwm &Sif;ygw,f/ xdkodkY
owfrSwf azmfjyxm;wJh woD;yk*¾vjynfe,frsm;onf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'wGif owfrSwfazmfjyxm;onfESifhtrQ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;
tmPmrsm; &Sdap&r,f / xdkzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'rSm aemuf uRef
awmfwdkYtcsif;csif; aqG;aEG;nd§EdIif;wdkifyifqHk;jzwfNyD;wJhaemuf? owfrSwf
azmfjyxm;wJh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; tmPmrsm;vJ &Sdvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dawmh 'D
udprö Sm &Sif;&Sif;em;vnfapcsifwmu 'DjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfxJrSm woD;
yk*¾vjynfe,frsm;[m b,fjynfe,fawGvJqdkwm 'DtqdkxJrSmrygao;bl;/
b,fe,fawGu ygcsifvdkY b,fe,fawGu rygcsifbl;qdkwm EdkifiHzGJUpnf;yHk
tajccHOya'wGif owfrSwfazmfjyxm;onfh jynfe,frsm;[m udk,fykdiftkyf



 

csKyfa&;tmPmrsm; &&Sdapr,fqdkwJhtwdkif; tJ'Dudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; tmPm
awGudk owfrSwfzdkY vdkao;w,f/ txl;ojzifh awmifwef;e,fy,f udk,f
pm;vS,fawGeJY wdkifyifaqG;aEG;NyD;vkyf&r,fhudpö jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DvdkvkyfNyD;
rS oabmwlonfjzpfap? aemufqHk; qHk;jzwfcsufusonfjzpfap? tJ'Dvdk
qHk;jzwfMuwJhtcgrSm owfrSwfazmfjyxm;wJh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; tmPm
rsm;udk oabmwlauseyfvdkY 0ifvmwJh jynfe,frsm;om ygvmygvdrfhr,f/
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHqdkNyD; tJ'Doabmavmufom xnfhxm;w,f/ b,fe,f
udkrS uRefawmfwdkY twif;qGJxnfhxm;wm r[kwfygbl;/ ](3)tcsKyftjcm
tmPmydkif vGwfvyfaom orwjrefrmEdkifiHawmfESihfwuG tygt0ifjzpf
onfh jynfe,frsm;ESihf tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm; tm;vHk;wdkY\ tcGifhtmPm
[lorQwdkYonf wdkif;oljynfom;wdkYxHrS oufqif;ap&rnf/} 'guawmh
uRefawmf tckwifu ajymcJhwJhtwdkif; vGwfvyfwJhtcsKyftjcm tmPmydkif
EdkifiHawmfvdkY zGJUpnf;vdkufwJhtcgrSm tJ'DEdkifiHawmfydkifwJh? tJ'DEdkifiHawmf
vufxJrSm&SdwJh tcsKyftjcmtmPm[m b,folawG&JU vufxJrSm? b,fol
awGuomvQif ydkifqdkifoihfw,fqdkYwJhjyóem oabmw&m;udk uRefawmf
wdkY ajz&r,fqdkvdkY&Sd&if wdkif;oljynfom;awGomvQif rlvblwtm;jzifh Edkif
iHawmf&JU tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk ydkifwJhvlawGjzpfw,fvdkY uRefawmfwdkY ,lq
w,f/ ,HkMunfw,f/ &mZ0ifaMumif;Munhfvdkuf? Armh&mZ0ifaMumif;udk
Munhfrvm;? urÇmY&mZ0ifaMumif;udkbJMunfhMunfh? b,fvdkbJMunfhMunfh?
EdkifiHawmf&JU tcsKyftjcmtmPmawGqdkwm rlvblwvdkufMunfh&if wdkif;ol
jynfom;awGvufxJrSm &Sdw,fqdkwmudk awGU&ygvdrfhr,f/ uRefawmfwdkY
t,ltqrSmqdk&if urÇmtp orwrif ;u qdkwJhtwdkif; orwrif ;udk
vlawGubJ wifajr§mufcJhwmbJ/ tJ'Dtwdkif; a&SUa&SmufNyD; jzpf&rSmbJ/ tJ'D
twdkif; uRefawmfwdkY[m ]tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif vGwfvyfaom orwjref
rmEdkifiHawmfESihfwuG tygt0ifjzpfonfh jynfe,frsm;ESifh tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;
tm;vHk;wdkY\ tcGifhtmPm[lorQwdkYonf wdkif;oljynfom;wdkYxHrS ouf



 

qif;ap&rnf/} vdkY qdkjcif;jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh 'Doabmudk uRefawmfwdkY
u csxm;vdkufwJhtcg jrefrmEdkifiHawmf&JU zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk
a&;qGJwJhtcgrSm wdkif;oljynfom;awGqDu tcGihftmPm&w,fqdkwJh rl
twdkif;omqdk&if tcsuftvufawG yg&vdrfhr,f/ tJ'Drludk qefYusifwJh
tcsuftvufqdkvdkY&Sd&if ryg&bl;qdkwJh t"dyÜm,fbJ/ b,ftcsuf[mjzifh
'DrleJY qefYusifaer,f? rqefYusifbl;qdkwm tao;pdwfusrSbJ aqG;aEG;
MunfhEdkifr,f/ trSwf(3)rSm tcsKyftjcmtmPm[m wkdif;oljynfom;awG
vufxJrSm &Sdw,fqdkwJh oabmw&m;udk tajccHxm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ ](4)
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf\ wdkif;oljynfom;rSeforQonf vlrIa&;&mü¤if;?
pD;yGm;a&;&mü¤if;? EdkifiHa&;ü¤if;? w&m;rQwrI&Sdapvsuf} 'DuRefawmfwdkY
zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;qGJbdkY pDpOfwJhtcgrSm vlrIa&;&mü¤if;?
pD;yGm;a&;&mü¤if;? EdkifiHa&;&mü¤if;? w&m;rQwrI&Sdatmif zefwD;xm;&w,f/
t"dyÜm,fu uRefawmfwdkY tvkyform;eJY tvkyf&SifudpörsKd;awG? aemufNyD;
vlrsKd;tcsif;csif; aygif;oif;qufqHwJh udpörsKd;awG? wa,mufeJYwa,muf
wef;wltcGihfta&;&atmif pDrHzefwD;ay;xm;bdkY vdkw,fqdkwJhoabmygbJ/
pD;yGm;a&;rSm qdkvdkY&Sd&if wzufpD;eif;tm;jzifh vkyfEdkifwJhtajctaeawGudk
z,f&Sif;NyD;awmh pD;yGm;a&;ü tvkyfwlvQif tJ'Dtwdkif; tcGihfta&;twlwl
jzpfEdkiforQjzpfatmifqdkwJhoabmudk pDrHzefwD;ay;xm;&ef jzpfygw,f/
EdkifiHa&;rSmvJ w&m;rQwbdkYvdkw,f/ EdkifiHa&;rSmqdk&if b,foluawmhjzifh
rJr&xdkufzl;/ b,foluawmhjzifh rJ&xdkufw,f ponfjzifh EdkifiHa&; n§Of;
qJrIawG? csKyfcs,frIawG r&Sdap&bl;/ aemufNyD;awmh b,fol[m b,fvkd
&mxl;rsKd;udk r&ap&bl;/ b,folomvQif &ap&r,fqdkwJh tJ'DvdkcsKyfcs,frI
awG[m EdkifiHa&;w&m;rQwrIudk xdcdkufw,f/ tJ'Dawmh EdkifiHa&;rSm EdkifiHol
EdkifiHom;jzpfwJhtwdkif; rdrdt&nftcsif;aMumifh tcGifhta&;&oGm;EdkifbdkYyg
bJ/ tm;vHk;&vQifvnf; tm;vHk;&bdkY/ 'DoabmrsKd;eJY w&m;rQwrI &Sd&r,f/
aemuf tqifhtwef; (Equality of Status) rSmvnf; wlnD&r,f/



 

tqifhtwef;rSm wlnD&r,fqdkwJhoabmuawmh olaX;&,f? qif;&Jom;
&,f bm&,f tp&Sdonfjzifh 'DvkduGJjym;xm;wm r&SdbJeJY olaX;&,f/
qif;&Jom;&,fqdkwmu ypönf;tajctaetavsmuf &Sdwefoavmuf &Sdae
ayr,fh tqifhtwef;rSm qdkvdkY&Sd&if wlnDap&r,f/ tqifhtwef;rSm wlnD
ap&r,f qdkwJhoabm[m uRefawmfwdkY b,fae&mrSmbJjzpfjzpf olaX;qdk&if
awmh b,fvdkykdNyD;awmh tcGifhta&; &r,f? qif;&Jom;qdk&ifawmh b,fvkd
r&bl; ponfjzifh 'Dvdkr&Sdap&bJeJY tqifhtwef;wGif tm;vHk;qlBuKHedrfhjrifh
r&Sd yuwdwlnDap&r,fqdkwJhtcsuf jzpfygw,f/ aemuf tcGifhta&;
(Equalibity of Opportunity) rSmvnf; wef ;wl&r,fqdkwJh t"dyÜ m,fu
ynmoifMum;wJhae&mrSm Oyrmqdk&&if ÓPft&nftcsif;csif; twlwljzpf
vdkY&Sd&if ÓPf&Sdoavmuf olYynmtvdkuf&bdkY tcGifhta&;[mvJ &Sdoifh
w,fqdkwJh oabmrsKd;bJ/ qif;&JwJhvlawmh qif;&Jw,fqdkvdkY tcGifhta&;
r&bl;/ csrf;omwJhvlomvQif tcGihfta&; &r,fqdkwJh 'DvkdoabmrsKd;
r[kwfbJESihf tm;vHk; tcGifhta&;rSm (Opportunity) tcGihfta&;ay;wJh
ae&mrSm r,lwwf&if ,lwwfwJhvlrSeforQ tcsKyftcs,fr&SdbJeJY ,lEdkifwJh
tcGifhta&; &&Sd&r,fqdkwJh oabmw&m;om jzpfygw,f/ aemuf Oya'
oufa&mufrI (Before the Law) Oya'oufa&mufrIrSm wlnD&r,fqdkwJh
oabmuawmh Oya'a&S UarSmufü b,folrqdk orwbJjzpfjzpf? awm
om;bJjzpfjzpf? b,folbJjzpfjzpf Oya'pnf;urf;udk azmufzsufusL;vGefvdkY
&Sd&if azmufzsufwJhtavsmuf Oya'&JU csD;jr§ihfjcif;udk cH&r,f/ tJ'Dvdk
Oya'a&SUarSmufrSmqdk&if b,folrqdk rif; jzpfjzpf? qif;&Jom;jzpfjzpf?
olaX;jzpfjzpf tm;vHk;[m wef;wljzpf&r,fqdkwJh oabmbJ/ tJ'Dvdk vlrI
a&;&mü¤if;? pD;yGm;a&;&mü¤if;? EdkifiHa&;ü¤if; w&m;rQwrI&Sdapvsuf tcGifh
ta&; Oya'ouf a&mufrIwdkYwGif qlBuKHedrfhjrifhr&Sd yuwdwlnDap&r,fh
tjyif w&m;Oya'ESifhaomf¤if;? trsm;jynfolwdkY apmifhpnf;tyfaom
tusifhodu©meJYaomf¤if; rqefYusiforQ vGwfvyfpGm BuHpnfydkifcGihf? xkwf



 

azmfajymqdkydkifcGifh? ,HkMunfydkifcGifh? bmomw&m; udk;uG,fydkifcGifh? 0wfjyK
ydkifcGifh? y&da,oe &SdrSD;ydkifcGifh? pnf;½Hk;ydkifcGifh? jyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifhwdkY &&Sd
wnfNrJap&eftwGuf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif tckdiftvHk
owfrSwfxm;&Sdap&r,f/ 'guawmh uRefawmfwdkY jynfolYvGwfvyfa&; yg&
r,fqdkwJh t"dyÜm,fygbJ/ 'DtxJrSm tusOf;½Hk;NyD; vGwfvyfpGm BuHpnfydkif
cGifh? xkwfazmfajymqdkydkifcGifh? ,HkMunfydkifcGifh? bmomw&m; udk;uG,fydkifcGifh?
0wfjyKydkifcGifh? y&da,oe &SmrSD;ydkifcGifh? pnf;½Hk;ydkifcGifh? jyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifh
vdkY qdkxm;ygw,f/ aemuf uRefawmfwdkY zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'
a&;qGJwJhtcgus&if 'DhxufydkNyD;awmh ususeeeJY &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
uRefawmfwdkY a&;&ygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'DtcgusrS Oya'oabmt& a&;qGJ&yg
vdrfhr,f/ 'DrSmawmh tusOf;rQeJYbJ 'DvkdtcGifhta&;rsKd;awGvJ ay;xm;&r,f
qdkNyD;awmh nTefMum;jcif;rQ jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd nTefMum;wJhae&mrSm 'Dvdk
vGwfvyfrIawGudk ay;wJhae&mrSm (Subject to law and public
morality) w&m;Oya'eJ Yaomf¤if;? trsm;jynfolwdkY apmifhpnf ;tyfaom
tusifhodu©meJYaomf¤if; rqefYusiforQ uRefawmfwdkY aemufusvdkY&Sd&if
wdkif;jynfuvlawGu wifajr§mufvdkufwJh vTwfawmfwdkY? tJ'DvTwfawmfwdkY
u wifajr§mufvdkufwJh vTwfawmfwdkY? tJ'D vTwfawmfwdkYu vkyfxm;wJh
Oya'? aemufNyD;awmh Oya'rvkyfayr,fh uRefawmfwdkYxHk;pHrSm rvkyfoifh
rvkyftyfwJh oabmw&m;awG &Sdao;w,f/ trsm;jynfolwdkY apmifhpnf;
tyfaom tusifhodu©meJYaomf¤if; rqefYusiforQ? OyrmqdkvdkY&Sd&if vGwf
vyfa&;&NyD qdkNyD;awmhum vGwfvyfpGmjyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifh &Sdw,fqdkNyD;
awmh vla,mufuaeNyD; udk,fwHk;vHk;eJY vrf;rrSm ola&SmufNyD;awmh ajy;csif
wdkif; ajy;vdkY rjzpfzl;/ 'g[m trsm;jynfolwdkY apmifhpnf;tyfwJh tusifh
odu©meJY qefYusifaew,f/ trSefuawmh 'Dvdk owfrSwx f m;wm r&Sdbl;
qdk&if jyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifh&SdwJhtwdkif;qdk&if uRefawmfwdkY Munfhae&r,f/
bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh ol b,folYrSvnf; oGm;rxdcdkufbl;/ olY[mol vGwf



 

vGwfvyfvyfeJY jyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifhtwdkif; vkyfwmjzpfaew,f/ 'Dvkd[m
rsKd;rSm tJ'Dvdk w&m;vGefvmwJh udpörsKd;awGusawmh trsm;jynfolwdkY apmifh
pnf;tyfwJh tusifhodu©meJY qefYusifw,fqdkvdkY&Sd&if 'Dvdkae&mrsKd;rSm vGwf
vyfrIqdkwdkif; wu,fhvGwfvyfrI rac:Edkifbl;/ vGwfvyfrI[m trSefpifppf
pnf;urf;&SdrS vGwfvyfrIjzpfEdkifw,fvdkY uRefawmf,lqw,f/ tJ'Dvdk pnf;
urf;owfrSwfNyD;awmh vlwdkif;vlwdkif; vGwfvyfrIawGudk owfrSwfay;yg
qdkNyD;awmh 'DtqdkrSm nTefMum;xm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DvdkNyD;wJhaemuf
trSwf(5) ]zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'rSm vlenf;pkrsm;tzdkY vHkavmuf
aomumuG,fjcif;rsm; xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;&Sdap&rnf/} tJ'DrSmvJ uRef
awmfwdkY vlrsKd;a&;twGuf vlenf;pkqdkwm &Sdygao;w,f/ 'Dawmh olwdkY
wawGtwGuf vHkavmufwJh umuG,fcsufrsm; xnhfoGif;jyXmef;bdkY vkdyg
w,f/ b,fvdk xnfh&ifawmh vHkavmufr,f/ b,fvdk xnfh&ifawmh rvHk
avmufzl;qdkwJh udpt ö &yf&yfudk uRefawmfwdkY aemufaumfrDwDawG zGJUpnf;
NyD;awmh aqG;aEG;wJhtcgusawmh tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;bdkY jzpfygw,f/ 'DrSm
awmh rltm;jzifh uRefawmfwdkYvlenf;pktwGufvnf; pOf;pm;NyD;awmh vlenf;
pkawG umuG,fbdkY tcsufawGvJ xnfhNyD;pOf;pm;cJhygvdkY rSmwJhoabmygbJ/
trSefuawmh 'Dtqdk[m aemufzGJUpnf;r,fh aumfrDwDawGudkrSmwJh pum;
awGom jzpfygw,f/ bmawG bmawG vkyfvmcJhygqdkwJh oabmawGUgbJ/
eHywf(6)uawmh ]vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcm tmPmydkif orw
jrefrmEdkifiHawmf\ e,fajrudk waygif;wpnf;wnf; wnfwefYcdkifNrJa&;udk
vnf;aumif;? EdkifiHawmf\ Munf;?a&?av wdkudk tcsKyftjcm pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyf
ydkifcGifhudkvnf;aumif; w&m;"r®eJYwuG jynfaxmifcsif;csif; Oya't&
xdef;apmifh xm;&Sdap&rnf/ xdkYjyif} 'guawmh? vkdawmhvdkw,f/ odkYaomfvJ
uRefawmf yk*d¾Kvfoabmt& ajym&r,fqdk&if 'grsKd;uawmh BuD;BuD;us,f
us,f a&;wmrsKd;ygbJ/ trSefuawmh Oya'wwfwJh OD;csefxGef;wdkYvdk yk*d¾Kvf
BuD;awGu BuD;us,fonfxuf BuD;us,fatmif? crf;em;onfxuf crf;em;



 

atmif xnfhxm;wmyg/ 'gawGuawmh odyf&Sif;aep&m rvdkygbl;/ Munf;?
a&?av 'DtxJrSmygwJh tcGifhta&;awG ydkifqdkif&r,f/ aemufNyD;awmh
(According to justice and International Law) jynfaxmif
csif;csif; Oya't& w&m;"r®eJYwuG xdef;apmifh xm;&Sd&r,f/ uRefawmfwdkY
u wdkif;jynfwnfaeMuwmudk;/ cefYcefYnm;nm; wdkif;jynfwnfaxmif&rSm
udk;/ tJ'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkY[m Munf;?a&?av wdkYudk tcsKyftjcm pdk;rdk;tkyf
csKyfydkifcGifhudk ¤if;w&m;"r®ESihfwuG jynfaxmifcsif;csif; Oya't& xdef;
apmifh xm;&Sd&r,f/ 'grsKd;uawmh Oya'a&;qGJwJhtcgrSm wcrf;wem; a&;&
r,fhtcsuftvufawGygbJ/ ta&;vnf; BuD;ygw,f/ crf;crf;em;em;vJ
a&;bdkYvkdygw,f/
aemuf eHygwf(7)u ]&mZ0ifwGif xif&Sm;cJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHawmf
onf urÇmwGif rdrd\*kPfusufoa&eJY avsmfnDpGm &oifh&xdkufaom
tqifhtwef;odkY a&muf&Sdap&rnfhjyif? vlowå0gwdkY\ wdk;wufa&;ESifh
aumif;usKd;csrf;om jynfh0a&;wdkYudk wm0eftavsmuf apwemjzifh tpGrf;
ukef jznhfpGrf;xrf;&Gufum jynfaxmif tcsif;csif;qdkif&m w&m;"r®ESifh usifh
0wfodu©mwdkYudk tajcjyKí urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&; a&SU½Ivsuf EdkifiHwumwdkYESifh
rdwf0wfrysuf wGJzufyl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIudk cdkifNrJaomt"d|mefjzifh apmifh
xdef;awmhthH/} 'guawmh O'gef;usL;&ifhwJh oabmrsKd;ygbJ/ igwdkY EdkifiH
awmfBuD;[m urÇmBuD;&JUtv,frSm vlowå0gwdkY\ aumif;usKd;csrf;omwdkY
udk vkyfa&m? urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&;wdkYudk wnfaxmifNyD; tNrJwrf; apmihfxdef;
rnfqdkwJh[mygbJ/ 'guawmh EdkifiHwumwdkif; BuD;BuD;us,fus,f ajymwJh
pum;awGbJ/ wu,fvkyfovm;qdkawmh odyfrvkyfMuygbl;/(&,farmMu
onf/)
'guawmh uRefawmfwdkY vlrsm; Munfhaumif;atmif? urÇmu
Munhfaumif;atmif xnfh&r,f/ zwfvdkuf&vdkY&Sd&if yg;pyfxJrSm jynfh jynfh
oGm;atmif vkyfxm;wmbJ/ awmuvlawG zwfvdkuf&ifawmh bmrS



 

em;vnfrSm r[kwfzl;/ (&,farmMuonf/) ta&;BuD;wmuawmh eHygwf 1?
2?3?4?5/ uRefawmfwdkY eHygwf 1-u 5-txd uRefawmfjrifoavmuf (The
most practical points.) 'gu wu,f htoHk;t0if qHk; tcsuftvuf
awG jzpfaew,f/ 'DtoHk;0ifwJh tcsufawG[m 'DtqdkxJrSm ygw,f/ 6-eJY
7-uawmh trSefpifppf pum;awGMunfhaumif;atmif cefYcefYnm;nm; oHk;
xm;jcif;bJvdkY wenf;qdkEdkifygw,f/ 'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkY 'Dwdkif;jyKjynfjyK
vTwfawmfuaeNyD; ArmEdkifiH zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;qGJbdkY tzGJU
toD;oD; cefYwJhtcgrSm 'Dtwdkif; pOf;pm;NyD;? 'DtcsufawGudk pOf;pm;NyD;?
cifAsm;wdkY tBuHÓPfawG ,lvmcJhygvdkY rSmvdkufzdkYtwGuf 'Dtqdkudk oGif;
&jcif; jzpfygw,f/ 'Dtqdkudk pOf;pm;vdkufr,fqdk&if tajccHtcsufawG yg
ayr,fh 'DtajccHtcsufawG jynfhjynfhpHkpHk xnfhxm;wm &Sdw,f/ yxr 1-
tcsufrSmqdk&if vGwfvyfwJhtcg tmPmydkif orwEdkifiH vkyf&r,f/ tcsKyf
tjcmtmPmydkif orwEdkifiHjzpf&r,f/ aemufNyD;awmh ArmEdkifiHudk jynf
axmifpk EdkifiHawmf ac:bdkY tJ'Drlwck ygw,f/ rltm;vHk; 4-ck ygw,f/
vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHawmf jzpf&r,f/(Independence.) tcsKyftjcm tmPm
ydkif&r,f/(Sovereignty.) aemufNyD;awmh orwEdkifiH jzpf&r,f/
(Republic) tJ'gaemufNyD;rSwcg jynf axmifpkEdkif iH jzpf&r,f / tJ'D awmh
rl 4-ck &Sdygw,f/ tJ'Drl 4-ckudk tydk'f (1)xJrSm tukefoGif;xm;w,f/
oGif;xm;awmhum uRefawmfwdkY EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'
a&;qGJwJhtcg 'Drl 4-ckudk tajccHxm;NyD; a&;qGJygvdkY rSmjcif;jzpfw,f/
tJ'Drl 4-ckeJY uRefawmfwdkY vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHtjzpf aMunmr,fqdkwm 'D
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfuaeNyD; oabmusw,f? auseyfw,f? rauseyf
zl; pOf;pm;bdkY/ aemufNyD; orwEdkifiHtjzpf zGJUpnf;bdkYqdkwm oabmus
w,f? rusbl; qHk;jzwfzdkY/ aemufNyD; jynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmf zGJYpnf;bdkY
vnf; zGJUpnf;xdkuf? rzGJUpnf;xdkuf qdkwm aqG;aEG;bdkYygbJ/ tJ'gNyD;rS 'kwd
,tcsufu 'DjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHxJrSm b,fe,f b,fe,fawGygvdkY b,fvdk



 

tmPm&Sd&r,fqdkwm cifAsm;wdkY pOf;pm;vmNyD; wifjyygvdkY rSmvdkufjcif;
jzpfw,f/ 'DtcsufrSm awmfawmfbJ t&Sifvkyfxm;w,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ
qdk&if 'DtcsufxJrSm bmrS wdwdususrl&,fvdkY r&Sdbl;/ rlu bmvJqdk&if
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tmPm ay;&r,f qdkwJhrlygbJ/ b,fvdkay;? b,f
avmufay;qdkwm bmrS rygbl;/ cifAsm;wdkY pOf;pm;ay;NyD; vmcJhMuygqdkwJh
oabmrsKd;eJY t&Sifvkyfxm;ygw,f/ b,fjynfe,fawG ygoihfw,f qdkwm
bJ t&Sifvkyfxm;ygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY rlv z?q?y?v nDvmcHrSm wifwJh
tqdkrSmawmh e,fawGazmfjyxm;ygw,f/ tJ'g uRefawmfwdkY trSwfwrJh
xnfhxm;rdwmygbJ/ aemuf jyefpOf;pm;MunfhawmhrS jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHxJ
'De,fawG 0ifNyD;om; jzpfoGm;rvm;qdkNyD; pOf;pm;rdwmeJY jzKwfypfcJhNyD; tck
vdk omrn qdkxm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ 3-uawmh ]tcsKyftjcm tmPmydkif
vGwfvyfaom orwjrefrmEdkifiHawmfESihfwuG tygt0ifjzpfonfh jynfe,f
rsm;ESifh tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk;wdkY\ tcGihftmPm [lorQwdkYonf
wdkif;oljynfom;wdkYxHrS oufqif;ap&rnf/} 'DrSmawmh rlu wdkif;oljynf
om;rsm;[m tcsKyftjcm tmPmydkifwJhvlawGbJqdkwJh rludk xnfhxm;jcif;
jzpfygw,f/ 'Drlt& uRefawmfwdkYEdkifiH zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'
a&;qGJwJhtcg 'DrloabmrsKd;eJY tBuHÓPfawG a&;qGJvmcJhygqdkNyD; rSmxm;
jcif; jzpfygw,f/
aemuf tcsuf4-u ]jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmf\ wdkif;oljynf
om; rSeforQonf vlrIa&;ü¤if;? pD;yGm;a&;ü¤if;? EdkifiHa&;ü¤if; w&m;rQw
rI&Sdapvsuf tqifhtwef; tcGihfta&;ESifh Oya'oufa&mufrIwdkYwGif qlBuKH
edrfhjrifhr&Sd yuwdwlnDap&rnfhjyif? w&m;Oya'ESihfaomf¤if;? trsm;jynfol
wdkY apmifhpnf;tyfaom tusifhodu©mESifhaomf¤if; rqefYusiforQ vGwfvyf
pGm BuHpnfydkifcGifh? xkwfazmfajymqdkydkifcGifh? ,HkMunfydkifcGifh? bmomw&m;
udk;uG,fydkifcGifh? 0wfjyKydkifcGifh? y&da,oe &SmrSD;ydkifcGifh? pnf;½Hk;ydkifcGifh?
jyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifhwdkY &&SdwnfNrJap&eftwGuf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH



 

Oya'wGif tcdkiftvHk owfrSwfxm;&Sdap&rnf/} 'guawmh uRefawmfwdkY 'D
txJrSm rlawGuawmh vlrIa&;ü w&m;rQwrI &Sdapjcif;rl? pD;yGm;a&; w&m;rQ
wrI &Sdapjcif;rl? EdkifiHa&; w&m;rQwrI &Sdapjcif;rl? tqifhtwef;wGif qlBuKH
edrfhjrifh r&Sd yuwdwlnDap&rnfhrl? Oya'oufa&mufrIwdkYwGif qlBuKHedrfhjrifh
r&Sd yuwdwlnDap&rnfhjyif w&m;Oya'eJYaomf¤if;? trsm;jynfolwdkY apmifh
pnf;tyfaom tusifodu©meJYaomf¤if; rqefYusiforQ jynfolwdkY&JU vGwf
vyfcGifhrsm; &&SdbdkYrl 7-rl yg0ifygw,f/ tJ'Drl 7-rl&JU tajccH oabm
w&m; 7-csufay:wGif tajccHjyKygvdkY 'DtrSwf 4-u qdkxm;jcif; jzpfyg
w,f/ trSwf 5-uawmh ]þzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif vlenf;pk
rsm;tzdkY vHkavmufaom umuG,fcsufrsm; xnhfoGif;jyXmef;xm;&Sdap&
r,f} qdkwmuawmh ,ckwifu tcsuf 2-&JU oabmrsKd;vdkbJ/ omrn
avmufbJ qdkxm;vdkufwmbJ/ vlenf;pkawGtzdkYvJ vHkvHkavmufavmuf
xnfhoGif;vmcJhygqdkwJh oabmrsKd;avmufbJ qdkvdkufjcif; jzpfygw,f/
b,ftcsufudk b,fvdkxnfhyg? bmvkyfygqdkwm 'DtxJrSm uRefawmfwdkY
rxnfhao;ygbl;/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdk&if 'Dudpö[m txl;wvnfbJ a&a&
vnfvnf aqG;aEG;pOf;pm;&r,fh tcsufawGjzpfygw,f/ 'gwifruao;yg
bl;/ uRefawmfwdkYtzdkYrSm txl;&Sif;apcsifwmu 'Dvlenf;pkawGtay:rSm
t&Sif;qHk;pdwf xm;ygw,f/ rvdrfhwywfjzpfap? ajc½IyfvdkYjzpfap? b,fvdk
bJjzpfjzpf uRefawmfwdkY[m vufwvHk;jcm;tm;jzifh vlenf;pkawGtay:rSm
rw&m;vkyfzdkYqdkwJh &nf&G,fcsufapwem tvsOf;r&SdbJESifh olwdkYajymqdkcsif
wm? olwdkYwifjycsifwmawG wifjyNyD;awmhum vHkavmufwJh umuG,fcsuf
awG [kwfw,f r[kwfzl;? w&m;ojzifh tcGifhta&;awG [kwfw,f r[kwf
zl;? 'gawGudk pDppfNyD;wJhaemuf a&a&vnfvnf aqG;aEG;cGifh&NyD;wJhaemufrS
uRefawmfwdkY oabmwlnDvdkYjzpfap/ uRefawmfwdkY qHk;jzwfwJhtcgrSm 'D
avmufbJ &Edkifr,f? 'Dxuf ydkr&Edkifbl;vdkY ajymwJhtcgrSm 'Dvdk a&a&v,f
v,f aqG;aEG;NyD;wJhtcgusrSomvQif oabmwlvdkYjzpfap? tJ'Dvkd vkyfzdkYyg



 

bJ/ 'DrSm vlenf;pktwGuf umuG,fcsufrsm;qdkNyD; yg½HkavmufbJ ygw,f/
woD;wjcm; azmfjyjcif; r&Sdygbl;/ 'Dtwdkif; trSmoabmjzpfwJh 'Dtqdkukd
wifoGif;wJhtcgrSm tckjzpfaewJh ArmjynfrSm vufiif;tajctaeudk
tenf;i,f oHk;oyfzdkYvdkygw,f/ tckvufiif;jzpfaewJh Armjynf&JU tajc
taeqdk&if tck zGJUpnf; pnf;a0;aewJh wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfBuD;[m
tcsKyftjcm tmPmjynfhpHkwJh vTwfawmfvdkY ,lqw,f/ 'Dtwdkif;vJ aqmif
&Gufaew,f/ 'Dvkd aqmif&GufaewJhtcgrSm 'Dwkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfuaeNyD;
awmhum Armjynf&JU vGwfvyfa&;udk qHk;jzwfNyD;wJhaemuf vGwfvyfwJh
EdkifiHwnfaxmifbdkY a&mufwJhtcgusawmh wu,fhvufawGU a&mufwJhtcg
usawmh tmPm[m 'Dwdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf vufxJrSm r&Sdao;bl;/ bm
jzpfvdkY r&Sdao;ovJqdk&if 'Dwdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfaewm bdvyfygvDrefu
tkyfcsKyfaew,f/ 'Dvkd bdvyfygvDrefuaeNyD; 'Dwdkif;jynf tay:r,f
tcsKyftjcm tmPmydkifwJh oabmrsKd;tjzpfeJY pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfjcif; cHae&awmh
bdvyfygvDrefu tkyfcsKyfaejcif; &yfpJypf&r,f/ &yfpJNyD;wJhaemufrS uRef
awmfwdkYwdkif;jynf[m tcsKyftjcm tmPmydkif EdkifiHawmftjzpf a&mufr,f/
tck uRefawmfwdkY The Status of the Constituent Assembly is that
of a Sovereign body. tqifhtwef;tm;jzifh 'D wdkif;jynf jyKvT wfawmf
[m tcsKyftjcmtmPmeJY jynfhpHkwJh vTwfawmfvdkY ,lqw,f/ odkYaomfvJ
tmPmyg0gusawmh r&Sdao;bl;/ tcGifhta&;uawmh r&Sdao;bl;/ Oyrm 'D
wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfxJrSm ajymwJhpum;awG[m vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ajym
qdkEdkifw,fvdkY uRefawmf,lqw,f/ ,lqxm;yif ,lqjim;aomfvJ Legal
Sanction ac:wJh Oya'tcGifhta&;tmPm &S dovm;qdkawmh tJ'D vdk
awmhjzifh r&Sdbl;/ tJ'Dtwdkif;bJ uRefawmfwdkY wifoGif;qHk;jzwfwJh udpöawG
udkvJ qHk;jzwfawmh qHk;jzwfEdkifw,f/ qHk;jzwfwJhae&mrSm b,folrSvmNyD;
rwm;qD;Edkifbl;/ raESmifh,SufEdkifbl;/ vTwfawmfxJrSm&SdwJh trwfawGu
vGJ&if b,folrS rwm;qD;Edkifbl;/ raESmifh,SufEdkifbl;/ uRefawmfwdkYudk,f



 

wdkif qHk;jzwfEdkifw,f/ 'DvTwfawmfrSmqdk&if uRefawmfwdkY Ouú|BuD;[m
&Sifbk&ifbJ/ ol tmPmt&SdqHk;bJ/ oluaeNyD; a[m'D tpnf;ta0;vkyfwJh
ae&mawGr,f tqHk;tjzwfoabmrsKd;eJY Munfh½IqHk;jzwfoGm;&r,f/ olY
tqHk;tjzwfudk uRefawmfwdkY em;axmif&r,f/ tJ'Dawmhum 'DvTwfawmfrSm
trwfawG bmrqdk qHk;jzwfcsifwm qHk;jzwfEdkifw,f/ qHk;jzwfNyD;wJhaemuf
qHk;jzwfcsuftwdkif; 'Dtwdkif;jzpfatmifqdkwJh udpöuawmh 'DtcgusvdkY&Sd&if
bdvyfygvDrefu tJ'DvdkvdkufNyD;awmh cifAsm;wdkYwawGudk usKyfwdkY tmPm
vTJygw,f qdkwJhoabmrsKd; b,fvdkenf;eJYjzpfjzpf b,fvdkOya'eJYjzpfjzpf
vkyf&vdrfhr,f/ tJ'guawmh ½dk;½dk;enf;twdkif; jzpfyHkudk uRefawmfajymjywm
yg/ 'gu wa,mufeJYwa,muf? wOD;eJYwOD;? wEdkifiHeJYwEdkifiH tus,f
tus,f pum;rrsm;MubJeJY rdwfaqGoabmtm;jzifh wOD;udkwOD; tmPm
vTJajymif;ay;r,fh tajctaersKd; jzpf&r,fhoabmrsKd;udk ajymjyjcif; jzpfyg
w,f/ tJ'Dawmh tJ'Dvdk tmPmvTJajymif;wJhudpörSm pum;rsm;NyD; tus,f
tus,f jzpfvm&&if tmPmvTJajymif;rI tcuftcJawG ay:vm&ifawmh
'hDjyif wenf;wvrf; pOf;pm;wef pOf;pm;&vdrfhr,f/ 'DvkdpOf;pm;wJhtcgrSm
Oyrm wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfuaeNyD;awmh usKyfwdkY[m tcsKyftjcm tmPm
ydkifwJh tzGJUtpnf;jzpfwJhtwGuf usKyfwdkY tJ'DtmPmawGudk ,l&r,fqdkNyD;
twif;,lwJh wenf;vJ &Sdygao;w,f/ odkYaomfvJ tcktqdkoGif;aewJh
udpu ö awmh 'Dvkd twif;,lbdkYudpöudk uRefawmf rwdkufwGef;ao;bl;/ bm
aMumifh rwdkufwGef;ao;ovJqdk&if wdkif;jynfwjynfvHk;rSmjzpfaewJh tajc
taeawGudk axmufxm;NyD;awmh tomt,mtm;jzifh rdwfaqGoabmeJY
tmPmvTJajymif;,loGm;EdkifbdkY uRefawmfwdkY vtenf;i,f apmifhqdkif;NyD;
awmh vkyfudkifMu&r,f/ vtenf;i,fapmifhqdkif;NyD;awmh 'Dtwdkif; tMunf
tom tmPmvTJajymif;rI&atmif vkyf&r,fqdkwJhoabmrsKd;eJY uRefawmf 'D
tqdkukd wifoGif;jcif;jzpfygw,f/ tu,fíom 'Dvdk MunfMunfomom
rdwfaqGoabmrsKd;eJY tmPmvTJajymif;ay;rIudk rvdkvm;bl;qdk&if tck 'D



 

wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfBuD;r,f yxrqHk; tqdkoGif;uxJu uRefawmfwdkY
wrsKd; oGif;vmcJhrSmbJ/ b,fvdktqdk oGif;rvJqdk&if 'DtzGJUBuD;u ,m,D
trsKd;om;tpdk;&tm;jzifh zGJUpnf;r,f/ 'gawGudk uRefawmfwdkY zGJUpnf;r,f/
twif;vkyfp&mvdk&if twif;vkyfr,f/ usKyfwdkY 'Dvkdtwif;vkyfwJh tcgus
awmh wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfaewJh t*Fvdyftpdk;&eJY qdkvdk&Sd&if tus,f
tus,f rNidrf;bG,f tenf;eJYtrsm; jzpf&r,f/ vufawGUtm;jzifh ajym&
r,fqdk&if 'Dvdk tjiif;tckef rjzpfcsifayr,fh q,fa&;wa&; udk;a&;w&m
qdkovdk vkyfxm;bdkY jyifqifcsufawG vdkao;w,f/ tJ'Dawmh vufawGU
jyifqifvkyfp&mawG tyxm;NyD; wjcm;pOf;pm;vdkufr,fqdkvdkY&Sd&if tus,f
tus,f rNidrf;bG,fqdkNyD; wa,mufeJYwa,muf tJ'Dvdk twif;tMuyf
a&SmufNyD;vkyfae&r,fh udpörsKd;awGqdkwm trSeftm;jzifh uRefawmfwdkY b,f
olrqdk vdkvm;rnfvJ r[kwfzl;/ vdkvJ rvdkvm;tyfzl;/ aemuf wdkif;jynf
&JU tajctaetm;vHk;udkMunfhNyD; tMunftomtm;jzifh tmPmvTJajymif;vdkY
&Edkifr,fqdkvdkY&Sd&if raumif;bl;vm;/ tJ'Dvkd tMunftomjzpfatmifqdkNyD;
'Dtqdkudk oGif;jcif;jzpfygw,f/ 'Dawmh 'Dtqdk oGif;wJhtcgusawmh
tmPmvTJajymif;&if tckjzpfaewJh urÇm&JUtajctae? t*Fvdyftpdk;&&JU
tajctaetmvHk;udk NcKHMunfh&if tMunftom jzpfrSmbJvdkY ,lqw,f/
taES;eJYtjrefbJ/ 'DtaES;eJYtjrefqdkwJh udpö[mvnf; uRefawmfwdkY vkyfwJh
tay:rSmbJ wnfw,f/ wjcm;rSmvnf; wnfw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYvkyfwm
u jrefjrefeJYaumif;aumif; rSefrSef&SdNyD;awmh uRefawmfwdkY wpnf;wvHk;
wnf; wnDwnmwnf; tiftm;awmifhawmifhwif;wif;eJY qdkvdkY&Sd&if ,l
Edkifw,f/ odkYaomfvJ wxpfcs rajymvdkbl;/ tck vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;qdkNyD;
awmh tqdkxJrSm 'Drludk xnfhvdkufwJhtcgrSm tifrwef taESmihft,Suf
awGU&w,f/ 'DtaESmifht,SufawGudk pOf;pm;NyD;awmhrS 'Dtqdkudk wifoGif;
wJhtcg tqdk[m a&SUudk b,fvdkrsm;jzpfrvJqdkwJh tvm;tvmrsm;udk
rawG;&Jatmif jzpfaewJh tajctaeudk a&mufaeygw,f/ bmjyKvdkYvJqdk



 

awmh 'Dwdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfuaeNyD; zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'awGudk
qHk;jzwfNyD;wJhaemuf tJ'Dtwdkif; twnfjzpfzdkY? rjzpfzdkYqdkwm[m b,f
tay:rSm wnfovJqdkvdkY&Sd&if uRefawmfwdkYtm;vHk; tiftm;tay:rSm wnf
NyD;awmh uRefawmfwdkY 'Dwdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmftzGJUBuD;uaeNyD;awmh rdrd
tqifhtwef;&SdaewJh tcsKyftjcm tmPmydkif tqifhtwef;udk pum;
oabmeJYr[kwfbJ Oya'oabmeJY wu,fhvufawGUvufa&muf jzpfoGm;
atmifvkyfr,fqdkwJh oEéd|mef&SdbdkY vdkygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk&SdaerSomvQif uRef
awmfwdkYwdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmftzGJUBuD;u qHk;jzwfay;wJh qHk;jzwfxm;wJh
twdkif; jzpfajrmufatmifjrifatmifvkyfbdkY jyifqifxm;NyD;om; jzpfvmyg
vdrfhr,f/ 'DvdkvkyfvdkY&Sd&if tckjrifaewJhtwdkif;qdk&if tmPmvTJajymif;ay;rI
eJYywfoufNyD; tcuftcJawG tenf;eJYtrsm; ay:vmygvdrfhr,fvdkY xif
w,f/ uRefawmf b,fvdk&nf&G,fcsufeJYrS b,folYtay: b,fvdkpdwfxm;
rS rxm;bJ yGihfyGihfvif;vif; ajymqdkcsifygw,f/ tmPmvTJajymif;ay;wJh
udprö SmqdkvdkY&Sd&if awmifwef;a'oqdkif&m ukd,fpm;vS,fawGudk toHk;csrSm
bJqdkwmudk uRefawmfu yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajymjyxm;vdkygw,f/ bmjyKvdkY
vJqdkvdkY&Sd&if uRefawmfwdkY tckEdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' a&;
qGJwJhae&mrSm tcuftcJawG b,fvdk vGwfajrmufatmif zefwD;bdkYqdkwm
'Dta&;? 'DudpöuvGJ&if 'Dhjyif bmrSr&Sdbl;/ jrefrmjynfrrSmqdk&if olwdkYu
u&ifawGudk ajr§mufay;r,f/ uRefawmfwdkYuawmh tm;vHk;udk pOf;pm;NyD;
om;bJ/ b,folu b,folYudk ajr§mufay;? ajr§mufay;? uRefawmfhtzdkYrSm
awmh uRefawmfwdkYoGm;&r,fhvrf;udk rSefrSefBuD; oGm;r,f/ ½IyfvdkYvnf; ydk&
rSm r[kwfzl;/ acsmufvdkYvnf; ydk&rSm r[kwfzl;/ b,fvdkvkyfvkyf oGm;r,f
qdkwJhvrf;twdkif; rSefrSefBuD; oGm;r,f/ aemufqHk;waeYrSm uRefawmfwdkY&JU
pdwfapwemt&if;ESifh vkyfudkifoGm;wmudk ½IyfcsifwJhvlawG&Sd&if oabm
twdkif; ½IyfEdkifMuw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYuawmh uRefawmfwdkY oabmt&
jyXmef;xm;wJhtwdkif; oGm;&rSmbJ/ tJ'DvdkoGm;wJhtcgrSmvJ b,fvdk tcuf



 

tcJawGeJYawGUawGU? tcuftcJawGudk ausmfeif;NyD; oGm;r,f/ acsmuf&if
vnf; uRefawmfwdkY raMumufzl;/ ajr§muf&ifvnf; rajrmufzl;/ acsmh&if
vnf; raysmhzl;/ vrf;rSeftwdkif; rSefrSefoGm;r,f/ uRefawmfwdkYvdkvm;wJh
yef;wdkifxdatmif uRefawmfwdkYoGm;r,f/ (MobmoHrsm;)
uRefawmfwdkY tJ'DvdkoGmwJhtcgrSm uRefawmfwdkYtwGufuawmh pOf;
pm;NyD;om; qHk;jzwfNyD;om&SdvdkY a&SUudk b,fvdktcuftcJawG awGU&tHk;r,f?
b,fvdkjzpfr,fqdkwm tm;vHk; uRefawmfwdkY pOf;pm;NyD;om; jzpfw,f/ odkY
aomfvJ uRefawmfwdkY awmifwef;a'obufu rdwfaqGawG &Srf;tp&Sdonf
jzifh tm;vHk;udkajymcsifwmu rdwfaqGoabmomru uRefawmfwdkY aoG;
csif;om;csif;qdk&ifvnf; rSefygw,f/ bmjyKvdkYvJqdkawmh a&S;uxJu
&mZ0ift& armif*dkvD,ef tquftEG,fu qif;vmwJhvlrsKd;rsm; jzpfyg
w,f/ tJ'D aoG;csif;om;csif; wlaeMuwJhvlawGESifh aoG;csif;om;csif; rwl
wJhvlawGrSm b,foluaeNyD;awmh b,folYtay:rSm apwem ydkr,fqdkwm
udk aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;bdkYvdkw,f/ aemufNyD;wcsufu uRefawmfwdkYu
aeNyD;awmh tckaqmif&GufaewJh udpö[m cifAsm;wdkY awmifwef;e,fuvl
awGtwGuf aumif;usKd;twGufvm;? qdk;usKd;twGufvm; pOf;pm;bdkYvdkyg
w,f/ vGefcJhwJh 4?5 vwkef;u bmrS tajctaera&&mao;wJ h awmifwef;
a'oe,fqdkwJhe,fawGudk tajctaeawG a&a&&m&mESifh jzpfatmif uRef
awmfwdkY 0ifa&mufulnD aqmif&Gufay;cJhw,f/ aemufNyD;awmh uRefawmfwdkY
wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfxJa&mufatmifvJ uRefawmfwdkYbJ ulnDaqmif&Guf
ay;cJhw,f/ 'DvdkvkyfvmcJhwmawG[m uRefawmfwdkY apwemeJY vkyfwmvm;
a0'emeJY vkyfwmvm; pOf;pm;bdkY vdkw,f/ tarSmifxJuaeNyD; tvif;
a&mifxJa&mufatmif aqmif&GufvmwJh[mudk tvif;a&mifu tarSmifxJ
jyefa&mufatmif jyefoGm;csifw,fqdkvdkY&Sd&if uRefawmfwdkYrSm wm;ydkifcGifh r&Sd
bl;/ uRefawmfwdkYjrifwJhtwdkif; ajym&&if uRefawmfwdkYuawmh aqGcsif; rsKd;
csif;? aoG;csif;om;csif; 0wå&m;&SdvdkY &Sdovdk aqmif&Gufwefoavmuf



 

aqmif&GufvmcJhw,f/ tvif;a&mifu tarSmifxkudk jyefoGm;csifw,fqdk&if
uRefawmfwdkY rwwfEdkifbl;/ tJ'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkYtzdkYrSmawmh b,ftxd
apwemawG&Sdw,fqdkwm uRefawmfwdkY&JU tajccHOya' qGJwJhaemufrSm
vnf; pdwful;xm;wmawG tajrmuftjrm;&Sdygao;w,f/ tJ'D zGJUpnf;tkyf
csKyfyHk tajccHOya' qdkwm[mvJ trSefpifppftm;jzifh vlawG&JU apwem?
vlawG&JU &nf&G,fcsuf? vlawG&JU vdkvm;csuftm;vHk;udk b,fenf;eJYrS ukef
pifatmif rxnfhEdkifbl;/ b,fOya'rSmrS jynfhjynfhpHkpHk&SdwJh Oya'rsKd; r&SdEdkif
bl;/ No Constitution in the world is perfect urÇmw0Srf;vHk;rSm&SdwJh
b,fzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'xJrSmrS jynfhjynhfpHkpHk&SdwJh Oya'&,fvdkY r&Sdbl;/
trSm;t,Gif;r&SdwJh Oya'&,fvdkY vHk;0r&Sdao;bl;/ tJ'Dawmhum zGJUpnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'xJrSm vdkorQtcsufawGudk tukefvHk; uRefawmfwdkY rxnhf
Edkifbl;/ wcsKdU[mawGudk xnfhEdkifayr,fh wcsKdU[mawGudk rxnfhEdkifbJ&Sd
w,f/ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'udk vkyfwJhae&mrSmvnf; The letter of the
Constitution and the spirit of the Constitution. 2-rsKd;&Sdw,f /
Oya'rSm pmvHk;awGudk vdkufNyD;awmh uyfoD;uyfowf 0denf;vGwf½Hkavmuf
t"dyÜm,faumufwJhenf;u wrsKd;/ tJ'DOya'udk vkyfvdkufwJhtcgwkef;u
Spirit of the Constitution uRefawmfwdkY&SdwJh apwem pd wfxm;twdkif;
vkyfvmwJh zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'udk zwfvdkufwJhtcgrSm 'D[m vlrsKd;
tcsif;csif; ckdifcdkifvHkvHk nDnDnGwfnGwfeJY aygif;oif;oGm;NyD;awmhum
tvkyfvkyfzdkY zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'ygvm;vdkY tJ'Dvdk Spirit pdwf
xm; oabmxm;rsKd; ay:vmatmifa&;qGJwJh Oya'rsKd;qdkvdkY&Sd&if 'DOya'rsKd;
t& tJ'DOya'vd k pdwf"mwft& Spirit of the Constitution.
uRefawmfwdkY 'Dpdwf"mwftwdkif; aemuftvkyfvkyfoGm;wJhtcgus
awmh Extra Constitutional understanding and convention.
'DOya'awGtay:rSm wa,mufeJYwa,muf em;vnfNyD; ,Hk,HkMunfMunf
vkyfwJhvkyfief;awG? aemufNyD; xHk;wrf;pOfvmawG tajrmuftjrm; vkyf&



 

r,f/ 'DtcgusvdkY&Sd&if uRefawmfwdkYapwemudk awGU&ygvdrfhr,f/ odkYaomf
vnf; tcktxd uRefawmfwdkYjyvmwJhapwemawGudk 'gawGudkvJ odapcsif
w,f/ 'Dawmhum uRefawmfwdkYuawmh aoG;csif;om;csif;tjzpfeJY 'Dvdk
apwemjycJhw,f/ 'DvkdjywJhae&mrSmvnf; uRefawmfwdkY tarSmifutvif;
a&mif a&mufonfxuf a&mufatmif apwemoefYoefYeJY vkyfcJhwmygbJ/
tvif;a&mifuaeNyD; tarSmifoGm;apvdkwJhapwem r&Sdygbl;/ odkYaomfvnf;
tvif;a&mifuaeNyD; tarSmifudk oGm;csifvdkY &nf&G,faeolawGvJ &Sdaeyg
w,f/ waeYu pmwapmifzwfvdkuf&ygw,f/ e,fwe,fu t*Fvdyf
vufatmufuaeNyD; vGwfvyfwJhArmEdkifiHawmfxJrSm raecsifbl;qdkwJh tJ'D
vkd tpD&ifcHpmrsKd; uRefawmfawGU&w,f/ awGU&awmhum 'Dvdk t*Fvdyf
vufatmuf aecsifMuw,fqdk&ifvJ oabmbJ/ tvif;a&mifuaeNyD;
tarSmifxJoGm;csifMuwJh vlawG&Sd&ifvJ oabmbJ/ uRefawmfwdkYu rwm;
qD;ygbl;/ uRefawmfwdkYawmh t*FvdyfvufatmufrSmvJ raecsifbl;/ b,f
vlrsKd;? b,fEdkifiHjcm; vlrsKd;vufatmufrSmrS raecsifbl;/ uRefawmfwdkY
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf aecsifw,f/ (MobmoHrsm;) uRefawmfwdkY twdtvif;
aMunmvdkygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh tJ'Dvkd vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHtjzpfeJY uRefawmfwdkY
aeEdkifatmifqdkNyD;awmh 'Dtqdkudk wifoGif;wJhtcgrSm tvif;a&mifxJrSm ae
csifMuwJhvlawG[m uRefawmfhtqdkudk axmufcHyg/ tvif;a&mifuaeNyD;
tarSmifxJudk oGm;csifMuwJhvlawGawmh oabmtwdkif;ygbJqdkwmudk wif
oGif;&if; uRefawmf ajymcJhygw,f/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 

aemufqufwGJ-¡

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ aemufqHk;rdefYcGef;
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>rufMum;aom &efukefe,fvHk;qdkif&m EdkifiHa&; &Sif;vif;yGJBuD;wGif
ajymMum;csuf)

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tpD&ifcHbdkY pDpOfcJhw,f/ tjcm;wdkif;jynfawGrSm vTwfawmftrwfawGudk
wifajr§mufvdkufwJhtcg vTwfawmftrwfawG[m tpnf;ta0;r&SdwJhtcsdef
tcgrSm udk,fhe,fudk udk,fjyefNyD; vTwfawmfrSm bmawGvkyfw,fqdkwmudk
tajctaet&yf&yf tpD&ifcH&NrJ xHk;pH&SdcJhw,f/ tJ'DxHk;pHrsKd;twdkif; Arm
jynfrSmvJ jzpfapcsifwJhtwGuf z?q?y?v tzGJUcsKyfu &efukef-e,ftoD;
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ajymwJhtcg wdkif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmftrwfawG[m udk,fhe,fwdkif;rSm jyef
NyD; tpD&ifcHMuwJh EdkifiHa&;&Sif;vif;yGJrsm; vkyfcJhMuw,f/

&efukeftwGuf
,aeYvJ &efukefwNrKdUvHk;twGuf jzpfw,f/ uRefawmf e*dkuajymcJh
wJhtwdkif; ,aeY uRefawmfhEdkifiHa&;&Sif;wrf;[m z?q?y?v tzGJUcsKyf Ouú|



 

taeeJY r[kwfbJ &efukefNrKdUe,fwe,fu wifajr§mufvdkufwJh trwf
wa,muftaeeJY wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfrSm bmawGvkyfw,fqdkwm e,f
ole,fom;awGod&atmif tpD&ifcHbdkY t"du&nf&G,fcsufxm;NyD; ajymbdkY
bJ/

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w,fqdkNyD; tukefvHk; rsufESmjzLvlrsKd;awG jzpfMuawmh olwdkYtzdkYrSm
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ae&wJh[mbJ/ Oya'oabmtm;jzifh rsKd;wl&if olYwdkif;jynf oltkyfcsKyfoGm;
w,f/ tJ'Dvdk tkyfcsKyfwJhtcgrSm wdkif;jynfrSm&SdwJh vTwfawmfawG[m
tmPm&Sdw,f/

uRefawmfwdkYEdkifiH bmvJ
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

 

awmfawGrSm tcsKyftjcmtmPmeJY jynfhpHkr,fh vTwfawmfawGjzpfw,f/ tJ'D
wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfu a&;qGJr,fhOya'awGudk csufcsif; twnfjzpf
atmif vkyfEdkifwJh tajctae&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dvdk tdEd´,jynfu wyef;omwm
&Sdr,f/ tJ'Dae&mrSm (Armjynf) wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf[m tcsKyftjcm
tmPmr&ao;bl;/ tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk &atmifvkyfwJhae&mawGvJ &Sdyg
ao;w,f/ Oya'oabmajym&if tcsKyftjcmtmPm r&ao;bl ;/ tcsKyf
tjcmtmPmoabmjzpfwJh tqifhtwef;udkawmh &w,f/

vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;odkY
tJ'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkY vGwfvyfa&;udpeö JY ywfoufvdkY z?q?y?v
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cHobifBuD;u Armjynf[m vHk;0vGwfvyfa&; vdkcsifw,f/ b,fvdktqifh
twef;rS rvdkcsifbl;vdkY qHk;jzwfcJhwm[m odwJhtwdkif;bJ/ vGefcJhwJharv
u z?q?y?v jyifqifrIyPmrnDvmcHobifrSm tcsKyftjcmtmPmeJY jynfh
pHkwJh orwEdkifiH xlaxmifr,fvdkY qHk;jzwfcJhw,f/ wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf
rSm uRefawmfudk,fwdkif wifoGif;qHk;jzwfcJhwJh tcsKyftjcm tmPmjynfhpHkwJh
orwEdkifiH xlaxmifbdkY qHk;jzwfNyD;NyD/

wESpfraphao;bl;
z?q?y?v tzGJUcsKyfu tvkyfvkyfwm[m tifrwef&Sif;w,f/ tJ'D
vdkjzpfwJhtwdkif; vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&atmifvkyfzdkY qHk;jzwfcJhwJhtwdkif;? wdkif;
jynfu odwJhtwdkif;? wESpftwGif; vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&atmif vkyfaewm
bJ/ wESpfvJ raphao;bl;/ wESpfqdkaomfvJ tavsmhtaygh enf;enf;yg;
yg;&Sdr,f/



 

bmtjypf&SdvdkYvJ
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfu Armjynf vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&atmif
rvkyfEdkifvdkY&Sd&if uwdzsufw,f ajymEdkifw,f/ tJ'Dtcsdeftcgtxd vGwf
vyfa&;udk at;at;csrf;csrf;&atmif BuKd;pm;aew,f/ vkyfief;udk atmif
jrifonf ratmifjrifonfudk ,cktcg rajymEdkifao;bl;/
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ratmifovm; awGU&r,f/ z?q?y?v tzGJUcsKyf[m b,fvdktzGJUcsKyfvJqdk
wm jrifvmr,f/ tcktcg BuD;BuD;us,fus,f rajymvdkbl;/ z?q?y?v
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&atmifvkyfwJhae&mrSm tvG,fqHk; taumif;qHk; tat;qHk;enf;eJY&atmif
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olawGu bmaMumifh tjypfwif&ovJ/ tJ'Dvdk vkyfwJhae&mr,f z?q?y?v
tzGJUcsKyfu 'dkrDeD,efbJ vufcHawmhrvdkvdk ajymqdka&;om;aeMuw,f/
cifAsm;wdkY wdkif;jynfu ,Hkcsif,HkEdkifw,f? r,Hkcsif aeEdkifw,f/

owif;pmawG em;rvnfbl;
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vnfvdkY ajymwm a&;wm r[kwfzl;/ ArmjynfrSm EdkifiHa&;orm;awG?
owif;pmq&mawGvkyfaeMuwmawG[m olwdkY em;rvnfwmawG trsm;
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ajymvdkufw,f/ tJ'DvkdvkyfwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;eJY owif;pmq&mawG trsm;
BuD;&Sdw,f/ uRefawmf[m 'Dudpöudk tcsdef&&if tywfpOfvdkvdk aeYpOf
aeYwdkif;vdkvdk wdkif;jynfudk tNrJ&Sif;jycsifw,f/ tcsdefr&vdkY r&Sif;Edkifbl;/
tJ'Dawmh cifAsm;wdkY aoaocsmcsm owdxm;apcsifwmu z?q?y?v tzGJU



 

csKyf[m b,fvdk z?q?y? vJqdkwm &mZ0ifeJY jyefMunfhapcsifw,f/ vlawG
udkvJ &mZ0ifeJY jyefMunfhapcsifw,f/ ArmjynfrSm&SdwJh EdkifiHa&;tzGJUawG
EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawGeJY rmwdumudk wifNyD; pOf;pm;Muyg/ b,fvdkvl
awG b,fvdktzGJUawGqdkwm awGUvm&r,f/
vGefcJhwJhESpfupNyD; vGwfvyfa&;pcef; b,ftxd wufvmovJ
tp&Sdojzifh tcsuftvufawG jrif&r,f/ wdkif;jynf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;
rSm wqifhwufovm;/ vGwfvyfa&;vkyfief; wqifhwufvmwmawG &uf
rsm;rMumrD jrif&r,f/ uRefawmf tcktpdk;&eJY [dkwkef;utpdk;&awGudk ,SOf
Munfh&if rwlbl;qdkwm uRefawmf &J&JBuD;ajym&Jw,f/ tcktpdk;&tzGJUxJrSm
vyfpm;wJhvl r&Sdbl;/ ,ciftpdk;&wkef;u uRefawmf wnfhwnfhvif;vif;
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atmifvkyfaewmudk wdkif;jynftwGuf apwemygonfjzpfap wdkif;jynf&JU
&efoleHywf 1 jzpfw,f/ cifAsm;wdkYaxmufcH&if cifAsm;wdkYvnfyif; BuKd;
wyf&ma&mufr,f/

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uyfraebl;/ xGufay;r,f/ odkYaomf wESpfavmuf apmihfMunfhwJhtcgrSm
uRefawmfwdkY b,fvdkvlpm;vJqdkwm odvdrfhr,f/ &mZ0ifrSm tqJcH&r,fh
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t*Fvdyfu tkyfcsKyfaewkef;tcgrSm ArmjynfumuG,fa&;twGuf t*Fvdyf&JU
wm0efbJ/ Armjynf vGwfvyfa&;&wJhtcgrSm ArmjynfumuG,fbdkY&m Arm
awG&JU t"duwm0ef jzpfvmr,f/ [dkwkef;uvdk at;at;aq;aq; rjzpf



 

awmhbl;/ wdkif;jynfumuG,fbdkY ArmjynfrSm ppfom;awGvdkvmr,f/ tJ'D
tcg Armwdkif; t&G,fa&mufolwdkif;? usef;rma&;eJYjynfhpHkolwdkif; ppfrIxrf;
zdkYvkyf&r,f/ cifAsm;wdkY wdkufcsifwdkuf? rwdkufcsifvJ wdkuf&r,f/ 'grS
vGwfvyfa&;wm0efausr,f/
vGwfvyfa&;&wJhtcg ,dk;',m;vdk jzpfcsifovm;/ wl&uDvdk jzpf
csifovm;/ tdkif,mvefvdk jzpfcsifovm;/ qdkAD,uf½k&Sm;vdk jzpfcsif
ovm;/ ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&wJhtcgrSm jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; pDrHudef;
rsm;udk trsKd;rsKd;aom enf;rsm;eJYvkyfrS? cyf½dkif;½dkif; Armpum;ajym&&if
tawmfhudk NyJatmifBuKd;pm;vkyfudkifrS tESpf 20-ausmfavmufMumrS Arm
jynf awmf½Hka&mufr,f/ rvkyfvdkY&Sd&if ,dk;',m;awmif rSDrSmr[kwfzl;/
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vuf0Jorm;tcsif;csif;
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ykodrfbuf avSNyKdifyGJwyGJrSm jrif&ovdk avSwpif;udk tenf;i,fEdkifvkdufí
yef;wdkifodkY r0if&ao;cif avSwufudk ajr§mufovdk? Armhpdwf"mwf[m
atmifjrifjcif;odkY ra&mufcif pdwfavsmhayghwwfrI&Sdw,f/ 'DvkdpdwfrsKd;
rxm;bJ ½HI;½HI;EdkifEdkif ravQmhwrf;vkyfzdkY wnfhwnfhvif;vif; owday;cJh
r,f/ ArmjynfrSm vlrsKd;tcsif;csif; ruGJbdkY? vli,fydkif;jzpfaom vuf0J
orm;tcsif;csif; ruGJbdkY owday;vdkygw,f/



 

&wJhenf;eJYvkyfr,f
EdkifiHa&;orm;ajcxdk;rIudk a,mifrSm;oGm;vdkY&Sd&if cifAsm;wdkY vGwf
vyfa&;r&bJ tdEd́,jynfvdk t*Fvdyfay;orQ r,lbJraeEdkif jzpfvdrfhr,f/
jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;eJYywfoufvdkY Armjynf[m rdat;ESpfcgemqdkovdk ppf
'PfESpfBudrfcHcJh&wJhtwGuf ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;rsm; ysufpD;cJh&w,f/
ArmjynfrSm pm;ukefaomufukef toHk;p&dwfNyD;jrifhjcif;[m cifAsm;wdkY
bHk;abmvatm oHk;rIaMumifhjzpfw,f/ NcKd;jcHoifhwJhae&m NcKd;jcH/ udk,fhtdrf
rSm pdkufpm;oifhwmrpm;bJ EdkifiHjcm;oGif;ukefay:rSm rSDpm;wJhtwGuf aps;
BuD;w,f/ yk*d¾KvfwOD;wa,muf azmufjyefwmvJ&Sdr,f/ tzGJUtaeeJY b,f
awmhrS rvkyfzl;/ z?q?y?v tzGJUcsKyfu apwemaumif;eJY vGwfvyfa&;½kyf
vHk;? jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;½kyfvHk; azmfvmNyD/ tJ'Dvkd ½kyfvHk;azmfvm&mrSm
taumif;qHk;eJY tat;qHk;enf;eJY vkyfaew,f/ aemufqHk; enf;at;at;eJY
r&&if &wJhenf;eJY vkyf&r,fvdkY ajymcJhNyD/ vGwfvyfa&;vdkcsif&if vGwfvyf
a&;&wJh pnf;urf;nDnGwfrIawGudk xdef;xm;yg/ xlaxmifrIudk vkyfMuyg/
tJ'Dvdk vkyfNyD;wJhaemuf a&SUudk vGwfvyfa&;t&om udpötwGuf tvkyf
vkyfwJhae&mrSm pnf;urf;&SdbdkY jyifqifoifhwmawG jyifqifbdkY cifAsm;wdkY
apmufusifhawG jyifbdkYvdkaeNyDvdkY uRefawmfajymcJhr,f/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



 


AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; trsdK;om;0wfpkHjzifh



 


vef'ef (1947 Zefe0g&D)



 


AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; rdom;pk

rdcifa':pk ESifh AdkvfcsKyfrdom;pk (1947)



 


AdkvfcsKyfpdwfxm;udk ajymjyaeonfh pmwapmif



 


yifvkHausmufwdkif

yifvkHpmcsKyf csKyfqdkaeykH yef;csDum;



 


vlxkpnf;a0;yGJ wckwGif

ppfa&,mOf ar,kwGif



 


AdkvfcsKyfaMu;½kyf (uefawmfBuD;? &efukef)

