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VEDIC VINCULUM PROBLEMS WHEN THERE ARISE CARRY NUMBERS

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 International Journal of Mathematical Archive-9(8), 2018, 44-58
Available online through www.ijma.info ISSN 2229 – 5046

VEDIC VINCULUM PROBLEMS WHEN THERE ARISE CARRY NUMBERS

D. N. GARAIN* AND SANJEEV KUMAR**

*Head, University Department of Mathematics,

S. K. M. University, Dumka, Jharkhand, India.

**Research Scholar, S. K. M. University, Dumka, Jharkhand, India.

(Received On: 02-07-18; Revised & Accepted On: 05-08-18)

ABSTRACT
Vinculum makes the digits over five to less than five. So during the process of addition and multiplication the
probability of appearance of carry number is very less. Many authors have worked on the problems of vinculum but
they have not touched the problem when carry number appears. In the present study, we have tried to solve all those
problems when carry numbers appear during the solution of vinculum problems.

Keywords: Vinculum, Vedic mathematics, Carry number.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 01A32, 97A30, 97A80.

1. INTRODUCTION

In Vedic Mathematics ‘Vinculum’ is an ingenious device to reduce single digit larger than 5. A digit larger than five
creates problem in calculations by creating carry number. If all the digits are less than five then calculation becomes
easier and probability of appearance of carry number is very less. With this idea the concept of vinculum was entered in
Vedic mathematical calculations of numbers.

Kenneth R William (2003), in his book “Astronomical Applications of Vedic Mathematics” has not used carry number
in the case of multiplication of numbers with vinculum digits rather he has changed the vinculum digits into non-
vinculum and then performed the multiplication. Similar case is found in the book “vertically and crosswise” written by
Nicholas, Williams and Pickles (1999).

Kenneth R William (2005), in his book “Vedic Mathematics Teacher’s Manual” has mentioned the subtraction of two
numbers and then he has changed the digits above number five into vinculum. But he has not performed subtraction of
number which contains vinculum in their digits.

Garain and Kumar (2018) studied “Algebraic representation of Vinculum and generalized rule for Vinculum Structure.
They framed the generalized rule for removing and imposing vinculum on the digit of a number.

As the concept of vinculum make a digit over 5 to less than 5. So during the process of addition and multiplication, the
chance of appearance of carry number is very less.

Now, we shall try to solve all those problem of vinculum in which chance of appearance of carry number is possible.

Here, we’ll try to find addition, subtraction and multiplication in which vinculum is involved. Also, we’ll deal the same
problems by removing vinculum.

Corresponding Author: Sanjeev Kumar**

**Research Scholar, S. K. M. University, Dumka, Jharkhand, India.

International Journal of Mathematical Archive- 9(8), August-2018 44

 D. N. Garain* and Sanjeev Kumar** / Vedic Vinculum Problems when There Arise Carry Numbers / IJMA- 9(8), August-2018.

2. SOME OPERATIONS OF NUMBERS HAVING VINCULUM IN THEIR DIGITS

(A) Addition:

Type – I

Calculation with Vinculum Calculation by removing Vinculum

(i) Evaluate:
4 3 4 3
2 5 2 5
+ +
6 2
 3 = -3 and 5 + 3 =5 – 3 = 2 By removing the vinculum in 4 3 .
∴ 4 3 = 4-1/10-3 =37
Then,
3 7
2 5
+
6 2
(ii) Evaluate:
3 4 3 4
1 2 1 2
+ +
4 2
By removing the vinculum in 42 . By removing the vinculum in 3 4 .
∴ 4 2 = 4-1/10-2 ∴ 3 4 = 3-1/10-4 = 26
= 38 Then,
2 6
1 2
+
3 8

(iii) Evaluate:
3 4 2 3 4 2
4 0 1 4 0 1
+ +
7 4 1
By removing the vinculum in 74 1 . By removing the vinculum in 34 2 .
∴ 74 1 = 7/4-1/10-1 ∴ 34 2 = 3/4-1/10-2 =338
= 739 Then,
3 3 8
4 0 1
+
7 3 9
(iv) Evaluate:
3 4 4 3 4 4
4 3 2 4 3 2
+ +
7 1 6
By removing the vinculum in 7 1 6 . By removing the vinculum in 3 4 4 .
∴ 7 1 6 = 7-1/10-1/6 ∴ 3 4 4 = 3-1/10-4/4 = 264
= 696 Then,
2 6 4
4 3 2
+
6 9 6
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 D. N. Garain* and Sanjeev Kumar** / Vedic Vinculum Problems when There Arise Carry Numbers / IJMA- 9(8), August-2018.

(v) Evaluate:
4 2 3 4 2 3
2 5 1 2 5 1
+ +
6 3 2
 3 +1 = -3 + 1 = -2 = 2 and 2 + 5 = -2 + 5 = 3 By removing the vinculum in 4 2 3 .
By removing the vinculum in 63 2 . ∴ 4 2 3 = 4-1/10-2/ 3 =3/8/ 3
∴ 63 2 = 6/3-1/10-2 = 3/8-1/10-3 =377
= 628 Then,
3 7 7
2 5 1
+
6 2 8
Type – II

Calculation with Vinculum Calculation by removing Vinculum

(i) Evaluate:
7 2 7 2
8 3 8 3
+ +
15 1
 3 = -3 and 2 + 3 =2 +(–3) = 2 – 3 = -1 = 1 By removing the vinculum in 8 3 .
By removing the vinculum in 15 1 . ∴ 8 3 = 8-1/10-3 = 77
∴ 15 1 = 1/5-1/10-1 Then,
7 2
7 7
= 149 +
14 9

(ii) Evaluate:
8 9 8 9
5 4 5 4
+ +
13 5
By removing the vinculum in 5 4 .
∴ 5 4 = 5-1/10-4 = 46
Then,
8 9
4 6
+
13 5
(iii) Evaluate:
2 4 3 2 4 3
5 2 4 5 2 4
+ +
7 6 1
 4 = -4 and 3 + 4 = 3 + (-4) = 3 - 4 = -1 = 1 By removing the vinculum in 52 4 .
By removing the vinculum in 76 1 . ∴ 52 4 = 5/2-1/10-4 = 516
∴ 76 1 = 7/6-1/10-1 Then,
2 4 3
5 1 6
=759 +
7 5 9

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 D. N. Garain* and Sanjeev Kumar** / Vedic Vinculum Problems when There Arise Carry Numbers / IJMA- 9(8), August-2018.

(iv) Evaluate:
7 2 0 7 2 0
5 4 3 5 4 3
+ +
12 2 3
By removing the vinculum in 12 2 3 . By removing the vinculum in 5 4 3 .
∴ 12 2 3 = 1/2-1/10-2/3 ∴ 5 4 3 = 5-1/10-4/3 =463
= 1183 Then,
7 2 0
4 6 3
11 8 3
(v) Evaluate:
8 9 2 8 9 2
5 3 4 5 3 4
+ +
13 6 2
By removing the vinculum in 136 2 . By removing the vinculum in 5 3 4 .
∴ 136 2 = 1/3/6-1/10-2 ∴ 5 3 4 = 5-1/10-3/ 4 = 4/7/ 4
=1358 = 4/7-1/10-4 = 466
Then,
8 9 2
4 6 6
+
13 5 8
Type – III
Calculation with Vinculum Calculation by removing Vinculum
(i) Evaluate:
6 2 6 2
5 4 5 4
+ +
11 6
 2 + 4 = -2 + (-4) = -2 – 4 = -6 = 6 . By removing the vinculum in 62 and 54
By removing the vinculum in 11 6 . ∴ 6 2 = 6-1/10-2 = 58
∴ 11 6 = 1/1-1/10-6 and 5 4 = 5-1/10-4 = 46
= 104 Then,
5 8
4 6
+
10 4
(ii) Evaluate:
9 3 2 9 3 2
4 4 6 4 4 6
+ +
13 7 4
 2 + 6 = -2 + 6 = 4 and 3 + 4 = -3 + (-4) = -3 - 4 = -7 = 7 By removing the vinculum in 9 3 2 and
By removing the vinculum in 13 7 4 446
∴ 13 7 4 = 1/3-1/10-7/4 ∴ 9 3 2 = 9-1/10-3/ 2 = 8/7/ 2
= 1234 = 8/7-1/10-2 = 868
and 4 4 6 = 4-1/10-4/6 = 366
Then,
8 6 8
3 6 6
+
12 3 4

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 D. N. Garain* and Sanjeev Kumar** / Vedic Vinculum Problems when There Arise Carry Numbers / IJMA- 9(8), August-2018.

(iii) Evaluate:
6 2 3 6 2 3
8 4 1 8 4 1
+ +
14 2 4
By removing the vinculum in 14 2 4 . By removing the vinculum in 62 3 and
∴ 14 2 4 = 1/4-1/10-2/ 4 84 1 .
= 1/3/8/ 4 ∴ 62 3 = 6/2-1/10-3 = 617
= 1/3/8-1/10-4 and 8 4 1 = 8-1/10-4/ 1 = 7/6/ 1
= 1376 = 7/6-1/10-1 = 759
Then,
6 1 7
7 5 9
+
13 7 6
(iv) Evaluate:
8 3 0 8 3 0
3 2 4 3 2 4
+ +
11 1 4
By removing the vinculum in 11 1 4 . By removing the vinculum in 8 3 0 and
∴ 11 1 4 = 1/1-1/10-1/ 4 32 4 .
= 1/0/9/ 4 ∴ 8 3 0 = 8-1/10-3/0 = 770
= 1/0/9-1/10-4 and 32 4 = 3/2-1/10-4 = 316
= 1086 Then,
7 7 0
3 1 6
+
10 8 6
(v) Evaluate:
2 4 1 2 4 1
4 3 0 4 3 0
+ +
6 1 1
By removing the vinculum in 61 1 . By removing the vinculum in 24 1
∴ 61 1 = 6/1-1/10-1 and 4 3 0 .
= 609 ∴ 24 1 = 2/4-1/10-1 = 239
and 4 3 0 = 4-1/10-3/0 = 370

Then,
2 3 9
3 7 0
+
6 0 9
Type – IV
Calculation with Vinculum Calculation by removing Vinculum
(i) Evaluate:
7 5 3 7 5 3
2 4 1 2 4 1
9 2 4 9 2 4
+ +
18 1 8
 3 + 1 + 4 = -3 + (-1) + (-4) = -3 – 1 – 4 = -8 = 8 By removing the vinculum in 75 3 ,
By removing the vinculum in 18 1 8 , 2 4 1 and 9 2 4 .
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 D. N. Garain* and Sanjeev Kumar** / Vedic Vinculum Problems when There Arise Carry Numbers / IJMA- 9(8), August-2018.

∴ 18 1 8 = 1/8-1/10-1/ 8 ∴ 75 3 = 7/5-1/10-3 = 747,

= 1/7/9/ 8 2 4 1 = 2-1/10-4/ 1 = 1/6/ 1
= 1/7/9-1/10-8 = 1/6-1/10-1 = 159
= 1782 and 9 2 4 = 9-1/10-2/ 4 = 8/8/ 4
= 8/8-1/10-4 = 876
Then,
7 4 7
1 5 9
8 7 6
+
17 8 2
(ii) Evaluate:
3 4 3 3 4 3
6 3 5 6 3 5
8 1 4 8 1 4
+ +
17 8 2
By removing the vinculum in 17 8 2 . By removing the vinculum in 3 4 3 ,
∴ 17 8 2 = 1/7-1/10-8/ 2 6 3 5 and 8 1 4 .
= 1/6/2/ 2 ∴ 3 4 3 = 3-1/10-4/ 3 = 2/6-1/10-3 = 257
= 1/6/2-1/10-2 6 3 5 = 6-1/10-3/5 = 575
= 1618 and 8 1 4 = 8-1/10-1/ 4 = 7/9-1/10-4
= 786
Then,
2 5 7
5 7 5
7 8 6
+
16 1 8
(iii) Evaluate:
3 4 4 3 4 4
7 1 3 7 1 3
8 3 2 8 3 2
5 4 3 5 4 3
+ +
22 2 8
 4 + 1 + 3 + 4 = -4 + (-1) + (-3) + (-4) = -4 - 1 - 3 – 4 By removing the vinculum in 3 4 4 ,
= -12 = 12 = 1 2 7 1 3 , 8 3 2 and 5 4 3 .
Here, carry number = 1 ∴ 3 4 4 = 3-1/10-4/ 4 = 2/6-1/10-4 = 256
 3 +7 + 8 +5 + 1 = 23 + (-1) = 23 – 1 = 22 7 1 3 = 7-1/10-1/ 3 = 6/9-1/10-3 = 687

By removing the vinculum in 22 2 8 . 8 3 2 = 8-1/10-3/2 = 772

∴ 22 2 8 = 2/2-1/10-2/ 8 and 5 4 3 = 5-1/10-4/ 3 = 4/6-1/10-3
= 2/1/8/ 8 = 457
= 2/1/8-1/10-8 Then,
= 2172

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 D. N. Garain* and Sanjeev Kumar** / Vedic Vinculum Problems when There Arise Carry Numbers / IJMA- 9(8), August-2018.

2 5 6
6 8 7
7 7 2
4 5 7
+
21 7 2
(iv) Evaluate:
2 3 8 1 4 2 3 8 1 4
4 4 0 3 6 4 4 0 3 6
3 2 3 4 3 3 2 3 4 3
7 4 4 4 2 7 4 4 4 2
+ +
15 3 1 4 3
By removing the vinculum in 15 3 1 4 3 . By removing the vinculum in 2 3 8 1 4 ,
∴ 15 3 1 4 3 = 1/5-1/10-3/1-1/10-4/ 3 4 4 0 3 6 , 3 2 3 4 3 and 7 4 4 4 2 .
= 1/4/7/0/6/ 3 ∴ 2 3 8 1 4 = 2-1/10-3/8-1/10-1/ 4
= 1/4/7/0/6-1/10-3 = 1/7/7/9-1/10-4 = 17786
= 147057 4 4 0 3 6 = 4-1/10-4/0-1/10-3/6
= 3/6/ 1 /7/6 = 3/6-1/10-1/7/6
= 35976
3 2 3 4 3 = 3-1/10-2/ 3 /4-1/10-3
= 2/8-1/10-3/3/7 = 27737
and 7 4 4 4 2 = 7-1/10-4/ 4 / 4 / 2
= 6/6-1/10-4/ 4 / 2
= 6/5/6-1/10-4/ 2
= 6/5/5/6-1/10-2 = 65558
Then,
1 7 7 8 6
3 5 9 7 6
2 7 7 3 7
6 5 5 5 8
+
14 7 0 5 7

(B) Subtraction:

Type – I
Calculation with Vinculum Calculation by removing Vinculum
(i) Evaluate:
5 4 5 4
2 8 2 8
- -
2 2
 4 -8 = -4 -8 = -12 = 12 = 1 2 By removing the vinculum in 5 4 .
Here, carry number = 1 and 5 – 2 + 1 = 5 – 2 – 1 = 2 ∴ 5 4 = 5-1/10-4 = 46
By removing the vinculum in 2 2 . Then,
∴ 2 2 = 2-1/10-2
4 6
2 8
= 18 -
1 8

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 D. N. Garain* and Sanjeev Kumar** / Vedic Vinculum Problems when There Arise Carry Numbers / IJMA- 9(8), August-2018.

(ii) Evaluate:
4 3 4 3
2 9 2 9
- -
1 2
By removing the vinculum in 12 . By removing the vinculum in 4 3 .
∴ 1 2 = 1-1/10-2 ∴ 4 3 = 4-1/10-3 = 37
= 08 Then,
3 7
2 9
-
0 8
(iii) Evaluate:
5 7 2 5 7 2
1 3 9 1 3 9
- -
4 3 1
By removing the vinculum in 43 1 . By removing the vinculum in 57 2 .
∴ 43 1 = 4/3-1/10-1 ∴ 57 2 = 5/7-1/10-2 =568
= 429 Then,
5 6 8
1 3 9
-
4 2 9
(iv) Evaluate:
5 4 1 5 4 1
3 9 4 3 9 4
- -
1 3 3
By removing the vinculum in 1 3 3 . By removing the vinculum in 5 4 1 .
∴ 1 3 3 = 1-1/10-3/ 3 = 0/7-1/10-3 ∴ 5 4 1 = 5-1/10-4/1 = 461
= 067 Then,
4 6 1
3 9 4
-
0 6 7
(v) Evaluate:
9 3 2 9 3 2
4 8 0 4 8 0
- -
4 1 2
 2 - 0 = -2 - 0 = -2 = 2 and 3 - 8 = -3 - 8 = -11 = 11 = 1 1 By removing the vinculum in 9 3 2 .
By removing the vinculum in 4 1 2 . ∴ 9 3 2 = 9-1/10-3/ 2 = 8/7/ 2
∴ 4 1 2 = 4-1/10-1/ 2 = 3/9-1/10-2 = 8/7-1/10-2 = 868
= 388 Then,
8 6 8
4 8 0
-
3 8 8

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 D. N. Garain* and Sanjeev Kumar** / Vedic Vinculum Problems when There Arise Carry Numbers / IJMA- 9(8), August-2018.

Type – II

Calculation with Vinculum Calculation by removing Vinculum

(i) Evaluate:
7 8 7 8
3 4 3 4
- -
5 2
 4 = -4 and 8 - 4 = 8 – (-4) = 8 + 4 = 12 By removing the vinculum in 3 4 .
∴ 3 4 = 3-1/10-4 = 26
Then,
7 8
2 6
-
5 2
(ii) Evaluate:
7 8 9 7 8 9
3 5 4 3 5 4
- -
4 4 3
By removing the vinculum in 35 4 .
∴ 35 4 = 3/5-1/10-4 = 346
Then,
7 8 9
3 4 6
-
4 4 3

(iii) Evaluate:
5 8 2 5 8 2
1 4 6 1 4 6
- -
5 2 4
By removing the vinculum in 52 4 . By removing the vinculum in 1 4 6 .
∴ 52 4 = 5/2-1/10-4 ∴ 1 4 6 = 1-1/10-4/6 = 066
= 516 Then,
5 8 2
0 6 6
-
5 1 6
(iv) Evaluate:
8 9 2 8 9 2
5 3 4 5 3 4
- -
4 2 6
By removing the vinculum in 5 3 4 .
∴ 5 3 4 = 5-1/10-3/ 4 = 4/7/ 4
= 4/7-1/10-4 = 466
Then,
8 9 2
4 6 6
-
4 2 6

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 D. N. Garain* and Sanjeev Kumar** / Vedic Vinculum Problems when There Arise Carry Numbers / IJMA- 9(8), August-2018.

Type – III

Calculation with Vinculum Calculation by removing Vinculum

(i) Evaluate:
9 2 9 2
5 4 5 4
- -
4 2
 2 - 4 = -2 - (-4) = -2 + 4 = 2. By removing the vinculum in 9 2 and 5 4
∴ 9 2 = 9-1/10-2 = 88
and 5 4 = 5-1/10-4 = 46
Then,
8 8
4 6
-
4 2
(ii) Evaluate:
9 3 2 9 3 2
4 4 6 4 4 6
- -
5 1 8
 2 - 6 = -2 - 6 = -8 = 8 and 3 - 4 = -3 - (-4) = -3 + 4 = 1 By removing the vinculum in 9 3 2 and
By removing the vinculum in 51 8 446
∴ 51 8 = 5/1-1/10-8 ∴ 9 3 2 = 9-1/10-3/ 2 = 8/7/ 2
= 502 = 8/7-1/10-2 = 868
and 4 4 6 = 4-1/10-4/6 = 366
Then,
8 6 8
3 6 6
-
5 0 2
(iii) Evaluate:
6 2 3 6 2 3
3 4 1 3 4 1
- -
3 6 2
By removing the vinculum in 36 2 . By removing the vinculum in 62 3
∴ 36 2 = 3/6-1/10-2 and 3 4 1 .
= 358 ∴ 62 3 = 6/2-1/10-3 = 617
and 3 4 1 = 3-1/10-4/ 1 = 2/6/ 1
= 2/6-1/10-1 = 259
Then,
6 1 7
2 5 9
-
3 5 8
(iv) Evaluate:
9 3 0 9 3 0
7 4 4 7 4 4
- -
2 7 4
By removing the vinculum in 2 7 4 . By removing the vinculum in 9 3 0 and
∴ 2 7 4 = 2-1/10-7/4 74 4 .
= 134 ∴ 9 3 0 = 9-1/10-3/0 = 870
© 2018, IJMA. All Rights Reserved 53
 D. N. Garain* and Sanjeev Kumar** / Vedic Vinculum Problems when There Arise Carry Numbers / IJMA- 9(8), August-2018.

and 74 4 = 7/4-1/10-4 = 736

Then,
8 7 0
7 3 6
-
1 3 4
(v) Evaluate:
7 4 1 7 4 1
4 3 2 4 3 2
- -
3 1 1
By removing the vinculum in 3 1 1 . By removing the vinculum in 7 4 1
∴ 3 1 1 = 3-1/10-1/1 and 4 3 2 .
= 291 ∴ 7 4 1 = 7-1/10-4/ 1 = 6/6-1/10-1 = 659
and 4 3 2 = 4-1/10-3/ 2 = 3/7-1/10-2
= 368
Then,
6 5 9
3 6 8
-
2 9 1
(C) Multiplication:
Calculation with Vinculum Calculation by removing Vinculum
(i) Evaluate:
3 4 3 4
× 3 × 3
8 2
 3 X 4 = 3 X -4 = -12 = 12 = 1 2 By removing the vinculum in 3 4
and 3 X 3 + 1 = 9 + (-1) = 9 - 1 = 8 ∴ 3 4 = 3-1/10-4 = 26
By removing the vinculum in 8 2 . Then,
∴ 8 2 = 8-1/10-2 = 78
2 6
× 3
7 8
(ii) Evaluate:
8 4 8 4
× 6 3 × 6 3
2 3 2
4 6 4 0
4 4 7 2
 3 X 4 = -3 X (-4) = 12 By removing the vinculum in 8 4 and 6 3
By removing the vinculum in ∴ 8 4 = 8-1/10-4 = 76
∴ 44 7 2 = 4/4-1/10-7/2 and 6 3 = 6-1/10-3 = 57
= 4332 Then,
7 6
× 5 7
5 3 2
3 8 0 0
4 3 3 2
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 D. N. Garain* and Sanjeev Kumar** / Vedic Vinculum Problems when There Arise Carry Numbers / IJMA- 9(8), August-2018.

(iii) Evaluate:
3 2 4 3 2 4
× 3 2 × 3 2
6 4 8
9 5 2 0
9 1 6 8
By removing the vinculum in 9 1 6 8 . By removing the vinculum in 32 4 and
∴ 9 1 6 8 = 9-1/10-1/ 6 /8 32 .
= 8/9/ 6 /8 ∴ 32 4 = 3/2-1/10-4 = 316
= 8/9-1/10-6/8 and 3 2 = 3-1/10-2 = 28
= 8848 Then,
3 1 6
× 2 8
2 5 2 8
6 3 2 0
8 8 4 8
(iv) Evaluate:
5 4 3 5 4 3
× 5 4 × 5 4
1 9 5 2
2 4 9 5 0
2 2 7 0 2
By removing the vinculum in 22 7 0 2 . By removing the vinculum in 5 4 3 and
∴ 22 7 0 2 = 2/2-1/10-7/0-1/10-2 54
= 2/1/3/ 1 /8 ∴ 5 4 3 = 5-1/10-4/3 = 463
= 2/1/3-1/10-1/8 and 5 4 = 5-1/10-4 = 46
= 21298 Then,
4 6 3
× 4 6
2 7 7 8
1 8 5 2 0
2 1 2 9 8
(v) Evaluate:
3 4 2 3 4 2
× 4 1 4 × 4 1 4
1 3 6 8
3 4 2 0
1 3 6 8 0 0
1 3 1 5 4 8
By removing the vinculum in 131 5 4 8 . By removing the vinculum in 34 2 and
∴ 131 5 4 8 = 1/3/1-1/10-5/ 4 /8 414
= 1/3/0/5/ 4 /8 ∴ 34 2 = 3/4-1/10-2 = 338
= 1/3/0/5-1/10-4/8 and 4 1 4 = 4-1/10-1/ 4 = 3/9-1/10-4
= 130468 = 386
Then,

© 2018, IJMA. All Rights Reserved 55

 D. N. Garain* and Sanjeev Kumar** / Vedic Vinculum Problems when There Arise Carry Numbers / IJMA- 9(8), August-2018.

3 3 8
× 3 8 6
2 0 2 8
2 7 0 4 0
1 0 1 4 0 0
1 3 0 4 6 8

3. VERTICALLY AND CROSSWISE VEDIC METHOD FOR MULTIPLICATION IN VINCULUM

NUMBERS

For vertically and crosswise product of mn and pq r , we have to make number of digits of two number to be same.
For this we include 0 (Zero) at hundreds place of mn and mn is written as 0mn . Multiplication is written as –
p q r
× 0 m n

Multiplication process is as follow

p q r 
  = r × n = ab
0 m  n 
(i) Step – 1.

a, b ∈ N ∪ {0}, ab = 1 × b + 10 × a Fig.–1
Here, a be the carry number and b is included in the result.

p q r
  = n × q + r × m = cd
n 
(ii) Step – 2.
0 m
and cd + a = ef Fig.–2
Here, e be the carry number and f is included in the result left to b of step – 1.

p q r
(iii) Step – 3.   = n × p + r × 0 + q × n = gh
0 m n 
and gh + e = ij Fig.–3
Here, i be the carry number and j is included in the result left to f of step – 2.

p q r
(iv) Step – 4.   = m × p + q × 0 = kl
0 m n
and kl + i = st Fig.–4

Here, s be the carry number and t is included in the result left to j of step – 3.

 p q r
(v) Step – 5.   =p×0=0
0  m n
and o + s = s Fig.–5
Here, s is included in the result left to t of step – 4.
Hence,
∴ mn × pq r = stifb

Example – Evaluate: 6 3 × 32 4

We write
3 2 4
× 0 6 3

© 2018, IJMA. All Rights Reserved 56

 D. N. Garain* and Sanjeev Kumar** / Vedic Vinculum Problems when There Arise Carry Numbers / IJMA- 9(8), August-2018.

3 2  4
(i) Step – 1.   = 4 × 3 = 12
0 6  3 
Here, 1 be the carry number and 2 is included in the result. Fig.–6

3  2 4
  = 3 × 2 + 4 × 6 = 18
0  6 3 
(ii) Step – 2.

and 18 + 1 = 17 Fig.–7
Here, 1 be the carry number and 7 is included in the result left to 2 of step – 1.
3 2 4
(iii) Step – 3.   = 3 × 3 + 4 × 0 + 6 × 2 = 21

 6 
0 3
and 21 + 1 = 22 Fig.–8
Here, 2 be the carry number and 2 is included in the result left to 7 of step – 2.

3 2 4
(iv) Step – 4.   = 6 × 3 + 2 × 0 = 18
 0 6  3
and 18 + 2 = 16 Fig.–9
Here, 1 be the carry number and 6 is included in the result left to 2 of step – 3.

3 2 4
(v) Step – 5.   = 3× 0 = 0
0 6 3
and 0 + 1 = 1 Fig.–10
Here, 1 is included in the result left to 6 of step – 4.

Hence,
∴ 6 3 × 32 4 = 16 2 7 2
By removing the vinculum in 16 2 7 2
∴ 16 2 7 2 = 1/6-1/10-2/ 7 /2 = 1/5/8/ 7 /2 = 1/5/8-1/10-7/2 = 15732.
In short we may calculate this multiplication with the help of above process as follow step –

Fig.–11

3 2 4
× 0 6 3
1 6 2 7 2
∴ Answer = 16 2 7 2
By removing the vinculum in 16 2 7 2
∴ 16 2 7 2 = 1/6-1/10-2/ 7 /2 = 1/5/8/ 7 /2 = 1/5/8-1/10-7/2 = 15732.

© 2018, IJMA. All Rights Reserved 57

 D. N. Garain* and Sanjeev Kumar** / Vedic Vinculum Problems when There Arise Carry Numbers / IJMA- 9(8), August-2018.

Multiplication with vinculum Method:

3 2 4
× 6 3
9 7 2
1 7 4 4 0
1 6 3 3 2
By removing the vinculum in 16 3 32 .
∴ 16 3 32 = 1/6-1/10-3/3/2 = 15732

Example – Evaluate: 84 × 6 3
Multiplication process is done by following steps -

Fig.–12

8 4
× 6 3
44 7 2
∴ Answer = 44 7 2 .
4. CONCLUSION

We have performed addition, subtraction and multiplication of numbers with involvement of vinculum in which carry
number appears. During the process by vertically and crosswise Vedic method it becomes simpler.

REFERENCES

1. Garain, D.N. and Kumar, Sanjeev “Algebraic representation of Vinculum and generalized rule for Vinculum
Structure”, International Journal of Mathematical Archive, 9 (6), (2018) 48 – 51.
2. Nicholas, A.P. William, K.R. and Pickles, j. Vertically and Crosswise, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private
Limited, Delhi, 4 - 7. (1999).
3. Jagadguru Śaṅkarācārya Śrī Bhāratī Kṛṣṇa Tīrthajī Mahārāja and Agrawala, V.S. Vedic mathematics, Motilal
Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, Delhi, (1965) 33 – 44.
4. Ginsburg, Jekuthial and Smith, David Eugene “New Light on our numerals”, Bulletin of the American
Mathematical society, Second Series, 23(8), (1917) 366 – 369.
5. Williams, K.R. Vedic Mathematics Teacher’s Manual (Intermediate level), Motilal Banarsidass Publisher
Private Limited, Delhi, (2005) 24 – 26.
6. Williams, K.R. Astronomical Applications of Vedic Mathematics, Motilal Banarsidass Publisher Private
Limited, Delhi, (2003) 4 – 7.

Source of support: Nil, Conflict of interest: None Declared.

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of Mathematical Archive (IJMA), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any
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