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Momentum and Impulse : Chapter Eleven

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A SUMMARY TEXTBOOK FOR
PHYSICS OF CLASSICAL MECHANICS 101

Written by Waleed Sh. Abu Khader

Reviewed by Saleem Abdo

University of Jordan

School of Engineering

First Edition 2015

Contents
Chapter 11 : Momentum and Impulse

11.1 Linear Momentum 2

11.2 Impulse 3

11.3 Impulse – Momentum Theorem 4

11.4 Conservation of Momentum 5

11.5 None Isolated Systems 6

11.6 Energy and Momentum Relationships 8

Problems 9
Chapter Eleven : Momentum and Impulse

11.1 Linear Momentum

- Magnitude :
⃗ = 𝒎𝝑
𝒑 ⃗⃗
≡ 𝒌𝒈. 𝒎/𝒔
- Direction :
Linear momentum is in the direction of the velocity .

Example 11.1.1 : A child with a mass of ( 𝟐𝟏 𝒌𝒈 ) rides a bike of mass ( 𝟓. 𝟗 𝒌𝒈 ) with a

velocity of ( 𝟒. 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔 ) heading north , Calculate the following :

I. The momentum of the child .

II. The momentum of the bike
III. The momentum of the whole system .

⃗⃗
⃗ = 𝒎𝝑
𝒑
I.
𝟐𝟏 × 𝟒. 𝟓 = 𝟗𝟓 𝒌𝒈. 𝒎/𝒔 − 𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒉

II.
𝟓. 𝟗 × 𝟒. 𝟓 = 𝟐𝟕 𝒌𝒈. 𝒎/𝒔 − 𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒉

III.
(𝟐𝟏 + 𝟓. 𝟗) × 𝟒. 𝟓 = 𝒑𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒍𝒅 + 𝒑𝒃𝒊𝒌𝒆 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝒈. 𝒎/𝒔 − 𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒉

- ⃗ ) has three components :

If a particle is moving in an arbitrary direction , ( 𝒑
𝒑𝒙 = 𝒎𝝑𝒙 𝒑𝒚 = 𝒎𝝑𝒚 𝒑𝒛 = 𝒎𝝑𝒛

2|Page
‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬
 11.2 Impulse

- Magnitude :
𝑰=𝑭⃗ ∆𝒕
≡ 𝑵. 𝒎

- Direction :
Is in the direction of the force .

Example 11.2.1 : A football player kicks a ball by applying a force of ( 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑵 ) for ( 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝒔 ) ,
Find the impulse applied by the player on the ball .

𝑰 = ⃗𝑭∆𝒕
= 𝟐𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 = 𝟐 𝑵. 𝒔

Example 11.2.2 : Two forces act perpendicular on a box as shown , determine the total
impulse done on the box during ( 𝟎. 𝟏 𝒔 ) .

𝑰 = ⃗𝑭∆𝒕 20 𝑁

𝚺𝑭 = 𝟏𝟎𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝟎𝒋̂
10 𝑁
𝑰 = (𝟏𝟎𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝟎𝒋̂) × 𝟎. 𝟏

= 𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ 𝑵. 𝒎

|𝑰| = √𝟓 𝑵. 𝒎

𝟐𝟎
𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟒°
𝟏𝟎

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‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬
 11.3 Impulse – Momentum Theorem

-
⃗ = 𝒎𝒂
𝚺𝑭 ⃗
𝒅𝝑
= 𝒎( )
𝒅𝒕
⃗
𝚫𝒑
⃗ =
𝚺𝑭 → ‫الصيغة الرياضية لقانون نيوتن الثاني‬
𝚫𝒕

Which leads us to :

⃗ = 𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒕
∆𝒑

⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒇 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒎(𝝑 𝝑𝒊 ) = ⃗𝑭∆𝒕

Therefore :
𝒕𝒇

𝒅𝒑 = 𝑭 𝒅𝒕 → ∫ 𝒅𝒑 = 𝑰 → 𝑰 = ∫ 𝑭 𝒅𝒕
𝒕𝒊

Example 11.3.1 : A ( 𝟑 𝒌𝒈 ) object is moving along the ( 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 ) . Its speed increases from
( 𝟑𝟎 𝒎/𝒔 ) to ( 𝟒𝟎 𝒎/𝒔 ) during ( 𝟓 𝒔 ) time interval . Determine the magnitude of the
average total force .

⃗ = 𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒕
∆𝒑

⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒇 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒎(𝝑 ⃗ ∆𝒕
𝝑𝒊 ) = 𝑭

⃗ ×𝟓
𝟑 × (𝟒𝟎𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝟎𝒊̂) = 𝑭

⃗ = 𝟔𝒊̂ 𝑵
𝑭

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‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬
Example 11.3.2 : A ball with mass ( 𝟎. 𝟒 𝒌𝒈 ) reaches a player at ( 𝟏𝟖 𝒋̂ 𝒎/𝒔 ) , the player
kicks it in the opposite direction with a speed of ( 𝟐𝟐 𝒎/𝒔 ) . What is the total impulse given
by the player to the ball ?

⃗ = 𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒕
∆𝒑

⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒇 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒎(𝝑 𝝑𝒊 ) = 𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒕

= 𝟎. 𝟒 × (−𝟐𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝟏𝟖𝒋̂ )

= −𝟏𝟔𝒋̂ 𝑵. 𝒎

11.4 Conservation of Momentum

- Isolated system :
⃗ 𝟏+𝒑
𝒅(𝒑 ⃗ 𝟐)
=𝟎
𝒅𝒕
⃗ 𝒕𝒐𝒕
∴𝒑 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 → 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒏 [ 𝟑𝑫 ]
Therefore :
⃗ 𝟏 )𝒊 + (𝒑
(𝒑 ⃗ 𝟐 )𝒊 = (𝒑
⃗ 𝟏 )𝒇 + (𝒑
⃗ 𝟐 )𝒇
⃗ 𝟏 )𝒊 + 𝒎𝟐 (𝝑
→ 𝒎𝟏 (𝝑 ⃗ 𝟐 )𝒊 = 𝒎𝟏 (𝝑
⃗ 𝟏 )𝒇 + 𝒎𝟐 (𝝑
⃗ 𝟐 )𝒇

Example 11.4.1 : During a trip for an astronaut of mass ( 𝟔𝟑 𝒌𝒈 ) outside the space ship , the
rope connecting the ship with the astronaut was cut . He threw his oxygen bottle of
( 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝒈 ) to be able to return to his ship with a velocity of ( −𝟏. 𝟗 𝒊̂ 𝒎/𝒔 ) , Calculate :

I. The speed of the bottle .

II. The impulse applied by the astronaut on the bottle .
III. The direction of the force applied by the astronaut .

I.
⃗ 𝟏 )𝒊 + 𝒎𝟐 (𝝑
𝒎𝟏 (𝝑 ⃗ 𝟐 )𝒊 = 𝒎𝟏 (𝝑
⃗ 𝟏 )𝒇 + 𝒎𝟐 (𝝑
⃗ 𝟐 )𝒇
⃗⃗ 𝟐 ) = (𝝑
(𝝑 ⃗ 𝟏) = 𝟎
𝒊 𝒊
⃗ 𝟐 )𝒇 + 𝟔𝟑 × −𝟏. 𝟗𝒊̂
𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎 × (𝝑

5|Page
‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬
 ⃗ 𝟐 )𝒇 = 𝟏𝟐𝒊̂ 𝒎/𝒔
(𝝑
II.

⃗ 𝟐 = 𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒕
∆𝒑

(𝒑𝒊 )𝟐 = 𝟎 → 𝑰 = 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟎

= 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝑵. 𝒔

III.
Towards the positive −𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 , so that the astronaut returns to the ship ( in the
opposite direction of the moving direction ) .

Example 11.4.2 : Two ice skaters , a man of ( 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑰𝒃 ) and a woman of ( 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝑰𝒃 ) are initially
close to each other on a frictionless level ice surface . If the total momentum of the system is
conserved , then what is the speed gained to the man when the women moves (
𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔 ) in the opposite direction after pushing each other away ?

⃗ = 𝟎 → (𝒑𝒊 )𝟏 + (𝒑𝒊 )𝟐 = 𝟎 → 𝝑𝒊𝟏 = 𝝑𝒊𝟐 = 𝟎

𝚺𝒑

⃗ 𝟏 )𝒇 + 𝒎𝟐 (𝝑
𝟎 = 𝒎𝟏 (𝝑 ⃗ 𝟐 )𝒇

⃗ 𝟏 ) + 𝟏𝟐𝟎 × −𝟎. 𝟓𝒊̂

𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 × (𝝑 𝒇

⃗⃗ 𝟏 )𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝒊̂ 𝒎/𝒔
(𝝑

11.5 None Isolated System

- Average net force :

𝒕𝒇
𝟏
⃗)
(𝚺𝑭 = ⃗ 𝒅𝒕
∫ 𝚺𝑭
𝒂𝒗𝒈 𝚫𝒕
𝒕𝒊
𝒕𝒇

⃗ 𝒅𝒕 = ∆𝒑
→ 𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒕 = ∫ 𝚺𝑭 ⃗ ≡ 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
𝒕𝒊
⃗)
(𝚺𝑭 𝒂𝒗𝒈
= 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂⁄∆𝒕

6|Page
‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬
Example 11.5.1 : The force acting on a ( 𝟐 𝒌𝒈 ) particle in the ( 𝒙 )
direction varies with time in ( 𝒔 ) as in the graph if the particle
starts from rest at ( 𝒕 = 𝟎 ) , Find its speed when ( 𝒕 = 𝟖 𝒔 ) .

⃗
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒕 = ∆𝒑

𝟏
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒇 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒃𝒉 = 𝒎(𝝑 𝝑𝒊 )
𝟐
𝟏
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒇 − 𝟎)
× 𝟖 × 𝟕. 𝟓 = 𝟐 × (𝝑
𝟐
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝝑𝒇 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒎/𝒔

Example 11.5.2 : Refer to the parabola for the ( Force – time )

plot acting on an object to Answer the following :

I. Obtain the force acting on the object in terms of ( 𝒕 ) .

( Hint : find first the equation of the parabola ) .
II. Calculate the change in linear momentum .
III. Determine the average force applied on the object .

I.
As learned from example ( 2.2.4 ) for how to obtain the general equation of a parabola
from the graph . following the steps in the mentioned example we get :

𝑭 = −𝟑(𝒕 − 𝟑)𝟐 + 𝟐𝟕
𝟔

⃗ = 𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒕 = ∫ −𝟑(𝒕 − 𝟑)𝟐 + 𝟐𝟕 𝒅𝒕

∆𝒑
𝟎
= 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝑵. 𝒔

II.
𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝟏𝟎𝟖
⃗)
(𝚺𝑭 = = =
𝒂𝒗𝒈 ∆𝒕 ∆𝒕 𝟔
= 𝟏𝟖 𝑵

7|Page
‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬
 11.6 Energy and Momentum Relationships

𝟏
𝑲𝑬 = 𝒎𝝑𝟐 𝒑 = 𝒎𝝑
𝟐
𝟏 𝒑 𝟐 𝒑
𝑲𝑬 = 𝒎( ) 𝝑=
𝟐 𝒎 𝒎

𝒑𝟐
𝑲𝑬 =
𝟐𝒎

Example 11.6.1 : The transitional kinetic energy of a moving object equals ( 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝑱 ) and its
linear momentum equals ( 𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝒈. 𝒎/𝒔 ) . Calculate the following :

I. The mass of the object .

II. The constant speed of the object .

I.
𝒑𝟐
𝑲𝑬 =
𝟐𝒎
𝟑𝟎
𝟏𝟓𝟎 = → 𝒎 = 𝟑 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝒎

II. Use either the kinetic energy or the momentum to substitute :

𝒑 = 𝒎𝝑
𝟑𝟎 = 𝟑 × 𝝑
𝒎
𝝑 = 𝟏𝟎
𝒔

𝟏
Example 11.6.1 : If the kinetic energy of a car is reduced by ( 𝟒 ) its original kinetic energy ,
how would the momentum of the car changes due this change in its kinetic energy ?

𝑲𝑬 ∝ 𝒑𝟐

8|Page
‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬
 𝟐
𝑲𝑬𝒊 𝒑𝒊
=( )
𝑲𝑬𝒇 𝒑𝒇

𝟏
𝑲𝑬𝒇 = 𝑲𝑬𝒊
𝟒
𝟐 𝟐
𝑲𝑬𝒊 𝒑𝒊 𝒑𝒊
=( ) →𝟒=( )
𝟏 𝒑𝒇 𝒑𝒇
𝟒 𝑲𝑬𝒊
𝒑𝒊
𝒑𝒇 =
𝟐

∴ 𝒊𝒕′ 𝒔 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒃𝒚 𝒐𝒏𝒆 − 𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒇

Problems
- Fundamentals and Basics :
11-1 A particle of mass ( 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝒈 ) moves with a constant velocity of
̂ ) /𝒔 , Determine the following :
⃗ = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝒊̂ − 𝟎. 𝟓𝒋̂ + 𝒌
(𝝑

a) It’s linear momentum . ̂ ) 𝒌𝒈. 𝒎/𝒔

𝑨𝒏𝒔 ∶ (−𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟔 𝒊̂ − 𝟏. 𝟒 𝒋̂ + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖 𝒌
b) The magnitude of it’s linear momentum . 𝑨𝒏𝒔 ∶ 𝟏. 𝟒𝟑 𝒌𝒈. 𝒎/𝒔
c) The direction of it’s linear momentum above the ( +𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 ) . 𝑨𝒏𝒔 ∶ 𝟐𝟕𝟏. 𝟒 °

̂ ) 𝑵 acts on an object producing an impulse of

11-2 A force of ( 𝟖. 𝟔 𝒊̂ + 𝟑. 𝟗 𝒋̂ − 𝟒 𝒌
̂ ) , Determine the time interval of the applied force .
( 𝟒𝟑 𝒊̂ + 𝟏𝟗. 𝟓 𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝟎 𝒌 𝑨𝒏𝒔 ∶ 𝟓 𝒔

11-3 Impulse approximation assumes that :

 A force exerted in large time interval in the system is much higher than the other forces
 A force exerted in small time interval in the system is much higher than the other forces
 A force exerted in large time interval in the system is much lower than the other forces
 A force exerted in small time interval in the system is much lower than the other forces

9|Page
‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬
11-4 A truck moves at ( 14 𝒎/𝒔 ) takes ( 𝟖 𝒎 ) to stop after the breaks are applied
. What is the distance it takes if it moves at ( 𝟕 𝒎/𝒔 )
when the same breaks were applied ? 𝑨𝒏𝒔 ∶ 𝟐 𝒎

11-5 A force is given by a function of time as : [ 𝑭 = −𝟑𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏𝟖𝒕 ] 𝑵 , determine the average
net force between ( 𝟏 − 𝟓 ) seconds . 𝑨𝒏𝒔 ∶ 𝟐𝟑 𝑵

11-6 Refer to the graph beside , and find the mass of the
moving object using the slope of the line . 𝑨𝒏𝒔 ∶ 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝒈

- Higher Level :
11.1 A ( 𝟓 𝒌𝒈 ) ball strikes a wall with speed ( 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝒎/𝒔 )
at an angle ( 𝟔𝟎° ) with the surface , it bounces off with the
same speed and angle as shown , if the ball is in contact with
the wall for ( 𝟎. 𝟐 𝒔 ) . Determine the average force exerted by
the wall on the ball .

11.2 A particle is moving with an acceleration given as a function of time :

[ 𝟒𝒕 + 𝟒 ] 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 , gains a linear momentum given by : [ 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟖𝟏 ] 𝒌𝒈. 𝒎/𝒔 ,
where ( 𝒕 > 𝟎 ) . Find the mass of the particle in ( 𝒌𝒈 ) . 𝑨𝒏𝒔 ∶ 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒌𝒈

11.3 A tennis ball is moving with ( 𝟒𝟎 𝒊̂ 𝒎/𝒔 ) , hits a racket and moves ( −𝟐𝟎 𝒊̂ 𝒎/𝒔 ) . If the
total work done by the racket on the ball was ( −𝟏. 𝟓 𝒌𝑱 ) , what is the net impulse of the
applied force that acts on the tennis ball by the racket ? 𝑨𝒏𝒔 ∶ −𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝒊̂ 𝒌𝑵. 𝒔

10 | P a g e
‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬
11.4 Two skaters on an ice court , push apart one another from rest , if skater ( 𝒙 ) has a mass
of ( 𝑴𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖𝑴𝒚 ) , where ( 𝑴𝒚 ) is the mass of the other skater , it took the lighter skater
time ( 𝒕 ) seconds to separate a distance ( 𝒅 ) from the other skater ,
determine the following :

a) Given that skater ( 𝒙 ) gains a velocity of ( ⃗𝝑𝒙 ) , then skater ( 𝒚 )

would be moving with :

⃗⃗ 𝒙
 −𝝑  −𝟎. 𝟔𝟑 ⃗𝝑𝒙  −𝟏. 𝟓𝟖 ⃗𝝑𝒙  ⃗⃗𝝑𝒙

b) In terms of time ( 𝒕 ) , how long would the heavier skater take to move away from his
original position to be separated a distance ( 𝒅 ) from the other skater ?

 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑 𝒕 𝒕  𝟏. 𝟔𝟑 𝒕  𝟎. 𝟔𝟏 𝒕

11.5 An object of mass ( 𝟐 𝒌𝒈 ) is moving in the positive

( 𝒚 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ) with speed ( 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔 ) . At ( 𝒕 = 𝟎 ) a
force acts on it in the positive ( 𝒙 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ) and this
force is shown in the graph as a function of time , what is
the velocity in ( 𝒎/𝒔 ) at ( 𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝒔 ) ?

11.6 The graph shows the changes of the [ GPG ] of a freely

falling ball from rest and the altitude of the ball . When
( 𝒕 = 𝟎 ) the total mechanical energy at ( 𝟏 𝒎 ) was
( 𝟏𝟔 𝑱 ) , calculate its linear momentum when it reaches
𝒎
an altitude of ( 𝟎. 𝟔 𝒎 ) above the ground . 𝑨𝒏𝒔 ∶ 𝟒. 𝟑 𝒌𝒈. 𝒔

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‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬
 Finally :

Some figures , graphs , problems and paragraphs are copied from some references and books :

- Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics - 8th /6th Edition - Serway_Jewett
- Physics – Harcourt –geoprojects
- Free high school science texts – FHSST authors

TMCopying this textbook in other author’s or person’s name without a personal approval from the writer himself is
considered a crime and will be severely punished according to law .

This work is published on www.academia.edu , for the latest work , papers , researches and summaries follow the author on
: https://djasljsa.academia.edu/Kunka/Physics-(-Classical-Mechanics-)

Waleed Shaher Abu Khader .

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‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬

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