ETL 1110-2-322

15 Oct 90
)

1 O'

ED
~ .......
'' ......
''
'l:
(!)

2
"
lei

D
3

1. 4596 KSF
SE a = 44. 302°

The pressures calculated agree with the solution found in EM 1110-2-2502 .

)
R
PE
SU

) 2-7
 ETL 1110-2 - 322
15 Oct 90

EXAMPLE 4

12. The lateral earth pressures for the driving side will be computed by the
simplified pressure coefficient method for the problem shown in the figure
below.

ED
20' 22'
V = - 1/2X0.12X20X8 4' 18'
-= - 9.GK
-----,-,- -- - - - -
· Y= 0.
'II co
'Y. - 0.125
<p • 35° K
IJ... •SMF = 2/3 13 .43'

D
O co ¢d .. TAN . 1 (2/3 TAN¢ ..
t- C') 6 = 0 :·. ·· · · ·
J:: II c = 0 :::-,: .· .
(!) lJJ Yw = 0 .0625 KCF ,:.:: -~ ·-
~ ffi - - ~ - -- A ?:.-_'. .·

i~ :.
SE [i·. 1
::1.:·•
~ - -.. - -"·~·~;-~--""'-'~·llil·....
i::_,:::..,.·.
:-'.....
· ·._.:..:::...·
·.::__.:.:,...
:.:.... <.:.·:'.._.,_""T-___~.......
'-...._FOUNDATION:
R
13. The water pressures are calculated using the line of creep method.

Differential head= 16 ft - 6 ft= 10 ft

PE

L5 Total length of the seepage path = LAB + ½le + Leo

16 + 22 + 6 = 44 ft

. . 10 ft
S eepage gra d ient 1 = ft 0.2273
44

(16 0.2273(16))0.0625 = 0.773 ksf

SU

(16 0.2273(16 + 22)]0.0625 = 0.460 ksf

14. The buoyant unit weights of the soil may now be calculated.

2-8
 ETL 1110-2 - 322
15 Oct 90

For the left side:

Effective unit weight of wci.ter 'Ywe 0.0483 kcf

ED
'YbL 'Ys - 'Ywe 0.125 - 0.0483 0.0767 kcf

For the right side:

Effective unit weight of water 'Ywe -Yw(l + i) 0 . 07671 kcf

D
'YbR 'Ys - 'Y we 0.125 - 0.0767 0.0483 kcf

15 . The critical slip plane angle a and K may now be calculated. To

SE
calculate the critical slip plane angle, the average unit weight of the soil
in the wedge must be used . This is calculated as

-yh2 - (-y - 'Yb1)h ~

'Y a v g h2
)
0.12(38) 2 - (0.12 - 0.0767)(16) 2
R
0 . 1123 kcf
38 2

Also the soil wedge EFG is modeled as a negative surcharge equal to

PE

1
V - (0.12)(20)(8) = - 9.6 kips
2

The average unit weight is now used in Equation 3 - 30 from EM 1110-2-2502

2V(l + tan 2 efia)

SU

A tan efia -
-yh2

2(-9 . 6)(1 + tan 2 25°)

tan 25° -
0.1123(38) 2

0 . 610454

2-9
)
 ETL 1110-2-322
15 Oct 90

From Equations 3 - 28 and 3-29 from EM 1110-2-2502

2 tan 2 <pd
A

ED
2 tan 2 25°
0 . 610454

0.712398

tan <pd
Cz
A

D
tan 25°
0.610454

0.763871

The critical slip plane angle

from EM 1110-2-2502.
SE a may now be calculated from Equation 3-25
R
The basic pressure coefficient K may now be calculated using the following
equation from Appendix Hof EM 1110-2-2502.
PE

1 - tan <pd cot a

K =
1 + tan <pd tan a

1 - tan 25° cot 52.4313°

1 + tan 25° tan 52.4313°

0. 39927
SU

16. The earth pressures may now be calculated for the points shown in the
figure on the following page.

Pv1 0 . 12(20.222) = 2.4266 ksf

Pvz 0.12(22) + 0 . 0767(4) = 2 . 9468 ksf

PvJ 0.12(22) + 0.0767(16) = 3.8672 ksf

2 - 10
 ETL 1110-2-322
15 Oct 90

Phl = Kpvl 0.33927(2 . 4266) 0.9689 ksf

Phz = Kpvz 0.33927(2.9468) 1.1766 ksf

Ph3 = Kpv3 = 0.33927(3.8672) 1.5441 ksf

ED
\\ 0
C\I \ \
C\I
C\J (0
C\J
C\I C\I
C\I C\I \\
0
C\I \\ """

D
co
C')
\\
.
""" PEE "' 27 . 398 KIPS
Pvt • 0.12(20.222)
....(0

P v :1
- 2.4266 KSF
P v2 • 0.12(22) + 0 .767(4)
~ 2.9468 KSF
SE
• 0.12(22) + 0.0767(16)
• 3 .8672 KSF
"" Kpv3
)
R
PE
SU

) 2-11
 ETL 1110-2-322
15 Oct 90

DERIVATION OF GENERAL WEDGE EQUATION FOR SINGLE WEDGE ANALYSIS

INCLUDING THE EFFECT OF WALL FRICTION (o)

1. Effective Horizontal Earth Force. Given the following driving wedge which

ED
possesses both a c and a ~ , an equation for PEE , the horizontal effec-
tive earth force, will be derived.

D
SE
)
R
PE

Summing forces normal to the slip plane yields,

H1 sin o: + U + N' - V cos o: - HR sin o: + PEE tan o cos o:

PEE sin o: - W cos o: - Pw sin o: 0

SU

Solving for N' yields,

N' 0 (1)

Summing forces tangent to the slip plane yields,

Enclosure 3 3-1
 ETL 1110-2-322
15 Oct 90

H1 cos a - T + V sin a+ W sin a - HR cos a - PEE tan 5 sin a

- PEE cos a - PW cos a 0

ED
Solving for T yields,

T (2)

According to the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion,

D
T N' tan <P + cL (3)

Inserting Equations 1 and 2 into Equation 3 yields,

SE
Simplifying and solving for PEE yields,
R
(W + V)(sin a - cos a tan¢)+ (HL - HR - Pw)(cos a+ sin a tan¢) +Utan¢ - cL
PE

Pn: -
sin a tan¢+ sin a tan 6 + cos a - cos a tan 6 tan¢

(4)
Utan¢ cL
cos a cos a
PEE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 + tan a tan¢+ tan 6 (tan a - tan¢)
SU

The total effective earth force acts at an angle 5 with respect to the
horizontal. The total effective earth force is defined as

PEE
p
cos 5

3-2
 ETL 1110- 2- 322
) 15 Oct 90
2. Soil Parameters . The horizontal effective earth force for a particular
SMF can be calculated by inserting the factored soil parameters ~d and ca
into Equation 5. This yields,

ED
. Utan ¢d
(W + V)(tan a - tan ¢d) + (HL - HR - Pw)Cl + tan a tan ¢d) + - - - -
cos a cos a
(5)
1 + tan a tan ¢d + tan o (tan a - tan ¢d)

D
SE
)
R
PE
SU

) 3-3
 ETL 1110-2-322
) 15 Oct 90

EXAMPLES OF EARTH PRESSURE COMPUTATIONS

USING SIMPLIFIED PRESSURE COEFFICIENT METHOD
INCLUDING THE EFFECTS OF WALL FRICTION

ED
1 . The following examples demonstrate the method of computing earth pressures
using the simplified pressure coefficient method described in paragraph Sc of
this ETL. The effect of wall friction is taken into account. The equations
for the critical slip plane angle and the pressure coefficients are defined in
paragraphs 6c and 6d.

2 . Ex ample 1 is taken from EM 1110 -2- 2502, Example 2, page M-5. Example 2 in
this enclosure is the same as example 4 in Enclosure 2 with the addition of

D
wall friction.

SE
)
R
PE
SU

) Encl osure 4 4-1

 ETL 1110-2-322
15 Oct 90

EXAMPLE 1

3 . The earth pressures will be calculated for the soil geometry and proper-
ties given in the figure below. The earth pressure coefficients will be com-
puted using pressure coefficients and compared against Coulomb's equation.

ED
The effects of wall friction will be taken into account in this example.
Since the value of wall friction is affected by a number of factors, as
described in paragraph 6a of this ETL, the value assigned to the wall friction
was selected to demonstrate the mechanics of the procedure. Recommended
values of wall friction will be addressed in subsequent engineering guidance.

STRUCTURAL
.

D
,:Q_

C:
tS ~
C:
~

~
C:

"',,:
-C:
'
tS
SE
'Y=0.120KSF
cf> = 30 °
C a 0
.
(>:)

Ii
SMF 2/3
N
,~ d 21 o
tanp = 0.25
6=10.5°
R
B

4 . Coulomb's equation (Equation 3-12 from EM 1110-2-2502) with 0 90°

reduces to
PE

cos 2 <Pct cos 5

2
sin <Pct sin (<Pct - .I?,)]
cos
cos 5 cos .I?,

cos 2 21° cos 10.5°

SU

sin 21° sin (21° - 140),]2

cos 10.5°
cos 10 . 5° cos 14°

0.5510

4-2
 ETL 1110-2-322
) 15 Oct 90

The horizontal effective earth force is computed as

1 1
PEE = K0 -Yh 2 = ( 0 . 5 510 ) ( 0 . 12 ) ( 20 ) 2 13. 224 kips/ft
2 2

ED
The vertical shear force is equal to

Pv = PEE tan 5 = 13.224 tan 10.5° = 2.451 kips/ft

5. The pressures and forces will now be computed using the simplified
coefficient method. The critical slip plane angle is calculated using
Equations 4 through 7 of this ETL as shown below.

D
A= tan ¢d + tan 5 = tan 21° + tan 10.5° 0.569203

2 tan ¢d (tan ¢d + tan 5)

A
SE
2 tan 21° (tan 21° + tan 10.5°)
0 . 569203
0 . 767728

tan ¢d [l - tan ¢d (tang+ tan 5)) - tang

Cz
) A
R
tan 21° [l - tan 21° (tan 14° + tan 10.5°)) - tan 14°
0 . 569203

0.122480
PE

acritical 42. 092°

6. The pressure coefficients K and K1 may now be calculated using

Equations 9 and 10 of this ETL.

1 - tan ¢d cot a
K
SU

1 + tan ¢d tan a+ tan 5 (tan a - tan ¢d)

1 - tan 21° cot 42.092°
1 + tan 21° tan 42 . 092° + tan 10.5° (tan 42.092° - tan 21°)

0 . 3985

4-3
)
 ETL 1110-2 - 322
15 Oct 90

tan a
K •
tan a - tang

0 . 3985 tan 42.092°

ED
tan 42.092° - tan 14°

0.5510

The horizontal effective earth force PEE is calculated as

D
(0.5510)(0.12)(20) 2 = 13.224 kips/ft
2

This agrees with the results obtained in paragraph 2.

in Equation 2 of this ETL.

SE
7 . The results will now be compared against the general wedge equation given

0.12
w 36.7357 kips/ft
2(tan a - tang) 2(tan 42.092° - tan 14°)
R
W(tan a - tan ~d)
1 + tan a tan ~d + tan o (tan a - tan ~d)

36.7357(tan 42.092° - tan 21°)

PE

1 + tan 42.092° tan 21° + tan 10.5° (tan 42.092° - tan 21°)

= 13 . 224 kips/ft

This agrees with the previous solutions.

8 . The lateral earth pressure distribution on the backfill may now be

SU

calculated . The pressures are calculated for two of the points shown on the
following figure . The pressures can be calculated using the simplified method
as follows:

Pve 1zc = 0.12 (21.65) = 3.318 ksf

Phc Kpve = 0.3985 (3.318) = 1.322 ksf

4-4
 ETL 1110-2-322
) 15 Oct 90

ED
.
tl.~

....
~ Zs
.,
In

"'

D
SE 1.3224
KSF
C

Since the pressure diagram is linear down to point C, the value for the
pressure at point B may be calculated by proportions as follows :

) Phc
28
= 1 . 322 (18/20) = 1.190 ksf
Zc
R
PE
SU

4-5

)
 ETL 1110-2-322
15 Oct 90

EXAMPLE 2

9. The earth pressures will be calculated for the soil geometry and proper-
ties given in the figure below. The earth pressures will be computed using

ED
the simplified coefficient method. The effects of wall friction will be taken
into account in this example. Since the value of wall friction is affected by
a number of factors, as described in paragraph 6a of this ETL, the value
assigned to the wall friction was selected to demonstrate the mechanics of the
procedure. Recommended values of wall friction will be addressed in subse-
quent engineering guidance.

20' 22'

D
4' 18'
V,; _ 1/2X0. 12X20XB
--------,
· ,, ~ V = -9 . 5K I
Q)
I
CT)
'Y .. o. 1 20 KCF I

-~
Q)
a
II
LU
(!)

LU

CT) (.)
'Ye• 0 . 125 KCF

SMF
rp =
<Pd =
C
=
3 5°
2/3
TAN·1(213 TAN,P)
6 = 12 .50°
= 0
SE 25°
13.43'

n u.i Yw = 0 .0625 KCF .

..r:::~ A~ - -
IX)

LL
----~----":_::
0 'I>
R
17
f- (0
J:
(!)
Gj t,. y'
II)
J: ..r:::
PE

10 . The critical slip plane angle is calculated from Equations 4 through 7 of

this ETL as shown below. Values for ~ and V are taken from Example 4 in
Enclosure 2.
SU

4-6
 ETL 1110-2-322
15 Oct 90
)
2V(l + tan 2 ,j,d)
A tan ,j,d + tan 5 -
-yh2

2(-9.6)(1 + tan 2 25°)

ED
tan 25° + tan 12 . 5° -
2
0.1123(38)

0.832149

2 tan ,j,d (tan ,j,d + tan 5)

A

D
2 tan 25° (tan 25° + tan 12 . 5°)
0.771067
0 . 832149

Cz
SE
tan ,j,d (1 - tan ,j,d tan 5)
A

tan 25° (1 - tan 21° tan 12.5°)

0 . 832149
)
0.502436
R
acritical tan- 1 ( c, + ✓ cl + 4c,) = 50.016°
2
PE

11. The pressure coefficient K may now be calculated using Equation 9 of

this ETL.

1 - tan ,j,d cot a

K
1 + tan ,j,d tan a+ tan 5 (tan a - tan ,j,d)
SU

1 - tan 25° cot 50 . 016°

1 + tan 25° tan 50 . 016° + tan 12.5° (tan 50 . 016° - tan 25°)

0 . 35465

4- 7
 ETL 1110-2-322
15 Oct 90

12. The lateral earth pressure distribution may now be calculated. The
pressures are calculated for the points shown on the figure on the following
page. The pressures are calculated as follows:

ED
Pvl 0.12(21.067) = 2 . 5280 ksf

Pvz 0.12(22) + 0.0767(1.849) = 2.7818 ksf

Pv3 0.12(22) + 0.0767(16) = 3.8672 ksf

Phl Kpvl 0.35465(2.5280) 0. 8966 ksf

D
Phz Kpvz 0.35465(2.7818) 0.9866 ksf

Ph3 Kpv3 0.35465(3.8672) 1. 3715 ksf

The vertical shear force is calculated as

Pv = PEE tan o
SE
= 24.702 tan 12.5°
20 '
5 . 476 kips

2.5
Q)
R
"'"' ~1
0

C\j
C\J
0)
'<t
Q)
~
i--..
<o
,.-; .,._
"'""'' "'
PE

~
C\J C\J

"""'"'"'
!')

1.849 '
'il
"'"'
ex

ex - - - - - - - - - 0.8966 = Kp.,
~~----------------_.._-..,___J-+.._---- 0. 9866 = KPv2

-------t--- p EE = 24.702K
<o Pvt m 0.12(21 .067) 2.5280 KSF
SU

.,._ Pv 2 m 0 . 12(22)+0 .0767(1 .849)

·~ 2. 7tl1 81<SF
P,,, ~ 0.12(22)+0.0767(16) = 3 .8672 KSF

3
Kpv 3 1.3715KSF

4-8
 ETL 1110-2-322
15 Oct 90

SMF VALUES WHEN THE RATIO tan t/tan ~ EXCEEDS 0.56

The following tables indicate the appropriate SMF value to use in Coulomb's

ED
equation (or the general wedge equation) to compute a K0 that is close to
the value computed from the Danish Code Equation. The last two columns
centain the recommended SMF and the corresponding K0 value calculated using
Coulomb's equation. Note that a row of asterisks denotes the condition
t > ~d ; Coulomb's equation is not valid for this condition.

D
PHI 26 . 00°

l?.
~

15.00
SE
Ka/3
(Danish)

0.7070
Ka
(SMF=l)

0 . 4822
Ka
(SMF=2/3)

0.7086
Recommended
Ka

0.7086
SMF

0.6667
16 . 00 0. 7164 0 . 4920 0 . 7390 0. 7164 0.6865
) 17.00 0 . 7258 0 . 5026 0.7818
0,8895
0.7257 0 . 7070
18.00 0. 7352 0.5143 0. 7351 0. 7296
19.00 0.7445 0. 5273 ****** 0.7444 0.7546
R
20.00 0 . 7537 0.5420 ****** 0.7536 0.7821
21.00 0.7629 0.5589 ****** 0.7628 0.8120
22.00 0. 7720 0.5786 ****** 0. 7719 0.8444
23.00 0. 7811 0.6026 ****** 0.7810 0.8793
PE

24.00 0.7901 0.6333 ****** 0.7900 0.9169

25.00 0.7990 0. 6776 ****** 0.7994 0.9570
SU

Enclosure 5 5-1
)
 ETL 1110-2-322
15 Oct 90

PHI 27.00°

Recommended

ED
.l?, Ka/3 Ka Ka
(Danish) (SMF=l) (SMF=2/3) Ka SMF
.D2m
15.00 0.6873 0.4608 0.6805 0.6805 0.6667
16.00 0.6965 0.4696 0.7059 0.6965 0.6756
17.00 0.7056 0.4792 0.7387 0.7056 0.6937
18.00 0.7147 0.4897 0.7874 0.7147 0. 7139
19.00 0. 7238 0.5012 ****** 0. 7237 0.7362
20.00 0. 7328 0.5141 ****** 0. 7327 0.7608

D
21.00 0.7417 0.5286 ****** 0.7416 0.7876
22.00 0.7505 0.5453 ****** 0.7505 0.8168
23.00 0.7594 0.5649 ****** 0.7593 0.8484
24.00 0.7681 0.5887 ****** 0.7681 0.8825
25.00 0. 7768 0 . 6193
SE ****** 0. 7769 0.9190
26.00 0.7854 0,6635 ****** 0.7855 0.9582

PHI 28.00°

Recommended
.l?, Ka/3 Ka Ka
Ka
R
.D2m (Danish) (SMF=l) (SMF=2/3) SMF

16.00 0.6768 0.4483 0.6764 0.6764 0.6667

17.00 0.6856 0.4570 0.7033 0.6856 0.6824
18.00 0.6945 0.4665 0 . 7389 0.6944 0. 7004
PE

19.00 0.7033 0.4768 0 . 7959 0.7032 0. 7203

20.00 0. 7120 0.4882 ****** 0. 7119 0.7423
21.00 0. 7207 0.5009 ****** 0. 7206 0.7664
22.00 0. 7293 0.5153 ****** 0. 7293 0.7927
23.00 0.7378 0.5317 ****** 0.7378 0 . 8213
24.00 0.7463 0.5511 ****** 0.7462 0 . 8522
25.00 0.7547 0.5747 ****** 0.7547 0.8854
26.00 0.7631 0.6052 ****** 0.7632 0 . 9210
SU

27.00 0. 7714 0. 6491 ****** 0. 7718 0. 9592

5-2