Lectures Slides on

Oscillations and Waves

by
Prof. Debashis Bandyopadhyay
Department of Physics
BITS Pilani

Email: bandy@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in
Mobile No. 9950676285
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 Text Book
Vibration and Waves
by
A.P. French

Reference Book
Waves and Oscillations
by
N. K. Bajaj

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Topics from Text Book 2 (A.P. French)
(4) Simple The basic mass-spring system, Chapter 3
harmonic solving SHM equation using pp: 41-53,
motion (SHM) complex exponentials, examples of 62-70
SHM, the decay of free vibrations,
effect of very large damping
(3) Forced oscillator Undamped oscillator with Chapter 4
and resonance harmonic forcing, forced oscillator pp. 78-95
with damping
(2) Forced oscillator Power absorbed by a driven Chapter 4
and resonance oscillator, resonance pp: 96-101

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Topics from Text Book 2 (A.P. French)
(5) Coupled Normal modes, normal frequencies Ch.5
Oscillations and forced oscillations of two pp: 121–127
coupled oscillators, normal modes 129-151
and their properties for N coupled
oscillators
(3) Normal modes The free oscillations of stretched Ch.6
of continuous strings, normal modes of a pp: 161-170
systems stretched string, forced oscillations
of a stretched string
(3) Progressive Waves in one direction, dispersion, Ch. 7
waves Phase and group velocities. Energy Pp 201-207,
in a mechanical wave, transport of 230
energy by a wave. 237-241.

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Observable oscillations
Water waves Oscillation of a floating
body
Earthquakes
Pendulums Car springs, shock
absorbers

Spring-mass system

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Different types of oscillatory motions

 Periodic motion: Any motion that repeats

itself in equal intervals of time.

 Oscillatory motion: If a particle moves

back and forth over the same path.

 Harmonic motion: Oscillatory motions

which can be expressed in terms of sine
and cosine functions.
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 Simple Harmonic Oscillators
Periodic Motion

Oscillatory Motion

Harmonic Motion

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Simple Harmonic Oscillators
Sine and cosine oscillation
Vibration of di-atomic molecule

Vibration of AuGe10 nanocluster

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 Simple Harmonic Oscillators

A frictionless U tube containing

liquid

Steam engine with

Oscillating cylinder

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

Simple Harmonic Oscillators: Pendulum

Oscillation of a simple pendulum :

Force acting on the mass : F  mg
Torque :   I   I   L  F  mgL sin   mgL
g g
 mL   mgL      0      0
2

L L
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
Simple Harmonic Oscillators: Pendulum

1 1
Total Energy at any Instant 't'=E=K .E.  PE  I 2  mgy  I 2  mgL 1  cos  
2 2
1 2 1 2  2 
For small oscillation  E  I   mgL 1  cos    I   mgL 1  1  ... 
2 2  2 
1 2 mgL2
 E  I  ; I  mL2
2 2
dE g
  I   mgL  0  mL2  mgL  0      0
dt L
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
Simple Harmonic Oscillators: Physical Pendulum

In case of physical pendulum :

1 1
Total Energy at any Instant 't'=E=K .E.  PE  I 2  mgy  I 2  mgL 1  cos  
2 2
1 2 1 2  2 
For small oscillation  E  I   mgL 1  cos    I   mgL 1  1  ... 
2 2  2 
1 2 mgL2
 E  I 
2 2
dE mgL
  I   mgL  0  I   mgL  0    0
dt I
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
Simple Harmonic Oscillators: Physical Pendulum
Radius of gyration of a body about an axis of
rotation is defined as the radial distance of
a point from the axis of rotation at which, if the
whole mass of the body is assumed to be
concentrated, its moment of inertia about the given
axis would be the same as with its actual distribution
of mass.

Let us consider the " radius of gyration " of the physical pendulum about its
CM is k and the distance of CM from the point of suspension is L.


So, I  m k  L   
2 2
mgL
  0  2
gL
  0  2
g
0
I k L 2

k  L2    L

k 2  L2
 T  2
gL

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Differential Equation of Simple Harmonic
Motion (SHM)
A mass-spring systems

d 2x d 2x k d 2x 2k
F  kx  m 2  kx  2   x  0 x F  2kx  2   x  02 x
2

dt dt m dt m
d 2x d 2x
 2  0 x  0  x  0 x  0
2 2
 2  02 x  0  x  02 x  0
dt dt

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 KE, PE and TE of SHM
A mass-spring systems
Variation of PE and KE in a spring  mass system :
Differential equation of a spring  mass system :
x  02 x  0  x  Acos t
dx
Velocity :   x    A sin t
dt
 K .E.: m2  m2 A2 sin 2 t  m2 A2 1  cos 2 t 
1 1 1
2 2 2
KE  m2  A2  x 2 
1
2
 x x
1
and P.E.    F.dx    kx.dx   kx 2
0 0
2
1
Total Energy TE  : KE  PE  m2 A2  const
2

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Simple Harmonic Oscillators
A frictionless U tube containing liquid

Total force acting at any instant of time :

F  ma  2 yg
d2y d2y
  L  2  2 yg  2  
2g
y
dt dt L
2g L
 y  02 y  0, where, 0  and T  2
L 2g
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 Simple Harmonic Oscillators
Solution using energy conservation

Total force acting at any instant of time : F  ma  2 yg

d2y d2y 2 g y
g
  L  2  2 yg  2   y;PE    F .dy  y 2 ;
dt dt L 0
L
g
2

KE  M   ;Total energy : E  My 2  y 2

1 dy 1
2  dt  2 L
2 g 2g  2g L
 y y 0 y y  0 ,where, 0  and T  2
ML L L
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
2g
 Simple Harmonic Oscillators
Floating object

d2y
F  Additional buoyancy force  m 2   Ayg
dt
d y2
Ag m
 2  0 y  0; where, 0 
2 2
 T  2
dt m Ag
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
Example IV: Prob. 6.17 ( K & K):A rod of length l and mass
m, pivoted at one end, is held by a spring at its midpoint and
a spring at its far end, both pulling in opposite directions.
The springs have spring constant k, and at equilibrium their
pull is perpendicular to the rod. Find the frequency of small
oscillations about the equilibrium position.
l l l
Total torque : I    . .k  l.l.k  mg 
2 2 2
1 2  5kl 2 mgl 
 ml       0
3  4 2 

 15k 3 g  15k 3g
      0  0  
 4m 2l  4m 2l
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 Solution of SHM equation: I
2
 dx 
2
dx d x dx
x 2
0x 02  2 2
0x  0     02 x 2  Const
 dt 
2
dt dt dt
Let it starts from initial amplitude. So, At x  A, x  0
 Cons tan t  A2 02
2
 dx 
    02  A2  x 2  
dx
 dt
 dt   A2  x 2 
x
 sin    0t    x  A sin  0t   
1

 A

At,t  0 , x  A, Sin   1    , x  A cos 0t
2
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 Solution of SHM equation: II
2
dx d 2 x dx  dx 
x  02 x  0  2  202 x 0   0 x  Const
2 2

dt dt 2 dt  dt 
Let it starts from initial velocity. At ,t  0, x  0 and x  0
2
 dx 
    02  02  x 2  
dx
 Cons tan t  02 2  0 dt
 dt   02  x 2 
 x 
 sin    0t    x  0 sin  0t   
1

 0 
At ,t  0 , x  0 , sin   0    0, x  A sin 0t

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 SHM: Diff. equn.:How to solve?
A mass-spring systems

d 2x d 2x k
F  kx  m 2  kx  2   x  02 x
dt dt m
d 2x
 2  02 x  0  x  02 x  0
dt
Solun :Take a trial solun in the form :
x R .P.eit or I .M .eit
Put it in the differential equation we have :
 2  2  0    
 x  aeit  beit   a  b  cos t  i  a  b  sin t
 x  Acos t  B sin t
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 Prob. 3.19
Mass ‘m’ is connected by two identical
springs on a frictionless horizontal
table. Here the spring constant is k and
un-stretched length of springs is l0.

a ) Differential eq. of motion along x :

d 2x 2k d 2
x
F  2kx  2   x  x x  2  2x x  0
2

dt m dt
2k m
 x   x  0 x 
2
x ;Tx  2
m 2k
 Solun. If at t  0,x  t   A0 and x  0, then, x  t   A0 cos xt
http://www.glowscript.org/#/user/techforcurious/folder/TwoSpring/program/5.2-
TwoSpring1D
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 b) Differential eq. of motion along y :Transverse direction

For small oscillation : y  l , let unstretched length is 0 . 

2
0  y2
1/2
 y  2
 y2  y2
 0 1  2   0 1  2      0   Spring force :
 0   2 0 2 0
y2
F  k   k. , Here,  is very very small and can be taken as cont. So,
2 0
y2 y  l 
Fy  F sin   F sin   k . . ; Total Vertical force : 2 Fy   2 k   y
2 0 0  0
1/2 1/2
d y 2
 l  2k  l   l 
 m 2   2 k   y  y     x   ; l  l0
dt  0 m  0  0
http://www.glowscript.org/#/user/techforcurious/folder/TwoSpring/program/5.3-TwoSpring2D
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 Differential eq. of motion along y :Transverse direction

9 y l  l0 5 4 5 Tx
 c  If l  l0 , then,   l0   
4 x l 4 9l0 9 Ty
 d  x  A cos  xt  1  and y  B sin   y t  2  ; At , t  0, x  A0 and x  0
1  0 and A  A0 ; x  A0 cos xt

At , t  0, y  A0 and y  0 2  and B  A0 ; y  A0 cos  y t
2

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 b) Differential eq. of motion along y :Transverse direction

Resultant motion (x-y vibrations) can be combined to get the following figure.
http://www.glowscript.org/#/user/techforcurious/folder/TwoSpring/program/5.3-TwoSpring2D

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

b) Differential eq. of motion along y :Transverse
direction: Non-linear oscillation

For small oscillation : y  l , let unstretched length is 0 .

1/2
 y  2
 y2 
  y  0 1  2   0 1  2 
2
0
2

 0   2 0
y2 y2
   0  ; Spring force : F  k   k . ,
2 0 2 0
y2 y k 3
So, Fy  F sin   k . . ; Total Vertical force : 2 Fy   2 y
2 0 2l0l
d2y k 3 d2y k 3
 2
 y 0 2  2 y 0
dt ml0l dt ml0
Nonlinear oscillation  nonsinusoidal 
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion
In addition to the restoring force, there is a damping
force, always opposing the motion of the oscillator

The damping force is usually

proportional to the velocity of
the oscillator :
Fdamp   bx   b 
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
Damped Harmonic Motion:Diff. Equation
d 2x dx
Equation of motion : m 2   k x  b
dt dt
d 2x k b dx d 2x dx
 2  x  0  2    02 x  0
dt m m dt dt dt
b
where   has dimension of frequency
m
k
and 0  is angular frequency when damping is absent.
m
It is called undamped frequency or natural frequency

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Damped Harmonic Motion
Let us take the trial solution : x(t )  C eit ;
Substituting in the equation : x  x  2
0 x0
   i     0    i    0
2 2
0
2 2
0

i    40 i  4 0   i 2
2 2 2 2

   i 
2
0
2 2 2 4

2
t
 0
2
2
 x  Ce 2 e 4
; Let :  02  q,
4
t

x  e 2 C1e qt  C2e  qt   q term can be  ve,  ve or 0
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 Damped Harmonic Motion
 2 

C e  , i.e. damping force

 t
    x t   e
2
0
2
1
qt
 C2 e
 qt

4
 restoring force  q is  ve  Over damped motion

 2
 t
    x(t )  ( A  B t ) e
2
0
2
i.e. damping force
4
 restoring force  q  0  Critical damping

2  t
  02  x  t   Ae 2
cos t , i.e. damping force
4
 restoring force  q is  ve  Damped harmonic motion

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Case 1: Heavily Damped or Over Damped Motion
 2
When,  0 , i.e. damping force  restoring force,
2

4
Example : Pendulum inside a viscus fluid .
Most general solun is :


C e 
 t
x t   e 2
1
qt
 C2 e  qt

 2
where,  0  q, So, the motion is purely
2

4
exponential,means a non  oscillatory motion
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
i) Initial condition: At t=0, x=x0 and velocity=0


C e 
 t
x t   e 2
1
qt
 C2 e  qt

At , t  0, x  x0 and x  0  x0  C1  C2   1

x t 0  0    C1  C2   q  C1  C2 
2
   
 C1  q    C2  q    0      2 
 2  2

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

i) Initial conditions: At t=0, x=x0 and velocity=0
x0 x0
 C1   2q    and C2   2q   
4q 4q
x0  2 t
 x t   e e qt  2q     e  qt  2q    
4q

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

Case ii ) Initial conditions : At t  0, x(0)  0 ; x(0)  0


C e ;
 t
General solution: x  t   e 2 1
qt
 C2 e  qt

   
 C1  C2  0 and C1  q    C2  q    0 ; Solving
 2  2

0 0 0  2 t  q t  q t 
 C1  and C2    x(t )  e e e
2q 2q 2q  

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

Example 1. Show that the system x  4 x  3x  0, is over damped
and graph the solution with initial conditions x  0   1, x  0   0.
Which root controls how fast the solution returns to equilibrium?
Let the trial solution : x et .   2  4  3  0
 1 ,  2  1, 3
General solutions : x  c1e 1t  c2 e 3t   Using initial consitions :
 
3 1  3 t 1 3t 
c1  and c2    x   e   e 
2 2 2 2 
It is the term that goes to zero slow controls the rate.

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Case 2: Critical Damping
Under critical damping, the square root
term is zero, i.e. q=0
2 
  0  0  0 
2

4 2
This is the limiting case of behavior of
case 1 as q changes from  ve to – ve value.
The most general solution is

 t
x(t )  ( A  B t ) e 2

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Case 2: Critical Damping
Initial condition :

 t
At t  0, x  x0 and x  0; x(t )  ( A  B t ) e 2

Using 1st initial condition: x0  A; 2nd initial condition

 
  t  t
x t 0   ( A  B t ) e  Be
2 2
2 t 0
 
 B  A  B  x0  0
2 2

    2t 
 B  x0  x(t )  x0 1  t  e
2  2 

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Case 2: Critical Damping

 t
Initial condition : x  0 and x  0 ; x(t )  ( A  B t ) e 2

Using 1st initial condition: A  0; 2nd initial condition

 
  t  t
x t 0   ( A  B t) e 2
 Be 2
2 t 0


 t
 B  0  x(t )  0 te 2

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 xcd (t )
im 0
t  x (t )
od

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

Example 1. Show that the system x  4 x  4 x  0, is
critically damped and graph the solution with initial
conditions x  0   1, x  0   0.
Let the trial solution : x et .   2  4  4  0
 1 ,  2  2, 2
General solutions : x   c1  c2t  e2t  Using initial consitions :
c1  1 and c2  2  x  1  2t  e 2t

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

Applications of Critical Damping Mechanism
In many systems, quick damping is desirable to
bring the system to a quick stop.
i) Needle in meters such as ammeter, voltmeter
etc.

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

ii) Door closers :

Out of the two non-oscillatory damping – over

damping and critical damping – it is the latter
that brings the system back to equilibrium quicker

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

iii) Car Suspension System

Damping constant of viscous fluid is adjusted in sock absorber

so that the suspension system is close to the condition of
critical damping.
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
Comparison between Overdamped, Critical
damped and underdamped motion

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Case 3: Damped Simple Harmonic Motion
 2

 02 i.e. damping force  restoring force

4


C e 
 t
 iqt
 q  iq  x(t )  e 2
1
iqt
 C2 e



 C  C  cos qt  i  C  C 2  sin qt 
t

e 2
1 2 1




 x  t   Ae cos  t    ; R  C  C2   i C  C2  ;
t
2 2 2
2
1 1

  C1  C2 
2

   
1
  tan  i
2
 And
 C C 
0
1
4 2

SHM with exponentially decaying amplitude

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
Damped Simple Harmonic motion
x( t) 
 t
2
A0 e

t
0

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
Rotating vector representation of Damped SHO

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

Example 1. Show that the system : x  1x  3x  0, is underdamped ,
find its damped angular frequency and graph the solution with
initial conditions : x  0   1, x  0   0.

t 1 11
Let the trial solution : x e .      2  0      i
2
2 2
 t 
1 11 11 
i t i t
General solutions : x  e c1e2 2  c2 e 2 
 
 
 t   11   11  
1
 e 2 c1 cos   t  c2 sin   t   Using initial consitions :
 
 2   2  
t   11   11  
1
1  1
c1  1 and c2   x  e 2 cos   t  cos   t 
  2  
11 11  2  
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
Damped oscillation of example 1

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

Amplitude of the oscillator decays with time as

 t
A (t )  A0 e 2

Energy of the oscillator also decays with time as

1 1 2  t  t
E  k A (t )  m 0 A0 e  E0 e
2 2

2 2
Frequency of damped oscillator is less than the
undamped oscillator
 2
   0  ,     2 2
0
4

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 3.12.The motion of a linear oscillator may be represented
by means of a graph in which x is shown as abscissa and x
is shown as ordinate. The history of the oscillator is thus a
curve.  a  Show that for anundamped oscillator , this curve
is an ellipse.  b  Show that if a damping term is introduced ,
one gets a curve spiraling into the origin
Ans. The total energy of an un-damped oscillator, a
constant, is given by :
E  Energy of the oscillator
2 2
1 1 x x
 E  m02 x 2  mx 2   1
2 2 2 E m02
 2E m  
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 2 2
x x
   1

 2E m 0 2
  2E m
 Equation of an ellipse. The path is shown below.

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

Vibration along the major and minor axes with
time. The elliptical path is constant w.r.t. to time.

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 b) Show that if a damping term is introduced,
one gets a curve spiraling into the origin
Ans. Total energy E of the damped oscillator
decreases with time, so both the major and minor
axes continuously decrease with time.
E  t   E0e t
2 2
1 1 x x
 E  m0 x  mx 
2 2 2
 1
2 2 2 E m02
 2E m   
Path is shown below

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

b) Show that if a damping term is introduced,
one gets a curve spiraling into the origin

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

Vibration along the major and minor axes with
time. The elliptical path is not constant wrt to time.
It is collapsing with time.

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Different types of damped motion
Undammed motion: b=0
Under-dammed motion:2/402

Critically dammed motion: 2/402

Over dammed motion: 2/402

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Different types of damped motion
The following figure shows the plots for solutions to x  1x  x  0
with initial conditions x  0   1, x  0   0. The three plots are b = 1
underdamped;b = 2 critically damped (dashed line);
b = 3 overdamped. Notice that the critically damped curve has
the fastest decay.

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Quality Factor or Q – value
It describes the characteristic of Damped Harmonic
Motion. It is defined as the amount of radians value
through which damped oscillator oscillates as its
energy decays to e-1 of its initial value.
 t 1 1
 E  E0 e  E0 e t 

2 
Number of radian in this time  
T 


Q

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 Quality Factor

t
t

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 The true quality of a damped SHO is not measured
by how long it lives (time in which the amplitude
drops substantially), but rather, by how many
cycles of oscillations it completes in this lifetime.
 
2 2

Now,   0   0  , For Q  5  small damping 

2 2 2
2
4 4Q
0 t
0 0 
So, for large Q,   0 ; Q    x  t   A0 e 2Q

 Q
t t t
  
And A  t   A0 e 2Q
After ' n ' oscillation, An  A0 e 2
 A0 e 2Q

1 2 n 2 n
 . . nT  
 An  A0 e 2Q T
 An  A0 e Q
and En  A02 e Q

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

Another defination of Q :
t

A  t   A0 e ; E  t   E0 e ; Rate of energy loss :


2  t

dE  t 
  E0 e and Loss / cycle  TE0 e
 t  t

dt
E0 e
 t
1  E0 e  Q Q
 t

     Q  2   t 
TE e T T 2  TE0 e 
 t
0

 energy stored in the system 

 Q  2  
 energy loss per cycle 
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
Prob. 3.14.  a  Object of mass 0.2 kg hung from a
spring of spring constant 80 N m . Resistive force b
acting on the object.  a  Set up the differential eq. of
motion.  b  If the damped frequency is 3 2 times the
undamped frequency, what is the value of b ?
b 80
 a  mx  bx  kx  0  x  x  x  0
0.2 0.2
 x  5bx  400 x  0
 2
3  2
 
b 2
 2
0    2
0   0 
2
   0  20;
4 4 4
 b  m  0.2  20  4kg  s 1

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

Oscillation of water column in V-tube

Let z is displacement at timet.

So, the pressure at the
junction point on the left tube
is:P1  P0  g  l  z  ; P0  atmospheric pressure
Similarly : P2  P0  g  l  z cos  
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
Oscillation of water column in V-tube

d 2z
 m 2    P2  P1   A  gz 1  cos   A
dt
d 2 z gA  1 
 2  1  cos   z  0; m  Al 1  
dt m  cos  
d z g cos 
2
g
 2  z  0  0  cos 
dt l l
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
Wrt the figure, the U-tube contains liquid up to a height h in each
arm. Radii of the arms are r and 2r respectively and the length of the
horizontal part is L. The liquid is set oscillating and at a given time
instant ‘t’ the liquid in the narrower arm is a displacement y above
the equilibrium level. Calculate the PE, KE and frequency of
oscillation of the water column. Assume the density of the liquid is .

Few interesting animations: Rotational to linear oscillatory motion

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Important relations

g
One dim ensional linear SHM : spring  mass system : x  x  0  x  02 x  0
l
g gL
Simple pendulum :     0    02  0 ; Physical pendulum :   2 2   0
L k L
1
2
2 2 2 1 2 1
Energy of a spring  mass system : KE  PE  m A  x   kx  m02 A2
2 2
 
2g
Oscillation of liquid column inU tube : y   y  0  y  02 y  0
L
Ag
Oscillation of a floating object : y   y  y  02 y  0
m

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Important relations
 2  2 
Heavily damped oscillator   0  q and  0  :
2 2
 4 4 
 


C e 
 t
Solun: x  t   e 2
1
qt
 C2 e  qt
 So,the motion is purely a non  oscillatory motion
 2 2
Under critical damping   0  :
 4 

 t
Solun : x( t )  ( A  B t ) e 2
non  oscillatory motion
 2 2
Under  damped SHM   0  :
 4 


C e 
 t
Solun : x( t )  e 2
1
iqt
 C2 e iqt  oscillatory motion
with gradually decaying amplitude.
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 
Important relations
 t
A  t   A0 e 2
 E t  A2  t   A02e t  E0e t
0
Q factor : Q   Quality factor

2 2 1 
In case of underdamped motion :      0 1  2 
2 2
0
4  4Q 
0 t
0 0 
So, for large Q  i.e. very low   ,   0 ; Q    x  t   A0 e 2Q

 Q
0 t t  t
   0
And A  t   A0 e 2Q
After ' n' oscillation, An  A0 e 2
 A0 e 2Q

1 2 n 2 n 2 n
 . .nT   
 An  A0 e 2Q T
 An  A0 e Q
and En  A02 e Q
 E0e Q

End of theChapter 3 :Completed 4 lectures

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani