10/3/2019 Apex Learning - Practice Assignment

2.3.5 Practice: Atomic Structure Practice

Chemistry Name: Sean Citherlet
Points Possible: 25 Date: 10/3/2019

Question 1: Laws of Conservation of Matter and Energy (2 points)

a. Law of conservation of matter

      i. What does the law say about matter?

Matter is either a solid liquid or gas and it can only change forms
and can’t be destroyed or created

      ii. What about matter can change and what does not change, according to the law?

Matter can’t be created or destroyed but but can change form or rearranged for
example they can change the state of matter to a different one but never disappear the
amount stays the same

b. Law of conservation of energy

      i. What does the law say about energy?

when people use energy it doesn’t disappear energy change from one form to another to form
another form of energy. Like matter it also doesn’t disappear or can’t be destroyed it only changes
form.

      ii. What about energy can change and what does not change, according to the law?

the law states that the total energy remains constant and can’t be destroyed or created it is
conserved over time and changed from to another.

Question 2: Phases of Matter (2 points)

a. What are the four states, or phases, of matter? Describe the shape and volume properties of each
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phase. Can they change, or are they fixed?

gas
i. _______________________

Shape: no definate shape takes the shape of its container

No definate volume but highly compressible. The change from liquid to gas
Volume:
increases the volume of a substance therefore their form and volume changes
to fit its container

Liquid
      ii. _______________________

Shape: Takes the shape of its container so no definate fixed shape

Volume: Depends on its container so has a definate volume. Liquid changes form and is not fixed
because it depends on its container.

Plasma
      iii. _______________________

Shape: Like liquid gas no definate shape

Volume: Does not occur naturally on earth so has no definate volume

therefore it is a changing matter

      iv. _______________________
Solid

Shape: Has a rigid definate shape

Volume: Is definate as the molecules that makes up the solid are packed closely together and move
slowly. A solid holds its shape and the volume of a solid is fixed by the shape of the solid.
b. When heat energy is absorbed by matter, the matter's temperature increases. When heat energy is
released by matter, the matter's temperature decreases. The matter can also change from one phase
to another when heat energy is absorbed or released. Identify whether matter absorbs heat or
releases heat as each of the following phase changes occur.

      i. From solid to liquid (melting)

At the melting stage the solid absorbs thermal energy and its temperature rises and the solid changes to a
liquid therefore the matter absorbs heat
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      ii. From liquid to solid (freezing or hardening)

is the process of melting and the matter releases heat as it changes from a liquid to solid state

      iii. From liquid to gas (evaporation)

a liquid is heated and as the temperature rises till it reaches 100 C the liquid changes into
water vapor and therefore absorbs heat

      iv. From gas to liquid (condensation)

as a gass cools its particles slow down and the drop lets form a liquid
therefore the matter releases heat
Question 3: Types of Energy (4 points)

a. List four kinds of energy. Give a brief definition of each.

ELECTRIC ENERGY - Is energy caused by moving electric charges called

      i. ______________________________________________________________
electrons the movement of these electrons depends on how much energy it has

CHEMICAL ENERGY - Is energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds called

atoms and molecule s it is released in a chemical reaction, mainly in the form of heat
      ii. ______________________________________________________________

THERMAL ENERGY - Is energy contained in a system that has a temperature and

      iii. ______________________________________________________________
the main source of this is heat and heat energy is another name from this

MECHANICAL ENERGY - It is kinetic and potential energy together to make an

      iv. ______________________________________________________________
object used to do work

b. Energy can change from one form to another. Describe the energy conversions in the following
scenes.

      i. A kid falling out of a tree

The kid on the tree has potential energy, when he falls it turns to gravitational energy to begin kinetic
energy it is all transformed to

      ii. A scout rubbing sticks together to start a fire

The scout rubbing is kinetic energy that that ends up with thermal energy (heat) as he starts the fire.

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      iii. A man running a kerosene heater

Kerosere is a chemical energy and running a heater is thermal (heat) energy

c. What is the equation for calculating gravitational potential energy on the Earth?

Gravitational Potential energy and referred to as - GPE GPE - mgh

m = mass in kg, g = acceleration of gravity, h = height in meters

d. What is the equation for calculating kinetic energy?

Kinetic Energy = KE is equal to 1/2 of an objects mass, times velocity squared

KE = 1.2 mv^2

Question 4: Progression of the Atomic Theory (2 points)

a. Match the following scientist with his experiment or contribution.

J. J. Thomson
Albert Einstein
Niels Bohr
Ernest Rutherford
John Dalton
Robert Millikan

___________________
Robert Millikan Oil-drop experiment

___________________
John Dalton Atomic theory

___________________
J. J. Thomson Cathode ray experiment

___________________
Neils Bohr Model of the atom

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___________________
Ernest Rutherford Gold-foil experiment

Albert Einstein
___________________ Photoelectric effect

b. Match the following scientist with his understanding of the atom.

J. J. Thomson
Albert Einstein
Niels Bohr
Ernest Rutherford
John Dalton
Robert Millikan

___________________
John Dalton Matter made of indivisible atoms

___________________
J. J. Thomson Atoms contain negatively charged particles

___________________
Robert Millikan Measured the charge of an electron

___________________
Earnest Rutherford Atoms contain mostly empty space

___________________
Neils Bohr Atoms contain nuclei with electrons orbiting

___________________
Albert Einstein Light exists as photon packets; one photon can remove one electron from an
atom

Question 5: The Periodic Table (10 points)

a. Who made the first periodic table?

Dimitri Mendeleev started it in 1869

b. On the periodic table, what three pieces of information are given about every element?

Atomic number, chemical symbol, atomic mass

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      i. ___________________________
Atomic Number

      •. Where is it written?

In the upper left corner and the atomic weight is on the bottom

      •. What information does it give?

Also know as the proton number gives us the number of protons

found in the nucleus of an atom and determines its identity

      ii. ___________________________
Chemical symbol or elements symbol

      •. Where is it written?

It is written next to the full real name of the element

      •. What information does it give?

Are shortened versions of the chemicals full name and the first letter is
capitalized

      iii. ___________________________
Atomic mass

      •. Where is it written?

The symbol below element symbol is the mass number

      •. What information does it give?

It tells us the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

c. What are isotopes?

if an atom is missing a neutron or has extra then it is called an isotope. They are the
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same element just different from other atoms
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d. What are ions?

Ions are atoms that are missing or have extra electrons, when they are missing one or
two it is a positive charge and when you have extra it is a negative charge

e. What are valence electrons, and why are they important?

They are the number of electrons found in on outer shell of an atom that help the
bonding. with other atoms and they are important because the fewer they hold the
less stable it becomes

f. What is significant about the elements within the same group of the periodic table?

Every element in the same group have the same number of electrons in the outer orbital

g. What is significant about the elements within the same period of the periodic table?

The elements listed in the same period on a periodic table will have the same
amount of atomic orbits

h. Match the following families with their properties. There are two properties for each family.

A. Alkali metals

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B. Alkaline earth metals

C. Halogens
D. Noble gases

______
C Very reactive nonmetals

______
D 8 valence electrons

______
A 1 valence electron

______
B Reactive metals

______
B 2 valence electrons

______
C 7 valence electrons

______
D Very little reactivity

______
A Very reactive metals

i. What three families are found in the center portion of the periodic table?

1. _________________________
Mentals

2. _________________________
non mentals

3. _________________________
metalloids

Question 6: Using the Periodic Table (5 points)

a. An atom has a mass number of 19 and an atomic number of 9. What element is it? What is its
symbol? How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does it have?

The element is Fluorine, symbol is F and it has 9 protons, 10 neutrons, and 9 electrons

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b. Hydrogen has one proton in its nucleus but exists as three isotopes. One isotope has no neutrons,
one has one neutron, and one has two neutrons. How would they be identified using isotope
notation?
Hydrogen = H
no neutrons = Hydrogen - 1 or ^1H
1 neutron = Hydrogen - 2 or ^2H
2 neutrons = hydrogen - 3 or ^3H

c. Sodium chloride, table salt, forms ions when dissolved. Sodium (Na) loses one electron. Chloride
(Cl) gains one electron. What are the charges on the two ions?

No loses electron while CI gains one this creates Na+ and CI- which form an ionic
interaction to be NaCi neutral because + and - cancel each other out

d. Would beryllium (Be) or sodium (Na) have properties more similar to magnesium (Mg)? Why?

Sodium is in Group 1 and Beryllium is in Group 2 while is the same group as

magnesium and therefore has similar properties as each other in the
alkaline each metals family

e. Does beryllium (Be) or sodium (Na) have the same inside electron arrangement as magnesium
(Mg)? Why? Beryllium ha 4 electrons
sodium has 11 electrons
magnesium has 12 electrons
Therefore they are in different groups and are different from each other.

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