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Analytic Geometry Formulas

1. Lines in two dimensions
Line forms Line segment
Slope - intercept form: A line segment P1 P2 can be represented in parametric
y = mx + b form by
Two point form: x = x1 + ( x2 − x1 ) t
y2 − y1 y = y1 + ( y2 − y1 ) t
y − y1 = ( x − x1 )
x2 − x1 0 ≤ t ≤1
Point slope form:
Two line segments PP
1 2 and P3 P4 intersect if any only if
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 ) the numbers
Intercept form x2 − x1 y2 − y1 x3 − x1 y3 − y1
x y x3 − x1 y3 − y1 x3 − x4 y3 − y4
+ = 1 ( a, b ≠ 0 ) s= and t=
a b x2 − x1 y2 − y1 x2 − x1 y2 − y1
Normal form:
x3 − x4 y3 − y4 x3 − x4 y3 − y4
x ⋅ cos σ + y sin σ = p
satisfy 0 ≤ s ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
Parametric form:
x = x1 + t cos α
y = y1 + t sin α
Point direction form: 2. Triangles in two dimensions
x − x1 y − y1
= Area
A B
The area of the triangle formed by the three lines:
where (A,B) is the direction of the line and P1 ( x1 , y1 ) lies
A1 x + B1 y + C1 = 0
on the line.
General form: A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0
A ⋅ x + B ⋅ y + C = 0 A ≠ 0 or B ≠ 0 A3 x + B3 y + C3 = 0
is given by
2
A1 B1 C1
Distance
A2 B2 C2
The distance from Ax + By + C = 0 to P1 ( x1 , y1 ) is
A3 B3 C3
A ⋅ x1 + B ⋅ y1 + C K=
d= A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3
2 2 2⋅ ⋅ ⋅
A +B A2 B2 A3 B3 A1 B1
The area of a triangle whose vertices are P1 ( x1 , y1 ) ,
Concurrent lines P2 ( x2 , y2 ) and P3 ( x3 , y3 ) :
Three lines
x1 y1 1
A1 x + B1 y + C1 = 0 1
K = x2 y2 1
A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0 2
x3 y3 1
A3 x + B3 y + C3 = 0
are concurrent if and only if: 1 x2 − x1 y2 − y1
K= .
2 x3 − x1 y3 − y1
A1 B1 C1
A2 B2 C2 = 0
A3 B3 C3
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Centroid
3. Circle
The centroid of a triangle whose vertices are P1 ( x1 , y1 ) ,
P2 ( x2 , y2 ) and P3 ( x3 , y3 ) :
Equation of a circle
 x + x + x y + y + y3  In an x-y coordinate system, the circle with centre (a, b)
( x, y ) =  1 2 3 , 1 2 
 3 3  and radius r is the set of all points (x, y) such that:

( x − a )2 + ( y − b ) 2 = r 2
Circle is centred at the origin
Incenter x2 + y 2 = r 2
The incenter of a triangle whose vertices are P1 ( x1 , y1 ) , Parametric equations
P2 ( x2 , y2 ) and P3 ( x3 , y3 ) : x = a + r cos t
y = b + r sin t
 ax + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3 
( x, y ) =  1 ,
 a+b+c a + b + c  where t is a parametric variable.
In polar coordinates the equation of a circle is:
where a is the length of P2 P3 , b is the length of PP
1 3,
r 2 − 2rro cos (θ − ϕ ) + ro2 = a 2
and c is the length of PP
1 2.
Area
A = r 2π

Circumcenter Circumference
The circumcenter of a triangle whose vertices are c = π ⋅ d = 2π ⋅ r
P1 ( x1 , y1 ) , P2 ( x2 , y2 ) and P3 ( x3 , y3 ) :
 x12 + y12 y1 1 x1 x12 + y12 1  Theoremes:
 2 2 2 2 
 x2 + y2 y2 1 x2 x2 + y2 1  (Chord theorem)
 x2+y2 y 1 x x2+y2 1 The chord theorem states that if two chords, CD and EF,
( x, y ) =  
3 3 3 3 3 3
, intersect at G, then:
 x1 y1 1 x1 y1 1  CD ⋅ DG = EG ⋅ FG
 
 2 x2 y2 1 2 x2 y2 1  (Tangent-secant theorem)
 x3 y3 1 x3 y3 1  If a tangent from an external point D meets the circle at
  C and a secant from the external point D meets the circle
at G and E respectively, then
2
DC = DG ⋅ DE
Orthocenter (Secant - secant theorem)
If two secants, DG and DE, also cut the circle at H and F
The orthocenter of a triangle whose vertices are
respectively, then:
P1 ( x1 , y1 ) , P2 ( x2 , y2 ) and P3 ( x3 , y3 ) :
DH ⋅ DG = DF ⋅ DE
 y1 x2 x3 + y12 1 x12 + y2 y3 x1 1  (Tangent chord property)
 2 2  The angle between a tangent and chord is equal to the
 y2 x3 x1 + y2 1 x2 + y3 y1 x2 1  subtended angle on the opposite side of the chord.
 y xx +y2 1 x2+y y x3 1 
( x, y ) =  
3 1 2 3 3 1 2
,
 x1 y1 1 x1 y1 1 
 
 2 x2 y2 1 2 x2 y2 1 
 x3 y3 1 x3 y3 1 
 
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4. Conic Sections
Eccentricity:
The Parabola
The set of all points in the plane whose distances from a a 2 − b2
e=
fixed point, called the focus, and a fixed line, called the a
directrix, are always equal.
Foci:

The standard formula of a parabola: if a > b => F1 ( − a 2 − b 2 , 0) F2 ( a 2 − b 2 ,0)

y 2 = 2 px if a < b => F1 (0, − b 2 − a 2 ) F2 (0, b 2 − a 2 )
Parametric equations of the parabola: Area:
2
x = 2 pt K = π ⋅ a ⋅b
y = 2 pt
Tangent line The Hyperbola
2 The set of all points in the plane, the difference of whose
Tangent line in a point D( x0 , y0 ) of a parabola y = 2 px distances from two fixed points, called the foci, remains
constant.
y0 y = p ( x + x0 )
The standard formula of a hyperbola:
Tangent line with a given slope (m)
p x2 y 2
y = mx + − =1
2m a 2 b2
Tangent lines from a given point Parametric equations of the Hyperbola
Take a fixed point P ( x0 , y0 ) .The equations of the a
x=
tangent lines are sin t
y − y0 = m1 ( x − x0 ) and y=
b sin t
y − y0 = m2 ( x − x0 ) where cos t
Tangent line in a point D ( x0 , y0 ) of a hyperbola:
y0 + y0 2 − 2 px0
m1 = and x0 x y0 y
2 x0 − 2 =1
a2 b
y0 − y0 2 − 2 px0 Foci:
m1 =
2 x0
if a > b => F1 ( − a 2 + b 2 , 0) F2 ( a 2 + b 2 , 0)
if a < b => F1 (0, − b 2 + a 2 ) F2 (0, b 2 + a 2 )
The Ellipse
The set of all points in the plane, the sum of whose
distances from two fixed points, called the foci, is a Asymptotes:
constant.
b b
The standard formula of a ellipse if a > b => y = x and y = − x
a a
x2 y 2 a a
if a < b => y = x and y = − x
+ =1
a 2 b2 b b
Parametric equations of the ellipse
x = a cos t
y = b sin t
Tangent line in a point D ( x0 , y0 ) of a ellipse:

x0 x y0 y
+ 2 =1
a2 b
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5. Planes in three dimensions

Equation of a plane
Plane forms
The equation of a plane through P1(x1,y1,z1) and parallel
Point direction form: to directions (a1,b1,c1) and (a2,b2,c2) has equation

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = a1 b1 c1 =0
a b c
where P1(x1,y1,z1) lies in the plane, and the direction a2 b2 c2
(a,b,c) is normal to the plane.
The equation of a plane through P1(x1,y1,z1) and
General form: P2(x2,y2,z2), and parallel to direction (a,b,c), has equation

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
where direction (A,B,C) is normal to the plane. x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 = 0
Intercept form: a b c
x y z Distance
+ + =1
a b c The distance of P1(x1,y1,z1) from the plane Ax + By +
this plane passes through the points (a,0,0), (0,b,0), and Cz + D = 0 is
(0,0,c). Ax1 + By1 + Cz1
d=
Three point form A2 + B 2 + C 2
x − x3 y − y3 z − z3 Intersection
x1 − x3 y1 − y3 z1 − z3 = 0 The intersection of two planes
x2 − x3 y2 − y3 z2 − z3 A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0,
Normal form: A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0,
x cos α + y cos β + z cos γ = p is the line
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
Parametric form: = = ,
a b c
x = x1 + a1 s + a2 t where
y = y1 + b1 s + b2 t B1 C1
a=
z = z1 + c1 s + c2 t B2 C2
where the directions (a1,b1,c1) and (a2,b2,c2) are
parallel to the plane. C1 A1
b=
C2 A2

Angle between two planes: A1 B1

c=
The angle between two planes: A2 B2
A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0 D1 C1 D1 B1
A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0 b −c
D2 C2 D2 B2
is x1 = 2 2 2
a +b +c
A1 A2 + B1 B2 + C1C2 D1 A1 D1 C1
arccos
2
A + B +C 2 2 2 2
A2 + B2 + C2 2 c −c
1 1 1 D2 A2 D2 C2
y1 =
The planes are parallel if and only if 2
a +b +c 2 2

A1 B1 C1 D1 B1 D1 A1
= = a −b
A2 B2 C2 D2 B2 D2 A2
The planes are perpendicular if and only if z1 = 2 2 2
a +b +c
A1 A2 + B1 B2 + C1C2 = 0 If a = b = c = 0, then the planes are parallel.