ABSTRACT

In previous drilling machine many of the problems arise during drilling.

Some parts cannot drill due to small work space between drill bit and work
piece. So we use hand drills in this cases but it cause alignment problems. So
here i propose a 360 degree flexible drill that can be mounted on a table or wall
and can be used to drill holes horizontally, vertically or even upside down. So
this make it possible for easy drilling in even complicated parts and surfaces.
Drill machines have been the heart of every industry. Drilling holes in
parts, sheets and structures is a regular industrial work. Perfect and well aligned
drilling needs fixed and strong drills. Some parts cannot be drilled using fixed
drills due to low space between drill bit and drill bed. We need to use hand
drills in such cases but hand drills have alignment problems while drilling. So
here we propose a 360 degree flexible drill that can be mounted on a table or
wall and can be used to drill holes horizontally, vertically or even upside down.
So this makes it possible for easy drilling in even complicated parts and
surfaces. Thus we use rotating hinges and connectors with motor mount and
supporting structure to design and fabricate a mini 360 degree drill for easy
drilling operations.
INTRODUCTION

Drill machines have been the heart of every industry. Drilling holes in
parts, sheets and structures is a regular industrial work. Perfect and well aligned
drilling needs fixed and strong drills. Some parts cannot be drilled using fixed
drills due to low space between drill bit and drill bed. We need to use hand
drills in such cases but hand drills have alignment problems while drilling. So
here i propose a 360º flexible drill that can be mounted on a table or wall and
can be used to drill holes horizontally , vertically or even upside down. So this
makes it possible for easy drilling in even complicated parts and surfaces. Thus
i use rotating hinges and connectors with motor mount and supporting structure
to design and fabricate a 360 degree drilling machine for easy drilling
operations.

List of parts

SR. NO. PART NAME NUMBER

1 GEARS(spur) 4
2 PINION(spur) 1
3 19mm SPANNER BOX 4
4 SHAFTS 4
5 Base plate or Base Rod 2
6 KEY 4
7. L Shaped anchore bolts 5
8. Cotter 4
CHAPTER-1
1.1 OBJECTIVE :

Drill machines have been the heart of every industry. Drilling holes in
parts, sheets and structures is a regular industrial work. Perfect and well aligned
drilling needs fixed and strong drills. Some parts cannot be drilled using fixed
drills due to low space between drill bit and drill bed. We need to use hand
drills in such cases but hand drills have alignment problems while drilling.

1.2 Organization at Work

My project even be rotate easily drill at any direction. So that job setting
operation is not complicated as well as reduces the setting time for the
operation. It also takes into consideration the most effective method of
controlling the drilling machine by manually. Materials like wood, plastic and
light metals drilled with this. The work piece is fixed on the work table. As the
machine tool exert Vertical pressure to original a hole it loosely called a “drill
press”. This Drilling is performed for Different Position Drilling in the working
job. Up/Down and rotating mechanism is available in this Drilling Machine.
1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

CHAPTER-2
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

In order to model surface roughness, several methods had been used in

previous research. Mr. K. I. Nargatti, Mr. S. V. Patil , Mr. G. N. Rakate (2016)
developed a model in Multispindle Drilling Head with Varying Centre Distance.
Multiple-spindle drilling machines are used for mass production, a great time
saver where many pieces of jobs having many holes are to be drilled. Multi-
spindle head machines are used in mechanical industry in order to increase the
productivity of machining systems. This machine has two spindles driven by a
single motor and all the spindles are fed in to the work piece simultaneously.
Feeding motions are obtained either by raising the work table or by lowering the
drills head. As the name indicates multiple spindle drilling machines have two
spindles driven by a single power head, and these two spindles holding the drill
bits are fed into the work piece simultaneously. The spindles are so constructed
that their centre distance can be adjusted in any position within the drill head
depending on the job requirement. The positions of those parallel shafts holding
the drills are adjusted depending upon the locations of the holes to be made on
the job. Based on the literature review, the most parameters that widely
considered when investigating the operation of a machine are feed rate, spindle
speed and depth of cut. Most of the researches didn’t consider the uncontrolled
parameters, such as tool geometry, tool wear, chip loads, and chip formations,
or the material properties of both tool and work piece.
Micromachining operations play an important role in precision
production industries. Out of the various machining processes, micro-drilling
is used to produce micro holes in fuel injectors, printed circuit board,
aerospace materials etc. So in order to achieve the optimum working
conditions various research were conducted by different researchers from
across the globe. This report reviews some of the journal published by them
regarding optimization processes.
Yogendra Tyagi,Vadansh Chaturvedi and Jyoti Vimal have conducted an
experiment on drilling of mild steel, and applied the taguchi methods for
determining the optimum parameters condition for the machining process
using the taguchi methods and analysis of variance. The work piece used is
mild steel (100mm×76mm×12mm) and the tool used is HSS with a point angle
of 118° and diameter of 10 mm. Taguchi L9 orthogonal arrays is used here in
order to plan the experiment. The input parameters are feed rate, depth of cut
and spindle speed whereas the output responses are surface roughness and
metal removal rate (MRR).In case of signal to noise ratio calculation, larger
the better characteristics is used for calculation of S/N ratio for metal removal
rate and nominal and small the better characteristics is used for the calculation
of S/N ratio for surface roughness. After the analysis of the data obtained it is
found that MRR is affected mostly by feed. Confirmation experiment was
conducted using the data obtained from S/N ratio graphs and it confirmed with
the results of taguchi methodology. In case of surface roughness analysis same
procedure was followed where the significant parameter was found to be the
spindle speed. Here too the confirmation experiment was conducted and this
confirms the successful implementation of taguchi methods.

Timur Canel,A. Ugur Kaya,Bekir Celik studied the laser drilling on

PVC material in order to increase the quality of the cavity. Taguchi
optimization methods was used to obtain the optimum parameters. The
material used in the experimental setup is PVC samples with dimensions of
5mm×85mm×4.5mm. Surelite Continuum Laser is used to form the cavities.
The input parameters are wavelength, fluence and frequency and the output
response are aspect ratio, circularity and heat affected zone. Taguchi L9
orthogonal array is used to find the signal to noise ratio. Smaller the better
characteristics is used for HAZ, larger the better characteristic is used for
aspect ratioand nominal the better characteristic is used for circularity.
Variance analysis is performed usingthe calculated S/N ratio to conclude
optimum stage. It is found that most effective parameter for aspect ratio is
frequency, second is wavelength and last is fluence. For circularity it is found
that the most effective parameter is wavelength, fluence and frequency. For
HAZ it is found that the most effective parameter is wavelength, second is
frequency and last is fluence. The experimental results are compatible with
Taguchi method with 93% rate.
Thiren G. Pokar,Prof. V. D. Patel used grey based taguchi method to
determine the optimum micro drilling process parameters. hivapragash,
K.Chandrasekaran, C.Parthasarathy, M.Samuel have tried to optimize the
 drilling process involving metal matrix composites(MMC) in order to
minimize the damage done to it during the process by using taguchi and grey
rational analysis. The work piece used is Al- TiBr2(MMCs),with dimension of
100mm × 170mm × 15mm.The tool material is HSS with diameter of 0.6 mm.
The input parameter are spindle speed, depth of cut and feed rate whereas the
output parameter are MRR and surface roughness. For finding out the optimal
combination of cutting parameters the results are converted into S/N ratios and
higher the better type characteristics is used for MMR, and smaller the better
characteristics is used for surface roughness.

Wen Jialing and Wen Pengfei used an orthogonal experimental design in

order to find out the optimum process parameters for injection molding of
aspheric plastic lens, to reduce volumetric shrinkage and volumetric shrinkage
variation. Six input parameters were taken, each with 5 levels(Fill Time/sec,
holding pressure/Mpa, holding pressure/times, cooling time/s, melt
temperature/°C, mold temperature/°C.L25(56) orthogonal array is used to plan
the above experiment. The parameters affecting both volumetric shrinkage and
volumetric shrinkage variation are identified in order.
CHAPTER-3
3.1 METHODOLOG

This Chapter consists of the overall methodology of the project, which is

specified in the pictorial form.

FABRICATION WORK MATERIAL

IMPACT
 CNC
WRENCH CUTTING
WORK WORK

RESULTS

CONCLUSION

Fig 3.1 Methodology

My project even be rotate easily drill at any direction. So that job setting
operation is not complicated as well as reduces the setting time for the
operation. It also takes into consideration the most effective method of
controlling the drilling machine by manually. Materials like wood, plastic and
light metals drilled with this. The work piece is fixed on the work table. As the
machine tool exert Vertical pressure to original a hole it loosely called a “drill
press”. This Drilling is performed for Different Position Drilling in the working
job. Up/Down and rotating mechanism is available in this Drilling Machine.

CHAPTER-4

4.1MATERIAL SELECTION

4.1.1 Introduction To Engineering Materials:

The selection of a material for a particular application is governed by the

working condition to which it will be subjected, ease of Manufacturing and the
cost considerations, pure metals find few applications in pure condition and
secondly they generally have poor strength in pure form. Various desired and
special properties can be achieved by addition of different material to form
alloys. Alloy comprises of a base metal and one or more alloying elements. The
typical properties associated with working condition are tenacity elasticity
toughness and hardness, toughness and typical properties associated with
manufacturing process is ductility, malleability and plasticity. The various
properties can be determined by testing techniques e.g. tensile test resistance to
abrasion by hardness test toughness by impact test and other special properties
like fatigue and creep test.

4.1.2 Engineering Material For Product Design:

All physical objects are made out of some material substance or other.
Mother Nature has her own set of building material for the objects of her
creation, living or non-living. Over the millennia, man has observed and
adapted many of these for making objects of his invention and design. For
engineering purposes, we now use a very wide spectrum of materials. These
generally fall under the following categories:-

 Materials as found in nature used after only very minor preparation such as
cutting to size, sun-drying, mixing with water. Some examples are coal,
wood and stones.
 Natural materials that are modified/ refined before use through some
physical, chemical or thermal processes that improve their utilization.
 Synthesized materials that are rarely found freely in nature. These are
derived from one or more natural raw materials through major
transformation processes. Most of the materials used in modern mechanical
engineering belong to this category.
4.1.3 Selection Criteria:
The designer selects the materials of construction for his product based
on several criteria such as its cost, the desirable properties that it should possess,
its availability, the preferred manufacturing processes that are to be employed,
etc. The overall economy is influenced by all these factors. In special cases,
essentiality and /or urgency of the need for the product can supersede the
economic considerations. The main criteria for material selection are discussed
below:
4.1.4 Cost Of The Material
The amount of raw materials, their composition, quality, any special heat-
treatment that is required, etc. influence the unit cost of materials. The unit cost
generally depends also on the quantity of raw material that is purchased in a
single lot. Special steel materials, for example, cost much more in the market
when purchased in small quantities from a retailer than in bulk directly from the
steel mill/stockyard.
4.1.5 Availability
The material should be readily available in adequate quantities. Material
availability is closely linked with the variety and level of technology obtained in
a given geographic location. Procuring materials from far and wide can be
expensive, due to the additional cost for transport, for transporter taxes and
duties etc.
4.1.6 Manufacturing Process
Facilities for shaping and treating the selected material into the finished
product or component must be available for economic production. Otherwise,
the production cost goes up. For example, the selection of forged alloy steel for
a connecting rod design necessarily assumes that a suitable forging facility is
available along with the necessary dies and other accessories. If the alloy is of a
rare quality, then facilities for its heat treatment might not be available.
4.1.7 Properties Of The Material
The desired function and performance of any product depends to a great
extent on the use of materials with the right physical and chemical properties. In
general mechanical engineering these properties can be classified into different
categories depending on how a particular property affects the function and life
of a component. The main property groups are:-
  Chemical Composition, specifying the contents of all the different
elements contained.
 Properties of state, such as solid, liquid or gas, density, porosity,
temperature.
 Strength related properties, such as ultimate strengths in tension,
compression and shear, yield strength/ 0.2% strength, fatigue strength,
notch sensitive, hardness, impact strength, effect of high/low
temperatures on strength, etc.
 Strain related properties, such as elongation at fracture, elastic moduli,
ductility, malleability etc. these help to ensure the desired rigidity/
elasticity, formability etc.
 Wear related properties, that determine the erosion, abrasion, friction
etc.., Between components in contact/ relative motion.

4.2 Selection Of Material

Carbon steel is an alloy of iron and carbon with varying quantities of
phosphorus and sulphur. To this alloy is added a deoxidizer to remove or
minimize the last traces of oxygen. Manganese is added to such an alloy to
neutralize sulphur, either alone are in combination with silicone or other
deoxidizers.
In carbon steel the maximum content of the following elements does not
exceeding the limits given against each:
Manganese ….. 1.65%

Silicone ….. 0.60%

Copper ….. 0.60%

The elements which are specified and are added into the carbon steel are carbon,
manganese, phosphorus, sulphur and silicon. The effect of these elements in
carbon steel is given below:
 CARBON contents are very important in determining the properties of steel.
The tensile strength of steel increases with increase in carbon contents up to
0.83% and beyond this it drops quickly. Hardness increases as the carbon
contents increases. Ductility and weld ability decreases with increase in
carbon contents.
 Manganese: Tensile strength and hardness increases with increase in
manganese content weld ability decreases by increase in manganese.
Manganese content in steel varies from 0.2 to 0.8%.
 Phosphorus: Tensile strength and hardness increases with increase in
phosphorus content. The phosphorus content in steel varies from 0.005 to
0.12% and maximum content permitted is 0.4%. In low phosphorus steel,
phosphorus steel, phosphorus is dissolved in matrix and in others it appears
as phosphate precipitate.
 Sulphur: Sulphur in steel lowers the toughness and transverse ductility,
Sulphur imparts brittleness to chips removed in machining operations. The
maximum permitted contents of sulphur in steel is 0.055%.
 Silicon: It is the principal deoxidizer used in the carbon steel Presence of
silicon in steel promotes increase of grain size and deep hardening
properties. Its addition is very useful in making steel adaptable for case
carburizing. Presence of the silicon varies from 0.1 to 0.35%.
 Copper: Though it is not an essential constituent of carbon steel yet it is
added up to 0.25% to increase the resistance to atmospheric corrosion.
The most important composition for carbon used as engineering material having
carbon % 0.02 to 0.30. Their merchantability is quite good. Such steel are used
in making small forging, crank pin, Gear, Valve, Crank shaft, railway axles,
cross head, connecting rods, rims for turbine gears, armature shafts and fish
plates.
4.2.1 Mild Steel

Plain carbon steel in which carbon contents ranges from 0.08 to below 0.3
are known as mild steel. Those mild steel in carbon contents is less than 0.15%
are known as dead mild steel. Mild steel are not such effected by heat treatment
processes, especially hardening process. A decrease in carbon content improves
the ductility of mild steel. These steels possess good machinability and weld
ability. These are mainly used for making wires, rivets, nut, bolt, screw, sheets,
plates, tube, roads, shafts, structural steel section and for general workshop
purposes etc.

CHAPTER-5

5.1 DESIGN PROCEDURE

5.1.1 Design and Product Cycle

All engineering activities necessarily begin with some ideas with high or
low innovative content, translated into definite plans for their realization in the
form of products. This is the essence of design engineering. The ultimate
success depends on a thorough consideration of how the product will be made
and used as well as on the attention to detail paid by the design engineering.
This is applicable equally for a minor redesign of a existing product or for a
most innovative one. A good understanding of how the various phases of the
product cycle can influence the design is therefore Essential. The Product Cycle
can be better understood by fig. 5.1.

5.1.2 The Challenges Of Design Engineering

The present day industry bases economy is founded on the consumption of
as many different products as possible by as much number of users as possible.
It serves as an engine driving technology. The numbers put manufacturing
under pressure; the numbers as well as the variety put greater pressure on design
engineering. This is manifested by
 Short time available for design, development and testing of the product
before it reaches the user.
 Demands from the users for affordable cost combined with high quality of
performance and appearance.
 Increasing number of competition who can supply a product of equivalent
value. On one side, the scientific cooperation and exchange of information
have become international. On the other side, industrial activities and
communications network have become globalized. Given the present day
ease of access to technology, major break through in product innovation and
design are not really essential for industries to produce and prosper.

Market/Needs Potential & Aims of

Organization
Tasks

Product-Planning/
Definition of Task

Development/Design

Manufacture/Assemb
ly/Testing

Marketing/Application
Engineering, Sales
 Use/Consumption/
Maintenance

Waste Products/
Obsolete Products

Fig. 5.1.2 Life Cycle of a Product

5.1.3 Qualities Of A Good Design

A good product design should satisfy the expectations of the customer/user.

These can be summarized in the following conditions. The product must
 Carry out the desired functions reliably.
 Appeal both technologically and psychologically.
 Be economical to acquire and to use.
 Be easy and safe to use.
 Be easy to maintain in working order.
In order to ensure the conditions, not only must the design concept be novel and
sound but the design must be well engineered. This engineering part of design
consists of
 Drawing up the main parameters for function and performance.
 Deciding the material, shape and dimensions of the components.
 Ensuring that the component dimensions satisfy the functional and strength
requirement.
 Ensuring the feasibility to manufacture or otherwise procure all the
necessary components, assemble them together and test them.
 Preparing the component and assembly drawing for guiding manufacture and
inspection.
5.2 MACHINING AND DESIGN PARAMETERS
Cutting Speed (v)

It’s the peripheral speed of the drill. The cutting speed depends upon the
properties of the material being drilled, drill material, drill diameter, rate of
speed, coolant used etc…

v =*D*N where

D = diameter of the drill in mm

N = Speed of rotation in rpm

Feed Rate (f)

It’s the movement of drill along the axis (mm/min).

Depth of Cut (d)

The distance from the machined surface to the drill axis.

d = D / 2 mm

As the depth of hole increases, the chip ejection becomes more difficult and the
fresh cutting fluid is not able to cutting zone. Hence for machining the lengthy
hole special type of drill called ‘gun drill’ is used.

Material Removal Rate

It’s the volume of material removed by the drill per unit time

DMRR = ( 2 / 4) * f * N mm3 / min

Machining Time (T)

It depends upon the length (l) of the hole to be drilled, to the

Speed (N) and feed (f) of the drill. t = L / f min

CHAPTER-6
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
6.1. FABRICATION AND EXPERIMENTATION:
6.1.1 General Aspects of Drilling Machine:

Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the work-piece by using a

rotating cutter called DRILL. The machine used for drilling is called drilling

machine. The drilling operation can also be accomplished in lathe, in which the

drill is held in tailstock and the work is held by the chuck. The most common

drill used is the twist drill.

It is the simplest and accurate machine used in production shop. The

work piece is held stationary i.e. Clamped in position and the drill rotates to

make a hole.

Drilling machine is kind of machine rotating cutting tool which direction the

drill feeds only on the machine axis(workmanship perforation). Drilling is

operating while producing round holes in the piece work by using a rotating

cutter called DRILL.

A Drill is a tool fitted with a cutting tool attachment or driving tool

attachment, usually a drill bit or driver bit, used for boring holes in various

materials or fastening various materials together with the use of fasteners. The

attachment is gripped by a chuck at one end of the drill and rotated while

pressed against the target material.

The tip, and sometimes edges, of the cutting tool does the work of cutting
into the target material. This may be slicing off thin shavings grinding off small

particles crushing and removing pieces of the work piece, countersinking,

counter boring, or other operations.

Drills are commonly used in woodworking, metalworking, construction

and do-it-yourself projects. Drills are available with a wide variety of

performance characteristics, such as power and capacity.

Drill machines have been the heart of every industry. Drilling holes in

parts, sheets and structures is a regular industrial work. Perfect and well aligned

drilling needs fixed and strong drills. Some parts cannot be drilled using fixed

drills due to low space between drill bit and drill bed. We need to use hand

drills in such cases but hand drills have alignment problems while drilling. So

here we propose a 360 degree flexible drill that can be mounted on a table or

wall and can be used to drill holes horizontally, vertically or even upside down.

So this makes it possible for easy drilling in even complicated parts and

surfaces. Thus we use rotating hinges and connectors with motor mount and

supporting structure to design and fabricate a mini 360 degree drill for easy

drilling operations.

6.1.2 DRILLING PROCESS

Drilling is the method of making holes in a work piece with metal cutting

tools. Drilling is associated with machining operations such as trepanning,

counter boring, reaming and boring. A main rotating movement is common to

all these processes combined with a linear feed. There is a clear distinction
between short hole and deep hole drilling. The drilling process can in some

respects be compared with turning and milling but the demands on chip

breaking and the evacuation of chips is critical in drilling. Machining is

restricted by the hole dimensions, the greater the hole depth, the more

demanding it is to control the process and to remove the chips. Short holes occur

frequently on many components and high material removal rate is a growing

priority along with quality and reliability.

Solid drilling is the most common drilling method, where the hole is drilled in

solid material to a predetermined diameter and in a single operation.

Trepanning is principally used for larger hole diameters since this method is

not so power- consuming as solid drilling. The trepanning never machines the

whole diameter, only a ring at the periphery. Instead of all the material being

removed in the form of chips, a core is left round the center of the hole.

Counter boring is the enlargement of an existing hole with a specifically

designed tool. This machines away a substantial amount of material at the

periphery of the hole.

Reaming is the finishing of an existing hole. This method involves small

working allowances to achieve high surface finish and close tolerances.

The cutting speed, or surface speed (vc) in for drilling is determined by the

periphery speed and can be calculated from the spindle speed (n) which is

expressed in number of revolutions per minute. During one revolution, the

periphery of the drill will describe a circle with a circumference of π x Dc,

where Dc is the tool diameter. The cutting speed also varies depending upon

which cutting edge across the drill-face is being considered.

A machining challenge for drilling tools is that from the periphery to the center

of the drill, the cutting speed declines in value, to be zero at the center.

Recommended cutting speeds are for the highest speed at the periphery.

The feed per revolution (ƒn) in mm/rev expresses the axial movement of the

tool during one revolution and is used to calculate the penetration rate and to

express the feed capability of the drill.

The penetration rate or feed speed (vf) in mm/min is the feed of the tool in

relation to the work piece expressed in length per unit time. This is known as

the machine feed or table feed. The product of feed per revolution and spindle

speed gives the rate at which the drill penetrates the work piece. The hole

depth (L) is an important factor in drilling as is the radial cutting depth (a p)

and feed per tooth (fz) for calculations.

6.1.3 Machining holes

Holes are either made or finish machined. Most work pieces have at least one

hole and depending upon the function of the hole, it needs machining to

various limitations.

The main factors that characterize

A hole from the machining view point are:

- diameter
 - depth

- quality

- material

- conditions

- reliability

- productivity

6.1.4 Drilling Machine Construction

The basic parts of a drilling machine are its base, supporting arms, drill head
and chuck. The base made of cast iron or other hard material may rest on a
bench, floor depending upon the design. Larger and heavy duty machines are
grounded on the floor. The arms are mounted on base with the help of hinge to
rotate about it. It is accurately machined and the arms can move up, down and
rotate about x-axis. The drill chuck, an electric motor and the mechanism meant
for driving the chuck at different speeds are mounted on the top of the upper
arm. Power is transmitted from the electric motor to the drill chuck.
6.1.4 Drilling Machine Working Principle
The working principle of this flexible drilling machine is initially started from
the D.C. motor through full wave rectifier. In which there is one power sources,
received from the rectifier. Then the arm rotates at 360 degree and moves
anywhere when drilling is required up to its maximum arm length. With the
help of my project we can drill in complicated parts accurately.
6.2 A DRILLING OPERATION
Drilling is a process of producing round holes in a solid material
or enlarging existing holes with the use of multi tooth cutting tools called drills
or drill bits. Various cutting tools are available for drilling, but the most
common is the twist drill does most of the cutting with the tip of the bit. It has
two flutes to carry the chips up from the cutting edges to the top of the hole
where they are cast off. The standard drill geometry
Some standard drill types are,
 v straight shank: this type has a cylindrical shank and is held in a chuck;
 v taper shank: his type is held directly in the drilling machine spindle.

Drills are normally made of HSS but carbide-tipped drills, and drills
with mechanically attached carbide inserts are commonly used in many
operations, especially on CNC drilling machines.

6.3 INDEXING MECHANISM

Two basic precision mechanisms were developed to meet the
requirements for accurate spacing: the rotary or circular milling table and the
dividing/indexing head. These mechanisms are called indexing devices. The
rotary head and dividing head are used to index (locate) one surface or angular
dimension in an exact relationship with another. These mechanisms have
accessories that permit them to serve also as work holding devices.
6.3.1 INDEXING PLATE
The rotary table permits a work piece to be moved in a circular path. This
accessory consists of a base and a rotary table. The base of a simple direct
setting rotary table is graduated through 360º in increments of 1-minute. The
rotary table is provided with a T-slotted face plate and possibly a chuck.
Irregularly shaped work may be strapped to the table, held in a fixture or chuck.
A precision type of rotary table is geared and moved by a hand wheel. The
micrometer collar on the lead screw mechanism reads in degrees, minutes, and
seconds. Some rotary tables are geared to the machine table and provide
continuo’s motion.
Drill bits are cutting tools used to create cylindrical holes. Bits are held in
a tool called a drill, which rotates them and provides torque and axial force to
create the hole. Specialized bits are also available for non-cylindrical shaped
holes. The shank is the part of the drill bit grasped by the chuck of a drill. The
cutting edges of the drill bit are at one end, and the shank is at the other. Drill
bits come in standard sizes, described in the drill bit sizes article. A
comprehensive drill bit and tap size chart lists metric and imperial sized drill
bits alongside the required screw tap sizes. The term drill may refer to either a
drilling machine or a drill bit for use in a drilling machine. In this article, for
clarity, drill bit or bit is used throughout to refer to a bit for use in a drilling
machine, and drill refers always to a drilling machine.

6.4 DRILL CHUCK

A drill chuck is a specialized three-jaw chuck used to hold drill bits or
related tools. The image show the traditional keyed style of drill chuck with its
key. The arbour is shown separately to the right. These chucks require a key to
provide the necessary torque to tighten and loosen the jaws. The rotary action of
the key turns the outer body which acts on an internal screw; this in turn moves
the threaded jaws in or out along a tapered surface. The taper allows the jaws to
encompass various sizes of drill shanks. The end view shows the three small
jaws that slide within the body. Some high precision chucks use ball thrust
bearings to reduce friction in the closing mechanism and maximizing drilling
torque. These chucks are sometimes referred to as “ super chucks”.
6.4.1 Movements in Flexible Drilling Machine:

This drilling machine possesses a radial arm which along with the drilling
head can swing and move vertically up and down as can be seen in Fig. The
radial, vertical and horizontal arm movement of the drilling head enables
locating the drill spindle at any point within a very large space required by large
and odd shaped jobs. The tubular column on that the radial arm which moves up
and down manually or it can powered movement then the drilling head here this
is called drilling head which holds the drill spindle here in which the drill is
mounted and is subjected to rotation. The entire head is mounted on the radial
arm and this can move inward and outward from the drill axis. Also the
horizontal arm can slide linearly on vertical arm. Not only that, as this along
with this radial arm the drilling head moves upward and downward to have
large gap between the to drill and job or there is a stoke length. Not only that
further this radial arm can be rotated about the column rotated about the
column, say about 360 degree. The main movements in the machine are: 360
degrees rotation of arm joint. Up & down movement of the horizontal arm
on vertical arm. Linear slide movement of horizontal arm.

6.5 DEVELOPMENT OF DRILLING MACHINE

Equipments used for the Experiment as shown:

Base plate

Vertical arm

Horizontal arm

Suspension spring

Roller bearing

Motor

Drill bit

Copper wire

Switch board

Guider
Setup Procedure:

1) Base: The base acts a support for the whole machine. It’s made of a mild
steel. The base of the drilling machine supports the entire machine and when
bolted to the floor, provides for vibration-free operation and best machining
accuracy. The top of the base is similar to the worktable and may be equipped
with t- slot for mounting work too large for the table.

2) Arm: There are two arms:

 Vertical arm
 Horizontal arm

The primary arm holds the secondary arm and it is with the help of this
arm the 360° of rotation is transferred from the t plate to the secondary arm in
order to move the drill head at angles. They are made up of stainless steel.

3) Cross Slide: We have used a hand drilling machine to be fixed on the cross
slide. Our drilling machine can drill holes on concrete, wood and metal. The
drill bit can be rotated both clockwise and anticlockwise direction.

6.6 WORKING PROCEDURE

Pneumatic multi-operation machine make use of compressed air obtained

from compressor passes through pressure regulator & then passes through
pneumatic gun. In pneumatic gun air exerts a axial spinning force on the spindle
located inside the tool head which causes the drill tool to rotate inside the work
piece with required RPM.

Fig. 6.6 Concept Design

6.6.1 Advantage

1) EFFICIENT DRILLING
2) 360 DEGREE ROTATION
3) FLEXIBLE
4) EASY TO USE
5) LOW COST
6) REDUCE HANDLING COST
7) REDUCE TIME
8) REDUCE OVERALL MANUFACTURING COST
9) INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY

B. Application

1) To put holes with high precision on engine heads, blocks and cylindrical
shell.
2) Used in furniture making.

C. Future Scope

1) It is used in industries.
2) It is used with automation for automatic drilling.
3) In future it is used in every field where drilling is required.
4) Also use this method of rotation of arm in other machining operation.
CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSION

Due to the various problems faced by conventional operation processes such

as Poor thread finish, more time consumption, frequent tool breakage and
many more. So, we have decided to design the machine which will make use
of compressed air as a power source.

Above is the Future model of pneumatic machine on which the tapping

,drilling, boring etc operation is achieved by Pneumatic system and it
eliminates all the problem faced by conventional operation process.

This pneumatic multi-operation Machine is to be presented for increasing

their productivity as well as quality of job. It also gives the detailed
description of machine mechanism and their different main parts of machine.
In this we are defining different process parameters like spindle speed (rpm),
cutting feed rate, cutting force, torque and power for their efficient working
of operation.
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