1.

Renaissance: types of paintings: 3

1. Panel paintings

Cimabue’s Madonna Enthroned

1. What kind of paint: Wet paint applied to dry ground

2. Ground is: Base for painting, covering on base like a “primer”

 Gesso is: a mixture of powdered calcium sulfate and animal glue

1. Tempera paint is: egg based, matte and not glossy

2. Stamping is: ink made of dye or pigment applied to an image or pattern that has been carved,
molded, or engraved onto a sheet of rubber

1. Fresco:
1. What is fresco? Wet paint applied directly to wet plaster
2. How quickly does an artist have to paint on the fresh plaster? While it is wet, during
intonaco, the paint would go on

 What is dry fresco? wet paint on dry plaster

1. Early 15th century: what was developed? Oils

2. Where was oil paint discovered? Italy
3. What does “glazing” do? It makes the opaque become transparent

2. Early oil painted portrait: Hans Memling, Portrait of Barbara van Blaenderbergh Morcel, c.
1480
1. Provide summary points of Dr. Hirsch’s talk: (5 points—5 items)

- Dates from 1480, were the first to use oils and discover. Used opaque paints and the glazes,
loved detail. More saturated colors because of the plaster or egg based. Subtle differentiations of
the colors and brush strokes.

3. Sandro Botticelli, Portrait of a Man, 1480-85 – provide summary points of talk: (3 points)

- 1480-1485, earliest oil paintings in italy. Doesn’t use glaze in this painting, very thin brush
strokes.

4. Leonardo da Vinci, Last Supper, c. 1495-98 – provide summary point: (1 point)

- 1495-1498 tried mixing oils and frescos together and it didn’t work

5. Rembrandt, Self-Portrait, c. 1669. Summary point: (1 point)

- The detail of the face invented thicker and thicker paint which is called impasto. This is by
putting one stroke after another
6. What is scumbling? Putting a lot of paint on the brush and twisting it when placing on the
canvas
7. 18th & 19th century—what was the huge innovation? The huge innovation was portable paints
8. John Ruskin. Zermatt, 1844: summarize the discussion: (4 points) Watercolor, did it out of
doors. Had to have hand mixed his pigment in order to have a more saturated color
9. What was the huge innovation in art that sprung up in 1842? Invention of oils in tubes
10. What does the term en plein air mean? Out of doors
11. William Holman Hunt. Our English Coasts, 1852. Summary points: (3 points)

- Oil on canvas, painted out of doors, he got out and observed everything he painted. Had an
interest in what he painted, being able to see the sunlight to give his paintings a glowing look and
capture small details

12. Monet: what allowed him to get the ‘effect’ he wanted while painting out of doors? He uses
uniform thickness, where strokes are the same thickness
13. Gustave Courbet. The Source of the Loue, c. 1864. Summarize the “tools” innovation:
(3 points) Oil on canvas, he used a palette knife as well as brushed. He would mix colors
while using the palette knife in order to get a different color
14. JMW Turner, The Fighting Temeraire, 1839: Summarize development: (4 points)

- 1839, wide variation from thin to very thick paint. Has blending effects almost like watercolor
and also put on paint much more thickly for the sky.

15. Auguste Renoir. Diana, c. 1867. Why did the critics “get all over him” about this particular
work? Wanted to have his painting be accepted in a salon. Used 2 different applications of
paint. The background is influenced by thick strokes and the nude is done brighter and the
critics were all over him because he had 2 different styles
16. Vincent Van Gogh. Crows over the wheat fields. 1890: summarize: (2 points)

- Mostly painted out of tubes, which means it would be uniformed thickness. There is an equal
color of paint and thickness throughout the painting.