Suspension feeders- sift small food particles from the water- many aquatic animals do this

(Whales,oysters, clam)
Fluid feeders- suck nutrient rich fluid froma living host (mosquitoes, aphids, humming birds, and
bees)
Substrate feeder- live in or on their food source (caterpillars, maggots)
Bulk feeders- eat relatively large pieces of food (humans, snakes, mammals)

Dendrites- neuron extensions that receive messages and conduct them toward the cell body.
Axon- neuron extension that sends messages to other neurons or cells.
Neurotransmission, is the process by which signaling molecules called neurotransmitters are
released by the axon terminal of a neuron, and bind to and react with the receptors on the dendrites
of another neuron a short distance away.

Homeostasis is a delicate balancing act that starts with a stimulus that causes changes.

Study Rundown: A recent estimate in 2015 suggested that 6.7% of all deaths in the US were due to
respiratory diseases, representing the 5th leading cause of death and 8th leading cause of health
burden overall. However, significantly less has been reported about how mortality rates due to
individual respiratory diseases have changed on a county to county basis. In this retrospective
analysis of many national mortality registries, it was found that respiratory disease mortality rates
have increased overall from 1980 to 2014 with significant variation in mortality rates by county. Of all
respiratory diseases, COPD caused the greatest number of mortalities followed by interstitial lung
disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, asthma, other chronic respiratory disease, and pneumoconiosis.
In addition, COPD mortality rates for males declined over this period while mortality rates for females
increased by a much greater amount. Overall, this curation of data may help to reveal trends in lung
disease that could lead to better public health interventions and prevention strategies.
In-Depth [cross-sectional study]: From 1980 to 2014, there were an estimated 177.3 thousand
(CI95 172.8 to 182.2) deaths due to respiratory disease according to data from the National Center for
Health Statistics, US Census Bureau, and Human Mortality Database. COPD accounted for 85.3% of
respiratory disease deaths with the highest COPD mortality rates in Central Appalachia and the
Southern US west to Colorado while the lowest rates were found near Washington, DC, New York
City, New York, and San Francisco, California. Overall, COPD mortality in men declined by 10.9%
while COPD mortality in women increased by 107.4%. Interstitial Lung Disease and Pulmonary
Sarcoidosis made up 10.3% of respiratory disease deaths with the highest mortality rates in
Southwest, Northern Great Plains, New England, and South Atlantic region while the lowest rates
were in parts of Colorado, Nevada, Texas, South Dakota, and Florida. Asthma made up 2.2% of all
respiratory deaths with the highest mortality rates in southern half of the Mississippi River, Georgia,
and South Carolina. Pneumoconiosis made up 0.9% of respiratory disease deaths with the highest
mortality rates in central Appalacia and parts of Mississippi, Colorado, Utah, and Montana. Overall,
there were increases in the mortality rates for COPD (30.8%; CI95 25.2-39.0%), Interstitial Lung
Disease and Pulmonary Sarcoidosis (100.5%; CI95 5.8 to 155.2%), and other chronic respiratory
diseases (42.3%; CI95 32.4 to 62.8%) and declined for asthma (46.5%; CI95 27.0 to 51.8%) and
pneumoconiosis (48.5%; CI95 38.7 to 53.7%).

Mutualism- is the symbolic interaction between a young root and a fungus where the fungus obtain
sugar and nitrogen- containing compounds from the root cells.

Oropharyngeal receptors- are located in the mucosa on the superior surface of the nasal cavity.
Kreb cycle
Reaction 1: Formation of Citrate
The first reaction of the cycle is the condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate,
catalyzed by citrate synthase.
Once oxaloacetate is joined with acetyl-CoA, a water molecule attacks the acetyl leading to the
release of coenzyme A from the complex.
Reaction 2: Formation of Isocitrate
The citrate is rearranged to form an isomeric form, isocitrate by an enzyme acontinase.
In this reaction, a water molecule is removed from the citric acid and then put back on in another
location. The overall effect of this conversion is that the –OH group is moved from the 3′ to the 4′
position on the molecule. This transformation yields the molecule isocitrate.
Reaction 3: Oxidation of Isocitrate to α-Ketoglutarate
In this step, isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form α-
ketoglutarate.
In the reaction, generation of NADH from NAD is seen. The enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase
catalyzes the oxidation of the –OH group at the 4′ position of isocitrate to yield an intermediate which
then has a carbon dioxide molecule removed from it to yield alpha-ketoglutarate.
Reaction 4: Oxidation of α-Ketoglutarate to Succinyl-CoA
Alpha-ketoglutarate is oxidized, carbon dioxide is removed, and coenzyme A is added to form the 4-
carbon compound succinyl-CoA.
During this oxidation, NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
Reaction 5: Conversion of Succinyl-CoA to Succinate
CoA is removed from succinyl-CoA to produce succinate.
The energy released is used to make guanosine triphosphate (GTP) from guanosine diphosphate
(GDP) and Pi by substrate-level phosphorylation. GTP can then be used to make ATP. The enzyme
succinyl-CoA synthase catalyzes this reaction of the citric acid cycle.
Reaction 6: Oxidation of Succinate to Fumarate
Succinate is oxidized to fumarate.
During this oxidation, FAD is reduced to FADH2. The enzyme succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes
the removal of two hydrogens from succinate.
Reaction 7: Hydration of Fumarate to Malate
The reversible hydration of fumarate to L-malate is catalyzed by fumarase (fumarate hydratase).
Fumarase continues the rearrangement process by adding Hydrogen and Oxygen back into the
substrate that had been previously removed.
Reaction 8: Oxidation of Malate to Oxaloacetate
Malate is oxidized to produce oxaloacetate, the starting compound of the citric acid cycle by malate
dehydrogenase. During this oxidation, NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+.
ATP Generation
Total ATP = 12 ATP
3 NAD+ = 9 ATP
1 FAD = 2 ATP
1 ATP = 1 ATP
Photosynthesis starts when a photon – a tiny packet of light- is absorbed by a molecule of chlorophyll.
The energy of the photon is used to move an electron in the chlorophyll molecule to a higher orbit and
that electron moves to another molecule. This donation of an electron is the energy imput that starts
the whole chain of reactions going.
Science Facts & Homework Help / By pcwriter / Homework Help & Study Guides
What is Photosynthesis?
Plants supply the energy for all higher life forms on Earth. Herbavores such as deer and cows eat the
plants. Lions, humans and other carnivores in turn eat the herbavores. In fact any food chain traced
back to its original source will always begin with a plant. Without plants and their ability to make their
own food through a process called photosynthesis, life would cease to exist. So what exactly is
photosynthesis? And why are other life forms dependent on it for survival? You have probably seen
this photosynthesis equation in your science textbook:
carbon dioxide + energy + water = carbohydrate + oxygen
During the photosynthesis process, plants use energy from the sun, water from the soil and carbon
dioxide gas from the air to make glucose. Plants as well as all other organisms are dependent on
glucose for energy. A plant’s ability to use the sun’s energy is due to special leaf structures called
chloroplasts which contain a green pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll – a molecule that gives the
plant its green color- has an atom of the metal maganese at the center surrounded by a complex ring
made of carbon and hydrogen with a long tail – giving it a kite-like appearance.
Understanding How Photosynthesis Works
Photosynthesis starts when a photon – a tiny packet of light- is absorbed by a molecule of chlorophyll.
The energy of the photon is used to move an electron in the chlorophyll molecule to a higher orbit and
that electron moves to another molecule. This donation of an electron is the energy imput that starts
the whole chain of reactions going.
The photosynthesis process is divided up into two steps.Some of these reactions happen in the light
and other reactions occur in the dark. The first step is a light-dependent reaction. When the electron
from the chlorophyll molecule is removed it sets off this complex series of chain reactions leading to
the production of molecules that capture light energy and store it in the form of ATP. Cells tap into this
stored energy to provide energy needed for basic life processes. The second step is a light-
independent or dark reaction. The ATP stored in these molecules is used to drive another series of
complex reactions known as the Calvin Cycle. This helps the plant use carbon dioxide from the air
and water drawn up from the roots in the soil to make glucose for food. Although this second step
implies light isn’t necessary, production of ATP and dark and light reactions would stop if there was
no light.
Roots are slender extensions of specialized epidermal cells that greatly increase the surface area
available for absorption
Nutrients- is any substance required for the growth and development of an orgasm.
Trace elements and minerals include iodine, cobalt, zinc, and selenium.
True fats contain 9 calories per gram
Uterine contraction is an example of a positive feedback mechanism