CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the gathered information from different materials such as articles,
journals, academic books and previous studies on the related topic that support Literature study of the
researchers.

Review of Related Literature

Essence of Literature
The world literature came from the Latin term which means litera (Higgins, 2008) and french
phrase “belles-letters which means beautiful writing (Ang, 2016). Literature is a manifestation of man’s
experiences mingled into harmonious expressions. It deals with ideas, thoughts, and emotions of man.
One could say literature is the story of a person. Through literature we experience the innermost
feelings and thoughts of people – the realest aspect of themselves, so that we can not only appreciate
others, but, above all, ourselves and life itself. It also represents as the symbol of peoples culture and
tradition. Literature can tell the history of the world, thus it makes more important than just a historical
or cultural artifact.
In broader sense, literature is everything that has ever been written. Different kinds of writings
already existed a long time ago but cannot be classified as a kind of literature. The very first writings
are from ancient Sumer, though to some authors it is defined already as one of literature, it’s still cannot
be accounted to literature. Literature is a form of human expression, but not everything in words even
when organized and written down is counted as literature (Rexroth, 2011). Restrictively, literature
refers to writing considered to be an art form or any single writing deemed to have artistic or
intellectual value. Therefore, people indulge reading this kind of literature which can be a source of
information, an amusement, a higher and keener pleasure, a upliftment of one’s cultural range and a
discovery of a broader dimensions in life.

Origin of Philippine Literature

Philippine literature is any body of works, both oral and written, that Filipino whether native,
naturalized or foreign born, choose to compose a literary piece about the experiences of people living
in or relating to Philippines society.
 In ancient times, the Philippines along with other rising cultures have their own share of
literature. Their literature was first to be myths and legends about the origin of things around people.
According to Carbonell, Ribo, Rojas (2013) these myths and legends served to explain natural
phenomena and people’s belief so that the members of their communities would understand mysterious
things in their environment and probably become less fearful of them. These literatures’ that were most
handed down through generations by word of mouth and were told more for entertainment than for
information.
The first written literary form of the Philippines is only known from times of colonial period.
Many of this works were primary religious in nature extolling the virtues of Christianity to a population
that had previously followed local polytheism. Spanish language were used instead of local languages
for it is believed that the language of locals were inferior and not worthy to have great works of
writings. This continues until Balagtas, one of the Philippines’ greatest writers refused to write in
Spanish that results him to be persecuted by the Spaniards. His greatest works that is written in Tagalog
tells the story of a man and a woman in the time of the Greek Empire. Time passed another great
Filipino writer who also became its national hero, Jose Rizal, which was recognized as the father of
indigenous Philippine literature. This proves that Filipino literature was not left behind among those
who are recognized worldwide.

The Foundation of Palanca Awards

In the year of 1950, the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature or also known as
“Palanca Awards” was established by the memory of Don Carlos Palanca Sr. to help the literary works
of Filipinos to be recognized and also, to inspire them to make great literary works for this kind of
competition. The Filipino writers, poets, playwrights, screenwriters and writers for children literatures
were encouraged to join this competition.
68 years ago, Filipino fictionists were invited by the Palanca Awards to write their best short
story in the form of English or Filipino language. The Palanca awards continue to challenge aspiring
writers to express their creativity through the following literary genres:

1950 –Short Story or Maikling Kuwento1953 – One-act Play or Dulang May Isang Yugto
1963 – Poetry or Tula

1975 – Full-length Play or Dulang Ganap ang Haba

1979 – Essay or Sanaysay

 1980 – Novel or Nobela

1989 – Short Story for Children or Maikling Kuwentong Pambata

1990 – Teleplay or Dulang Pantelebisyon

1994 – Screenplay or Dulang Pampelikula

1997 – Short Story – Iluko, Short Story – Cebuano and Short Story – Hiligaynon

1998 – Kabataan Essay and Kabataan Sanaysay

2000 – Futuristic Fiction (English) or Futuristic Fiction (Filipino)

2009 – Poetry Written for Children

The list of Palanca Awards, as of September 1, 2018, consists of 2,441 winning works
composed of 625 short stories, 407 poetry collections, 250 essayist, 383 one-act plays, 213 full-length
plays, 60 teleplays, 74 film screenplays, 181 kids ' stories, 34 futuristic tales, 116 student essays, 42
novels, and 55 children's poetry collections.

The first winners of Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature in 1951 were divided into
two division, the English and the Filipino (Tagalog) division and focuses on short story literatures.
These two divisions were the only divisions that were opened at the first year of the competition. In
English division, the winner for the first prize was Juan T. Gatbonton who wrote “Clay.” And for
Filipino division the winner for first prize was Genoveva Edroza Matute who wrote “Kuwento ni
Mabuti.”

The Generations before Generation Z

The unique realities each generation faces as they come of age shape us into the people we are
as we enter adulthood. Elmore (2017) states that each generation differs with the amount of technology
they’ve been using and what kind of environment they are living in. Generations before, compare to
generation Z, did not develop hastily, specially the generation after the world war II that leave the
world devastated and requires time to be able to become productive again, this answers one of the
questions why their generation did not grow up much. The generations before, doesn’t have good
technology to able them to develop. On the other hand, generation Z’s development became rapid due
to the use of technology. Generation Z was believed to have the most development compared to past
generations. The information level at this generation is just within their grasps. Whenever someone
wants to know, it’s just a click away from them.
 Generation Z is the name for the generation of children after the millennials, born in the late
1990’s and early 2000s. The Generation Z is known for their widespread usage of the internet starting
from a young age. This generation is the generation that is comfortable in the existence of advance
technology, and interacting through social media websites have become a normal part of their everyday
socializing.
According to Fobes (2015), the generation after Millennials, Generation Z, which they defined
as people born from the mid-1990s to the early 2000s Williams (2015) says that “Generation Z are
often children of Generation X” but “they also have parents who are Millennial” Quigley (2016).
According to Public Relation Society of America, “the Generation Z has taught to be independent, and
has led to an entrepreneurial desire, after seeing their parents and older siblings are struggle in the
workforce.” Dupont (2015)
A 2014 study Generation Z Goes to College, Seemiller (2016) “found that Generation Z
student’s self-identity as being loyal, compassionate, thoughtful, open-minded, responsible and
determined.” She concludes that Generation Z peers is quite different from their own identity, they
view their peers as competitive, spontaneous, adventuresome, and curious. All these characteristic that
they do not see readily in themselves this guide of behavior greatly affect the kind of reading they will
read, Generation Z likes to be in line with others interest, in result, they want what the other also want.
“The generation Z readers have a unique style of reading because of the advent and influenced
of technology over them, libraries were less valued and were seldom visited by this generation. Their
kind of reading was more onto website browsing, and searching what they want to know and having the
result they wanted for just a matter of time. When it comes to reading literature, they only read what
will come out on top or trendy.” Jensen (2016) For example, the Rick Riordan’s book series of Percy
Jackson and The Olympians which is also known as the Harry Potter of Generation Z was trending
series of book worldwide to teens and young adults. A Generation Z reader then will probably read
about it too, not because that person likes the theme of the book but because it was also read by many
other around the globe. Another kind of reading was manifestation to this Generation is they like to
read a one shot reading or pieces of literature that can be read in one sitting time. Flash fiction and
three word story and the likes was a great example of this. Specially, it will be handy to read for a
reader of this generation wherein, you doesn’t want to sit long just to read about something that you
want to find out. This kind of scenario is the cause of this generation’s abundance of information.
Values
Values are the behaviour, things and ideas that really matter to people. It is the universal law by
which we make people decide on what is right or wrong, good or bad and should and shouldn’t. Values
can be inherited or otherwise learned. To some sociologist there is no evaluation whether values or
being inherently better or worse. Since values are abstract, they cannot be really identified.
Thus values morality largely depends on how one uses it. There are no positive and negative
values. However, Adanza (2014) stated that values may positive or negative depends on person used it.
Most likely, a person who shows positive values will make that person likable. On the other hand,
negative values makes a person unproductive and even make he/she unlikely pleasing. Positive values
are integrative and pro-social while negative values are anti-social.
Values can either be personal, cultural, social and even universal. Filipinos values and traits
vary depending on how they are raised in their respective house. Their home is the first location where
they adopt certain values especially to their parents that became their first role model in inheriting
values based on what they believe of positive and negative values.
A Filipino possesses numerous values some may either be negative and positive nature.
Basically it represents what a Filipino is, in physical, intellectual and so as the emotional point of view.
This values help create Filipinos maturity, experience and character. These values are passed down
from generation to generation and continuing to evolve through time.

General Values
Identifying values of ones self are difficult to observe since its getting more related to each
other. A person may show different values but seemingly as same as others. Basically, this values varies
in different forms. Some values are interrelated in nature but different when its being shown in each
situation.
These ideas, according to Guertin (2019), that there are categories of values that tend to be
similar. Values varies in Seven types of values namely; Family Values, Social Values, Political Values,
Religious Values, Work Values, Moral Values and Recreational Values.
A Family values corresponds to the belief on how to live a family in healthy ways that’s been
passed down form previous generation. It can identifies values that helps a family to make important
choices and firmly bond each other.
A Social Values involves peace, justice peace, justice, freedom, equality, and bettering our
community. Any values that’s been shown in community setting.
 A Political Values are enacted by the person on how government should run and the laws which
are being impose. Its the values observe in person especially in both political parties.
A Religious Values focus on people's expectations about themselves and others based on their
faith. Although every religion has its beliefs, many religions have common values.
A Work Values include your philosophies about work, finances and how to spend money, and
for children includes how they view the school and their education.
A Moral Values include one’s own beliefs which are right and wrong. It is also a form of basis
for decision making. Morality is learned from your parents and your experience.
Lastly, A Recreational Values mean everything else that involves playing and having some fun.
Recreation is important for the family because it promotes family closeness, learning opportunities,
memories to be treasured, improvement of social skills and enhancing empathy.

Lesson Plan
A Lesson plan is basically a tool to guide a teacher before the learning process takes place. It
also a teacher’s road map consisting of what student’s need to learn throughout the allotted time and
how it will done effectively.
A Lesson plan doesn’t necessarily be done in detailed form that contains all the interaction
between the teacher and the students in a classroom. However, Jones (2018) says that it should include
the general information of aims and objectives of the course, the plan how learning activities and
teaching demonstrated and lastly, the assessment on the activities provided by the teacher.
According to Pinera (2013) An effective lesson plan should consists of the basic parts namely;
Objectives, Subject matter, Procedure, Evaluation and Assignment wherein the Objectives usually the
goal or aim that the teacher wants to assess for the whole lesson, the Subject matter is the source of
information and it includes topics, references and the material to be use in learning process, the
Procedure is the learning process in lesson plan and includes method to be use in teaching a lesson, the
Evaluation take the assessment part in lesson plan and it proposes the mastery of the lesson and the
Assignment is just optional to be use in lesson proper and includes questions or any related exercises
that teacher wants to ask for the next lesson.
A lesson plan has also a variety of forms and length that usually use by the teachers. According
to Pinera (2013) the following are types of lesson plan namely; Detailed Lesson plan, Semi-detailed
Lesson plan and Understanding by Design (UbD).
A detailed Lesson plan includes both teachers and students activities and the expected routines,
lesson proper and activities to be use are presented.
 A semi-detailed Lesson plan is a more convenient and easy to make. It only includes the
procedure or steps to be use in lesson proper and usually small in length unlike in detailed lesson plan.
Lastly, Understanding by The Design (UbD) is a foundation for the development of the learners
academically through the use of standards-driven curriculum development, instructional design,
assessment and professional development. The focus of UbD is on “Backward Design” wherein the
first thing to do is to know the outcome in order to design curriculum units, performance assessments,
and classroom instruction

Teaching Strategies and Approaches

Teaching strategy refers to long-term actions intended to achieve specific goals while teaching
approaches refers to values, theories or ideas about the importance of learning being translated into
classroom. A diverse classroom that integrates students from different backgrounds with different
qualities and personalities involves creative and innovative learning strategies to address the individual
needs of the students thus, to become an effective educator.
There are approaches that a teacher can free to choose and use it as tool to a better learning
experience and effective instructions in classroom. These approaches are the following:
1. Teacher-centered approach
2. Learner-centered approach
3. Subject-mattered center approach
4. Researched-based approach
5. Interactive approach
6. Constructivist approach
7. Banking approach
8. Integrated approach
9. Whole child approach
10. Collaborative approach
11. Individualistic approach
12. Metacognitive approach
13. Problem-based approach
As well as in strategy, there are various kinds too. This strategies may be useful in conducting a
presentation or any discussion. These are the following:
 Visualization
 Cooperative learning
  Inquiry-based instruction
 Differentiation
 Technology in classroom
 Behaviour management
 Professional development
It can be hard to know which teaching strategies work best with your pupils, whether you're two
months or 20 years in teaching profession. As an educator, there is no answer for "one size fits all," so
you can use a variety of effective teaching strategies to inspire your classroom work.

Synthesis

The history of literature was as old as the history itself, it is always been alongside with history
for it is a manifestation of human mind, specially his way of thinking. Thus, the culture was deeply
interrelated with literatures. That only means that literatures also help us understand our past by reading
it. Civilizations like the Greek and Romans have great pieces of literature that greatly contributes to the
world of literature. Their literature gave them power to rise and be recognized until today. But not only
great civilization have good literature, our country too also have a great share of literature.
Philippine literatures originate first as oral literature. The oral literature has been repeated from
time to time until the time the advent of writing technology was created in which help written works
now exist. From that time, literature was given a chance to be recorded and was saved by writing them
in a paper. With this, many Filipinos have given the chance to create masterpiece of literature, and great
example of them was Francisco Balagtas with his ‘Florante at Laura’ ‘and our national hero, Jose P.
Rizal’s ‘Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.’ both of their writings anger the Spaniards who were
enslaving the Filipinos at their time.
Time passed and many more great writers appears in our nation, the Gawad Palanca Awards
was created to help this aspiring writers to become more inspired in writing. The written works that are
used in the literary works of the authors came from the Philippine society, specially their values, culture
and beliefs are common themes in creating their own literary pieces. Most of the writers who won the
Palanca awards uses the current generation as their inspiration in writing, they observed carefully the
actions of the people and used it to their own pieces, especially the most innate when observing them is
their own unique values which may seems differ regarding the generation they are a member of. As if
this literature known by the learners, Lesson plan was use. Lesson plan is a tool use by the teacher as a
guide to teach a certain lesson. Effective learning requires lesson plan to include basic important parts
which are Objectives, Subject matter, Procedure, Evaluation and Assignment. And also the kind of
lesson plan will be use, if it is in detailed form, semi-detailed or Understanding by design (UbD).
Lesson planning will be not successful if there’s no room for teaching strategies and approaches. As
students move forward, they can relate and focus on the learning experiences. With the use of this
strategies, motivation of the students will likely get high and interest to discover new things might
unlock.

Conceptual Paradigm

Values Demonstrated

by Generation Z

Students
 Values of Generation Z Filipinos seen in

Palanca Winners for Short Stories in

English from 2015-2017

Prototype

Literature Lesson

Plan

Conceptual Framework
In this study, the researchers chose three Palanca winners for short stories in English from
(2015 – 2017) that won the first place in their respective year. In this research, the researchers will
chose five teachers in Language and Literature that will analyze each of the stories. But since this study
focus in the values of the learners, the researchers prepared questions that is based on the characteristic
of the Generation Z. Using the questioners, the researchers will conduct a survey to every chosen
schools for this research.
After the researchers conduct the survey, its result will be used to find out what values of
Generation Z, also appeared in the short stories that has been criticized by the Language and Literature
Teachers. After knowing the 5 dominant values, this data will be used by the researchers as a guide to
create Prototype Literature Lesson Plan.

Definition of Terms
 Flash Fiction – a fictional work that consist of only a few hundred words with a consideration in
plot development.
 Gawad Palanca - is the competition for aspiring Filipino writers to publish their literary works.
 Generation X – it is the generation before millennials and usually has a birth year around 1965
– 1980.
 Generation Z – is the post- millennial generation and defined as those born after 1998. They are
been raised in an on demand culture and have been shape by social media, mobile technology
and a deep recession.
 Indigenous – originating in a particular region or country.
 Literature – a written works especially considered of superior or lasting artistic merit.
 Millennial - the Generation before Generation Z, also known as Generation Y.
 Mind Map – is a teaching tool to visually organized information.
 Moral values – is a universally accepted ethical principle that governs the day to day living of
life
 Nationalism – defined as loyalty and devotion to a nation.
 Personal – the attitudes, belief and action of an individual person.
 Philippine Literature – it is a collection of literary works of Philippines
 Polytheism – is the belief in many gods.
 Spiritual values – is the integrative values of human soul of altruistic, humanistic, personal,
divine and affective values leading to spiritual growth of personality.
 Social values – defined by society dynamics, institutions, tradition and cultural beliefs.
 Trendy – is someone who wants up to date materials or modern.
 Values – is the characteristics and traits of a person and society about good behaviour and what
things are important.
 Workforce – or labor force, is someone who is a member and working for a company or
industry in country