2D crystal structure and Unit cell

Not a unit cell

Review on Crystal planes and Unit cell:
directions Unit cell smallest unit to repeat and
occupy the whole space

APSC 278 lecture materials Represent the symmetry

Not a unit cell

y
a 2D lattice example

1 x 2

14 Bravais lattices in 3D
http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~chem101/sschem/bravais.gif
Crystal directions
Most common
semiconductors
have cubic
lattices. In cubic lattices, crystal
direction [h k l] is like a
vector: hx+ky+lz in a
Cartesian coordinate
system:

Crystal direction [h k l]
O vector: hx+ky+lz

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Crystal directions Direction A Crystal planes
x y z The Miller indices are defined as
Projections 0a -1b -1c the smallest possible integers,
Projections* 0 -1 -1 which have the same ratios as the
Crystal plane (0 0 1) inverse of the intersections of a
Reduction 0 -1 -1 Intersect x, y and z axes given plane with a set of axis
Enclosure at infinity, infinity and 1 defined by the unit vectors of that
crystal.

Direction B Crystal plane (h k l)

Intersect x, y and z axes
x y z at 1/h, 1/k and 1/l
Projections 1a -1/2b 0c
Projections* 1 -1/2 0 [h k l] is normal to (h k l)
Reduction 2 -1 0 only in cubic lattice
Enclosure
Miller Indices
Crystal direction [h k l] Crystal plane (1 3 2)
vector: hx+ky+lz Intersect x, y and z axes
* Lattice parameters: a,b,c
at 1, 1/3 and 1/2
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Miller indices notations Effect of Crystal Directions and Planes

brittle fracture occurs on
specific planes
1. [] : a specific direction Mechanical, chemical etc
properties of crystals depend
on direction of loading
2. <> : a family of equivalent directions permanent deformation occurs
by sliding between crystal
planes
3. () : a specific plane low ductility of magnesium is
related to the HCP structure
(low symmetry of crystal)
4. {} : a family of equivalent planes Diamond
Iron crackscracks on
on unit
diagonal
cell sidesof unit cell

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 Crystal Systems Crystallographic Directions
A vector of convenient length is positioned such that it passes
through the origin of the coordinate system. Any vector may be
unit cells defined by translated throughout the crystal lattice without alteration, if
i) unit cell dimensions parallelism is maintained.
ii) angles between the The length of the vector projection on each of the three axes is
determined; these are measured in terms of the unit cell dimension,
sides of the unit cell
a,b, and c.
The three indices, not separated by commas, are enclosed in
square brackets, thus: [uvw]. The u, v, w integers correspond to the
reduced projections along the x, y, and z axes respectively.

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Crystallographic Directions Crystallographic Directions

z
projection
on x axis
(a/2)
projection on y axis (1b)
Three common
Projection on z axis (0c) directions
y
c
x y z
a Projections a/2 1b 0c
Projections* ½ 1 0
Reduction 1 2 0
b Enclosure [120]
x * In terms of a,b,c 11 12
 Direction A Modulus of Si for major crystallographic
x y z
Origin Projections 0a -1b -1c orientations
Projections* 0 -1 -1
Reduction 0 -1 -1
Enclosure

Anisotropic having different properties in different directions

Direction B
x y z Isotropic properties are independent of direction
Projections 1a -1/2b 0c
Projections* 1 -1/2 0
Reduction 2 -1 0
Enclosure

A couple of examples * In terms of a,b,c

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Crystallographic Planes Crystallographic Planes

(Miller Indices)
If the plane passes through the selected origin, either another plane must
be constructed within the unit cell by an appropriate translation, or a new z
a
origin must be established at the corner of another unit cell.
At this point, the crystallographic plane either intersects or parallels each of
the three axes; the length of the planar intercept for each axis is c/2
determined in terms of the lattice parameters a,b,c.
The reciprocals of these numbers are taken. A plane that parallels an axis
may be considered to have an infinite intercept, and, therefore, a zero
reciprocal.
y x y z
c O
These three numbers may be changed to the set of smallest integers by O Intercepts a -b c/2
multiplication or division using a common factor a Intercepts* -1 ½
Finally, the integer indices, not separated by commas, are enclosed within Reciprocals 0 -1 2
parentheses, thus (hkl). Enclosure
b
-b
x

15 * In terms of lattice parameters a,b,c 16

 Crystallographic Planes
Example
Plane A
x y z
Intercepts 2a/3 -1b c/2
1/2 Intercepts* 2/3 -1 1/2
Reciprocals 3/2 -1 2
Enclosure
Origin
2/3

Problem 3.35 Callister, 5th edition * In terms of lattice parameters a,b,c

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Atomic Arrangements
(Family of planes and directions) Family of planes

What plane ?
(110) A family of planes
contains all those
FCC planes that are
crystallographically
equivalent, in other
words having the
same atomic packing
BCC
Specific planes (hkl)
General planes {hkl}
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Family of directions

Specific direction [uvw]

General direction <uvw>
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