1.

Condition pH pCO2 [HCO2]

Respiratory Acidosis ↓ ↑ ↑
Respiratory Alkalosis ↑ ↓ ↓
Metabolic Acidosis ↓ ↓ ↓
Metabolic Alkalosis ↑ ↑ ↑

2. Hyperventilation occurs when the rate of breathing oxygen is more than the rate out breathing
out carbon dioxide. This causes the level of carbon dioxide in your blood to drop, causing a rise
in blood pH. Two conditions can be observed in Hyperventilation: Respiratory Alkalosis, and as a
response to Metabolic Acidosis. For Respiratory Alkalosis, common treatment is to reduce the
amount of oxygen intake. The most common form of this is through breathing in a paper bag,
which reuses the carbon dioxide exhaled by the hyperventilating person, bringing it back to the
body in an attempt to equalize the level of oxygen and carbon dioxide. For Metabolic Acidosis,
where there is a loss of bicarbonate in the body, treatments include excretion of excess acids,
buffer treatment, IV fluids, or intake of bicarbonate. All of this is to attempt to balance the pH levels
in your bodily fluids.

3. Hypoventilation is part of the problem in respiratory acidosis. A decrease in respiratory rate

increases the CO2 and decreases the pH in the blood as respiratory acidosis increases the partial
pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) with or without compensatory increase in HCO3-.

4. Hypoventilation can help the body in metabolic alkalosis as it elevates PaCO2 and returns
arterial pH to normal. Hypoventilation is a typical response to all types of metabolic alkalosis which
leads to correcting pH levels.

5. In both respiratory and metabolic acidosis, there is a buildup of acid in the body which lowers
the pH of either the lungs or kidneys, depending on the condition. What makes the two different
is how they occur. For respiratory acidosis, there is a buildup of carbon dioxide, which is an acid,
in the body due to the inability to remove enough of the carbon dioxide during breathing. Metabolic
acidosis, on the other hand, happens when there is too much acid being produced and the kidneys
cannot remove enough of the acid to neutralize the body.

6.a. Hyperventilation is the excessive rate and depth of respiration leading to abnormal loss of
carbon dioxide from the blood. The carbon dioxide is tied to H+ (acid), together they are called
carbonic anhydrase. They are dependent on each other meaning, when carbon dioxide goes
down, the H+ goes down too. If you're loosing too much carbon dioxide, you will also lose a great
amount of H+ (acid) which will lead to alkalosis (the loss of acid that causes your blood to be more
alkaline)

b. Respiratory acidosis occurs when the lungs aren't able to remove enough CO2 produced by
the body. The excess CO2 causes the blood pH levels to decrease, making them acidic.
Emphysema weakens the lungs and destroys the alveoli, making it harder for the lungs to perform
gas exchange. Lessening the amount of oxygen reaching the bloodstream, while CO2 builds up
in the blood.
c. Vomiting causes alkalosis because of the decrease in gastric secretions. Gastric secretions
which are rich in Hydrochloric acid are also rich in Hydrogen ions. In short, vomiting causes a
decrease in the hydrogen ion concentration in the blood, which in turn leads to an increase in
bicarbonate levels, thus causing alkalosis.

d. Hyperchloremic Acidosis occurs due to the excessive loss of Sodium Bicarbonate rather than
acid and is caused by severe and uncontrollable diarrhea. This form of gastrointestinal disease
leads to a net Acidification of the blood. This would eventually escalate to metabolic acidosis
which is characterized by a significant increase in concentration of plasma chloride and decrease
in plasma bicarbonate concentration.