Design Timber Structures Using Eurocode 5 PDF

Seminar on
Sustainable Future through

Timber Design
UITM, Dec. 16.12.2014
Design Timber Structures

using
Eurocode 5
Simon Aicher
Contents of lecture
Basics of permissible stress and

semi-probabilistic partial factor concept
Interrelationship of
- Eurocodes,
- harmonized (timber) product standards,
- classification standards, calculation standards and
- test test standards
Basics of Eurocode 5 structure and contents
Design example: straight glulam beam (EC 5 vs. permissible concept)
Design example: curved glulam beam (EC 5 vs. permissible concept)
Aicher Eurocode 5 Timber Structures UITM 2014, Malaysia 2

100 years old
glulam beams,
train repair hall,
Bellinzona, Italy
Olympic Ice rink
Hammar, Norway,
1994
glulam truss beams,
span:97m
Manufacture of timber parasols for Expo 2000, Hannover
HESS – Limitless –Verbindung (22)


7-storey timber
building, Berlin, 2011
10-storey timber
building, Melbourne,
Australia 2013
Eurocodes and supporting product and test standards
Eurocodes regulate design of timber, steel, concrete structures

in conjunction with national application documents but give
no provisions on material properties
Harmonized product standards regulate material properties of

harmonized building products (e.g. not adhesives) such as
EN 14080 glulam
EN 14081-1 solid timber in conjunction with national grading rules
and classification standard EN 1912 and strength class standard
EN 338
EN 15497 finger jointed lumber
EN 16351 cross laminated timber
EN 14374 LVL
EN 13986 panel products in conjunction with product / production standards, e.g.
EN 300 for OSB
Test standards, e.g. EN 408, EN 789,…..
Calculation standards, e.g. EN 14358 on characteristic values

Permissible stress concept
σact = σ95 acting loads, hence resulting section forces E and stresses σ
represent in general 95% quantiles of the distributions
Design verification
σact ≤ σpermissible
where in case of structural timber (roughly)
σpermissible = f50 /3
f50 mean value of strength

Semiprobabilistic design concept with partial factors
as in permissible stress concept the loads / section forces/ stress

σact = σ95 distributions represent 95% quantiles of the distributions
Design verification
σd ≤ fd
σd design stress fd design strength
σd = σact · γL
γL partial factor for load (1,5 for live load; 1,35 for perm. load)
f d = fk · kmod / γM
fk characteristic strength property (5% quantile)
kmod modification factor (time, climate)
γM partial factor for strength (material dependant; 1,1 to 1,3)
Semiprobabilistic vs. permissible stress design concept
f05 = f50 (1 - 1,64 · COV) γL = 1,5 partial factor for load

assuming COV = 0,12
f05 = f50 (1 – 0,2) = f50 / 1,25
f05 · kmod f50 · kmod

=
γM 1,25 γM
with γM = 1,3 and kmod = 0,8
f05 · kmod f50 · 0,8 f50
= ≈
γM 1,25 · 1,3 2
f05 · kmod f50
σd = σact · γL = σact · 1,5 ≤ fd = =
γM 2
σact ≤ f50 f50
2 · 1,5 = 3 = σpermissible
Graphical illustration of semiprobabilistic design concept
Probability
density
ms
fs
β · σz = mz = kmod · mR - ms kmod · mR
fz fR
R, s
ms 95 kmod · mR 05
pf = 10 -6 ms 95· γs = kmod · mR 05 / γR

Eurocode 5: Design of Timber Structures – Part 1-1

Structural Eurocode Program comprises

Scope of EN 1995

Structure of Eurocode 5 ( = EN 1995)

Subjects / Topics of EN 1995-1-1

Normative References

Normative References (continued)

Normative References (continued)

Section 2 of EC 5: Basis of design

Section 2.2 of EC 5: Principles of limit state design

2.2.2 Ultimate limit states

2.2.3 Serviceability limit states

2.2.3 Serviceability limit states

2.3 Basic variables

2.3.1.2 Load-duration classes

2.3.1.2 Load-duration classes

2.3.1.3 Service classes

2.3.2 Materials and product properties

2.3.2 Materials and product properties

2.4 Verification by the partial factor method
5%- quantile value (lognormal dist.)

Recommended partial factors γM for material properties
EC 5 – Table 2.3

2.4.2 Design values of geometrical data

2.4.2 Design value of a resistance
Example: Rk = Xk · relevant cross-sectional quantity

EC 5 –Section 3 – Materials properties

3.1.3/4 Strength and deformation modification factors

EC 5 – Table 3.1 Strength modification values kmod

EC 5 – Table 3.1 Strength modification values kmod
(continued)

Strength modification values kmod = f( time; moisture)
short
1 min 1 Woche 66months
1 week 10Jahre
Monate 10 years50 Jahre
10
1.2 years
kmod Madison-Kurve
Strength modification factor
1 Service class 11/2

Nutzungsklasse and2
0.8
0.6 Service class 3

Nutzungsklasse 3
0.4
very short medium long permanent
sehr kurz kurz mittel lang ständig
short
0.2
0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 .1 1 10 10 0
00
0
00
0
00
0
0 .0 0 10 1 10 0
10
Accumulated duration of load [hours]
EC 5 – Table 3.2 Deformation modification values kdef

EC 5 – Table 3.2 Deformation modification values kdef
(continued)

EC 5 – 3.2: Solid timber
EN 15497
EC 5 – 3.3: Glued laminated timber

Now large finger joints are directly regulated in the

harmonized product standard for glulam, EN 14080

Example of large finger joint (single joint line)

Example of large finger joint (two joint lines)

Example of large finger joint (two joint lines)


EC 5 – 3.4: Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)

EC 5 – 3.4: Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)

EC 5 – 3.5: Wood-based panels

EC 5 – 3.6: Adhesives
Note: As permissible structural adhesive families and respective classifications have

been profoundly changed in conjunction with introduction of one-component
Polyurethane (1K-PU) and polymer isocyanate (EPI) adhesives according to EN 15425
and EN 16351 principle P (2) is no more throughout valid because of EPI definitions.

EC 5 – 3.7: Metal fasteners

EC 5 – Section 4: Durability



EC 5 – Table 4.1 Corrosion protection of fasteners

EC 5 - Section 5: Basis of structural analysis

5.2 Members

5.4 Assemblies

5.4 Assemblies

5.4.2 Frame structures

5.4.4 Plane frames and arches

Examples of assumed initial geometry deviations
geometry of
frames
initial geometry
deviation corresponding
to symmetrical load
initial geometry
deviation corresponding
to non-symmetrical load

EC 5 - Section 6: Ultimate limit states

Tension
6.1.2 Tension parallel to the grain
6.1.2 Tension perpendicular to the grain

Compression
6.1.4 Compression parallel to the grain

Compression 6.1.4 Compression perpendicular to the grain
where
σc,90,d is the design compressive stress in the effective contact area

perpendicular to the grain;
Fc,90,d is the design compressive load perpendicular to the grain;
Aef is the effective contact area in compression perpendicular to
the grain;
Fc,90,d is the design compressive strength perpendicular to the
grain;
kc,90 is a factor taking into account the load configuration, the
possibility of splitting and the degree of compressive
deformation.

The effective contact area perpendicular to the grain, Aef, should be determined taking into
account an effective contact length parallel to the grain, where the actual contact length, ℓ, at
each side is increased by 30 mm, but not more than a, ℓ or ℓ1/2, see Figure 6.2.
2. The value of kc,90 should be taken as 1,0 unless the conditions in the following paragraphs
apply. In these cases the higher value of kc,90 specified may be taken, with a limiting value
of kc,90 = 1,75.
3. For members on continuous supports, provided that ℓ1 ≥ 2h, see Figure 6.2a, the value
of kc,90 should be taken as:
– kc,90 = 1,25 for solid softwood timber

– kc,90 = 1,5 for glued laminated softwood timber
where h is the depth of the member and ℓ is the contact length.

4. For members on discrete supports, provided that ℓ1 ≥ 2h, see Figure 6.2b, the value of kc,90
should be taken as:
– kc,90 = 1,5 for solid softwood timber

– kc,90 = 1,75 for glued laminated softwood timber provided that I ℓ ≤ 400 mm
where h is the depth of the member and ℓ is the contact length.

6.1.6 Bending

6.1.6 Bending

6.1.7 Shear

6.1.7 Shear (crack factor issue)
2. For the verification of shear resistance of members in bending, the influence

of cracks should be taken into account using an effective width of the member
given as:
bef = kcr b
where b is the width of the relevant section of the member.
NOTE: The recommended value for kcr is given as
kcr = 0,67 for solid timber

kcr = 0,67 for glued laminated timber
kcr = 1,0 for other wood-based products in
accordance with EN 13986 and EN
14374.

6.1.7 Shear

6.1.8 Torsion

6.2.2 Compression stresses at an angle to grain

6.2.3 Combined bending and axial tension

6.2.3 Combined bending and axial compression

6.4 Members with varying cross-section or curved shape

Figure 6.8 Single tapered beam




(a)
Note: In curved beams

the apex zone extends
over the curved parts
of the beam
Figure 6.9 – Double tapered (a) and curved (b) beams with the fibre direction parallel
to the lower edge of the beam
Note: In pitched cambered

beams the apex zone
extends over the curved
parts of the beam
Figure 6.9 – Pitched cambered beam (c) beam with the fibre direction parallel
to the lower edge of the beam





or


Design examples
Design of straight glulam member
- comparison of
Eurocode 5 vs. DIN 1052

Straight beam design comparison – EC 5 vs. perm. stress concept
q = 9 kN/m, g = 6 kN/m
16x80 cm
GL 24 / BS 11
10 m
Geometry:
l = 10 m
b = 160 mm
h = 800 mm
S = b h²/6 = 17 ⋅ 10-6 mm³
I = b h³/12 = 6.8 ⋅ 10-9 mm4

Design comparison – EC 5 vs. perm. stress concept
Property permissible concept semi-probabilistic concept

Bending strength σm,perm = 11 N/mm² fm,k = 24 N/mm²
Shear strength τv,perm = 1.2 N/mm² fv,k = 3.5 N/mm²
MOE Em = 11000 N/mm² Em,mean = 11000 N/mm²
crack factor - kcr = 0.67
modification factor for duration kmod = 0.6 (Service Class I/II,
of load and moisture content medium-term)
Partial factor for material γM = 1.25
properties (glulam, EC 5)
Deformation factor kdef = 0.8 (Service Class I)
Partial factor for permanent γG = 1.35
actions
Partial factor for variable γG = 1.5
actions
Factor for quasi-permanent ψ2,1 = 0.3
value of a variable action
Result permissible concept semi-probabilistic concept

distributed load F = g + q = 15 kN/m Fd = γG g + γQ q = 21.6 kN/m
bending moment M M = F l² / 8 = 188 kNm Md = Fd ⋅ l² / 8 = 270 kNm
bending stress σm = M/S = 11 N/mm² σm = Md/S = 15.8 N/mm²
fm,d = fm,k ⋅kmod /γM = 15.4 N/mm²
utilization (bending) 11 / 11 = 1.00 15.8 / fm,d = 1.03
shear force V V = F l/2 = 75 kN Vd = Fd l/2 = 108 kN
shear stress τv 1.5 V / (b h) = 0.88 N/mm² 1.5 Vd / (b h) = 1.89 N/mm²
fv,d = fv,k ⋅kmod /γM = 2.24 N/mm²
utilization (shear) 1.2 / 0.88 = 0.73 1.89 / fv,d = 0.84

deflection 5 𝐹 𝑙4 𝑢𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑢𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑔 + 𝑢𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑞=

𝑢= = 26𝑚𝑚
384𝐸𝐸 5𝑔𝑙 4 5𝑞𝑙 4
+ = 10.4 + 15.6
384𝐸𝐸 384𝐸𝐸
= 26𝑚𝑚
𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑢𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑔 (1 + 𝑘𝑑𝑑𝑑 ) +
𝑢𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑞 (1 +ψ2,1 𝑘𝑑𝑑𝑑 )=
16.7 + 18.4 = 35.1mm
utilitization (deflection) 𝑢 𝑢𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
= 0.78 = 0.78
𝑙/300 𝑙/300
𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑓
= 0.53
𝑙/150

Design examples
Design of curved glulam beam
- comparison of
Eurocode 5 vs. DIN 1052


Stress distributions in curved beams with const. moment
R H R H
R1 < R2
R1 < R2 -
H/R2 = 0,09
RH/R = 0,09
2 / H2 = 11
+ H/R1 = 0,4
RH/R =2,5
1 / H1 = 0,4
tension stresses bending stresses

perpendicular to grain parallel to grain
H M  H H  M
2
σ ⊥ ,max = 0,25 σ II = 1+ 0,35 + 0,6   

R W  R  R   W

Stress σt,90 of curved and tapered beams with line loads
stress perp.
to grain
- +
stress perp.
to grain
- +

Curved beam design comparison – EC 5 vs. perm. stress concept
DIN 1052 BS 14: σm,permissible = 14 N/mm2

EN 14080 GL 28: fm,k = 28 N/mm2
Geometry, dimensions and quality /strength class

of example beam

EC5
F = 23,31 kN
Design for bending:

rin/t = 200,
kr = 0,96
hap / r = 0,118
k1 = 1; k2 = 0,35, k3 = 0,6
kl = 1,05

F = 23,31 kN
EC5
load duration: glulam: γm = 1,25

Design for bending: GL28:
„medium“, kmod = 0,8
fm,k = 28 N/mm2
kr = 0,96 fm,d = fm,k × kmod /γm fm,d = 17,92 N/mm2

ratio = 0,38
kl = 1,05 Map,d = γf × Map σm,d = 6,85 N/mm2
combined loading: γf = 1,4

curved beam design comparison – EC 5 vs. perm. stress concept
EC5
Design for tension perp.:

glulam: V0 = 0,01 m3 V = 0,691 m3
kdis = 1,4 kVol = (V0/V)0,2 = 0,43
hap / r = 0,118
k5 = 0; k6 = 0,25, k7 = 0
kp = 0,0294

Example: Curved Beam with pure moment loading
F = 23,31 kN
EC5
Design for tension perp.: glulam: load duration: glulam: γm = 1,25

ft,90,k = 0,5 N/mm2 „medium“, kmod = 0,8
kdis = 1,4 , kVol = 0,43, ft,90,d = ft,90,k × kmod /γm ft,90,d = 0,32 N/mm2
1,4 x 0,43 x 0,32 = 0,19 N/mm2 ratio

= 1,0
kp = 0,0294 Map,d = γf × Map σt,90,d = 0,19 N/mm2
combined loading: γf = 1,4

DIN F = 23,31 kN
1052
Design for bending:
σm,permissible = 14 N/mm2
σm ≤ σm,permissible
ratio = 0,33
σm = kl × 6 Map/b h2
hap / r = 0,118, kl = 1,05 σm = 4,66 N/mm2

DIN F = 23,31 kN
1052
Design für tension perp.:
σt,90 ≤ σt,90,permissible σt,90,permissible = 0,2 N/mm2
ratio = 0,69
σt,90 = kp× 6 Map/b h2
hap / r = 0,118, kp = 0,0294 σt,90 = 0,14 N/mm2

F = 23,31 kN
bending tension perp.
EC5 0,40 1,00
DIN 1052 0,33 0,69
no pre-stress effect no size effect

Now ist time to finish!
Thank you very much for your patient listening!

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Seminar on

Sustainable Future through

Design Timber Structures

Basics of permissible stress and

Basics of Eurocode 5 structure and contents

Design example: straight glulam beam (EC 5 vs. permissible concept)

Design example: curved glulam beam (EC 5 vs. permissible concept)

Aicher Eurocode 5 Timber Structures UITM 2014, Malaysia 2

Aicher Eurocode 5 Timber Structures UITM 2014, Malaysia 8

Aicher Eurocode 5 Timber Structures UITM 2014, Malaysia 9

Eurocodes regulate design of timber, steel, concrete structures

Harmonized product standards regulate material properties of

Test standards, e.g. EN 408, EN 789,…..

Calculation standards, e.g. EN 14358 on characteristic values

where in case of structural timber (roughly)

f50 mean value of strength

Aicher Eurocode 5 Timber Structures UITM 2014, Malaysia 13

as in permissible stress concept the loads / section forces/ stress

f05 = f50 (1 - 1,64 · COV) γL = 1,5 partial factor for load

f05 · kmod f50 · kmod

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5%- quantile value (lognormal dist.)

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Example: Rk = Xk · relevant cross-sectional quantity

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1 Service class 11/2

0.6 Service class 3

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Now large finger joints are directly regulated in the

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