EUROCODE – 8

Role of Seismic codes in design

• US seismic codes have very often been used in seismic areas outside
USA in the past and the same is likely to apply to the use of
Eurocode-8 in future.
• Codes describe minimum rules for standard conditions and cannot
cover every eventuality
• Buidlings responds to ground shaking in strict accordance with the
laws of physics, not in accordance with rules laid down by code
drafting committee.
• Disasters can happen even where reliable seismic codes of practice
have statutory force (E.g. Western Turkey in 1999)
• Seismic codes are essential tools for seismic designers at best, they
are reposites of current state of practice based on decades of
experience and research.
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Development of codes
• After 1933 , the use of lateral forces in design became widely used
with the value of the coefficients being based almost entirely on
experience of earthquake damage.
• The next step of advancement is in the study of dynamic response of
structures. This led to the base shear being distributed through the
height of the building according to mode shape.
• At this state lateral forces had undergone a quiet revolution from an
arbitrary set of forces base on E.Q damages studies to a set of forces
which, applied as static loads would reproduce approx. the peak
dynamic response of the structure to the design E.Q.
• Although modern codes contain much useful guidance on other
matters, it is the calculation of lateral design forces and the means of
providing sufficient ductility that constitute, in practice, the two most
vital elements for the structural engineer.
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Philosophy of design
• Structures designed in accordance with these recommendations
should in general, be able to :
• Resist a minor level of E.Q motion w/o damage.
• Resist a moderate level of E.Q motion without structural damage,
but possibly experience some non structural damage.
• Resist a major level of E.Q w/o collapse but possibly with some
structural as well as non structural damage.
• Bye the end of twentieth century , it was widely accepted that
Western codes gave fairly reliable protection against life threatening
damage.
• Since seismic codes in the West have generally considered explicitly
one level of seismic load ( i.e. single ultimate limit state check as
their main basis for design), this shortfall was perhaps not surprising
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Philosophy of design

• In Japan, two stage check has been required since early

1980s, the structure is designed to survive a first phase
event, which as a low but non negligible probability of
occuring druing the building life time.
• The syield strains may approach but not exceed the elastic
limit
• The structure is then checked for ability ot survive the
second pahse event which is roughly equivalent to
maximum recorded E.Q.
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Equivalent Static Design
• Most codes specity a procedure, wherby a minimum lateral strenth is
calculated, and then applied to the structure as a set of equivalent
static forces applied up the height of the building.
• This is permitted for low rise buldings w/o significant structural
irregularities, more complex analysis are required for other cases.
• The lateral strength reuirement is calculated as a function of various
parameters as follows.
• Building mass
• Basic seismicity
• Earthquake type
• Site classification
• Building function
• Structural factor & Building period.
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1. Building Mass
• This is calculated as the structural mass arising from the
• Dead Load + variable live load
• Eurocode – 8 typically specifies that
• 30% of the live load in office and residential loading should be
included
• In areas where snow rate is relatively less this may lead to 0%
live load.
• For ware houses and permanent equipment this %age is 100%
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2. Basic seismicity
• In Eurocode-8 this refers to design peak ground accelerations, ag,
expected on rock sites for a return period of 475 years.
• This is equivalent to “Z” factor for UBC code and also similar to 0.2
second and 1.0 second ground accelerations for IBC code.
• In Euro code – 8 , no maps are provided and countries adopting the
Euro code are expected to provide the design accelerations in national
annexes to be published in conjunction with the national edition of
code.
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3. Earthquake type
• In Eurocode-8 two types of sites are recogonized
• One dominated by large magnitude of earthquakes.
• The other by smaller magnitude but closer events.
• Different design response spectrum shapes apply to each, and the
national “annex” is supposed to specify which one should be used for
a particular region.
• IBC does not have this explicit distinction, but adjusts the shape of
design spectrum by varying the relative values of the 0.2s and 1.0s
spectral accelerations in the seismic hazard maps of the USA.
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4. Site Classification
• The basic information on seismicity is presented for rock sites, but the
soils overlying rock can make an enormous difference to E.Q
intensity. In both Euro code 8 and IBC, sites must be classified into
one of several categories, ranging from rock to very soft soils,
although the exact descriptions of the site categories vary between
the two codes.
• In Euro code 8 the site classification determines a factor called “S”,
which modifies the values obtained from rock sites independently of
the zone factor, In IBC the site classification together with the basic
seismicity both determine the modifications arising from soil.
• In Euro code 8 the tendency of amplifications to reduce with intensity
of E.Q is included.
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5. Building function
• Some buldings, such a emergency hospitals, may have a need for
enhanced protection during and E.q. IBC allows for this with an
importance factor IE, which varies between 1 ad 1.5.
• The structural factor “R” is divided by “I”, so effectively design forces
are increased directly in proportion to “I”,
• In Euro code 8 , a similar factor “γ1” is used to multiply the design
ground accelerations rock, so the effect is essentially the same.
• In Euro code 8 recommended values of “γ1” vary between 0.8 to 1.4
• 0.8 for architectural buildings w/o permanent residency
• 1.4 for emergency hospitals.
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6. Structural factor
• This allows for inherent ductility of structure, and also the fact that
during the peak transient loading of an earthquake it is acceptable to
utilize more of the overstrenght inherent in most structures (i.e. ratio
between ultimate lateral strenght and nominal design strength).
• In IBC the structural factor is called “R” and is straight divisor on the
required strength (One may study the effect by changing the value of
“R” for computer models).
• R =8 for ductile frames
• R =1.25 for low ductility frames
• In Euro code 8 the structural factor is called “q” and medium to long
period buildings also acts as a simple divisor on required lateral
forces.
• The value ranges from 8 to 1.5
• Low values are for those areas with low seismicity.
 EUROCODE – 8
7. Building Period
• In practically every modern seismic code, the required lateral strength
varies with the fundamental period of the building.
• This can either be assessed directly from the mass and stiffness of the
structure, usually using a computer program, or from empirical
formulae based on building height and structural form.
• IBC recognizes that cladding works fine in order to lower the time
period of the building which will usually result increase in seismic
load.
• The lateral strength requirement calculated from these procedures is
then equal to the design shear at the base of the building, and it is
often called the seismic base shear.
 EUROCODE – 8
7. Building Period
• In order to assess strength requirements in other parts of the
building, the base shear must be distributed up the height of the
building. A commonly adopted formulas assumes that the
fundamental mode fo the buidlding is a straight line leading to
• Fi = Fb (zi mi)/(Σ zj mj)
• Where Fi is the force at level “i”, mi and zi are the mass and height at
level “i”.
• For tall buildings, relatively greater seismic loads may occure due to
higher mode effects so above formula is being modified to
• Fi = Fb (zi mi)k/(Σ zj mj)k
• Where “k” equals to “1” form building period less than “0.5 sec” and k = 2 for
building periods exceeding 2.5 seconds.
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Response spectrum Analysis
• Both Euro code 8 and IBC allow the response spectrum used as the
basis equivalent static design to be used to carry out a response
spectrum analysis and both make this mandatory for tall buildings for
one with significant structural irregularities.
• In Euro code 8 the results from the response spectrum analysis can
be used directly while in IBC the procedure is very complex.
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Time History Analysis
• Linear and non linear time history analysis is permitted in both Euro code and
IBC code.
• Euro code requires at least three time histories, which on average match the
specified design peak ground accelarion “ag” and the average 5% damped
spectral values must also be within 90% of the design response spectrum for
the appropriate ground conditions.
• IBC permits the same but the average spectral values must match the design
spectrum between 0.2 and 1.5 seconds period.
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Non linear static analysis
• Euro code 8 permits this type of non linear static (push over) analysis for the
following purpose
• To verify or establish the over strength ratios (ultimate lateral strength /
lateral strength at first yield) which is used in the calculation of the
structural or behavior factor “q”.
• To estimate where plastic deformations will occur and in what form.
• To assess the performance of existing or strengthened buildings.
• IBC does not currently refer to non linear static procedures. However FEMA
356 does set out detailed procedures for carrying out such an analysis for
existing or retrofitted buildings.
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Code requirement for strength
• In general both Euro code 8 and IBC specity the same design strength for
resisting seismic loads as for gravity.
• There is one important exception i.e.
• To that non ductile elements have sufficient strength so that their capacity is
never exceeded.
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Deflection requirements

• IBC sets maximum drift for normal buildings at between 0.7% and 2.5% of
storey height.
• Euro code 8 specifies between 1% and 1.5%
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Load combinations

• In Euro code 8 the design action effect (i.e the ultimate load) is taken as due
to the un-factored combination of dead plus E.Q loads, plus a reduced amount
of variable loads, such as live or snow loads.
Ed = Σ Gkj + AED + Σ Qki
(dead) (Earthquake) (Reduced variable load)
• In IBC either of these two combination shall be considered for maximum
effects
Design load = 1.2 D + 1.0E + f1L + f2S
Design load = 0.9 D + 1.0 E
 EUROCODE – 8
Code requirements for foundations
• Euro code 8 stated explicitly that capacity design considerations must apply to
foundations.
• According to the code they must be designed so that the intended plastic
yielding can take place in the superstructure without substantial deformations
occurring in the foundations.
• There are no similar capacity design rules in IBC.
• Both codes give rules for seismic detailing of piled foundations and for site
inverstigation requirements.
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Vertical Seismic loads
• Euro code 8 requires vertical seismic loading to be considered in areas of high
seismicity in the design of the following types of structural element.
• Beams exceeding 20m span
• Cantilevers beams exceeding 5m span
• Pre-stressed concrete beams
• Beams supporting columns
• Base isolated structures
• IBC requires that a vertical seismic load should be considered in all structures.
This is calculated simply as a proportion of the dead load, the proportion
increasing with the seismicity of the site.
 EUROCODE – 8
Earthquake Resistant design (Requirements)

Buildings located in high seismic zones shall have the

following characteristics

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
 EUROCODE – 8
Earthquake Resistant design (Requirements)
1. Structural Simplicity
 EUROCODE – 8
Earthquake Resistant design (Requirements)
2. Uniformity and symmetry
 EUROCODE – 8
Earthquake Resistant design (Requirements)
2. Uniformity and symmetry
 EUROCODE – 8
Earthquake Resistant design (Requirements)
2. Uniformity and symmetry (Criteria for regularity)
 EUROCODE – 8
Earthquake Resistant design (Requirements)
2. Uniformity and symmetry (Criteria for regularity)
 EUROCODE – 8
Earthquake Resistant design (Requirements)
2. Uniformity and symmetry (Criteria for regularity)
 EUROCODE – 8
Earthquake Resistant design (Requirements)
2. Uniformity and symmetry (Criteria for regularity)
 EUROCODE – 8
Earthquake Resistant design (Requirements)
2. Uniformity and symmetry (Criteria for Elevation)
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Earthquake Resistant design (Requirements)
2. Uniformity and symmetry (Criteria for Elevation)
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Earthquake Resistant design (Requirements)
2. Uniformity and symmetry (Criteria for Elevation)
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Earthquake Resistant design (Requirements)
3. Bi-directional resistance
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Earthquake Resistant design (Requirements)
3. Bi-directional resistance
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Earthquake Resistant design (Requirements)
4. Torsional resistance
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Earthquake Resistant design (Requirements)
5. Diaphragmatic behavior
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Earthquake Resistant design (Requirements)
5. Adequate foundation
 EUROCODE – 8
Equivalent linear static analysis
• All design E.Q effects must consider the dynamic nature of load. However, for
simple regular structures analysis by equivalent linear static method is often
sufficient.
• The theoretical basis for equivalent static analysis is that the static forces are
chosen to produce the same extreme deflected shape as would actually occur
during an earthquake.
• The equivalent static analysis works well for low to medium rise buildings
(Less than 70m) in which the mode 1 is prominent in each direction.
• Tall buildings where second and higher modes are more prominent, Euro and
IBC codes required more complex methods to be used in these circumstances.
However it may be useful as a second check on these buildings.
• For a structure responding in only one mode, the velocity is zero at all points
in the structure when this maximum deflection is experienced.
• The equivalent static force thus equals mass time acceleration at each point.
 EUROCODE – 8
Equivalent linear static analysis
Parameter Euro code 8 IBC
Geographical location agR, design ground Ss and S1
acceleration, from national accelerations
annexes
Foundation soils S, soil parameters Site class

Intended use γ1, importance factor IE, seismic

importance
factor
Structural form q, behavior facot R, response
modification
factor
Weight of structure Combination discussed Combination
previously discussed
EUROCODE – 8
Ground types
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Ground types
EUROCODE – 8
Important Classes
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Equivalent linear static analysis (General)
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Equivalent linear static analysis (General)
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Equivalent linear static analysis (Base Shear)
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Equivalent linear static analysis (Base Shear)
 EUROCODE – 8
Equivalent linear static analysis (Base Shear)
 EUROCODE – 8
Equivalent linear static analysis (Base Shear)