ARCHITECTURE IN THE MODERN ERA - Sullivan wrote, “It is the very essence of every problem that

it contains and suggests its own solutions.” Thus Form

 The Industrial Revolution (1768’s) follows Function.
- directed toward the relevant and applied use of structures - Wright’s architecture developed into the expression of
asymmetrically composed masses and subtly
 The Arts and Crafts Movement (early 19th Century) interpenetrating spaces more suited to stand alone,
- movement for aesthetic and moral crusade preferably in a natural rather than an urban context.
- escape from the Industrial World - Wright wrote, “….as a physical raw materialism instead of
- John Ruskin(1819-1900) and William Morris(1834-1896) were the spiritual thing it really is: the idea of Life itself, bodily
the key figures
and spiritually, intrinsic organism. Form and Function as
one.”
 Eclecticism
 The Office of Peter Behrens(1910’s)
- architecture of the borrowing and of free selection
- office at Berlin was the center of search and expression for new
principles
 Joseph Paxton (1851) designed the Crystal Palace
- Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe
 Elisha Graves Otis (1870, New York) developed the first safe  (1908) Spent 3 years in this office
passenger elevator. In addition to this, was the development of  “Less is More”
techniques for manufacturing rolled steel.  Formulated “Cubism and Futurism
- Walter Gropius
 The Great Chicago Fire (1870)  Behren’s chief designer
- Montauk Building by Daniel Burnham (1881)
- Home Insurance Company Building by William Le Baron  The Creation of Space
- Lao Tze, a Chinese Philosopher, said, “The reality of the
Jenney (1883) (first skyscraper free of the limitations of masonry)
- Auditorium Building by Adler and Sullivan (1889) building does not consist in the roof and walls, but in the
- Wainwright Building by Adler and Sullivan (1890)
space within to be lived in.”
- Space has 3 Stages:
- Guarranty Building by Adler and Sullivan (1894)
 Outer space - interplay and visual tension created in
- Reliance Building by Burnham and Root (1894)
the relationship of static volumes
 Inner Space - emphasis on the hollowed interior
 The Chicago School (1880’s)
volume and the continuity of interior space, where the
- concentration on high structures were built in Chicago
exterior form was the result of the defined space within
- William Le Baron Jenney
 Interpenetration of Space - the to former phases
- Louis Sullivan
were intermingled when a new period was initiated by
 born in Boston, 1856
the discovery that sight is an organic process, one in
 studied at Institute of Technology in Massachusetts
which motion initiates a way of seeing and recording
 Worked in the Chicago office of Jenney
phenomena that is more than a passive transfer of
 Studied 6 months at the Ecole des Beaux Arts
images.
 Returned to Chicago after the great fire
- By motion, time (the 4th dimension) was introduced
 “Form Follows Function”
- Daniel Burnham
 The BAUHAUS (1920’s)
 Born in New York, 1846
- Germany was the center of development and study
 Educated at Chicago and also had his apprentiship at
- “Art and Technology, the New Unity”
Loring and Jenney office
- Established by Walter Gropius
 “Make no little plans; they have no magic to stir
- “Functionalism”
men’s blood.”
 The International Style (1930’s)
 The World Columbian Exposition (1890)
- Frank Lloyd Wright (America)
- Jackson Park, Chicago
- Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe (Germany)
- Burnham was the chief of construction
- Walter Gropius (Germany)
- John W. Root was the consulting architect
- Le Corbusier (France)
- Frederick Law Olmsted was the landscape architect
- Functional, Nontraditional, Nonregional
- Birth of the Modern American City Planning
- Reversal of the direction in Sullivan’s vision. He had hardly any
 Reassessment
commissions and died in 1924 a lonely and neglected figure.
- Universalism
 Mies Van Der Rohe’s work is more classical formal
 European Developments (1900’s)
architectural expression
- Otto Wagner
 Functions are resolved within a minimum of larger
 Viennese architect
elements
 Began eliminating Renaissance trappings from his
 Function is subject to an external order or discipline.
buildings and pursued the “more essential”
- Personalism
architecture
 Wright used the functional complexities of a building as
- Adolf Loos
the integral means of form and expression.
 Reacted against the excesses of Art Nuveau
- Brutalism
 Published “Ornament and Verbrechen”
 Derived from “beton brut” (naked concrete)
 “Ornament is a Crime”
- H.P. Berlage
 Postmodernism
 Dutch Architect
- A trend away from the functional aesthetic of the International
 Publicized the works of Frank Lloyd Wright in Europe
Style and the severity of Brutalism.
 “And thus in architecture, decoration and
- Favored the return to the historical references
ornament are quite essential while space-
- Robert Venturi
creation and the relationships of masses are its
true essentials.”  “Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture”
 “Less is Bore”
 Wright vs. Sullivan
- Frank Lloyd Wright began his architect’s career as an apprentice
at Louis Sullivan’s office
- Sullivan’s architecture was urban, restrained in character,
and classic in organization