33 National Convention of Civil Engineers

Institute of Engineers India

Effect of Waste Foundry Sand on Durability

Properties of Concrete

Guided By:
By:
Dr. Urmil V. Dave
Tirth N. Doshi
Prof. Tejas M. Joshi
Flow of Presentation
• Introduction
• Literature Review
• Experimental Work
• Results & Discussion
• Conclusions
• References
Introduction
 Waste foundry sand is the by product of ferrous and nonferrous metal casting
industries, Where sand has been used as molding material.
 After certain numbers of cycles, sand is not possible to further reuse in foundries
which is removed and termed as waste foundry sand.
 Categorized based on the type of binder used
• Green sand
• Molasses Sand
• CO2 Sand
 Manufacturing Process of Molasses Sand
Mixing for Used in
River Sand Molasses Sand molding
2 min.
+
Molasses
(10-12)%

Molding Process
Reuse

After number of
cycles
Used Sand

Waste Molasses Sand

 Manufacturing Process of Green Sand
River Sand Mixing for Used in
+ 2 min. molding
Bentonite (4-6)%
+
Water 4%

Green Sand
Molding Process
Reuse

After number of
cycles
Used Sand

Waste Green Sand

 Manufacturing Process of CO2 Sand
Washed Sand Mixing for Used in
Molding Process
+ 2 min. molding
Sodium Silicate (4-6)%
+
CO2 Gas

CO2 Sand
 Waste CO2 Sand
Manufacturing Process of CO2 Sand
  Considered concrete grade M25.
Varying dosage of WFS sand
% Replacement of various sand
SAND
CC Mix- A Mix- B
River Sand 100% 80% 60%
Molasses Sand 0% 20% 30%
Green Sand 0% 0% 5%
CO2 Sand 0% 0% 5%
Mix Specification
Mix Specification
CC Control Concrete
Mix- A Concrete made with 80% river sand and 20% Molasses sand.
Mix- B Concrete made with 60% river sand, 30% Molasses sand, 5% of Green sand CO2 sand.
Scope of the Work
M25 Grade of concrete

CC Mix-A Mix-B

Durability Properties

1. Acid Attack
2. Sulphate Attack
3. Accelerated Carbonation
4. Water Impermeability
5. Rapid Chloride Penetration Test
 Literature Review
Title Author Journal Work Carried Out
Comparative Rafat Siddique, Construction and Authors evaluated the influence of SFS as partial
investigation on Gurpreet Singh, building replacement of FA on two grade of concrete up to 20%
the influence of Rafik Belarbi, materials, Vol. in interval at an interval of 5%.
SFS as partial Karime Ait- 83, Pp. 216-222, Replacement of FA by SFS upto 15% showed
replacement of FA Mokhtar, Kunal 2015 improved effect on mechanical properties as compare
on the properties to higher dosage of SFS on both grade of concrete.
of two grade of
concrete [1]
Effect of used- Rafat Siddique, Construction and Authors investigate the mechanical properties of
foundry sand on Greet de building concrete mixtures in which fine aggregate was
the mechanical Schutter, Albert materials, Vol. partially replaced with UFS. Fine aggregate was
properties of Noumowe 23, Pp. 976-980, replaced with three percentages (10%, 20%, and 30%)
concrete [2] 2009 of UFS by weight.
Test results indicated that the mechanical properties
increase with the increase in foundry sand content.
 Literature Review

Title Author Journal Work Carried Out

Effects of foundry G. Ganesh Construction Authors evaluated the potential of using WFS as a
sand as a fine Prabhu, Jung and building replacement of river sand. Replacement up to 50% at an
aggregate in Hyun, Yun materials, interval of 10%.
concrete Young Kim Vol. 70, Pp. Authors had concluded that a substitution up to 20% of WFS
production [3] 514-521, can be effectively used in good concrete production.
2014
Effect of waste Gurpreeet Construction Authors investigated the effect of WFS on the mechanical
foundry sand Sing, Rafat and building and durability properties for concrete. Replacement of WFS
(WFS) as partial Siddique materials, to sand up to 20% at an interval of 5%.
replacement of Vol. 26, Pp. Authors had concluded that Partial replacement of sand with
sand on the 416-422, WFS (up to 15%) increases the strength properties, increases
strength, ultrasonic 2012 the USPV values and decreased the chloride ion penetration
pulse velocity and in concrete. which indicates that concrete has become denser
permeability of and impermeable.
concrete [4]
Material Properties
Material Properties
 Waste foundry sand are collected from Grey Nodules Inductocast Pvt. Ltd.

Waste Foundry Sand Properties

Properties Molasses Sand Green Sand CO2 Sand

Type Clay Bonded Clay Bonded Chemical Bonded

Color Dark Black Dark Black Lighter

Silica Content 85-95 % 80-83 % 93-99 %

Binder Molasses Bentonite Clay Sodium Silicate

Material Properties (Continue…)
 53 grade Ordinary Portland Cement is used for experimental work.
Physical properties of OPC-53 Grade

Properties Result Obtained Specification in IS:12269

Compressive Strength (MPa)
a) 3 Day 29.17 27(Min)
b) 7 Day 40.02 37 (Min)
c) 28 Day 55.19 53 (Min)
Fineness (m2/kg) 309 225 (Min)
Setting Time (Minute)
a) Initial Setting Time 125 30 (Min)
b) Final Setting Time 218 600 (Max)
Soundness
a) Le-Chatelier (mm) 1 10 (Max)
b) Autoclave (%) 0.13 0.8 (Max)
 Material Properties (Continue…)

Physical properties of Aggregates

Coarse Aggregates Fine Aggregates

Properties Units
20 mm 10 mm River Sand Molasses Sand Green Sand CO2 Sand
Specific
- 2.85 2.79 2.55 2.98 3.41 2.84
Gravity
Water
% 1.37 1.37 1.83 1.38 26.69 0.6
Absorption
Loose Bulk
kg/m3 1440 1410 1531 1384 1168 1421
Density
Compacted
kg/m3 1630 1513 1681 1533 1315 1558
Bulk Density
Free Moisture % 0.9 0.9 3.03 0.4 1.6 0.7
  Chemical properties of sand tested By SGS Laboratery.
Chemical properties of Aggregates
Molasses Sand Co2 Sand Green Sand Reaction as per
Parameters
(%)by mass (%)by mass (%)by mass pozzolonic material
I.R (Insoluble Residue) 81.87 91.88 87.19 -
So3 0.45 0.34 0 Max 3.0 %
LOI (Loss on Ignition) 4.73 2.38 6.23 Max 5.0 %
Sio2 76.46 88.35 78.3 -
Fe2o3 1.1 0.6 2.6 -
R2o3 (Al2o3+Fe2o3) 7.83 5.95 5.03 -
Cao 7.65 1.71 5.48 -
Mgo 0.6 0.16 0.19 Max 6.0 %
Cl2 0.18 0.1 0.15 Max 0.10 %
Al2o3 6.73 5.35 2.43 -
 Material Properties (Continue…)
 BASF Chemical admixture Masterglenium sky 8549 is used in manufacturing
of concrete.
 Used as water reducing chemical admixture
Marsh Cone Test

Properties of Super-Plasticizer

Parameter Observation
Light brown free
Aspect
flowing liquid
Relative Density 1.10 ± 0.01 at 25°C

pH > 6at 25°C

Chloride ion content < 0.2%
Dosage VS Time Duration
Material Properties (Continue…)
Sieve Analysis of Natural River Sand
Mass
Sieve
Retained % of Mass Retained Cumulative % of Cumulative % of
size(mm)
(gm) Mass Retained Pass
80 mm 0 0 0 100
40 mm 0 0 0 100
20 mm 0 0 0 100
10 mm 0 0 0 100
4.75 mm 39 3.9 3.9 96.1
2.36 mm 75 7.5 11.4 88.6
1.18 mm 102 10.2 21.6 78.4
600 micron 378 37.8 59.4 40.6
300 micron 353 35.3 94.7 5.3
150 micron 29 2.9 97.6 2.4
Lower than
24 2.4 0
150 micron
Total 1000 100 288.6
Fineness Modulus= ( 288.60/100.00 ) = 2.89 Zone - II
Material Properties (Continue…)
Sieve Analysis of Molasses Sand
Sieve Mass Retained Cumulative % of Mass Cumulative %
% of Mass Retained
size(mm) (gm) Retained of Pass
80 mm 0 0 0 100
40 mm 0 0 0 100
20 mm 0 0 0 100
10 mm 0 0 0 100
4.75 mm 7 0.7 0.7 99.3
2.36 mm 5 0.5 1.2 98.8
1.18 mm 13 1.3 2.5 97.5
600 micron 18 1.8 4.3 95.7
300 micron 158 15.8 20.1 79.9
150 micron 681 68.1 88.2 11.8
Lower than
118 11.8 0
150 micron
Total 1000 100 117
Fineness Modulus= ( 117.00/100.00 ) = 1.17 Zone - III
 Material Properties (Continue…)
Sieve Analysis of Green Sand
Sieve Mass Retained Cumulative % of Mass Cumulative % of
% of Mass Retained
size(mm) (gm) Retained Pass
80 mm 0 0 0 100
40 mm 0 0 0 100
20 mm 0 0 0 100
10 mm 0 0 0 100
4.75 mm 3 0.3 0.3 99.7
2.36 mm 8 0.8 1.1 98.9
1.18 mm 62 6.2 7.3 92.7
600 micron 189 18.9 26.2 73.8
300 micron 436 43.6 69.8 30.2
150 micron 259 25.9 95.7 4.3
Lower than
43 4.3 0
150 microns
Total 1000 100 200.4
Fineness Modulus= ( 200.40/100.00 ) = 2.00 Zone - IV
Material Properties (Continue…)
Sieve Analysis of CO2 Sand
Sieve Mass Retained Cumulative % of Mass Cumulative % of
% of Mass Retained
size(mm) (gm) Retained Pass
80 mm 0 0 0 100.1
40 mm 0 0 0 100.1
20 mm 0 0 0 100.1
10 mm 0 0 0 100.1
4.75 mm 0 0 0 100.1
2.36 mm 1 0.1 0.1 100
1.18 mm 268 26.8 26.9 73.2
600 micron 449 44.9 71.8 28.3
300 micron 252 25.2 97 3.1
150 micron 24 2.4 99.4 0.7
Lower than
7 0.7 0
150 microns
Total 1001 100.1 295.2
Fineness Modulus= ( 295.20/100.10 ) = 2.95 Zone - I
 Material Properties (Continue…)
Sieve Analysis also carried out for various mix proportion of replacement
Sieve Analysis of Foundry Sand Mix-A
Sieve Mass % of Mass Cumulative % of Cumulative % of Replacement - A
size(mm) Retained (gm) Retained Mass Retained Pass RS 80%
80 mm 0 0 0 100
MS 20%
40 mm 0 0 0 100
20 mm 0 0 0 100 GS 0%
10 mm 0 0 0 100 CS 0%
4.75 mm 70 7 7 93
2.36 mm 63 6.3 13.3 86.7
1.18 mm 102 10.2 23.5 76.5
600 micron 372 37.2 60.7 39.3
300 micron 183 18.3 79 21
150 micron 150 15 94 6
Lower than
60 6 0
150 micron
Total 1000 100 277.5
Fineness Modulus= ( 277.50/100.00 ) = 2.78 Zone - II
 Material Properties (Continue…)

Sieve Analysis of Foundry Sand Mix-B

Sieve Mass Retained % of Mass Cumulative % of Cumulative % of Replacement- B

size(mm) (gm) Retained Mass Retained Pass
RS 60%
80 mm 0 0 0 100
MS 30%
40 mm 0 0 0 100
20 mm 0 0 0 100 GS 5%
10 mm 0 0 0 100 CS 5%
4.75 mm 31 3.1 3.1 96.9
2.36 mm 63 6.3 9.4 90.6
1.18 mm 94 9.4 18.8 81.2
600 micron 339 33.9 52.7 47.3
300 micron 198 19.8 72.5 27.5
150 micron 213 21.3 93.8 6.2
Lower than
62 6.2 0
150 micron
Total 1000 100 250.3
Fineness Modulus= ( 250.30/100.00 ) = 2.50 Zone - II
 Material Properties (Continue…)

Sieve Analysis of Foundry Sand Mix-C

Sieve Mass Retained % of Mass Cumulative % of Cumulative % of Replacement – C
size(mm) (gm) Retained Mass Retained Pass RS 45%
80 mm 0 0 0 100
MS 35%
40 mm 0 0 0 100
20 mm 0 0 0 100 GS 5%
10 mm 0 0 0 100 CS 15%
4.75 mm 11 1.1 1.1 98.9
2.36 mm 23 2.3 3.4 96.6
1.18 mm 72 7.2 10.6 89.4
600 micron 376 37.6 48.2 51.8
300 micron 223 22.3 70.5 29.5
150 micron 226 22.6 93.1 6.9
Lower than
69 6.9 0
150 micron
Total 1000 100 226.9
Fineness Modulus= ( 226.90/100.00 ) = 2.27 Zone - II
Experimental Programme
 Parameters of M25 Grade of Concrete
1. Grade designation - M25 2. Test data for materials
• Type of cement – OPC 53 grade • Specific gravity of cement – 3.15
• Maximum nominal size of aggregate – 20mm • Specific gravity of coarse aggregate – 2.82
• Minimum cement content – 300 kg/m3 • Specific gravity of fine aggregate – 2.55
• Maximum w/c Ratio – 0.5 • Specific gravity of chemical admixture – 1.1
• Workability – 100 mm slump • Fine aggregate zone -II
• Exposure condition – Moderate (RCC) • Use 1.2% chemical admixtures.
• Method of concreting – Manual
• Type of aggregate – Crushed angular aggregate
• Degree of supervision – good
• Maximum cement content - 450 kg/m3
• Chemical admixture – Super plasticizer

MD
 Mix Design By volume Calculation of various sands of Mix-A
Mix design of various concrete content RS Content 726.45
Material Units CC Mix-A Mix-B Sand RS MS
Cement 315.46 315.46 315.46 % 80 20
Water 155.21 158.82 173.13 Specific Gravity 2.55 2.98
Coarse 20mm 781.89 781.89 781.89 Formula 726.45×80% 726.45/2.55×20%×2.98
Aggregate 10mm kg/m3 510.29 510.29 510.29 Sand Content 581.30 166.17
River Sand 726.63 581.30 435.98
By volume Calculation of various sands of Mix-B
Molasses Sand - 166.17 249.26
Green Sand - - 35.96 RS Content = 726.45
Co2 Sand - - 40.02 Sand RS MS GS CS
Admixture Dosage lit/m3 1.15 1.15 1.15 % 60 30 5 5

Density kg/m3 2490.63 2514.84 2543.14 Specific 2.55 2.98 3.41 2.84
Gravity
w/c Ratio - 0.50 0.50 0.50
3 726.45×6 726.45/2.55×3 726.45/2.55×5 726.45/2.55×5
Volume m 1 1 1 Formula
0% 0%×2.98 %×3.41 %×2.84
w/c Obtained - 0.49 0.50 0.55
Sand
435.30 249.26 35.96 40.02
 Durability Properties
Test schedule of durability properties

Durability Properties of Age in Days

Specimen Size of Specimens Standard
Concrete 6 28 56
Acid Attack Cube 150mm × 150mm × 150mm - 3 3 IS 4456
sulphate Attack Cube 150mm × 150mm × 150mm - 3 3 IS 4456
Accelerated carbonation Cylinder 100mm dia.× 200mm 3 - - CEN12390
Water Impermeability Cube 150mm × 150mm × 150mm - 3 - DIN 1048
Rapid chloride - -
Cylinder 100mm × dia. × 50mm 3 ASTM C1202
penetration Test
Acid Resistance (IS: 4456)
• The concrete specimen size 150 × 150 × 150 mm is casted for evaluating change
in compressive strength and change in mass, respectively.
• The acid resistance of concrete is determined by measuring the residual
compressive strength and change in mass after acid exposure at 28 and 56 days
of time intervals.
• After 28 days of water curing cubes are immersed in 5% sulfuric acid solution
with pH maintained at 3.
Acid Resistance Weight loss for Acid Exposure
28 days 56 days
Mix Before After Before After
Exposure Exposure Exposure Exposure
8.80 8.46 8.51 7.96
CC 8.51 8.12 8.30 7.75
8.67 8.18 8.86 8.29
Average 8.66 8.25 8.56 8.00
8.63 8.19 8.56 7.91
Mix-A 8.57 8.05 8.53 7.93
8.69 8.23 8.42 7.79
Average 8.63 8.16 8.50 7.88
8.43 7.85 8.57 7.79
Mix-B 8.94 8.31 8.45 7.64
8.59 8.04 8.52 7.75
Average 8.65 8.07 8.51 7.73
Acid Resistance
10.00 9.24
9.00
8.00 7.37
7.00 6.78 6.51
6.00 5.48
Percentage

5.00 4.70

4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
28 days 56 days
CC Mix-A Mix-B
% Weight loss for Acid Exposure
 Acid Resistance
% Variation in compressive strength of concrete mixes

Avg. Comp 35.00%

Avg. Comp
Strength 31.02%
strength 30.00% 28.83%
Before
Mix After Exposure
Exposure 25.00% 23.43%24.33%

Percentage
28 56 28 56 20.00%
days days days days 15.75%
15.00% 13.06%

CC 30.59 35.56 25.77 27.23 10.00%

5.00%
Mix-A 32.22 39.78 28.01 30.10
0.00%
28 days 56 days
Mix-B 25.85 33.33 19.69 22.99 CC Mix-A Mix-B
Sulphate Resistance (IS: 4456)

• The concrete specimen size 150 × 150 × 150 mm is casted for evaluating change
in compressive strength and change in mass, respectively.
• The Sulphate resistance of both grade of concrete is determined by measuring
the residual compressive strength and change in mass after sulphate exposure at
28 and 56 days of time intervals.
• After 28 days of water curing cubes are immersed in 5% sodium nitrate solution
with pH maintained at 8.
Sulphate Resistance Weight gain in concrete specimens for sulphate exposure
28 days 56 days
Mix Before After Before After
Exposure Exposure Exposure Exposure
8.73 8.75 8.34 8.37
CC 8.46 8.49 8.72 8.75
8.80 8.83 8.60 8.64
Average 8.66 8.69 8.55 8.59
8.52 8.57 8.43 8.51
Mix-A 8.40 8.44 8.71 8.78
8.71 8.75 8.68 8.75
Average 8.54 8.59 8.61 8.68
8.43 8.50 8.35 8.43
Mix-B 8.56 8.61 8.37 8.47
8.57 8.65 8.48 8.58
Average 8.52 8.59 8.40 8.49
Sulphate Resistance
% Weight gain for sulphate exposure
1.20%
1.06%
1.00% 0.97%
Percentage (%)

0.80% 0.70% 0.74%

0.60%

0.40%
0.27% 0.32%

0.20%

0.00%
28 days 56 days
CC Mix-A Mix-B
Accelerated Carbonation Test (CEN 12390)
• 3 cylinders of 100 mm diameter and 200 mm height for each mixes is casted and
placed in the carbonation chamber.
• Carbon dioxide gas is supplied from a standard industrial cylinder fitted with a
regulator. The temperature of the system is controlled by keeping it in a room at a
28 °C and a CO2 concentration of 4% with 60% humidity.
• At completion of test, the specimens is taken out of the chamber and the depth of
carbonation is measured by treating the surface of a freshly sliced specimen with a
pH indicator that was 1% solution of phenolphthalein in water.
• This test is carried out for 6 days.
 Sulphate Resistance
% Variation in compressive strength of concrete mixes for sulphate exposure

Avg. Comp Avg. Comp

strength before strength after 7.00% 6.08%
Mix 6.00% 5.58%

Percentage (%)
56 28 56 4.83%
28 days 5.00% 4.14%
days days days 4.00% 3.57% 3.26%
3.00%
CC 31.20 35.56 30.09 33.84 2.00%
1.00%
0.00%
Mix-A 33.15 39.78 31.13 38.48 28 days 56 days
Days
Mix-B 26.00 33.33 24.55 31.95 CC Mix-A Mix-B
Accelerated Carbonation Test

Equipment capacity Test parameters

Max. Temperature : 60°C Temperature : 28°C
Humidity range : 40% to 80% Humidity : 60%
Max. CO2 concentration: 4.5% CO2 concentration: 4%
Accelerated Carbonation Test
Table: 18 Sample results taken from average of all side

Carbonation depth (mm) Avg. carbonation

Split Cylinder Side
Near top Near middle Near bottom depth (mm)
3.05 4 3.12
1
3.59 3.9 3.52
3.52
3.7 3.78 3.16
2
3.65 3.53 3.22

• Based on the carbonation depth values carbonation coefficient is calculated using following

formula :
X = C × √t
X = Carbonation depth in mm,
C = Carbonation coefficient
t = exposure time in days
Accelerated Carbonation Test
Results of carbonation depth

Rate of Avg. rate of

Carbonation
Mix carbonation carbonation
depth (mm)
(mm/day0.5) (mm/day0.5)
3.52 1.33
CC 4.05 1.53 1.43
3.80 1.44
4.27 1.61
Mix- A 4.56 1.72 1.64
4.19 1.58
7.54 2.85
Mix- B 7.60 2.87 2.85
7.49 2.83
 Water Impermeability Test (DIN 1048)
• To perform this test specimen is treated under wet and dry cycles.
• To represent sea water condition, 3.5% NaCl solution water tank is made (3.5% NaCl
concentration is generally found in sea water) and specimens is submerged for wet cycle
in this tank for 24 hours and then it is taken out for dry cycle of 24 hours at outer
atmosphere. These 48 hours will be 1 dry-wet cycle.
• No. of cycles performed on specimens are 15, 30 W-D cycles (28, 56 days)
• Then the specimens are tested for Impermeability test. It is performed according to
German standard DIN-1048 part-5.
• During this test three concrete specimen are kept as shown in fig. 3.9. Water pressure is
maintained at 5 kg/sq.cm. by compressor attached to the impermeability test setup. After
3 days of exposure to pressurized water the specimen are removed from the test setup.
Cubes are then split in to two half and penetration depth is measured.
 Water Impermeability Test

Splitting of specimen

Water Impermeability Test Set-up

Depth Measurement of tested Specimens

 Sample results taken from average of all side

Water penetration depth (mm)

Split Cube Side Avg. water penetration depth (mm)
Near left end Near middle Near right side
1 20.7 22.4 21.8
21.68
2 20.9 22.2 22.1
Water penetration results taken from average of all Specimens

Mix Penetration depth (mm) Avg. rate of Penetration

21.68
CC 19.95 20.69
20.45
19.89
Mix- A 18.55 19.22
19.21
4.13
Mix- B 4.25 4.07
3.82
Rapid Chloride Penetrations Test (ASTM C 1202)

• Specimens of 100 mm diameter and

50 mm length is submerged in the 5%
Sodium Chloride solution in a tank,
after 28 days of curing period for a 28
and 56 days exposure.
• Then specimens is tested as per
standard procedure of (ASTM
C1202-97) for 6 hrs.
Rapid Chloride Penetrations Test
• This test method consists of monitoring the amount of electrical current passed through
100 mm nominal diameter cylinders during a 6-h period.
• A potential difference of 60 V DC is maintained across the ends of the specimen, one of
which is immersed in a sodium chloride(NaCl) solution, the other in a sodium
hydroxide(NaOH) solution.
• The total charge passed, in coulombs, has been found to be related to the resistance of the
specimen to chloride ion penetration.
Chloride Ion Penetrability Based on Charge Passed

Charge Passed (coulombs) Chloride Ion Penetrability

>4000 High
2000 – 4000 Moderate
1000 – 2000 Low
100 – 1000 Very low
<100 Negligible
Rapid Chloride Penetrations Test
Current passing through specimens during test
Current in amp
Area under the curve of current versus time duration is Time (min)
CC Mix-A Mix-B
the total charge passing through the respective concrete 0 0 0 0
specimens which can be calculate by trapezoidal rule as 30 0.002 0.007 0.009
mentioned in Equation 1. 60 0.011 0.016 0.017
Q = 900 (I0 + 2I30 + …. + 2I300 + 2I330 + 2I360) 90 0.028 0.027 0.03
(Eq. 1) 120 0.045 0.041 0.049
Where Q = charge passed (Coulombs) 150 0.053 0.051 0.064
I0 = current (Ampere) immediately after voltage is 180 0.066 0.062 0.07
applied 210 0.087 0.083 0.086
It = current (Ampere) at t minute after voltage is 240 0.111 0.109 0.125
applied. 270 0.1375 0.129 0.164
300 0.175 0.163 0.209
330 0.2125 0.209 0.246
360 0.25 0.232 0.284
Cumulative current 2.2334 2.145 2.561
Charge passed 2010.06 1930.5 2304.9
Rapid Chloride Penetrations Test

Chloride Ion Penetrability

0.3

0.25
Current (Amp)

0.2

0.15 CC
Mix-A
0.1 Mix-B
0.05

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Time (min)
 Conclusions

• Gradation of Fine aggregate it is observed that more then 20% replacement of waste
foundry sand with river sand is not suitable.
• The compressive strength of waste foundry sand concrete increases upto 20%
replacement of river sand by the waste foundry sand in concrete for better protection
against the acid exposure. More than 20% replacement of river sand by the waste
foundry sand in concrete reduces the compressive strength and increases the damage
during the acid exposure.
• Sulphate resistance of waste foundry sand concrete increases with replacement of river
sand up to 20% by the waster foundry sand. More than 20% replacement of the waste
foundry sand in concrete results into reduction of the sulphate resistance of concrete.
 Conclusions

• It has been observed that the rate of carbonation depth is marginally more as compared
to that for control concrete for upto 20% replacement of river sand by the waste
foundry sand in concrete. More than 20% replacement of river sand by the waste
foundry sand in concrete is not suitable for protection against carbonation.

• Depth of water penetration is marginally more as compared to that of control concrete

for upto 20% replacement of river sand by the waste foundry sand in concrete. More
than 20% replacement of river sand by the waste foundry sand in concrete results into
large depth of water penetration and hence, is not suitable.

• The concrete mix with provision upto 20% replacement of river sand by the waste
foundry sand is likely to offer better protection in rapid chloride penetration test as
compared to that of control concrete as well as the concrete with 40% replacement of
river sand by the waste foundry sand.
References
[1] Rafat Siddique, Gurpreet Singh, Rafik Belarbi, Karim Ait-Mokhtar, Kunal,
"Comparative investigation on the influence of spent foundry sand as partial
replacement of fine aggregates on the properties of two grades of concrete",
Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 83, (2015), pp. 216-222.
[2] ] Rafat Siddique, Greet de Schutter, Albert Noumowe, “Effect of used-foundry sand
on the mechanical properties of concrete”, Construction and building materials, Vol. 23,
Pp. 976-980, 2009.
[3] G. Ganesh Prabhu, Jung Hyun, Yun Young Kim. “Effects of foundry sand as a fine
aggregate in concrete production”, Construction and building materials, Vol. 70, Pp.
514-521, 2014.
[4] Gurpreet Singh, Rafat Siddique. “Eeffct of waste foundry sand (WFS) as partial
replacement of sand on the strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity and permeability of
concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 26, (2012), pp. 416-422.
References (Continue…)
[5] IS: 383-1970, (1970), "Specification for Coarse and fine aggregate from natural
sources for concrete", Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[6] IS: 10262-2009, "Concrete mix proportioning-guidelines", Bureau of Indian
Standards", New Delhi.
[7] IS: 4456-1987, “Method of Test for Chemical Resistant Mortar", Bureau of Indian
Standards", New Delhi.
[8] CEN 12390 (Part-12)-2010, “Euro Standard for Determination of the Potential
Carbonation Resistance of Concrete.
[9] DIN 1048 (Part-5)-1991, "German Standard for Determination of Permeability of
Concrete”.: Testing hardened concrete - Part 12: Determination of the potential
carbonation resistance of concrete: Accelerated carbonation method.
[10] ASTM 1202C-1997 Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete's
Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration.
Thank You