quite small, and thus most of the ρ values do not fall within Table A.12 (see Appendix A).

For such cases, the authors use the temperature and shrinkage minimum 0.0018bh.
Actually, the temperature reinforcing includes bars in the top and bottom of the slab.
In the negative moment region, some of the positive steel bars have been extended into the
support region and are also available for temperature and shrinkage steel. If desirable, these
positive bars can be lapped instead of being stopped in the support.
The selection of the reinforcing bars is the final step taken in the design of this flat
plate. The code Figure 13.3.8 (given as Figure 16.15 here) shows the minimum lengths of slab
reinforcing bars for flat plates and for flat slabs with drop panels. This figure shows that some
of the positive reinforcing must be run into the support area.
The bars selected for this flat plate are shown in Figure 16.16. Bent bars are used in this
example, but straight bars could have been used just as well. There seems to be a trend among
designers in the direction of using more straight bars in slabs and fewer bent bars.
16.10 Placing of Live Loads
The moments in a continuous floor slab are appreciably affected by different positions or
patterns of the live loads. The usual procedure, however, is to calculate the total static moments,
assuming that all panels are subjected to full live load. When different loading patterns are
used, the moments can be changed so much that overstressing may occur in the slab.
Section 13.7.6.2 of the code states that if a variable unfactored live load does not exceed
three-fourths of the unfactored dead load, or if it is of a type such that all panels will be loaded
simultaneously, it is permissible to assume that full live load placed over the entire area will
cause maximum moment values throughout the entire slab system.
For other loading conditions, it may be assumed (according to ACI Section 13.7.6.3) that
maximum positive moment at the midspan of a panel will occur when three-fourths of the full
factored live load is placed on the panel in question and on alternate spans. It may be further
16.10 Placing of Live Loads 515
WITHOUT DROP PANELS WITH DROP PANELS
MINIMUM
PERCENT—As
AT SECTION
Location
STRIP
Bottom Top
MIDDLE STRIP COLUMN STRIP
Bottom Top
100
50
remainder
50
remainder
100 splices shall be
permitted in this region
continuous bars
6 in.
6 in.
6 in. 6 in.
6 in.
at least two bars or wires shall
conform to ACI Section 13.3.8.5
face of support
center to center span—`
clear span—`n
exterior support
(no slab continuity)
interior support
(continuity provided)
exterior support
(no slab continuity)
clear span—`n
face of support
center to center span—`
max 0.15` max 0.15`
0.22`n 0.22`n 0.22`n 0.22`n
0.20`n 0.20`n 0.20`n 0.20`n
0.33`n 0.33`n 0.30` 0.30`n n
CL CL CL
CL CL CL
FIGURE 16.15 Minimum extensions for reinforcement in slabs without beams (see ACI Section 12.11.1 for reinforcement
extension into supports).
516 CHAPTER 16 Two-Way Slabs, Direct Design Method
column strip (8 ft)
column strip (8 ft)
middle strip (8 ft)
4 #4 ST
4 #4 ST
11 #4 ST 4 #4 bent
3 #4 bent
3 #4 bent
3 #4 bent
3 #4 ST
5 #4
5 #4 bent
5 #4 ST
9 #4 ST
3 #4 bent
(a) For 20-ft span
column line middle strip (12 ft) column line
(b) For 16-ft span
FIGURE 16.16 Bar details.
assumed that the maximum negative moment at a support will occur when three-fourths of the
full factored live load is placed only on the adjacent spans.
The code permits the use of the three-fourths factor because the absolute maximum
positive and negative moments cannot occur simultaneously under a single loading condition
and also because some redistribution of moments is possible before failure will occur. Although
some local overstress may be the result of this procedure, it is felt that the ultimate capacity of
the system after redistribution will be sufficient to resist the full factored dead and live loads
in every panel.
The moment determined as described in the last paragraph may not be less than moments
obtained when full factored live loads are placed in every panel (ACI 13.7.6.4).
16.11 Analysis of Two-Way Slabs with Beams 517
16.11 Analysis of Two-Way Slabs with Beams
In this section, the moments are determined by the direct design method for an exterior panel
of a two-way slab with beams. The example problem presented in this section is about as
complex as any that may arise in flat plates, flat slabs, or two-way slabs with beams, using the
direct design method.
The requirements of the code are so lengthy and complex that in Example 16.4, which
follows, the steps and appropriate code sections are spelled out in detail. The practicing designer
should obtain a copy of the CRSI Design Handbook, because the tables therein will be of
tremendous help in slab design.
Example 16.4
Determine the negative and positive moments required for the design of the exterior panel of the
two-way slab with beam structure shown in Figure 16.17. The slab is to support a live load of 120
psf and a dead load of 100 psf, including the slab weight. The columns are 15 in. × 15 in. and
12 ft long. The slab is supported by beams along the column line with the cross section shown.
Determine the slab thickness and check the shear stress if f_
c= 3000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi.
SOLUTION
1. Check ACI Code limitations (13.6.1). These conditions, which are discussed in Section 16.7
of this text, are met. The first five of these criteria are easily satisfied by inspection. The sixth
requires calculations that follow.
20 in.
15 in. 15 in.
22 ft
18 ft
18 ft
this panel to
be designed
18 ft
22 ft
11.625 ft
FIGURE 16.17 Two-way slab for Example 16.4.
518 CHAPTER 16 Two-Way Slabs, Direct Design Method
2. Minimum thickness as required by code (9.5.3)
(a) Assume h = 6 in.
(b) Effective flange projection of column line beam as specified by the code (13.2.4)
= 4hf
= (4) (6 in.) = 24 in. or h − hf
= 20 in. − 6 in. = 14 in.
(c) Gross moments of inertia of T beams. The following values are the gross moments of
inertia of the edge and interior beams computed, respectively, about their centroidal axes.
Many designers use approximate values for these moments of inertia, Is, with almost
identical results for slab thicknesses. One common practice is to use two times the gross
moment of inertia of the stem (using a depth of stem running from top of slab to bottom
of stem) for interior beams and one and a half times the stem gross moment of inertia for
edge beams.
I for edge beams = 13,468 in.4
I for interior beams = 15,781 in.4
(d) Calculating α values (where α is the ratio of the stiffness of the beam section to the
stiffness of a width of slab bounded laterally by the centerline of the adjacent panel, if any,
on each side of the beam).
For edge beam
_
width = 1
2
× 22 ft + 7.5 in.
12 in/ft
= 11.625 ft
_
Is
=
_
1
12
_
(12 in/ft × 11.625 ft) (6 in.)3 = 2511 in.4
αf = 13,468 in.4
2511 in.4
= 5.36
For 18-ft interior beam (with 22-ft slab width)
Is =
_
1
12
_
(12 in/ft × 22 ft) (6 in.)3 = 4752 in.4
αf
= 15,781 in.4
4752 in.4
= 3.32
For 22-ft interior beam (with 18-ft slab width)
Is
=
_
1
12
_
(12 in/ft × 18 ft) (6 in.)3 = 3888 in.4
αf = 15,781 in.4
3888 in.4
= 4.06
Avg. αf
= αfm
= 5.36 + 3.32 + (2) (4.06)
4
= 4.20
β = ratio of long to short clear span =
22 ft − 15 in.
12 in/ft
18 ft − 15 in.
12 in/ft
= 1.24
(e) Now that we have determined the values of αf in the two perpendicular directions, the
sixth and final limitation for use of the direct design method (ACI 13.6.1.6) can be checked.
αf1l 2
2
αf2l 2
1
= 4.06(18 ft)2
3.32(22 ft)2
= 0.818
16.11 Analysis of Two-Way Slabs with Beams 519
Since this value is between 0.2 and 5.0, this condition is satisfied. Note that the directions
that are designated as l1 and l2 are arbitrary. Had the short direction been used as l1, the
preceding calculation would simply have been inverted, and the ratio would have been
1.22 instead of 0.818. This value would also have been between the limits of 0.2 and 5.0.
(f) Thickness limits by ACI Section 9.5.3
ln = 22.0 ft − 15 in.
12 in/ft
= 20.75 ft
As αfm > 2.0, use ACI Equation 9-13
h=
ln
_
0.8 +
fy
200,000
_
36+ 9β
=
(12 in/ft) (20.75 ft)
_
0.8 +
60,000 psi
200,000 psi
_
36 + (9) (1.24)
= 5.81 in. ←
h not less than 3.5 in. as per ACI Section 9.5.3.3(c)
Try h = 6 in. (shear checked later)
3. Moments for the short-span direction centered on interior column line
qu = (1.2) (100 psf) + (1.6) (120 psf) = 312 psf
Mo =
(qul2) (ln)2
8
=
(0.312 ksf) (22 ft) (16.75 ft)2
8
= 241 ft-k
(a) Dividing this static design moment into negative and positive portions, per Section 13.6.3.2
of the code
Negative design moment = (0.65) (241 ft-k) = −157 ft-k
Positive design moment = (0.35) (241 ft-k) = +84 ft-k
(b) Allotting these interior moments to beam and column strips, per Section 13.6.4 of the
code
l2
l1
= 22 ft
18 ft
= 1.22
αf1
= αf in direction of short span = 3.32
αf1
l2
l1
= (3.32) (1.22) = 4.05
The portion of the interior negative moment to be resisted by the column strip, per
Table 16.3 of this chapter, by interpolation is (0.68) (−157) = −107 ft-k. This result can also
be obtained from the equation
%−
intcol
= 75 + 30
_
αf1l2
l1
__
1 − l2
l1
_
= 75 + 30(1)
_
1−
22 ft
18 ft
_
= 68.3%
M−
int col
= 0.683(157 ft-k) = 107 ft-k
Note that since αf1l2/l1
= 4.05 > 1, a value of 1 was used in the preceding equation.
This −107 ft-k is allotted 85% to the beam (ACI 13.6.5), or −91 ft-k, and 15% to the
slab, or −16 ft-k. The remaining negative moment, 157 ft-k