1.

accustomed
Used to + ing
Look forward
Object
e.g: I am used to eating quickly.

2. cut down on + (N) or ing

e.g: Fat people must cut down on fat food.
Fat people must cut down on eating fat food.

3. I’d prefer staying home to going to the zoo.

I’d prefer to stay at home rather than to go to
the zoo.

4.Since : (particular time/with present perfect only)

Since 7 o’clock
Since I was child
Since last month
Since Monday
Since he came here
Since yesterday

5.For : (duration of time/with present perfect or simple past

For 3 years
For 2 hours
For 5 weeks
For many tears
For long time
For a day

6.Had better :
Stronger than (should, ought to ) and it means:
“ this is a very good idea” . Sometimes (had) is
dropped. Had better has no past form.
e.g: we are almost out of gas; you had better
stop at the next gas station.

7. A. would you mind closing the door.

B. would you mind if I closed the door.

8. Have
Make someone do something
Let
e.g: I let my brother carry my bag.

1
9. HELP:
Help + someone (do, to do) something
e.g: my brother helped me carry my bag.
My brother helped me to carry my bag.

10. GET:
Get someone (to do) something.
e.g: I got my friend to drive me home.

11. HYPHEN (-):

A. with compound adjectives before nouns.
e.g: well-dressed man.
Home–role bill.
B. with: anti, ex, none, vice, co
C. compound numbers and nouns.
e.g: two-hour test.
Five-year-old boy.
Two thirty-five-cent stamp.

12. CE , SE :
a. Noun: licence, advice, practice.
b. Verb: license, advise, practise.

13. lie, lay :

a. Lie, lay, lain, lying. ‫يكذب‬
b. lay , laid , laid , laying ‫يتمدد‬

14. yet, but :

Both have same meaning.
e.g: she didn’t study (but/yet) she passed.

15. if-clause:
a. If I have money, I will buy a new car.
b. If I had money, I would buy a new car.
c. If I had had money,I would have bought a car

16. wish:
Wish + noun + past
a. I wish I had a car.( haven’t)
b. I wish I could swim.(can’t)
c. I wish I had studied.(didn’t)
d. I wish it weren’t cold.(it is cold)
e. I wish john had come.(hasn’t)
f. I wish Mary could have come.(hasn’t)
g. I wish I hadn’t gone to the army.(went)
h. I wish I hadn’t finished my sandwich.(finished)
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17.Adverbs of Frequency:
Always,Never,Sometimes,Often,Usually,Never,Rarely.
a. before action verbs:
We often speak English in class rooms.
b. after Be-verbs(am,is,are):
She is always late.
c. Between auxiliary (can, have) and main verb.
You can usually find me at my office.

18. Adverb & Adjective:

Fast, hard, late, early, well.

19. Frequency Adverbs:( before main verb, after auxiliary:

Always 100%
Usually 75-95%
Often 50-75%
Sometimes 1-25%
Ever 0-100%
Never 0%

20. As soon as, Once:

Both have the same meaning, but (as soon as) is
more immediate and comes with (just).
e.g: I will call you just as soon as I get home.

21. As long as, So long as:

Both have the same meaning.
e.g: I will not talk to him (so long as, as long
as) I live.

22. Into, Onto:

Both used for motion.
e.g: A. Sara poured the tea into the cup.
B. the actor walked onto the stage.

23. Singular:
Every : Every body is here.
Every man, woman, child needs love.
Every one is here.
Each : Each of the students has a book.
Each book and magazine is listed.
One : one of my friends needs help.
None : none of the boys is here.

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 Any : any body needs freedom.
Time : 8 hours of sleep is enough.
Money : 3000$ every month is a very good pay.
Distance : 500 miles is a long distance to drive.
News : the breaking news is a scoop.
U.S. : The United States is a big country.
Enemy : our enemy is hard.
Army : Jordan army is brave.
Public : the public understands democracy.
Government: our government is honest.
Some... : something is missing.
No... : Nobody was accepted.

24. Plural:
Family : my family is loving and supportive.
Note: my family is big, it is 9 people.
Audience : the audience are laughing.
Class : the class are having a quiz.
Committee: the committee are gathering.
Couple : a couple of books are enough.
Crowd : the crowd are voting.
Faculty : the faculty have signed their papers.
Group : the group are singing.
Staff : the staff are in a meeting.
Team : the football team are training.
People : those people are from Canada.
Police : the police are coming.
..And... : There are a pen and a paper with me.

25. Singular & Plural:

Deer, fish, sheep, species.
e.g: one deer
Five deer

26. Troublesome English:

a. Some of book is good.
b. Some of the books are good.
c. Most of the book is good.
d. Most of the books are good.
e. A lot of the equipment is good.
f. A lot of my friends are here.
g. Half of the book is good.
h. Half of the books are good.
i. 2/3 of the book is good.
j. 2/3 of the books are good.

4
 k. 90% of the book is good.
l. 90% of the books are good.
m. The number of the students is ten.
n. A number of the students are late.
o. Chinese is difficult.(language)
p. Chinese are friendly.(people)
q. Statistics is hard.(science)
r. Statistics are accurate.(numbers)

Note: (the poor, the old man, the young, the blind,
the deaf, the living, the rich), when they refer to
people who have this character they are Plural.
E.g: A. the poor have many problems.
B. the rich get richer.

27. Non-count Nouns:

Advice information news evidence
Work homework housework weather
Water rain snow wind
Air clothing furniture jewelry
Peace poverty luggage machinery
Money music postage scenery
Fruit transportation food bread
Butter cheese coffee meat
Milk pepper rice progress
Wealth salt sugar tea
Slang vocabulary intelligence fun
Enjoyment significance knowledge ignorance
Sadness courage honesty luck
Patience violence equipment hardware

28. Gerund & Infinitive:

begin,start,stop,continue,like,hate,prefer,can’t
stand,intend,try,advise,remember,forget.
e.g: A. it started raining.
B. it started to rain.

29. Used to, Accustomed to:

a. Sara used to live in Amman. (Not any more)
b. Sara is used to living in cold places. (Still)
c. Sara is accustomed to living in cities. (Still)
d. Sara is used to/accustomed to places.
(Still)

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30. Either, Neither, Too, and so:
a. Sara likes milk, and so does Ali.
b. Sara likes milk, and Mary does too.
c. Sara doesn’t like milk, and neither does Ali.
d. Sara doesn’t like milk, and Ali doesn’t either.

31. Worth:
Doesn’t take(ing) or(ed) or(s) or (es).
e.g: a. this watch is worth 50$.
b. these watches are worth 200$.

32. Reported Speech:

a. Statement:
Ali: “Ann has been teaching French.”
Ali said that Ann had been teaching French.
B. Yes/No Questions:
Ali: “have you been working here?”
Ali asked me if I had been working here.
b. Wh-Questions:
Ali:” what are you doing here Ed?”
Ali asked Ed what he was doing here.

33. An:
a. Ali wishes to become expert(adj)in computers
b. Ali wishes to become an expert (noun) pilot.

34. A:
On a plane.
By plane.

35. Troublesome English:

A. Raise Raised Raised ‫يربي‬
B. rise rose risen ‫يشرق‬
C. set set set ‫يضع‬
D. sit sat sat ‫يجلس‬
E. shine shined shined ‫يلمع‬ ‫ي‬
F. shine shone shone ‫يشرق‬
G. hang hung hung ‫يعُل‬
ّ‫لق‬ ‫ي‬
H. hang hanged hanged ّ‫يشنق‬

36. have already, already have:

a. I have already eaten.
b. I will already have eaten by the time they come.

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37. Simple past and past perfect are
interchangeable, but if time is mentioned
use the simple past.
e.g: a. I have closed the door.
b. I closed the door two minutes ago.

38. With (live, work, teach) you can use present

perfect or present perfect progressive if
(since) or (for) are used.
e.g: a. I have lived here since 1985.
b. I have been living here since 1985.

39. Note:
a. I will go to bed after I finish my homework.
b. I will go to bed after I have finished my H.W.

40. Note:
a. Lila will see the doctor next week.
b. Lila is seeing the doctor next week.
c. Lila’s plane will arrive at 06:00 next Monday.
d. Lila’s plane arrives at 06:00 next Monday.

41. Future Progressive:

Future progressive& simple future are
interchangeable when time is indefinite, but if
there is a mention of specific time use future
progressive.
e.g: a. don’t call me after 10, I
will be sleeping. (Specific
time:10p.m)
c.don’t worry, Lila will be coming soon.
(indifinite:soon)
d. don’t worry, Lila will come soon

42. May, Might, Must:

May & might expresses possibility, might
isn’t the past form for May. The past form
for May, might, must is:
May
Might have + past
Must
e.g: may
I can’t find my book, I might have lost it.
Must

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43. Ought to:
Have the same meaning of (should). The past form of
ought to is: Ought to +have+past.
e.g: you ought to have studied last night.
Note: the passive form for (ought to) is:
Ought to +have+been+past
e.g: Mary ought to have been invited to the picnic

44. Would rather:

a. I’d rather not telling you.(negative)
b. I’d rather have gone concert than movies(past)
c. I’d rather be sitting in my room than sitting
here(progressive)
d. I’d rather study English than study
French(present)

45. By, With:

a. I cut the tree with an axe.
b. Lila swept the house with a broom.
c. Ali pointed to the map with his finger.
d. Ed stirred the coffee with a spoon.
Note:
a. By check/ in cash.

46. Verbs followed by a Gerund(ing):

Finish stop quit avoid postpone
Delay keep(on) enjoy appreciate mind
Consider discuss

47. Advise, remember, forget:

a. Advise: if not followed by pro(noun)use gerund.
e.g: A. Ali advised me to buy a Honda.
B. Ali advised buying a Honda.
b. Remember, forget: if they refer to a past
action use gerund, if not use to-infinitive.
e.g: a. Lila always remember to feed her cat.
B.i remember seeing the Alps for the first
time, it was awesome.

48. Note:
See,notice,watch,look at,observe,hear,listen,feel.
Followed by: Do or Doing

8
 e.g: a. I saw my friend get into the car.
b. I saw my friend getting into the car.

49. Note:
a. We had fun playing tennis.
b. We had good time playing tennis.
c. We had trouble finding the new house.
d. We had difficulty crossing the street.
e. We had hard time training in the rain.
f. We had difficult times fixing the old car.

50. Adjective Clauses:

Pronoun: who (m), about whom, that, Ø.
It : to which, which, that, Ø.
Where : in which,where,which in,that in,Ø.. in.
Whose : can’t be replaced by any thing.
e.g:
a. The building where he lives is very old.
b. The building in which he lives is very old.
c. The building which he lives in is very old.
d. The building that he lives in is very old.
e. The building Ø he lives in is very old.

51. Expressions of quantity with adjective clauses:

Some of, many of,most of, none of, two of,half of,
Both of, neither of, each of, few of.
e.g:
a. in my class 20 students,most of whom(NOT them)
are Arabs.
b. Ali have several reasons,only afew of which(NOT
Them) were reasonable.
c. the teacher talked to Jim,one of whose(NOT his)
problems is depression.
d. we bought a table,the top of which(NOT it)has
arabesque.
e. We bought a table whose (NOT its) top has jade.

52. Note:
A. delete the subject pronoun (who, which,that)and
the be-verb.
e.g: A. the boy who is talking to me is Korean
B. the boy Ø talking to me is from Korea.

B. if there is no be-verb, delete the subject and

(ing) to the verb.

9
 e.g: a. English has an alphabet which consists of
26 letters.
b. English has an alphabet Ø consisting of 26
53. Note:
a. Who is she? I don’t know who she is.
b. Who lives there? I don’t know who lives there.

54. Note:
a. I don’t know what I should do.(NOT should I)
b. I don’t know what to do.
c. Please tell me how I can get to the library.
d. Please tell me how to get to the library.

55. Tag Questions:

a. I am a teacher, aren’t I?
b. I ought to come early, shouldn’t I?
c. The repairman will fix the t.v, won’t he?
d. Lila has a piano, doesn’t she?
e. Lila has slept, hasn’t she?
f. Mary is here, isn’t she?
g. You like tea, don’t you?
h. Every thing is o.k., isn’t it?
i. These are your papers, aren’t they?
j. Everyone took the test, didn’t they?
k. There is a meeting tonight, isn’t there?
l. Nothing is wrong, is there?
m. Nobody called on the phone, did they?
n. You have never been there, have you?
o. I am supposed to be here, aren’t I?

56. Who:
Always followed by singular.
e.g: A. who is coming tonight?
B. who wants a ride?

57. Whose, Whom:

a. Whose book is this?
b. Whom should I talk to?
c. To whom should I talk?

58. Note:
a. How do you feel?
b. How are you feeling?

59. Why, how come:

10
 a. Why: verb+noun(e.g:why isn’t John here tonight?
b. How come: noun+verb. (e.g: how come John isn’t
here tonight?

60. Nouns as Modifier:

a. The soup has vegetables in it.
It is vegetable soup.
b. This car is driven by four wheels.
It is a four-wheel drive car.

61. Reported Speech:

a. I must watch t.v.
She said she had to watch t.v.
b. I should watch t.v.
She said she should watch t.v.
c. I ought to watch t.v.
She said she ought to watch t.v.
d. Watch t.v.
she told someone to watch t.v.
e. Do you like to watch t.v?
she asked someone if he liked to watch t.v.

62. Note:
(demand,insist,request,ask,suggest,recommend,it is
important, it is essential, it is necessary) are
followed by simple present.
e.g: I insisted that he pay me my money.

63. Note:
a. He is waving his arms and (is) shouting to us.
b. He wants to watch t.v or (to) listen to radio.

64. Neither:
a. Neither my mother nor my father is here.
b. Neither my mother nor my sisters are here.
c. Neither my parents nor my sister is here.

65. I think so:

a. Lila thinks the food is good, & I think so too.
b. This food isn’t good, and I don’t think so
either.
c. Is Frank at home? I think so.

66. Negatives:
Never, rarely, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely.

11
 e.g: a. Never will I do that again. (NOT I will)
b. I can’t come tonight, nor can I come tom.

67. Note:
a. After finishing his work, Ali went to bed.
b. After having finished his work,Ali went to bed.

68. Comparison:
a. I am older than my brother is.
b. I am older than my brother.
c. I am older than he is.
d. I am older than him.

69. Comparison:
a. He works harder than I do.
b. He works harder than I work.
c. He can type faster than she can.
d. He can type faster than she can type.
e. There are more people in China than there are
in the U.S.

70. Conditional Sentences:

a. If it weren’t raining now, I would go for
a walk.
b. If I were living in Japan, I would be
working in a bank.
c. If it had not been raining, I would have
gone for a walk.
d. If I had been living in China last year, I
would have been working in a bank.

71. NOTES:
a. it is very dark room, shall I turn on the light ?
c. He usually has a physical test every month.
d. Sometimes I go shopping.(occasionally)
e. Can you tell us where the bank is?
f. Mr. and Mrs. Wilson don’t know who he is.
g. When did your brother get married?
h. There is no one among us could tell the difference.
i. He is flying now better than he had flown befor
j. She has been shopping for a long time.
k. I go to town frequently.(often)
l. The food tastes bad.
m. People from different countries eat differently

12
 n. “Are you able to come with us?” no I can’t.
o. The engine, frozen solid, wouldn’t start.
p. I was afraid he might not understand.

72. Additives:

a. –able + verb/noun = adjective

b. –ance + verb = noun
c. –ant + verb = adjective
d. –ation + verb = noun
e. –ative + verb/noun = adjective
f. –en + adjective = verb
g. –ence + verb = noun
h. –ent + verb = adjective
i. –er/-or + verb = noun
j. –ern + noun = adjective
k. –ful + noun/verb = adjective
l. –fy + noun/adjective = verb
m. –ible + verb/noun = adjective
n. –ify + noun/adjective = verb

73. Exercise:

1. The flight surgeon will see you as soon as he_________

a. could b. can c. would d. should

2. Tom told me that had opened a __________ account.

a. save b.saved c. saving d. saver

3. “Are you ready ________ the exam?”

a. to b. for c. with d. of

4. Most Americans__________ five days a week.

a. work b. works c.working d.worker

5. I believe you confused that word__________ another

a. to b. from c. by d. with

6. I haven’t gotten used to_________ such a big dinner yet

a. eating b. eat c. ate d. eaten

7. Bob ________ to go to the sea shore for a long time

a. has want b. has been wanting c. had wanted

8. We ________ acquainted with all the students

a. hadn’t b. haven’t c. won’t d. aren’t

9. Most people _________ a paid vacation every year

a. getting b. gets c. get d. got

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74. Could. Can be used for past and present.
e.g:
A. what shall we do this evening?
B. we could go to the movies.

 Could is less sure than can.

 You must use could NOT can when you don’t
really mean what you say.
e.g:
I’m so angry with Ali, I could kill him.
75. Note:
Something is a possibility.
Something is possible.

76. May/Might. Both have the same meaning.

e.g:
I may/might go to London next week.

77. Must/Have to.

Must: is personal, use MUST to give personal feeling.
e.g:
You must do something.
Have to: is impersonal, use HAVE to with facts.
e.g:
You have to turn left now or you'll get a ticket.

78. Have got to/Have to: both have the same meaning.
e.g:
1. A. I've got to work today.
B. I have to work today.
2. A. when has john got to go?
B. when does john have to go?

79. Needn't: means do not need.

e.g:
We needn't hurry.

80. Note:
I have a fork and spoon. (NOT: a spoon)

81. Agree/Accept:

14
 To agree: is to do something.
To accept: is to accepting invitations,job,offer
Note: I was accepted at/to Harvard.

82.Note:
The bombs can be aimed with amazing accuracy.
NOT an amazing

83. Above/Over:
When there is a contact or touching use OVER.
e.g:
He spread the towel above his hand.

84. Under/Below:
When there is a contact use UNDER.
e.g:
She put her book under her pillow.

85. Note:
Following words are adjective and adverb.
FAST, HARD, LATE, EARLY, WELL.
e.g:
Zena runs fast (adverb)
Zena is a fast type writer. (Adjective)

86. Note:
Big eater
Heavy smoker.
87. Note:
I want to give you a piece of advice (NOT:an advice)

88. Make/do/have/take:

Make Do Have Take Make Do Have take

Preparations A picture
Damage An exam
A bath A promise
Research A complain
Lessons Justice
A test Breakfast
An operation Progress
A decision Fun
A discovery An effort
A phone call Harm

15
A look A comment
A baby A break
A party A suggestion
A noise A list

89. Notes:
A. Employed by the same company.
B. Me and my brother have the same set of friends.
C. I need a new set of tiers to my car.
D. Do you have a pen that I could borrow?
E. did you do well on the test?
F. there is not much medicine in the bottle.
G. buy the largest quantity at the lowest price.
H. except for the jars, nothing broke.
I. how much it cost?
J. I wouldn't mind making some easy money.
K. what became of (happened) your old car?
L. Ali is funny; I can't help (stop)laughing!
M. a lot of Arabs live on this street.
N. what would you like for dessert?
O. Five jars of peanut butter broke.
P. three dozen cans.
Q. Either of those shirts will be fine.
R. Neither of the boys wanted to cut the grass.
S. None of the pie was eaten.
T. I like classical music the best.
U. To whom are you talking?
V. who are you talking to?
W. who did you get that letter from?
X. from whom did you get that letter?
Y. we couldn't use our car because it was being
repaired.
Z. I don't know where else to look for the keys.
A. who keeps this car in such good way (NOT: a good)
B. Two countries fought one another.
C. there had been (were) a warning before the attack.
D. how else can I do this?
E. can you tell me how else I can do this.
F. I made the appointment for Sunday morning.
G. where did you see Sami last?
H. what color shirt?
I. the brakes failed.
J. what would you like done today?
K. I'd like the oil changed (to be changed)
L. the storm hits.

16
 M. the tire burst.
N. interjection: words that express strong
feeling: WOW!! Oooooooh!! Boohoo!!.
O. big lie/problem/mistake
P. great interest/fun
Q. serious illness/infection/disease/problem
R. complete surprise/mistake
S. highly intelligent/ very smart.
T. she can do what she pleases.
U. Patrick is my age (NOT: in my age)

90. Affect/Effect:
Affect: you talk about changes.
Effect: you talk about results.
e.g:
Do you think the changes in the law will
affect us? I don't know what effect they
will have.

91. all:
A. For all: means "in spite"
e.g: for all his faults, he is a good father.
B. at all: means "in any way"
e.g: did the new drug help you at all?
C. all in all: means " considering everything"
e.g: all in all, it was a nice picnic.
D, all around: means "good in many things"
e.g: Sami is an all around athlete.

92. all right / alright:

all right: the correct way in writing.
Alright : correct but informal.

93. all ready / already:

All ready: we are all ready to move.
Already : John has already seen the movie.

17