Mantle - extends to about 2900 kilometers from landmass called Pangaea which drifted away from

the Earth’s surface. It makes up about 80% of the each other. The continents moved away from each
Earth’s total volume and about 68% of its total other towards their current positions.
mass. The mantle is mainly made up of silicate
Transform fault boundary - a boundary produced
rocks, and contrary to common belief, is solid, since
when two plates slide past each other.
both S-waves and P-waves pass through it.
Divergent boundary - exists between two tectonic
Inner Core - made up of solid iron and nickel and
plates that are moving away from each other.
has a radius of 1300 kilometers. Its temperature
reaches to about 5000oC. The extreme temperature Reflection - (bouncing back) A seismic reflection
could have molten the iron and nickel but it is occurs when a wave impinges on a change in rock
believed to have solidified as a result of pressure type (which usually is accompanied by a change in
freezing, which is common to liquids subjected seismic wave speed).
under tremendous pressure.
Refraction - (bending) the seismic velocity in Earth
Laurasia - when Pangaea divided into 2 increases with depth (there are some important
supercontinents, this is located on the northern exceptions to this trend) and refraction of waves
hemisphere. (Eurasia and North America) causes the path followed by body waves to curve
upward.
Gondwanaland - when Pangaea divided into 2
supercontinents, this is located on the southern  When a wave encounters a change in
hemisphere. (South America, Africa, Antractica, material properties (seismic velocities and or
Australia, India) density) its energy is split into reflected and
refracted waves.
Crust - thinnest and outermost layer of the Earth. 5-
50 km thick. Made up of both Continental and
Oceanic crust.
Outer Core - 2250 kilometers thick and is made up
of iron and nickel. The temperature in the outer
core reaches up to 2000oC at this very high
temperature, iron and nickel melt. 2250 kilometers
thick and is made up of iron and nickel. The
temperature in the outer core reaches up to 2000oC
at this very high temperature, iron and nickel melt.
Trench - a portion in the ocean floor which is
Mid oceanic ridge - an underwater mountain range,
relatively much deeper than the rest
formed by the divergence of plates. As the plates
- a depression in the seafloor produced by
separate, new materials from the mantle ooze up to
subduction process
fill the gap. These materials will slowly cool to
produce new ocean floor. Magma - a mass of molten rock formed at depth,
including dissolved gases and crystals.
The spreading rate at these ridges may vary from 2
to 20 cm per year. Although a very slow process, Seismograph - An instrument used to record
divergence of plates ensures a continuous supply of seismic waves
new materials from the mantle. The Mid-Atlantic
Ocean ridge is an example of spreading center Fault - A fault is a break in the rocks that make up
which causes the divergence of the South American the Earth's crust, along which rocks on either side
plate and the African plate. have moved past each other.

Continental drift theory - Alfred Wegener states Earthquake - vibration of Earth due to rapid
that the continents were once part of a large release of energy
Convection Current - Intense heat causes the rocks The continental Jigsaw puzzle
to rise and then cool and sink. The hot material
Seafloor spreading
(magma) in the mantle rises to the top of the mantle,
cools, then sinks, reheats, and rises again. These seismogram
convection currents cause changes in the Earth’s
surface. seismologists

S-waves - travel through material by shearing it or geology

changing its shape in the direction perpendicular to tectonic plates
the direction of travel. Because liquids and gases
have no shape, these waves do not pass through triangulation
liquids only trough solids.These waves travel pangaea
through Earth slower (3.5 km/sec.) and are the
second to reach seismograph stations. Syncline

P-waves - move by compressing and expanding Collision zone

(push-pull motion) the material as it travels. Vibrate Uplifting
in the same direction as wave motion. These waves
have the greatest velocity (6 km/sec) and are the Folding
first to reach the seismograph stations. These waves Density
can pass through solids, liquids, and gases.
Pressure
Subduction - one plate moves under another and is
forced to sink. mountain ranges

Surface Wave - differ from body waves in that they frequency

do not travel through Earth, but instead travel along
volcanoes
paths nearly parallel to the surface of Earth. Surface
waves behave like S-waves in that they cause up fossils
and down and side to side movement as they pass,
temperature
but they travel slower than S-waves.
oxygen
Hypocenter
Magnitude
epicenter
Intensity
Oceanic
Basalt
Continental
shadow zone
hot spot
Mantle plume
rocks
Tsunami
rift valleys
Magnetic Field
convergent plates
Ridge Push
Lithosphere
Depth
Asthenosphere
Density
love wave
Plasticity
rayleigh wave
Magnesium
Gutenberg Discontinuity
Mohorovicic Discontinuity
Mesosaur
Glossopteris
Volcanic island arc
Friction
Evidences
Meteorologist
Volcanic eruption
Compression
geologic event
altitude
Fossil
Continents edge
Forearc basin
Accretionary wedge
Mechanical waves
Transverse waves
seismic stations
mechanical probes
Alfred Wegener
Supercontinent
pacific ring of fire
mariana trench
panthalassa
topographical features