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Pascal’s Law
CT-2016 Network Design for Water Systems-
Assignment 2

Rushil Modh, UG180529

1 HYPOTHESIS
The aim of the model is to show the distribution of
pressure in a closed system using syringes as hydraulic
lifts and lifting 50 kg weight with minimum efforts, hence
proving Pascal’s Law.

2 PRINCIPLE
Pascal's Law states that when you apply pressure to confined fluids (closed system), the fluids
will then transmit that same pressure in all directions within the container, at the same rate.
Using this principle, we can prove that on application of small force over one area will result in
higher outcome on the other area.

3 BACKGROUND READING
The earliest research on pressure was conducted by physicist Blaise Pascal. The SI unit of
pressure was named after his important research, Pascal (Pa). The ability of fluid to transmit
pressure can be very useful. From removing toothpaste out of the tube to lifting heavy objects.
Pressure is the amount of force acting on a given area. It is represented by the equation:
Pressure=Force/Area (unit=N/m^2)
The pressure exerted by a fluid increases if more force is applied over a smaller area.

Also,

Force=Pressure x Area (unit=N)

This equation shows that the same pressure applied to a greater area increases the force.

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4 SKETCH

Pipe Connection

Plan

5 MATERIALS WITH SPECIFICATION

Material Length(mm) Width(mm) Diameter(mm) Nos. Specification Use in Model

Syringes 105 - 15 1 10 ml for input pressure
100 - 31 4 50ml for output pressure
Plywood 1020 200 - - 18mm for supporting syringes
Pipe 880 - 4 - - for connecting fluids
NR Valve 45 15 - 2 - for allowing fluid to
flow in one direction
Adhesive - - - 1 Araldite for joining two
materials
Junctions 40 15 9 4 T-valve for dividing pipes into
two output

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6 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
1. Cut the plywood into desired dimensions.
2. Using a drilling machine with 30mm dia. make holes on the plywood.
3. Nail the plywood pieces according to the drawing.
4. Now fix the syringes in the holes and stick them with araldite.
5. Cut pipes of lengths as mentioned in drawing and fix the to the syringes and T-junctions.
6. Fix a plywood on the top of the four syringes.

7 OBSERVATIONS
Variety of sizes for syringes were observed and force multiplier was calculated. A suitable
size for syringe was selected and the model was made.

8 CALCULATIONS
In the given system, the known parameters are the dimensions of syringe and the output force.
Dia. 1= 16 mm
Dia. 2= 30mm
Output force F2= 50 x 9.81 N

Now according to the equation, the force multiplier will be

F2/F1 = A2/A1

F2/F1 = A2/A1
= TT (0.031/2) ^2 / TT (0.016/2) ^2
= 3.75
As there are four Syringes in the system, the force multiplier will be,

F2/F1 = 3.75 x 4
= 15

The height raised during every input force is given by,

V1 = V2 (according to law of conservation of mass)

A1 x H1 = A2 x H2

∴ H2 = A1/A2 x H1

Taking H1 = 55mm (height of fluid in the input syringe of 10ml)

H2 = TT (0.016/2) ^2 / TT (0.031/2) ^2 x 0.055

= 0.015 m = 1.5 cm

As there are four syringes the volume will be equally divided.

Hence, height raised during one input force is

H’ = 1.5/4 = 0.38 cm = 3.8mm

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9 CONCLUSION

From the experiment it was concluded that the weight of 50 kg can be lifted easily by applying less
input force. Also, the system can be made more efficient if the distance between the syringes be
increased and by adding one more syringe in the centre.

10 APPLICATION
The principles demonstrated in this model is used where principle of hydraulics is applicable.
It is widely used in-
1. Hydraulic lift
2. Hydraulic press
3. Hydraulic jack used for changing tyres
4. Hydraulic brakes
5. Hydraulic Pump

11 VIDEO LINK

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p16q6IM13kQ

12 REFERENCES
1. Book – Fluid Mechanics by- Dr. R. K. Jain (Topic – 2.3, page-2.5)
2. Book – Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines by- Dr. R. K. Bansal (Topic – 2.2, page-35)
3. https://www.hystack.mit.edu/edu/pcr/MOSAIC/9-Fluid%20Behavior/Pascal%20WS.pdf
4. https://rdhs.com/basic-hydraulics-jacks-pressure/
5. https://flodraulic.com/tech-tips/role-hydraulic-reservoir-system
6. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112106175/Module%201/Lecture%204.pdf
7. https://sciencing.com/ideas-hydraulic-lift-science-project-7888829.html
8. https://flodraulic.com/tech-tips/role-hydraulic-reservoir-system
9. https://www.hydraulicspneumatics.com/200/TechZone/ReservoirsAcces/Article/False/64
48/TechZone-ReservoirsAcces
10. https://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/277/hydraulic-systems-fluid

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