SAINT JOSEPH SCHOOL FOUNDATION, INC.

Gov. Camins Avenue P.O Box 210 7000 Zamboanga City

Tel. No. (062) 991-6675 / Fax No. (092) 993-2231
Dela Cruz, JC

Fernando, Jaime Belle

Ochea, Julianne

Relampagos, Lea

Rodriguez, CJ

Satim, Dion

Villanueva, Rea

12 STEM St. Dominic

STM

January 20, 2020

Immune System

Immune system differences in plants and animals

Different parts of the immune system in animals

Different parts of the immune system in plants

Antibodies

White blood cells (types)

Apoptosis in plants

First, second, and third defences

Discuss more about HIV, why it attacks the immune system of the body

SUMMARY

Additional infos
 Keeps a record of every germ (microbe) it
A complex network of cells and proteins has ever defeated so it can recognise and
that defends the body against infection. destroy the microbe quickly if it enters
the body again.

Immune
System
Function in Animals Function in Plants
It firage and collect carbon and other It can fix its own carbon, which can be
nutrients. limiting for microbial growth in soil.
It has this so called Toll receptors (in
It has this so called Analogous receptors.
insects) and Toll-like receptors (in
vertebrates).

The immune system function in plants and animals both depends on microbes; they help
with nutrient acquisition, and acts as another line of defence against pathogenic microbes. Both
recognize MAMPS (Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns).

White Blood Cells
White blood cells
move through blood
and tissue throughout
your body, looking
for foreign invaders
(microbes) such as
bacteria, viruses,
parasites and fungi.
When they find them,
they launch an
immune attack.
Complement
System
Antibodies
Antibodies help the
body to fight microbes
or the toxins (poisons)
they produce. They do
this by recognising
substances called
antigens on the surface
of the microbe, or in
the chemicals they
produce, whuich mark
the microbe as being
foreign. The antibodies
then mark these
contigens for
destruction.

It is made up of
proteins whose
actions
complement the Lymphatic System
work done by
antibodies. It functions as the following:
a.) manage the fluid levels in
the body
b.) react to bacteria
Spleen c.) deal with cancer cells
d.) deal with cell products that
otherwise would result in
A blood filtering organ disease or disorders
that removes microbes e.) absorb some of the fats in
and destroys old or our diet from thei ntestine
damaged red blood
cells. It also makes
disease-fighting
components of the
immune system
(including antibodies Bone Marrow
and lymphocytes).
It is the spongy tissue
found inside your bones.
It produces red blood
cells our bodies need too
carry oxygen. These are
Thymus the white blood cells we
use to fight infection,
Filters and and the platelets we
monitors your need to help our blood
blood content. clot.
It produces
the white Tonsils
blood cells
called T- Also belong to the defense
lymphocytes. system. Due to their special
position at the throat and
palate, their defense cells
come into contact with
pathogens especially soon,
and can activate the immune
system immediately.
ANTIBODIES

Antibodies are proteins produced and secreted by B cells. They bind to foreign
substances that invade the body, such as pathogens. The term “antibody” refers to
its function, which is to bind to an antigen. Another name for this protein molecule
is IMMUNOGLOBULIN (Ig).

HOW ANTIBODIES FIGHT ANTIGENS

So what happens when an antigen tries to enter the body? When it does, the
immune system is triggered. Chemical signals are sent to alert all the different
parts of the immune system into action.

First, the virus is met by a type of cell called B cells. The B cells are responsible
for creating antibodies to match the antigen. Remember, each type of antibody
matches to only one antigen. After the B cells have created their antibodies, the
antibodies stick to the virus, marking it for the next round of attack. T cells are
then ordered to attack the antigen that have antibodies have marked for it.

After the antigen has been destroyed, the clean-up crew comes along. A wave of
phagocytes, large cells that can consume foreign matter, eats the remains of the
infection.

TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS AND ITS DEFINITION

White blood cells (WBCs) are an important component in the human blood.
All WBCs have nuclei, which distinguishes them from the other blood cells and also
between white blood cell types and subtypes themselves. On average, there are 4000
to 11.000 WBCs/mm. White blood cells are the only complete cells in the blood
because they contain nuclei and the usual organelles. Leukocytes is another term for
white blood cells which form a protective, movable army that helps defend the body
against damage by bacteria, viruses, parasites and tumor cells. These WBCs are able
to slip into and out of the blood vessels (by process called diapedesis).

In addition, WBCs can locate areas of tissue damage and infection in the body
by responding to certain chemicals that diffuse from the damaged cells. This
capability is called positive chemotaxis. Once they have “caught the scent,” the
WBCs move through the tissue spaces by ameboid motion (forming of cytoplasmic
extensions that help move along). By following the diffusion gradient, they pinpoint
areas of tissue damage and rally round in large numbers to destroy microorganisms
or dead cells. Whenever WBCs mobilize for action, the body speeds up their
production, and as many as twice the normal number of WBCs may appear in the
blood within a few hours.

The main types of WBC are: Granulocytes, Monocytes and Lymphocytes.

There are seven sub-types developed from these types. Granulocytes can be
classified into Band neutrophils, Basophils or Eosinophils. Monocytes can be
classified into Macrophages or Dendritic cells, and Lymphocytes can be classified
into B-lymphocytes or T-lymphocytes.

White Blood Cells are also called leukocytes. They protect you against illness and
disease. They flow through your bloodstream to fight viruses, bacteria, and other
foreign invaders that threaten your health. When your body is in distress and a
particular area is under attack, white blood cells rush in to help destroy the harmful
substance and prevent illness.

White Blood Cells are made in the bone marrow. They are stored in your blood and
lymph tissues because some white blood cells have a short life of 1 to 3 days (your
bone marrow is making them always).
 T lymphocytes

It actively destroy infected

cells. It also signal other Lymphocytes
immune cells to participate
in the immune response. They create antibodies
to fight against bacteria,
viruses, and other
potentially harmful
invaders.

Neutrophils
Basophils
They kill and digest bacteria and
fungi. They are the most
numerous type of white blood These small cells
cell and your first line of defense seem to sound an
when infection strikes. alarm when infectous
agents invade your
blood. They secrete
chemicals such as
histamine, a marker of
allergic disease, that
help control the body's
immune response.

Eosinophils

They attack and kill parasites

and cancer cells, and help with
allergic responses.
APOPTOSIS IN PLANTS

Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell

death, or “cellular suicide.” It is different
from necrosis, in which cells die due to
injury.

Apoptosis is an orderly process in which the

cell’s contents are packaged into small
packets of membrane for “garbage
collection” by immune cells.

Apoptosis removes cells during

development, eliminates potentially
cancerous and virus-infected cells, and
maintains balance in the body.

In plants, cell death is perfected in such a

way, they leave structurally modified cells
dead, but intact for specific functions,
example most of the XYLEM elements and
SCLERENCHYMA elements go through
 such process. But, developed cells remain
intact and functional.

IMMUNE SYSTEM NG PLANTS

Plants don’t have an adaptive immune

system. They only have an INNATE one,
but even their innate system is different.
They DO NOT HAVE IMMUNE CELLS.

Instead of having cells that just do immune

work, all PLANT CELLS HAVE IMMUNE
CAPABILITIES. They all have proteins on
their surface that recognize different
molecules from a variety of pathogens. Once
they recognize those molecules, they sound
the alarm and start a cascade of events that
puts the plant into defense mode.
 Physical and Chemical
Barriers (Innate Immunity)

Physical barriers literally

provide physical barriers
to invaders. These
include ksin, mucous
 SKIN
A thick layer of dead cells in the epidermis
provides a physical barrier to viruses,
bacteria and microbes. As the epidermis
sheds, microbes are removed.

MUCOUS MEMBRANE
Mucous membranes produce mucus to trap
microbes so they cannot spread to the rest of
the body.

HAIR
Hair within the nose filters microbes, dust,
and pollutants from the air to prevent them
from invading the body.

CILIA
Cilia lines the upper respiratory tract and
traps and propels inhaled debris to the throat
so it can exit the body more quickly.

URINE
Urine flushes microbes out of the body via
urethra.

DEFECATION and VOMITING

The body expels microorganisms via bowel
movements and vomit.
 LYSOZYME
Lysozyme is an enzyme produced in tears,
sweat, and saliva that breaks down cell walls
and acts as an antibiotic by killing bacteria.

GASTRIC JUICE
Acids in the stomach destroy bacteria and
toxins.

SALIVA
Saliva dilutes the number of microorganisms
in the body and washes the teeth and mouth.

ACIDITY
Skin acidity inhibits bacterial growth.

SEBUM
Unsaturated fatty acids known as sebum
provide a protective film on the skin and
inhibits growth.

HYALURONIC ACID
A gelatinous substance, hyaluronic acid
slows the spread of microorganisms that can
harm the body.
Nonspecific Resistance
(Innate Immunity)

The second line of

defense of the immune
system, also an aspect of
innate immunity, is the
nonspecific resistance.
These defense
mechanisms destroy
invaders in a general way
and do not target specific
antigens.
 PHAGOCYTES
Phagocytic cells ingest and destroy microbes
that pass into body tissues.

INFLAMMATION
Inflammation is a localized response in the
tissue that occurs when tissues are damaged
or in response to other stimuli. Inflammation
occurs when white blood cells flood an area
or invasion by microbes. The response
includes swelling, redness, heat and pain.

FEVER
Fever inhibit bacterial growth and increase
the rate of tissue repair when an infection is
present in the body.
 Specific Resistance

(Acquired Immunity)

The final line of defense is

specific resistance, which is a
compponent of acquired
immunity. Specific resistance
relies on antigens, or specific
substances that are found in
foreign microbes. Most
antigens are proteins; they act
as a stimulus to produce an
immune response.
 LYMPHOCYTES
Specific white blood cells, T cells, and B
cells, are responsible for acquired immunity.
A specific immune response occurs when
antibodies produced by B cells encounter
antigens.

The first line of defense in our bodies are

physical and chemical barriers - our skin,
stomach acids, mucus, tears, vaginal
opening, of which the last three mostly
produce lysozome to destroy harmful
incoming pathogens.
 In our bodies, the second line of defense is
non-specific immune responses -
macrophages, neutrophils, interferons, and
complement proteins. This line of defense
also includes fever and inflammatory
response as nonspecific defenses.

Our third line of defense is specific immune

responses - T cells and B cells. There are
many types of each work like a close knit
team to destroy pathogens.

What effect does HIV have

on our body?
HIV attacks a specific type of immune
system cell in the body. It is known as the
CD4 helper cell or T cell. When HIV destroys
this cell, it becomes harder for the body to
fight off other infections.
 When HIV is left untreated, even a minor
infection such as a cold can be much more
severe. This is because the body has
difficulty responding to new infections.

Not only does HIV attack CD4 cells, it

also uses the cells to make more of the virus.
HIV destroys CD4 cells by using their
replication machinery to create new copies of
the virus. This ultimately causes the CD4
cells to swell and burst.

When the virus has destroyed a certain

number of CD4 cells and the CD4 count
drops below 200, a person will have
progressed to AIDS.

However, it is important to note that

advancements in HIV treatment have made it
possible for many people with HIV to live
longer, healthier lives.
SUMMARY

Additional Information

The lymphatic system is made up of:

1. Lymph Nodes (also called lymph glands)

which trap microbes.
2. Lymph Vessels – tubes that carry lymph,
the colourless fluid that bathes your body’s
tissues and …contains infection-fighting
white blood cells.

3. White Blood Cell (lymphocytes)

The body’s other defences against

microbes.

As well as the immune system, the body has

several other ways to defend itself against
microbes including:

1. Skin – a waterproof barrier that secretes oil

with bacteria killing properties.
2. Lungs – mucous in the lungs (phlegm)
traps foreign particles, and small hairs (cilia)
wave them …mucous upwards so it can be
coughed out.
3. Digestive Tract – the mucous lining
contains antibodies, and the acid in the
stomach can kill …most microbes.

4. Other defences – body fluids like skin oil,

saliva and tears contain anti-bacterial
enzymes that ….help reduce the risk of
infection. The constant flushing of the
urinary tract and the bowel also ….helps.

Common Disorders of the Immune

System

It is common for people to have an over-or

underactive immune system. Overactivity of
the immune system can take many forms
including:

1. Allergic diseases – where the immune

system makes an overly strong response to
allergens. ….Allergic diseases are very
common. They include allergies to foods,
medications or stinging ….insects,
anaphylaxis (life-threatening allergy), hay
fever (allergic rhinitis), sinus ….disease,
….asthma, hives (urticarial), dermatitis and
eczema.

2. Autoimmune diseases – where the immune

system mounts a response against normal
….components of the body. Autoimmune
diseases range from common to rare. They
include ….multiple sclerosis, autoimmune
thyroid disease, type 1 diabetes, systemic
lupus erythmatosus, ….rheumatoid arthritis
and systemic rasculitis.

Underactivity of the immune system, also

called IMMUNODEFICIENCY, can:

1. Be inherited – examples of these

conditions include primary
immunodeficiency diseases such …as
common variable immunodeficiency (SCID)
and complement deficiencies.

2. Arise as a result of medical treatment – this

can occur due to medications such as
corticosteroids …or chemotherapy.

3. Be caused by another disease – such as

HIV/AIDS or certain types of cancer.

References

State of Victoria (2020). Immune System

Explained. Retrieved form link
…...www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27
7142706_Innnate_Immunity_In_Plants_and
_Animals

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2
79395/
https://primaryimmune.org/about-primary-
immunodeficinecies/immune-system-and-
primary-immunodeficiency