CP VIOLATION

I. I. BIGI
Physics Department, University of Notre Dame du Lac

A. I. SANDA
Physics Department, Kanagawa University

CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
 Contents

Preface to the second edition page xvii

Preface to the first edition xix

Part I Basics of CP violation 1

1 Prologue 3

2 Prelude: C, P and T in classical dynamics 12

2.1 Classical mechanics 13
2.1.1 Parity 13
2.1.2 Time reversal 14
2.2 Electrodynamics 16
2.2.1 Charge conjugation 17
2.2.2 Parity 17
2.2.3 Time reversal 17
2.3 IUstune' 19
Problems 19

3 C, P and T in non-relativistic quantum mechanics 21

3.1 Parity 22
3.2 Charge conjugation 25
3.3 Time reversal 26
3.4 Kraulers' degeneracy 30
3.5 Detailed balance 32
3.6 Electric dipole moments 33
3.6.1 The neutron EDM 33
3.6.2 Water molecules and atoms 35
3.6.3 Dumb-bells 36
3.6.4 Schiff's theorem 37

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3.7 R6sum6 38
Problems 38

4 C, P and T in relativistic quantum theories 41

4.1 Notation 42
4.2 Spin-1 fields 43
4.3 Spin-0 fields 46
4.3.1 Parity 46
4.3.2 Charge conjugation 47
4.3.3 Time reversal 47
4.4 Spin-1/2 fields 48
4.4.1 Parity 49
4.4.2 Charge conjugation 51
4.4.3 Time reversal 52
4.5 CP and CPT transformations 53
4.6 Some consequences of the CPT theorem 56
4.7 6 Back to first quantization 4 58
4.8 4 Phase conventions for C and P 4 59
4.9 4 Internal symmetries 4 60
4.10 The role of final state interactions 62
4.10.1 T invariante and Watson's theorem 62
4.10.2 Final state interactions and partial widths 64
4.10.3 4 T symmetry and final state interactions 4 67
4.11 Resum6 and outlook 69
Problems 70

5 The arrival of strange particles 73

5.1 The discovery of strange particles 73
5.2 The 0 - T puzzle 75
5.3 The A/ 4 rule 76
5.4 The existente of two different neutral kaons 77
5.5 CP invariant K° — K° oscillations 79
5.6 Regeneration — which is heavier: KL or K s? 83
5.7 The quiet before the storm 84
5.8 The discovery of CP violation 85
Problems 89

6 Quantum mechanics of neutral particles 90

6.1 The effective Hamiltonian 90
6.2 Constraints from CPT, CP and T 93
6.3 Spherical coordinates 93
6.4 4 On phase conventions 4 95
6.5 4 ,AM and Ar 6 97
6.6 Master equations of time evolution 99
6.7 CP violation: classes (A), (B) and (C) 102
6.8 4 On the sign of the CP asymmetry 4 106
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6.9 What happens if you don't observe the decay time? 107
6.10 Regeneration 108
6.11 The Bell—Steinberger inequality 110
6.12 Resum6 on Po — P° oscillations 111
Problems 113

Part II Theory and experiments 115

7 The quest for CP violation in K decays — a marathon 117

7.1 The landscape 117
7.2 K er decays 121
7.2.1 Decay amplitudes 121
7.2.2 Constraints on Ä1 and .711 124
7.2.3 Relating e to I/ — P 125
7.2.4 The phase of e 126
7.3 Semileptonic decays 127
7.4 4 PI in K —› tu) decays 6 129
7.5 4 K 37r 4 133
7.5.1 Ks —> 37r° 133
7.5.2 Ks --> ir+e— e° 133
7.5.3 K± —> 7r±r+7r— 138
7.6 4 Hyperon decays 4 138
7.7 The bard's song 141
Problems 141

8 The KM implementation of CP violation 143

8.1 A bit of history 143
8.2 The Standard Model 145
8.2.1 QCD 146
8.2.2 The Glashow—Salam—Weinberg model 147
8.3 The KM ansatz 149
8.3.1 The mass matrices 149
8.3.2 Parameters of consequence 149
8.3.3 Describing weak phases through unitarity
triangles 151
8.4 A tool kit 154
8.4.1 The angles of the unitarity triangle 156
8.5 The pundits' judgement 157
Problems 158

9 The theory of K —› irir decays 160

9.1 The AS 1 non-leptonic Lagrangian 160
9.2 Evaluating matrix elements 164
9.3 Chiral symmetry and vacuum saturation approximation 165
9.4 K irr decays 167
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9.5 4 Computation of e'/e 4

168
9.5.1 Determining matrix elements from data 169

9.5.2 Numerical estimates 170

9.6 AS = 2 amplitudes 172
174
9.6.1 AMK

9.6.2 e 175
9.7 4 SM expectations for (Pj.. ) in K13 decays 4 175

9.8 Rdsume 176

Problems 177

10 Paradigmatic discoveries in B physics 180

10.1 The emerging beauty of B hadrons 180
10.1.1 The discovery of beauty 181
10.1.2 The longevity of B mesons 183
10.1.3 The fluctuating identity of neutral B mesons 185
10.1.4 Another triumph for CKM dynamics 189
10.2 What does the SM say about oscillations? 190
10.2.1 Computation of AM 190
10.3 4 On the sign of AMB 4 192
10.4 CP violation in B decays — like in K decays, only different 193
10.5 From sweatshops to beauty factories 197
10.5.1 Disappointment at a symmetric machine 199
10.5.2 A crazy idea 199
10.6 First reward — Bd —› VLKS 200
10.7• The second reward — Bd 7+71-- 201
10.8 More rewards B° —› 771-Ks 203
10.8.1 B —› Kir 203
10.8.2 Bd Ks 205
10.9 CPT invariante vs. T and CP violation 206
10.10 Reflections 207
10.10.1 On the virtue of `over-designing' 207
10.10.2 The `unreasonable' success of CKM theory 208
10.10.3 Praising hadronization 209
10.10.4 EPR correlations — a blessing in disguise 210
10.11 Rdsume 211
Problems 212

11 Let the drama unfold — B CP phenomenology 215

11.1 Pollution from water fowls and others 215
11.2 Determining 01 218
11.2.1 How clean is Bd —› eKs? 218
11.2.2 4 Other ways to get at 0 1 4 219
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11.3 Determining 02 222

11.3.1 Penguins in Bd --> 7r7r 222
11.3.2 Overcoming pollution 222
11.3.3 B --+ irir 223
11.3.4 B --> Irp, pp 224
11.4 Determining 03 225
11.4.1 Using doubly Cabibbo-suppressed decays 228
11.4.2 Dalitz plot analysis 228
11.5 Search for New Physics 229
11.5.1 Wrong-sign semileptonic decays: Class(B) 230
11.5.2 6 Theoretical estimate of A S L 4 230
11.5.3 What can oscillations teil us about New Physics? 235
11.5.4 B3 1iq5, D:s+Dj.: Class (C2) 236
11.5.5 B, --+Ksp°: Class (C1, C2) 238
11.5.6 Bd —› q5Ks,nKs: Class(C2) 238
11.5.7 B, ---> Le K T : Class (01,02) 240
11.6 Resume 242
Problems 245

12 Rare K and B decays — almost perfect laboratories 248

12.1 Rare K decays 248
12.1.1 KL, --> jr. and K+ --> 7r+ e+ e— 2
48
12.1.2 KE, --+ 71-°1-1-1 — 250
12.1.3 K —› eziP 251
12.1.4 4 K --> elry (*) 4 254
12.2 Beauty decays 258
12.2.1 B ---> Xiy 258
12.2.2 B 1,1,1 p,— 259
12.2.3 B—>X+vv 260
12.2.4 B --> X s 71,— 261
12.3 Rdsume 262
Problems 263

13 4 CPT violation — could it be in K and B decays? 6 265

13.1 Equality of masses and lifetimes 266
13.2 Theoretical scenarios 267
13.3 CPT phenomenology for neutral kaons 268
13.3.1 Semileptonic decays 269
13.3.2 Asymmetries 270
13.3.3 Non-leptonic neutral K decays 273
13.4 Harnessing EPR correlations 278
13.4.1 q factory 279
13.4.2 Tests of CPT symmetry in B decays 281
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13.5 The moralist's view 283

Problems 283

14 CP violation in charm decays — the dark horse 286

14.1 On the uniqueness of charm 286
14.2 D° — D° oscillations 288
14.2.1 Experimental evidente 288
14.2.2 First r6sum6 291
14.2.3 Theoretical expectations an AMD & ArD 291
14.2.4 New Physics contributions to AlV/D and Ar D ? 292
14.2.5 4 Numerical predictions for .MD and Ar D 4 293
14.3 CP violation 296
14.3.1 Preliminaries 296
14.3.2 CP asymmetries with out D° — D° oscillations 298
14.3.3 Oscillations — the new portal to CP violation 303
14.3.4 Harnessing EPR correlations 309
14.4 Resum6 and a call to action 312
Problems 313

15 The strong CP problem 314

15.1 The problem 314
15.2 Why G • ö matters and F does not 315
15.3 4 The U(1)A problem 4 316
15.4 QCD and quark masses 318
15.5 The neutron electric dipole moment 319
15.6 Are there escape hatches? 321
15.6.1 Soft CP violation 322
15.7 Peccei—Quinn symmetry 323
15.8 The dawn of axions — and their dusk? 326
15.8.1 Visible axions 326
15.8.2 Invisible axions 328
15.9 The pundits' judgement 331
Problems 332

Part III Looking beyond the Standard Model 333

16 Quest for CP violation in the neutrino sector 335

16.1 Experiments 336
16.1.1 Solar neutrinos 336
16.1.2 Atmospheric neutrinos 340
16.1.3 Man-made neutrinos 342
16.1.4 Qualitative summary 343
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16.2 Basics of neutrino oscillations 343

16.2.1 Mass hierarchy 345
16.2.2 Estimating 013 and 012 346
16.2.3 Atmospheric neutrinos 347
16.3 Neutrino mixing parameters 347
16.4 The MSW effect 349
16.5 Neutrino masses 350
16.6 Neutrino mixing with Majorana neutrinos 353
16.7 Phases in the PMNS matrix 355
16.8 CP and T violation in v oscillations 356
16.9 How to measure the Majorana phase? 358
16.10 The bard's song 359
Problems 360

17 Possible corrections to the KM ansatz: right-handed

currents and non-minimal Higgs dynamics 362
17.1 Left—right symmetric models 363
17.1.1 Basics 363
17.1.2 The existing phenomenology in strange decays 367
17.1.3 Electric dipole moments 372
17.1.4 Prospects for CP asymmetries in beauty decays 373
17.2 CP violation from Higgs dynamics 374
17.2.1 A simple example 375
17.2.2 Sources of CP violation 376
17.2.3 CP phenomenology with heavy fermions 389
17.3 The pundits' r6sum6 391
Problems 393

18 CP violation without non-perturbative dynamics — top

quarks and charged leptons 396
18.1 Production and decay of top quarks 396
18.1.1 o-(tLtL ) vs 0.(tRiR) 398
18.1.2 Final state distributions in e + e— --> 399
18.2 On CP violation with leptons 400
18.2.1 Positronium 401
18.2.2 p, decays 402
18.2.3 r decays 403
18.2.4 T production 407
18.3 Resume an top and T transitions 408
Problems 410

19 SUSY-providing shelter for Higgs dynamics 412

19.1 The virtues of SUSY 413
19.2 Low-energy SUSY 416
19.2.1 The MSSM 417
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19.3 Gateways for CP violation 421

19.3.1 A first glance at CP phases in MSSM 421
19.3.2 Squark mass matrices 422
19.3.3 Beyond MSSM 425
19.4 Confronting experiments 426
19.4.1 Electric dipole moments 426
19.4.2 SUSY contributions to AS 0 AB transitions 428
19.4.3 Bounds an MI SUSY parameters 431
19.4.4 Can SUSY be generic? 432
19.5 The pundits' r6sum6 433
Problems 434

20 Minimal flavour violation and extra dimensions 436

20.1 On minimal flavour violation 436
20.1.1 Defining, implementing and probing MFV 437
20.2 Extra (space) dimensions 440
20.3 The pundits' call 443

21 Baryogenesis in the universe 444

21.1 The challenge 444
21.2 The ingredients 445
21.3 GUT baryogenesis 446
21.4 Electroweak baryogenesis 448
21.5 Leptogenesis driving baryogenesis 451
21.6 Wisdom — conventional and otherwise 452

Part IV Summary 455

22 Summary and perspectives 457

22.1 The cathedral builder's paradigm 459
22.1.1 Present status and general expectations 460
22.1.2 A Look back 461
22.2 Agenda for the future 462
22.3 Final words 463
References 465
Index 478