LESSON 1: Introduction: The concepts of politics and governance

The meaning of politics

Politics (from Greek: Polis definition "affairs of the cities") is the process of making decisions
that apply to members of a group, it refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance
— organized control over a human community, particularly a state. Furthermore, politics is the
study or practice of the distribution of power and resources within a given community (this is
usually a hierarchically organized population) as well as the interrelationship(s) between
communities.

How politics can be studied

Political science is the study a range of political ideas, events, actions, and institutions. It
includes both understanding and explaining the world of politics that is all around us. We all
participate in politics, though most of the time we do so unknowingly. Politics is much more
than simply voting in an election or working in government. Reading or listening to news,
making donations to aid groups, or talking with friends and family about social issues and
values are a few of the many examples of political activity in our everyday lives.

The meaning of governance

Governance is all of the processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market
or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory and
whether through the laws, norms, power or language of an organized society.[1] It relates to
"the processes of interaction and decision-making among the actors involved in a collective
problem that lead to the creation, reinforcement, or reproduction of social norms and
institutions."[2] In lay terms, it could be described as the political processes that exist in
between formal institutions.

Articulate definitions of politics

They are represented by the articulation between social movements, electoral institutions and
political parties. Political articulation can be defined as the degree to which citizens and citizen
groups can influence policy through democratic institutions.

Differentiate the various views on politics

Political parties base their political action on a certain ideology believed in by their members. ...
We could divide political ideologies under the following headers with many variations under
each header: Anarchism, Communism, Conservatism, Environmentalism, Gender-ism,
Liberalism, Nationalism, Religious, Socialism etc.
Explore the connection between the phenomenon (politics) and the method of
inquiry (Political Science)
Politics as a Cultural Phenomenon. Culture is the symbolic process through which human beings
cognitively order reality and transmit their ways of life. Culture is the symbolic process through
which human beings cognitively order reality and transmit their ways of life.

Examines the study of politics as a social science and explores the assumptions underlying
various methodologies used in the field. Reviews methods of measurement, comparison, and
the construction of empirical and theoretical models of political phenomena.

Recognize the value of politics

This means they vary across individuals and cultures and are in many ways aligned with belief
and belief systems. Types of values include ethical/moral values, doctrinal/ideological (religious,
political) values, social values, and aesthetic values.

Differentiate governance from government

Governance is the act of governing or ruling. It is the set of rules and laws framed by the
government that are to be implemented through the representatives of the state. ... The
difference between “government” and “governance” may be clarified using an example of a
business which is run by a group of people.

LESSON 2: Political Ideologies

The basic tenets of the major political ideologies (i.e., liberalism, socialism,
conservatism, etc.)
These political ideologies are, for the most part, mutually exclusive. So, a liberal government
does not usually practice socialism, nor does an absolute ruler follow liberalism. The five major
political ideologies have played a key role in history by shaping governments and political
movements.

Anarchism

The belief that the best government is absolutely no government is known as anarchism. This
ideology argues that everything about governments is repressive and therefore must be
abolished entirely. A related ideology known as nihilism emphasizes that everything—both
government and society—must be periodically destroyed in order to start anew. Nihilists often
categorically reject traditional concepts of morality in favor of violence and terror. Anarchism
and nihilism were once associated with socialism because many anarchists and nihilists
supported the socialists’ call for revolution and the complete overhaul of government and
society in the early to mid-twentieth century.
Liberalism

In the early modern age of the Western world (beginning roughly in the early 1500s and running
for about 200 years), a number of changes occurred that led to new ideologies: The European
discovery of the Americas, the rise of Protestantism, the beginnings of the free-market economy,
and the early stages of the scientific revolution fundamentally altered Europe. People began
developing different ways of thinking to take account of these changes.

Conservatism

Conservatism (also known as classical conservatism) began as a reaction against the liberal
ideas taking hold of Europe during the French Revolution in the late eighteenth century. This
type of conservatism differs from American conservatism. Edmund Burke, a British member of
Parliament, observed the early stages of the French Revolution with great distress and predicted
the violence and terror that would ensue. His book, Reflections on the Revolution in France
(1790), is one of the founding texts of classical conservatism.

Socialism

Socialism arose as a response to the Industrial Revolution, which was the emergence of
technologies such as the steam engine and mass production. The Industrial Revolution started in
England in the last years of the eighteenth century and had spread to much of Europe and
America by the end of the nineteenth century. It caused major upheavals: In a very short time,
many people were forced to abandon agricultural ways of life for the modern mechanized world
of factories.

Nationalism

Nationalism, a strong belief that one’s nation is great (and, usually, better than others), also
arose during the modern era. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, nationalism emerged
as a powerful force that caused a number of revolutions. People began to identify with and take
pride in their particular nation-state. The French Revolution and the subsequent Napoleonic
Wars helped spread nationalism throughout Europe because many nations rallied together to
defeat Napoleon.

Fascism

Fascism is a highly nationalist, militaristic, totalitarian political ideology in which one person has
absolute power. World War I was the key event that spawned fascism. The war was the first
major war fought between industrialized nations, which were armed with technology such as
machine guns and chemical weapons. The result was utter devastation. Millions died, entire
countries collapsed, and those who survived were often profoundly disillusioned. For many
people, the war showed that modern ideas had failed and that a new way was needed.
Differentiate the political ideologies
An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it
considers to be the best form of government (e.g. democracy or autocracy) and the best
economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism). Sometimes the same word is used to identify
both an ideology and one of its main ideas.

In social studies, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths
or symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society
should work, and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political
ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used.
Some parties follow a certain ideology very closely, while others may take broad inspiration
from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. The
popularity of an ideology is in part due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes
act in their own interests. Political ideologies have two dimensions:

Goals: how society should be organized.

Methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.

An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it
considers to be the best form of government (e.g. democracy or autocracy) and the best
economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism). Sometimes the same word is used to identify
both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, "socialism" may refer to an economic
system, or it may refer to an ideology which supports that economic system. Political ideology is
a term fraught with problems, having been called "the most elusive concept in the whole of
social science",[1] However, ideologies tend to identify themselves by their position on the
political spectrum (such as the left, the centre or the right), though this is very often
controversial. Finally, ideologies can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism)
and from single issues that a party may be built around (e.g. opposition to European integration
or the legalization of marijuana). There are several studies that show that political ideology is
heritable within families.

Examine the relationship between political ideologies and configurations of

political communities
Ideology, and its study, have been subject to an interpretational tug-of-war among political
theorists that, until recently, has devalued their status as an object of scholarship. Disputes .....
They might have understood how conceptual configurations could be rejigged through their
reordering and re-weighting.

Critique ideas that have a direct impact on how we try to manage ourselves as a
political community
Here in the Philippines because we don't have just one political ideology the effect of it brings
different set of principles to each life of Filipinos.
The impact of political ideology in political life puts up set of different opinions and belief from
group to individual political party and through these the ideals of how a society should work
varies on how the power will allocate.

Political ideologies also affect one’s social life as everyone fight for their right of understanding
as each opinion contain certain ideas to provide recommendation for the betterment of one
country.

Analyze how political ideologies impact on the social and political life of Filipino
In reality, political ideologies have little to almost no effect over Filipino’s social and political life.
This reason is due to the fact that existing political parties in the Philippines have either
muddled or twisted different political ideologies that they were supposed to be built on.
Nevertheless, what currently drives Filipinos’ socio-political life is populism.

LESSON 3: Power
 POWER is the ability to influence or outright control the behavior of people.
 Power can be seen as evil or unjust.
 Power is the ability of a person to influence another person or group to perform an act.

Nature
 Power can be defined in many ways. Most simply, it is the ability to get what you want,
or as scholar Kenneth Boulding said, power is "the ability to change the future." Some
scholars make a distinction between three kinds of power-- "power over," "power to"
and "power with.

 "Power over" is the ability to dominate another person or group--as in "I have power
over him. This means, "I have the ability to make him do what I want him to do." Power-
over usually comes from force and threat. If the subordinate fails to do what he or she is
asked to do, the dominant person will use force to make the subordinate person comply.

 "Power to" is the ability to do something on one’s own--it refers to one’s abilities.
Sources of this kind of power are intellect, resources, knowledge, stamina, etc. These
resources give some people the power to accomplish things that others cannot.

 "Power with" is similar to "power to" in that it reflects ability, but "power with" is the
ability to work with others to get something done by cooperation. This is the power of
consensus--the power of people working together to solve a common problem
Dimensions
The first dimension of power fits in with the pluralist view and states that there is an open,
transparent system, while recognizing that political resources are not distributed evenly, they
are also not completely centralized with a small group of the elite. The real decision-making
power, the power to vote on legislation, introduce new bills rests with political actors. However
they are influenced by a number of other factors such as their constituents, lobbyists and
pressure groups and I think that this view of power fails to highlight how the political agenda
can be controlled or manipulated. Power is often exercised in a much more subtle way that the
one dimensional view suggests.

Types

 Coercive Power- This kind of power involves the usage of threat to make people do what
one desires. In the organizational set up, it translates into threatening someone with
transfer, firing, demotions etc. it basically forces people to submit to one’s demand for
the fear of losing something.
 Reward Power- As the name suggests, this type of power uses rewards, perks, new
projects or training opportunities, better roles and monetary benefits to influence
people. However, an interesting aspect of this type of power is that, it is not powerful
enough in itself, as decisions related to rewards do not rest solely with the person
promising them, because in organizations, a lot of other people come into play like
senior managers and board.
 Legitimate Power- This power emanates from an official position held by someone, be it
in an organization, beurocracy or government etc. The duration of this power is short
lived as a person can use it only till the time he/she holds that position, as well as, the
scope of the power is small as it is strictly defined by the position held.
 Expert Power- This is a personal kind of power which owes its genesis to the skills and
expertise possessed by an individual, which is of higher quality and not easily available.
In such a situation, the person can exercise the power of knowledge to influence people.
Since, it is very person specific and skills can be enhanced with time; it has more
credibility and respect.
 Referent Power- This is a power wielded by celebrities and film stars as they have huge
following amongst masses who like them, identify with them and follow them. Hence,
they exert lasting influence on a large number of people for a large number of decisions;
like from what car to buy to which candidate to choose for a higher office in the country.
Consequences
The consequences of using coercive power?

No one likes to be threatened. Department members may do what the head wants if they are
threatened with political, social, financial – or even physical(!) – retribution if they do not, but
coercion is also likely to cause anger and alienation. As a consequence, even if department
members appear to agree to a head's demand, they may follow the letter but not the spirit of a
new policy, refuse to enact it when no one is watching them, sabotage it, and be less willing to
accept the head's influence in the future.

LESSON 4: States, Nations, and Globalization

Globalization and nation-states are not in contradiction, since globalization is the present stage
of capitalist development, and the nation-state is the territorial political unit that organizes the
space and population in the capitalist system.

The State as different from the Nation as a political concept

A state may be defined as a politically organized body of people inhabiting a defined
geographical entity with an organized legitimate government whilst a nation is a group of
people with a common race, culture, religion and historical experiences but who may not
necessarily live together in a single territory.

Globalization as a context of relations among nation-states

Globalization also creates a sense of interdependence among nations, which could create an
imbalance of power among nations of differing economic strengths. The role of the nation-state
in a global world is largely a regulatory one as the chief factor in global interdependence.

Define nation and state

-a form of political organization in which a group of people who share the same history,
traditions, or language live in a particular area under one government

Differentiate nation from state

In political science, a "nation" refers to a group of people who feel bound into a single body by
shared culture, values, folkways, religion and/or language. A "state" just refers to a patch of
land with a sovereign government. States often coincide with nations (and are called "nation-
states," but not always.
Explain meanings of globalization
Globalization (or globalization; see spelling differences) is the increasing interaction of people,
states, or countries through the growth of the international flow of money, ideas, and culture.
Globalization is primarily an economic process of integration that has social and cultural
aspects. It involves goods and services, and the economic resources of capital, technology, and
data. The steam locomotive, steamship, jet engine, and container ships are some of the
advances in the means of transport while the rise of the telegraph and its modern offspring, the
Internet and mobile phones show development in telecommunications infrastructure. All of
these improvements we enjoy in the modern era have been major factors in globalization and
have generated further interdependence of economic and cultural activities.

Evaluate how globalization influences nation-states

Since the beginning of the 1990s, globalization has become a high frequency word in our daily
life. Actually, globalization is not a strange word since the sixteen-century and Europe as the
original source of globalization. It has some simple international trade at that time. People
realize the importance of multinational communication and trade; therefore make globalization
become the main trend in today's world. In 21st century, globalization has become more and
more common in the whole world, no matter people, organizations, or government, both can
see the changes which globalization brings them. Globalization has deeply influence people's life
and working style, globalization make world integrity closely and makes people's life become
more and more convenient, it brings many benefits to people. Not only have deeply impact on
people's life, but also influence the nation-state more or less. It influences the nation-state's
sovereignty integrity, impact on their economic development and their national culture.
Although it changes the nation-state original condition, it still brings them some positive
influence. It helps nation-state develop better and better. Therefore, globalization both give
them chances and challenges, restructuring politics, economic penetration and communication
between multinational culture and national culture. In this essay, the purpose is to explain the
relationship between the globalization and nation-state. Firstly, it will explain the academic
definition of globalization and nation-state, and state the process of globalization and the
characters of nation-state. Then, it will put forward the academic debate about the relationship
between globalization and nation-state and explain it briefly. Thirdly, it will discuss the
globalization influences the nation-state through political, economic and cultural aspects. Media
globalization also brings benefits to nation-state because media is the key linking bridge which
connects the nation-state with other countries. Lastly, it will make a conclusion and provide the
opinion for this essay.
 Philippine democratic politics

LESSON 5: Historical Background of Philippine Democratic Politics

The history of the Philippines is believed to have begun with the arrival of the first
humans[1][2][3] using rafts or boats at least 67,000 years ago as the 2007 discovery of Callao
Man suggested.[4] Negrito groups first inhabited the isles. Groups of Austronesians later
migrated to the islands.

Scholars generally believe that these social groups eventually developed into various
settlements or polities with varying degrees of economic specialization, social stratification, and
political organization.[5] Some of these settlements (mostly those located on major river deltas)
achieved such a scale of social complexity that some scholars believe they should be considered
early states.[6] This includes the predecessors of modern-day population centers such as
Maynila, Tondo, Pangasinan, Cebu, Panay, Bohol, Butuan, Cotabato, Lanao, and Sulu[2] as well
as some polities, such as Ma-i, whose possibly location are still the subject of debate among
scholars.[7]

These polities were either influenced by the Indian Hindu religion, language, culture, literature
and philosophy from India through many campaigns from India including the South-East Asia
campaign of Rajendra Chola I,[8] Islam from Arabia or were Sinified tributary states allied to
China. These small maritime states flourished from the 1st millennium.[9][10] These kingdoms
traded with what are now called China, India, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia.[11] The
remainder of the settlements were independent barangays allied with one of the larger states.

The first recorded visit by Europeans is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan. He sighted Samar
Island on March 16, 1521 and landed the next day on Homonhon Island, now part of Guiuan,
Eastern Samar.[12] Spanish colonization began with the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi's
expedition on February 13, 1565 from Mexico. He established the first permanent settlement in
Cebu.[13] Much of the archipelago came under Spanish rule, creating the first unified political
structure known as the Philippines. Spanish colonial rule saw the introduction of Christianity, the
code of law and the oldest modern university in Asia. The Philippines was ruled under the
Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain until Mexican independence. After which, the colony
was directly governed by Spain.

Spanish rule ended in 1898 with Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American War. The Philippines
then became a territory of the United States.
American rule was not uncontested. The Philippine Revolution had begun in August 1896
against Spain, and after the defeat of Spain in the Battle of Manila Bay began again in earnest,
culminating in the Philippine Declaration of Independence and the establishment of the First
Philippine Republic. The Philippine–American War ensued, with extensive damage and death,
and ultimately resulting in the defeat of the Philippine Republic.[14][15][16][17]

The United States established the Insular Government to rule the Philippines.[18] In 1907, the
elected Philippine Assembly was convened as the lower house of a bicameral legislature and in
1916 the U.S. Federal Government formally promised independence in the Jones Act.[18] The
Philippine Commonwealth was established in 1935, as a 10-year interim step prior to full
independence.[19] Before independence, World War II began and Japan occupied the
Philippines.[20] After the end of the war, the Treaty of Manila established an independent
Philippine Republic.[21]

In 1972, Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos imposed martial law. Following the
assassination of Ninoy Aquino, Marcos held snap elections in 1986 and subsequently fled the
country during the People Power Revolution which installed Cory Aquino as president and
reestablished democracy.

The evolution of Philippine politics, government, and governance

The Pre-Spanish Government.
The early Filipinos had a government which they called “BALANGAY”. Rajah or Datu is called for
those heads or leader.

There are three social classes at that time namely: The Maharlika (Nobles), The Timawas
(Freemen) and the Apilin (Slaves).

Datu or Rajah came from the Maharlika (upper class)

Government in the Philippines under the Spanish rule.

Philippines was governed indirectly by the King of Spain through the Viceroy of Mexico.

Former colony of Spain gained her freedom in 1821 and ruled directly by Spain until 1898.

In theory, he was highest government official in the country, in practice though frailocracy “rule
of the friars”

The Government During the American Regime.

Americans started the military rule in the Philippines on August 14, 1898.
President of US delegated his authority to the military governor who exercised all
powers of the government (as long as the war lasted) -executive, legislative and
judiciary.
The Government Under the Japanese Occupation
Japanese military administration was Establish in Manila on January 3, 1942.
Philippine Executive Commission is the civil government established with Jorge B.
Vargas as Chairman.
Ultimate source of authority was the Japanese administrators. It was dissolved on
August 17, 1945.

Appraise the influence of prior stages of Philippine political developments on

contemporary Philippine politics
Visavan Fmrire was established with a seat in Sumatra about the 7th century, and extended to
the places now known as Java, Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Celebes, the Moluccas,
and the Philippine Islands. At the end of the 13th century a new empire called Madjapahit was
founded in Java, which absorbed the Shri-Visayan kingdom. At about the end of the 14th
century, this new empire comprised all the territories controlled by the Shri-Visayan empire as
well as Siam, French Indo-China, Borneo and New Guinea. The culture which predominated in
these two empires was Hindu. The greatest pre-Spanish influence on the Philippines was,
therefore, the Hindu influence. Hindu culture had given the early Filipinos a system of writing, a
mass of religious ideas and practices, though not a well defined religion, and a general culture
far superior to that of the aborigines, the Negritos. It had taught them some mechanical and
industrial art such as metal working} but it had not greatly changed the structure of society, nor
had it brought in ideas of a well-defined national political organization. "At the time of the
Spanish discovery"'() according to H. Otley Beyer 1not only were the more civilized Filipinos
using the Indian syllabaries for writing, but their native mythology, folk-lore and written
literature all had a distinct Indian cast. The same was true of their codes of laws and their
names for all sorts of political positions and procedure. The more cultured Philippine languages
contain many Sanskrit words, and the native art a noticeable sprinkling of Indian design< A
strong Brahmanistic religious element was also certainly introduced, though it seems to have
affected chiefly a limited class, while the mass of the people still clung to their more ancient
pagan worship." Time and again scholars have affirmed that the Filipino people did not gain as
great material benefits from the Spanish occupation as they did spiritual ones.
LESSON 6: The Executive
The executive is the organ exercising authority in and holding responsibility for the governance
of a state. The executive executes and enforces law.

In political systems based on the principle of separation of powers, authority is distributed

among several branches (executive, legislative, judicial) — an attempt to prevent the
concentration of power in the hands of a small group of people. In such a system, the executive
does not pass laws (the role of the legislature) or interpret them (the role of the judiciary).
Instead, the executive enforces the law as written by the legislature and interpreted by the
judiciary. The executive can be the source of certain types of law, such as a decree or executive
order. Executive bureaucracies are commonly the source of regulations.

The role of the Philippine President in relation to his/her powers

ARTICLE VII EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
SECTION 1
The executive power shall be vested in the President of the Philippines.
SECTION 2
No person may be elected President unless he is a natural-born citizen of the
Philippines, a registered voter, able to read and write, at least forty years of age
on the day of the election, and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years
immediately preceding such election.
SECTION 3
There shall be a Vice President who shall have the same qualifications and term of
office and be elected with and in the same manner as the President. He may be
removed from office in the same manner as the President.
SECTION 4
The President and the V-Pres. shall be elected… for a term of six years. The
President shall not be eligible for any re-election. No person who has succeeded as
President and has served as such for more than four years shall be qualified for
election to the same office at anytime. No V-Pres. Shall serve for more than two
consecutive terms. The Supreme court… shall be the sole judge of all contests
relating to the election of the Pres. and the V-Pres.
SECTION 8
In case of death, permanent disability, removal from the office or resignation of
the President, the V-Pres. shall become the President to serve the unexpired term.
In case of death, permanent disability, removal from the office or resignation of
both the Pres. and the V-Pres., the President of the senate, in the case of his
inability, the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall then act as Pres. until
the Pres. or the V-Pres. shall have been elected and qualified.
SECTION 9
Whenever there is vacancy in the office of the V-Pres. during the term for which he
was elected, the President shall nominate a Vice President from among the
members of the senate and the house of representatives who shall assume office
upon confirmation by a majority vote of all the Members of both Houses of the
Congress, voting separately.
SECTION 10
The congress shall. After the vacancy in the offices of the President and the Vice
President occurs, convene. And enact a law calling for special election to elect a
President and V-Pres.
SECTION 11
Whenever the President transmits to the President of the Senate and the Speaker
of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to
discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a
written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by
the Vice-President as Acting President.
S ECTION 12
In case of serious illness of the President, the public shall be informed of the state
of his health. The members of the Cabinet in charge of national security and
foreign relations and the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, shall
not be denied access to the President during such illness.
Section 13. The President, Vice-President, the Members of the Cabinet, and their
deputies or assistants shall not, unless otherwise provided in this Constitution,
hold any other office or employment during their tenure. They shall not, during
said tenure, directly or indirectly, practice any other profession, participate in any
business, or be financially interested in any contract with, or in any franchise, or
special privilege granted by the Government or any subdivision, agency, or
instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or controlled corporations
or their subsidiaries. They shall strictly avoid conflict of interest in the conduct of
their office.

Explain the roles and powers of the Philippine president

1. Power of control over the executive branch

The President of the Philippines has the mandate of control over all the executive departments,
bureaus, and offices. This includes restructuring, reconfiguring, and appointments of their
respective officials. The Administrative Code also provides for the President to be responsible for
the abovementioned offices’ strict implementation of laws.

2. Power ordinance power

The President of the Philippines has the power to give executive issuances, which are means to
streamline the policy and programs of an administration. There are six issuances that the
President may issue. They are the following as defined in the Administrative Code of 1987:

3. Power over aliens

The President of the Philippines has certain powers over non-Filipinos in the Philippines. The
powers he may exercise over foreigners in the country are as follows:

The chief executive may have an alien in the Philippines deported from the country after due
process.

The President may change the status of a foreigner, as prescribed by law, from a non-
immigrant status to a permanent resident status without necessity of visa.

The President may choose to overrule the Board of Commissioners of the Bureau of
Immigration before their decision becomes final and executory (after 30 days of the issuance of
the decision). The Board of Commissioners of the Bureau of Immigration has jurisdiction over all
deportation cases.

The president is also mandated by the Administrative Code of 1987 to exercise powers as
recognized by the generally accepted principles of international law.

4. Powers of eminent domain, escheat, land reservation and recovery of ill-gotten wealth

The President of the Philippines has the authority to exercise the power of eminent domain. The
power of eminent domains means the state has the power to seize or authorize the seizure of
private property for public use with just compensation. There are two constitutional provisions,
however, that limit the exercise of such power: Article III, Section 9 (1) of the Constitution
provides that no person shall be deprived of his/her life, liberty, or property without due process
of law. Furthermore, Article III, Section 9 (2), provides that private property shall not be taken
for public use without just compensation.

Once the aforementioned conditions are met, the President may exercise the power of eminent
domain which are as follows:

Power of eminent domain — The President shall determine when it is necessary or

advantageous to exercise the power of eminent domain in behalf of the national government,
and direct the solicitor general, whenever he deems the action advisable, to institute
expropriation proceedings in the proper court.

Power to direct escheat or reversion proceedings — The President shall direct the solicitor
general to institute escheat or reversion proceedings over all lands transferred or assigned to
persons disqualified under the constitution to acquire land.

Power to reserve lands of the public and private domain of the government —

(1) The president shall have the power to reserve for settlement or public use, and for specific
public purposes, any of the lands of the public domain, the use of which is not otherwise
directed by law. The reserved land shall thereafter remain subject to the specific public purpose
indicated until otherwise provided by law or proclamation.

(2) He shall also have the power to reserve from sale or other disposition and for specific public
uses or purposes, any land belonging to the private domain of the government, or any of the
friar lands, the use of which is not otherwise directed by law, and thereafter such land shall be
used for the purposes specified by such proclamation until otherwise provided by law.

Power over ill-gotten wealth — The President shall direct the solicitor general to institute
proceedings to recover properties unlawfully acquired by public officials or employees, from
them or from their nominees or transferees.

Within the period fixed in, or any extension thereof authorized by, the constitution, the
President shall have the authority to recover ill-gotten properties amassed by the leaders and
supporters of the previous regime, and protect the interest of the people through orders of
sequestration or freezing of assets or accounts.

5. Power of appointment

The President may appoint officials of the Philippine government as provided by the constitution
and laws of the Philippines. Some of these appointments, however, may need the approval of
the Committee on Appointments (a committee composed of members from the House of
Representatives and the Senate of the Philippines).

6. Power of general supervision over local governments

The President of the Philippines, as chief executive, has the mandate to supervise local
governments in the Philippines, despite their autonomous status as provided by Republic Act No.
7160 otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991.

Traditionally, this is done by the Department of the Interior and Local Government, headed by a
cabinet secretary—an alter ego of the President.

Critique the Philippine presidents’ exercise of power

The exercise of power especially on implementing laws lies to the President where it was
delegated to the various departments it unders. In such cases, it determines the policy of an
administration in the said matter where each and every laws implemented as well as the
policies the government wants to pursue therein gives an insight where it determines the
performance of the presidency in general.

During the Arroyo administration, it was known that the government at that time wanted to
pursue a robust macroeconomic measures wherein the succeeding Aquino administration
adapted which it gives the Philippines a bullish economic standpoint that is far more resilient
than the other economies in Asia with the exception of the 2008 Global Economic Crisis that
gives a blow a little bit to the poverty incidence in the country.

Now to the Aquino administration. Several of the programs from Arroyos are inherited by this
administration despite some political vendetta that led to Arroyo's imprisonment (which was
freed later on). This was ranging from macroeconomic policy, better peso value in currency
exchanges and several military procurements like the MRV/SSV program (Tarlac-class LPDs).
The president contributed much to the military especially to the so-called Revised AFP
Modernization Program where FA-50PH were procured, additional C-130s were procured, Del
Pilar-class frigates were procured and so on.

We are now under the administration of Pres. Duterte which is keen on solving the drug problem
as well as the graft and corruption problem and federalism which was aim to distribute wealth
across nations. The effects of his exercise in power at present sends shockwaves across the
country where his very loyal supporters will proudly say that "change has come". Unto this, it
was known that both 8888 and 911 are now used as hotlines to report corruption, incompetence
and emergency measures the way the President ran Davao City when he was still the mayor.

In our point of view, all exhibited their powers to the two extremes where each and every
administration aforementioned has its ups and downs which determine their legacy in the
improvement of the nation in general. Of all the Presidents, President Arroyo gives the political
will on the economy which was adapted by President Aquino together with several
modernization programs such as those in the AFP as well as battling corruption. President
Duterte meanwhile imposing his power on drug elimination which gives a significant impact to
the society where the so-called change was felt by the public as per own interpretation has its
own up and down sides. Overall, it signifies the powers of each president are to be implied to
the policies they create especially the ones they are promising in their respective election
campaigns.
LESSON 7: The Legislative

The role and responsibilities of the Philippine Senate and the House of
Representatives
According to the 1987 Constitution, legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the
Philippines, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives.

Discuss the roles and responsibilities of the Philippine Senate and the House of
Representatives
The citizens of each state elect two Senators to serve 6 year’s terms. The Senate as a whole has
many duties and responsibilities. Some of these include writing and passing laws, approving
many presidential appointments, and ratifying treaties with other countries.

Assess the performance of the Philippine Congress

President Rodrigo Duterte, who enjoys overwhelming support in both houses of Congress,
signed only 4 bills into law before the first regular session of the 17th Congress adjourned.

This number isn't far from his predecessors' average in their first year in office – except that of
former president Fidel Ramos, who has a hefty record of 19 laws passed before he delivered his
second State of the Nation Address (SONA) in 1993.

Corazon Aquino did not have any signed bills during her first year in office in 1986 because she
assumed power via a people power revolution that dismantled the Marcos constitution. The 8th
Congress held its first session in 1987, over a year since Mrs Aquino was swept to power. It
passed 34 bills that Aquino signed into law during Congress' first year.

Maria Fe Mendoza, dean of the National College of Public Administration and Governance
(NCPAG) of the University of the Philippines, attributed Ramos' record number of laws passed in
his first year to the creation of the Legislative-Executive Development Advisory Council (LEDAC).

LEDAC is a consultative and advisory body that serves as a link between the President and
Congress for policy-making.

"FVR instituted the LEDAC, smarting from the 'mistakes' of Corazon Aquino and the past," said
Mendoza. "He is known to ask for full staff work and he may have demanded that to ensure all
angles are covered."

"And maybe he worked his charm to the hilt," she added.

Less than a year before it adjourns and a new leadership is ushered in after the elections in May,
Speaker Feliciano Belmonte on Wednesday said that the House of Representatives in the 16th
Congress has done a good job of passing measures of national significance even if it passed
fewer bills than in the previous Congress.

"Hindi naman sa paramihan ‘yan no. Kung iisipin mo, kamukha nung batas na Philippine
Competition Law na pending for over 23 years in both chambers [of Congress], kami dito sa
House ang nagpumilit na maipasa yun because that is a very important bill,” Belmonte told
reporters on Wednesday night.

Belmonte was referring to Republic Act 10667 or the Philippine Fair Competition Act, which the
House approved on third and final reading in May of this year. President Benigno Aquino III
signed the bill into law on July 21, 2015.

The law promotes free and fair competition in the fields of trade and industry, and other
commercial and economic activities. Itrohibiting acts of market monopolization such as price
fixing and anti-competitive mergers and acquisitions.

Belmonte also cited the 16th Congress’ passage in October of a bill that sought the creation of
the Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT), which shall be the
primary government entity to promote and help develop the ICT sector.

He said that after years of pendency during past Congresses, the Senate in the 16th Congress
finally chose to adopt the House’s version of the bill and approved it on final reading.

The DICT bill is now waiting for Aquino's signature. Belmonte said he and Senate President
Franklin Drilon already convinced the President of the great benefits the measure would bring to
the government.

“Remember we were in the verge of passing that in the 15th Congress. But at some point the
President was objecting to it.… At this time, we were able to convince the President, informally
si Senate President Drilon, that the added cost will not be that great but the benefits to the
country will be tremendous in the BPO business,” Belmonte said.

While several landmark measures were so far approved by the House under the 16th Congress,
which runs from July 22, 2013 to July 25, 2016, records revealed that fewer bills were so far
enacted into law compared to under the 15th Congress, which ran from July 20 2010 to July 20
2013.

Based on the data gathered by the House of Representatives’ Research Center, the House has
filed a total of 6,334 bills but only nine percent or 575 of them were approved on Third and final
reading.

The data further showed that out of the number of bills passed by both chambers, only 66 or
one percent were enacted into law by the President. Only 50 are considered national measures
while the rest were just local in scope.
Appraise the impact of Congress’s performance on Philippine development
By concept, each and every laws made by the Congress that are approved by the legislative sets
an impact to the society in general wherein it sets to dictate the way things run as well as
operate in which it will adhere the welfare of the people prescribed by the constitution. It ranges
from business laws to tax revisions as well as new sets of guidelines on various aspects of life to
the General Appropriations Act.

Taking this PDF file of the Philippine Senate, the Philippine Congress lay economic policies in
which it affects the country as a whole. Considerably, this 2010 report shows the strengths and
weaknesses of the economy in which it paved the way for appropriate actions that makes the
Philippine Economy output improved since 2010 onwards (See: Philippine Development Plan
2011-2016) to the present where numerous sources predicted that by 2050, the Philippines will
belong to the top 20 greatest economies of the world alongside Vietnam and South Korea.
Meanwhile, House Bills such as these given by the congress is just an example of the things that
affects economic growth where in this case, it affects the real estate market where the said law
is stipulate to set limits and standardized values given thereof.

Speaking of which, the legislative like the executive also played the key role for the economic
progress where the two work hand in hand to achieve the goals of a better nation having an
improved economy which the masses will benefit where there are more cash in their hands.

LESSON 8: The Judiciary

The role and responsibilities of the Philippine Judiciary
The administrative functions of the Court pertain to the supervision and control over the
Philippine judiciary and its employees, as well as over members of the Philippine bar. ... The
judicial power is vested in “one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established
by law.”

Identify the roles and responsibilities of the Philippine Judiciary

POWERS AND DUTIES OF COURTS AND JUDICIAL OFFICERS

Rule 135

SECTION 1. Courts always open; justice to be promptly and impartially administered. - Courts
of justice shall always be open, except on legal holidays, for the filing of any pleadings, motion
or other papers, for the trial of cases, hearing of motions, and for the issuance of orders or
rendition of judgments. Justice shall be impartially administered without unnecessary
delay.chanrobles virtualawlibrary
 SEC. 2. Publicity of proceedings and records. – The sitting of every court of justice shall be
public, but any court may, in its discretion, exclude the public when the evidence to be adduced
is of such nature as to require their exclusion in the interest of morality or decency. The records
of every court of justice shall be public records and shall be available for the inspection of any
interested person, at all proper business hours, under the supervision of the clerk having custody
of such records, unless the court shall, in any special case, have forbidden their publicity, in the
interest of morality or decency. chan robles virtual law library

SEC. 3. Process of superior courts enforced throughout the Philippines. - Process issued from
a superior court in which a case is pending to bring in a defendant, or for the arrest of any
accused person, or to execute any order or judgment of the court, may be enforced in any part
of the Philippines.

SEC. 4. Process of inferior courts. - The process of inferior courts shall be enforceable within
the province where the municipality or city lies. It shall not be served outside the boundaries of
the province in which they are comprised except with the approval of the judge of the Regional
Trial Court of said province, and only in the following cases:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

(a) When an order fo the delivery of personal property lying outside the province is to be
complied with;

(b) When an attachment of real or personal property lying outside the province is to be made;
chan robles virtual law library

(c) When the action is against two or more defendants residing in different provinces; and

(d) When the place where the case has been brought is that specified in a contract in writing
between the parties, or is the place of the execution of such contract as appears therefrom.
chan robles virtual law library

Writs of execution issued by inferior courts may be enforced in any part of the Philippines
without any previous approval of the judge of first instance.chanrobles virtualawlibrary

Criminal process may be issued by a justice of the peace or other inferior court, to be served
outside his province, when the district judge, or in his absence the provincial fiscal, shall certify
that in his opinion the interests of justices require such service. chan robles virtual law library

SEC. 5. Inherent powers of courts. - Every court shall have power:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

(a) To preserve and enforce order in its immediate presence;

(b) To enforce order in proceedings before a person or persons empowered to conduct a

judicial investigation under its authority;

(c) To compel obedience to its judgments, orders and processes, and to the lawful order of
judge out of court, in a case pending therein;
 (d) To control, in furtherance of justice, the conduct of its ministerial officers, and of all
other persons in any manner connected with a case before it, in every manner appertaining
thereto;

(e) To compel the attendance of persons to testify in a case pending therein;

(f) To administer or cause to be administered oaths in a case pending therein, and in all
other cases where it may be necessary in the exercise of its powers; chan robles virtual law
library

(g) To amend and control its process and orders so as to make them comformable to law
and justice;

(h) To authorize copy of a lost or destroyed pleading or other paper to be filed and used
instead of the original, and to restore, and supply deficiencies in its records and proceedings.

SEC. 6. Means to carry jurisdiction into effect. - When by law, jurisdiction is conferred on a
court or judicial officer, all auxiliary writs, processes and other means necessary to carry it into
effect may be employed by such court or officer; and if the procedure to be followed in the
exercise of such jurisdiction is not specifically pointed out by law or by these rules, any suitable
process or mode of proceeding may be adopted which appears conformable to the spirit of said
law or rules.chanrobles virtualawlibrary

SEC. 7. Trial and hearings; orders in chambers. - All trial upon the merits shall be conducted in
open court and so far as convenient in a regular court room. All other acts or proceedings may
be done or conducted by a judge in chambers, without the attendance of the clerk or other court
officials. chan robles virtual law library

SEC. 8. Interlocutory orders out of province. - A judge of Regional Trial Court shall have power
to hear and determine, when within the district though without his province, any intelocutory
motion or issue after due and reasonable notice to the parties. On the filing of a petition for the
writ of habeas corpus or for release upon bail or reduction of bail in any Regional Trial Court, the
hearing may be had at any place in the judicial district which the judge shall deem convenient.

SEC. 9. Signing judgments out of province. - Whenever a judge appointed or assigned in any
province or branch of a Regional Trial Court in a province shall leave the province by transfer or
assignment to another court of equal jurisdiction, or by expiration of his temporary assignment,
without having decided a case totally heard by him and which was argued or an opportunity
given for argument to the parties or their counsel, it shall be lawful for him to prepare and sign
his decision in said case anywhere within the Philippines. He shall send the same by registered
mail to the clerk of the court where the case was heard or argued to be filed therein as of the
date when the same was received by the clerk, in the same manner as if he had been present in
court to direct the filing of the judgment. If a case has been only in part, the Supreme Court,
upon petition of any of the parties to the case and the recommendation of respective district
judge, may also authorize the judge who has partly heard the case, if no other judge had heard
the case in part, to continue hearing and to decide said case notwithstanding his transfer or
appointment to another court of equal jurisdiction. chanrobles virtual law library

Discuss how the Judiciary exercises political neutrality and fairness

By nature, the judiciary is a fair and just system where its decisions are based on the grounds as
stipulated by the law that instills neutrality and fairness rather than to the judgement of the
legislative or the executive where by law, the President installs his set of Chief and Associate
Justices in the Supreme Court.

In this PDF file entitled "Perspectives on Judicial Independence in the Philippine Politico-Ethical
Nomos" gives an insight on both the fairness and unfairness of the justice system in the country.
Accordingly, the judiciary's basic guide for doing its decision is the constitution where in this
discussion promotes neutrality and fairness. In such cases, the credibility of the judiciary was
once hampered by the ouster of the Chief Justice Renato Corona last 2012 due to the so-called
anomalies in the justice system under his tenure. That in which puts the very judicial exercise at
risk where things simply just politicized up back then. On the bright side though, the Priority
Disbursement Assistance fund or simply Pork Barrel was instigated by Corona's successor Chief
Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno wherein several Senators at that time were imprisoned for having
such funds used in other purposes not allowed by the Government in which it sowed corruption
(Source: 1 & 2). Meanwhile, there is some sort of a "Code of Judicial Conduct" where a law
practitioner shall observe at all times in which it is to observe professionalism and to retain
credibility on the judiciary under the perspective of neutrality and fairness.

In summary, neutrality and fairness is not always observed where several practitioners are
somewhat unaware or aware that a bias is already made that hamper the result of a given case
or a rule that sometimes runs contrary to the sentiments of the people. In such case though, the
code of judicial conduct assures the limitations of those in the judiciary that observing it assures
full credibility of the system.

Evaluate the performance of the Philippine Judiciary as a dispenser of justice

and a protector of constitutional safeguards to freedom
In this question, it will be based once again to this the same PDF file as is in number three. In this
case, several ups and downs are already discussed in the previous question wherein it will be
further emphasized here in order to suit up the things we discussed here.

In this case, if we are to based the judiciary from 1 to 10 on the basis on its job as a dispenser of
justice and a protector of constitutional safeguard to freedom, their performance will fell
somewhere between 6 or 7. It is because that in terms of justice earned, some of them are still
seeking for justice where it comes with a saying "Justice Delayed is Justice Denied." Take the
2009 Maguindanao Massacre as a perfect example for this matter where until now, the case is
still on-going with the uncertainty as when it will be end. The good side meanwhile is that
Associate Justice Carpio is keen on the campaign on the Philippine Sovereignty to its territory on
the West Philippine Sea where he emphasizes the constitution that it safeguards the freedom of
the Filipinos to exploit the West Philippine Sea and its resources especially for the fishermen who
have their lives relying on it.

Overall, there is much to be done to the system itself that the ideals for just, neutral and fair
justice is for everyone that those who commit crimes are worthy to pay their prices that they
shall pay for damages, spend time in prison or if approved, subject to death penalty.

LESSON 9: Decentralization and Local Governance

9.1 Local Governance in the context of the 1991 Local Government Code (LGC)
of the Philippines and National-Local Government dynamics
SECTION 1. Title. – This Act shall be known and cited as the “Local Government Code of 1991”.

SECTION 2. Declaration of Policy. – (a) It is hereby declared the policy of the State that the
territorial and political subdivisions of the State shall enjoy genuine and meaningful local
autonomy to enable them to attain their fullest development as self-reliant communities and
make them more effective partners in the attainment of national goals. Toward this end, the
State shall provide for a more responsive and accountable local government structure instituted
through a system of decentralization whereby local government units shall be given more
powers, authority, responsibilities, and resources. The process of decentralization shall proceed
from the National Government to the local government units.

(b) It is also the policy of the State to ensure the accountability of local government units
through the institution of effective mechanisms of recall, initiative and referendum.

(c) It is likewise the policy of the State to require all national agencies and offices to conduct
periodic consultations with appropriate local government units, nongovernmental and people’s
organizations, and other concerned sectors of the community before any project or program is
implemented in their respective jurisdictions.

SECTION 3. Operative Principles of Decentralization. – The formulation and implementation of

policies and measures on local autonomy shall be guided by the following operative principles:

(a) There shall be an effective allocation among the different local government units of their
respective powers, functions, responsibilities, and resources;
(b) There shall be established in every local government unit an accountable, efficient, and
dynamic organizational structure and operating mechanism that will meet the priority needs
and service requirements of its communities;

(c) Subject to civil service law, rules and regulations, local officials and employees paid wholly or
mainly from local funds shall be appointed or removed, according to merit and fitness, by the
appropriate appointing authority;

(d) The vesting of duty, responsibility, and accountability in local government units shall be
accompanied with provision for reasonably adequate resources to discharge their powers and
effectively carry out their functions; hence, they shall have the power to create and broaden
their own sources of revenue and the right to a just share in national taxes and an equitable
share in the proceeds of the utilization and development of the national wealth within their
respective areas;

(e) Provinces with respect to component cities and municipalities, and cities and municipalities
with respect to component barangays, shall ensure that the acts of their component units are
within the scope of their prescribed powers and functions;

(f) Local government units may group themselves, consolidate or coordinate their efforts,
services, and resources for purposes commonly beneficial to them;

(g) The capabilities of local government units, especially the municipalities and barangays, shall
be enhanced by providing them with opportunities to participate actively in the implementation
of national programs and projects;

(h) There shall be a continuing mechanism to enhance local autonomy not only by legislative
enabling acts but also by administrative and organizational reforms;

(i) Local government units shall share with the national government the responsibility in the
management and maintenance of ecological balance within their territorial jurisdiction, subject
to the provisions of this Code and national policies;

(j) Effective mechanisms for ensuring the accountability of local government units to their
respective constituents shall be strengthened in order to upgrade continually the quality of local
leadership;

(k) The realization of local autonomy shall be facilitated through improved coordination of
national government policies and programs and extension of adequate technical and material
assistance to less developed and deserving local government units;

(l) The participation of the private sector in local governance, particularly in the delivery of basic
services, shall be encouraged to ensure the viability of local autonomy as an alternative strategy
for sustainable development; and

(m) The national government shall ensure that decentralization contributes to the continuing
improvement of the performance of local government units and the quality of community life.
SECTION 4. Scope of Application. – This Code shall apply to all provinces, cities, municipalities,
barangays, and other political subdivisions as may be created by law, and, to the extent herein
provided, to officials, offices, or agencies of the national government.

SECTION 5. Rules of Interpretation. – In the interpretation of the provisions of this Code, the
following rules shall apply:

(a) Any provision on a power of a local government unit shall be liberally interpreted in its favor,
and in case of doubt, any question thereon shall be resolved in favor of devolution of powers
and of the lower local government unit. Any fair and reasonable doubt as to the existence of the
power shall be interpreted in favor of the local government unit concerned;

(b) In case of doubt, any tax ordinance or revenue measure shall be construed strictly against
the local government unit enacting it, and liberally in favor of the taxpayer. Any tax exemption,
incentive or relief granted by any local government unit pursuant to the provisions of this Code
shall be construed strictly against the person claiming it.

(c) The general welfare provisions in this Code shall be liberally interpreted to give more powers
to local government units in accelerating economic development and upgrading the quality of
life for the people in the community

(d) Rights and obligations existing on the date of effectivity of this Code and arising out of
contracts or any other source of prestation involving a local government unit shall be governed
by the original terms and conditions of said contracts or the law in force at the time such rights
were vested; and

(e) In the resolution of controversies arising under this Code where no legal provision or
jurisprudence applies, resort may be had to the customs and traditions in the place where the
controversies take place.

To transfer LGUs into self-reliant communities and active partners in nation-building by giving
them more powers, authority, responsibilities and resources.

Hopes to achieve economic development the regional and local levels by giving more freedom in
carrying out their programs that are suitable for their areas.

1. Identify the different levels of the Philippine Local Government

Province- intermediate unit is providing supervision to the municipalities and component cities
and under it and performing services for the national government.

Cities and municipalities - basic unit of the local government delivering services for the people
who lived together in a community.

Barangay- sub-municipal unit, which provides for face to face interaction among the people.

The Provinces of the Philippines (Filipino: Mga Lalawigan ng Pilipinas) are the primary political
and administrative divisions of the Philippines. There are 81 provinces at present, further
subdivided into component cities and municipalities. The National Capital Region, as well as
independent cities, are independent of any provincial government. Each province is governed by
an elected legislature called the Sangguniang Panlalawigan and by an elected governor.

A city is one of the units of local government in the Philippines. All Philippine cities are chartered
cities, whose existence as corporate and administrative entities is governed by their own specific
municipal charters in addition to the Local Government Code of 1991, which specifies their
administrative structure and powers. As of December 12, 2015, there are 145 cities.

A municipality (Filipino: bayan/munisipalidad; Hiligaynon: banwa; Cebuano: lungsod/munisipyo;

Pangasinan: baley; Kapampangan: balen/balayan; Central Bicolano: banwaan; Waray: bungto;
Ilokano: ili) is a local government unit (LGU) in the Philippines. Municipalities are also usually
called towns. They are distinct from cities, which are a different category of local government
unit. Provinces of the Philippines are divided into cities and municipalities, which in turn, are
divided into barangays, formerly barrios. As of March 31, 2017, there are 1,489 municipalities
across the country.[1]. It is also known for its archaic term town.

A barangay (/bɑːrɑːŋˈɡaɪ/ Brgy. or Bgy.; Filipino: baranggay, [baɾaŋˈɡaj]; also pronounced the
same in Spanish), formerly referred to as barrio, is the smallest administrative division in the
Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district or ward. In metropolitan areas,
the term often refers to an inner city neighbourhood, a suburb or a suburban neighborhood.[1]
The word barangay originated from balangay, a kind of boat used by a group of Austronesian
peoples when they migrated to the Philippines.

2. Explain the roles and functions of Local Government Unit

3. Examine how decentralization affects governance

4. Conduct an interview with barangay officials on community programs
5. Evaluate the performance of a local government unit

State-society interactions

LESSON 10: Elections and Political Parties

10.1 The nature of elections and political parties in the context of the
Philippines
1. Describe the nature of elections and political parties in the Philippines
2. Identify the types of electoral systems
3. Assess the implications of the type of electoral systems on politics and
governance
4. Analyze the nature of elections and political parties in the Philippines

LESSON 11: Civil Society and Social Movements

11.1 Political participation outside formal institutions

1. Discuss the concepts of civil society and social movements
2. Explain the contributions of civil society organizations and social
3. Evaluate the role of civil society organizations and social movements

Citizenship-in-practice

LESSON 12: Citizenship

12.1 The traditional and modern views of citizenship, i.e., the state-centric vs
participatory notions of citizenship

1. Explain citizenship
2. Assess the various avenues for citizen participation
3. Illustrate the value of citizenship
LESSON 13: Integration

13.1 How the concepts/ideas learned in class can be utilized in actual

experiences

1. Identify issues related to political engagement and youth empowerment

2. Determine programs that address issues related to political engagement and
youth empowerment
3. Assess an existing program that addresses an issue related to political
engagement and youth empowerment
4. Conduct a research for a draft proposal on a project on political engagement
and youth empowerment