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VINAYAKA MISSION’S RESEARCH FOUNDATION(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
VINAYAKA MISSION’S KIRUPANANDA VARIYAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SALEM

AARUPADAI VEEDU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PAIYANOOR
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
PROGRAM & BRANCH : B.E -ECE

YEAR/SEM : II / IV
COURSE NAME : ELECTROMAGNETICS AND TRANSMISSION LINES & WAVEGUIDES
COURSE CODE :17ECCC08
REGULATION : SCBCS R 2017
STATIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
Introduction to co-ordinate system, Gradient, Divergence, Curl, Divergence Theorem, Stroke's Theorem,
Coulomb's Law, Electric field Intensity, Principle of superposition, Electric Scalar potential, Line charge
distribution by Moment method, Electric flux Density, Gauss’s Law and its applications, Field Computations
and Problems
Part A
1. Give practical examples for diverging and curling fields.
The flux leaving from an isolated positive charge, flow of heat in a field of varying temperature,
air velocity of air flowing out from a punctured tube, velocity of gas flowing out from a hole in a gas
balloon are the examples of diverging fields. Magnetic field surrounding the current carrying wire,
water velocity in a river, and velocity of a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis like a top are the
examples of curling fields.
2. Define vector product of two vectors.

The cross or vector product of two non-zero vectors a⃗ and b⃗ , is
a⃗ x b⃗ = |a⃗ | |b⃗ | sinθn^
Where θ is the angle between a⃗ and b⃗ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π. Also, n^ is a unit vector perpendicular to both a⃗
and b⃗ such that a⃗ , b⃗ , and n^ form a right-handed system as shown below.
A vector c whose length is the product of the lengths of two vectors a and b and the sine of their
included angle, whose direction is perpendicular to their plane, and whose direction is that in
which a right-handed screw rotated from a toward b along axis c would move
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
3. State divergence theorem.

The integral of the normal component of any vector field over a closed surface is equal to the
integral of the divergence of this vector field throughout the volume enclosed by that closed surface
4. Why Gauss’s law cannot be applied to determine the electric field due to finite line charge?
The gauss law cannot be used to find E or D if the charge distribution is not symmetric. The
charge distribution is said to be symmetric if the resultant direction of E or D is along one direction.
For example the electric field infinite line charge is only along cylindrical radial direction. But
electric field of the finite line charge has components present in x and y direction and not along any
one direction. Hence an electric field of the finite line charge is not symmetrical and hence gauss
law cannot be applied.
5. Mention the applications of Stoke’s theorem.
The line integral of f around a closed path L is equal to the integral of curl of F
Over the open surface S enclosed by the closed path L.
̅.
6. Write the physical significance of divergence of𝑫
In physical terms, the divergence of a vector field is the extent to which the vector field flux
behaves like a source at a given point. It is a local measure of its "outgoingness" – the extent to
which there is more of the field vectors exiting an infinitesimal region of space than entering it.
A point at which the flux is outgoing has positive divergence, and is often called a "source"
of the field. A point at which the flux is directed inward has negative divergence, and is often called
a "sink" of the field. The greater the flux of field through a small surface enclosing a given point, the
greater the value of divergence at that point.
A point at which there is zero flux through an enclosing surface has zero divergence.
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
7. Write down the expression for differential volume element in terms of spherical co-
ordinates.
Spherical Coordinate
dv  r 2 sin dr d d
-Spherical
8. State the condition for the vector (V) to be irrotational.
An irrotational vector field is a vector field where curl is equal to zero everywhere. If the
domain is simply connected (there are no discontinuities), the vector field will be conservative or
equal to the gradient of a function (that is, it will have a scalar potential).
9. List out the sources of electric field and magnetic fields.
The sources of EMF are electrical lighting and appliances, computer monitors, microwave
ovens, radios, TV, Cellular phones, broadcast stations, overhead lines and communication satellites.
Besides natural sources the electromagnetic spectrum also includes fields generated by human-
made sources: X-rays are employed to diagnose a broken limb after a sport accident. The electricity
that comes out of every power socket has associated low frequency electromagnetic fields.
10. State the Coulomb’s law.

The force of attraction or repulsion between the two point charges will be
(i)Acts along the line joining the two point charges
(ii)Directly proportional to the product of point charges
(iii)Inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them and
Q1Q2
F a12
4R122
11. Define Curl of a vector.
The curl of a vector field, denoted or , is defined as the vector field having
magnitude equal to the maximum "circulation" at each point and to be oriented perpendicularly to
this plane of circulation for each point. More precisely, the magnitude of is the limiting value of
circulation per unit area. Written explicitly
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
where the right side is a line integral around an infinitesimal region of area that is allowed to
shrink to zero via a limiting process and is the unit normal vector to this region. If , then
the field is said to be an irrotational field.
12. Mention few applications of Gauss law in electrostatics.
 Electric field due to an infinite long straight charged wire
 Electric field due to an infinite charged plane sheet
 Electric field due to two parallel charged sheets
 Electric field due to uniformly charged spherical shell
 Electrostatic shielding
13. Define electric flux and electric flux density.
Electric flux density can be defined as the number of electric lines passing through a unit
surface area placed in perpendicular to the direction of lines of force.
It can also be defined as the ratio of total electric flux to the total surface area.
Electric flux density,
ψ
𝐷=
𝐴
In vector form,
𝑑𝜓
⃗⃗ =
D a 𝐶/𝑚2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑆 n
14. Classify electric field intensity.
The electric field is mainly classified into two types. They are the uniform electric field and
the nonuniform electric field.
 Uniform Electric Field
When the electric field is constant at every point, then the field is called the uniform electric
field. The constant field is obtained by placing the two conductor parallel to each other, and the
potential difference between them remains same at every point.
 Non-Uniform Electric Field

The field which is irregular at every point is called the non-uniform electric field. The non-
uniform field has a different magnitude and directions.
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
15. What do you understand by linear, surface and volume charge densities?
If the dimensions of a surface carrying charge are very very small compared to region
surrounding it then the surface can be treated as appoint. The corresponding charge is called point
charge. Point charge can be positive or negative.
It is possible that the charge may be spreaded all along a line, which may be finite or infinite. Such
a charge uniformly distributed along a line is called line charge. The charge density is defined as
charge per unit length.
Charge density=Total charge in Coulomb/Total length in meters.
If charge is distributed uniformly over a two dimensional surface then it is called a surface
charge or sheet of charge.
ch arg e
Surface charge density 
unit surface area
If charge is distributed uniformly over a closed volume then it is called a volume charge
Volume charge density = total charge/ volume
16. What is the relation between intensity of electric field E and electric flux density D in free
space?
The electric field intensity E at a distance of r from a point charge Q is given by,
Q
⃗⃗ =
E a
⃗⃗⃗⃗
4πε0 r 2 r
The electric flux density D at a distance of r from a point charge Q is given by,
Q
⃗⃗ =
D a
⃗⃗⃗⃗
4πr 2 r
⃗⃗ and E
Dividing D ⃗⃗,
Q
⃗⃗
D 4πr 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
ar
= = ε0
⃗E⃗ Q
a
⃗⃗⃗⃗
4πε0 r 2 r
Therefore ⃗D⃗ = ε0 ⃗E⃗
17. Clarify electric scalar potential.

A scalar function whose negative gradient is equal to some vector field, at least when this field
is time-independent; for example, the potential energy of a particle in a conservative force field, and
the electrostatic potential.
Scalar potentials are generally observed under static field conditions where as vector potentials are
observed under dynamic conditions.
From electrostatics we know that the electric field can be expressed as a gradient of scalar potential
E⃗ =−∇⃗ V
Where, V is the scalar electric potential.
18. Define surface integral with an example.

In electromagnetic theory a charge may exist in a distributed form. It may be spreaded over a
surface, similarly a flux may pass through a surface , while doing analysis of such cases an integral is
required called surface integral to be carried out over a surface related to a vector field
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
19. What is meant by base vectors?

The base vectors are unit vectors which are strictly oriented along the directions of the
coordinate axes of the given coordinate system
For Cartesian coordinate systems, the base vectors are,
a⃗⃗⃗⃗x , a⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗y and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
az
For Cylindrical coordinate systems, the base vectors are,
aρ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ a∅ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗ az
For spherical coordinate systems, the base vectors are,
ar , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ a∅ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗ aθ
20. Define electric vector potential.
An electric potential (also called the electric field potential, potential drop or the electrostatic
potential) is the amount of work needed to move a unit of charge from a reference point to a
specific point inside the field without producing acceleration. Typically, the reference point is the
Earth or a point at infinity, although any point can be used.
Part B
1. Analyse the Cartesian and cylindrical co-ordinate systems and notify how points are
mentioned in the respective systems.
Cartesian coordinate systems

This system has three coordinate axes represented as x,y and z which are mutually at right angles
to each other.These three axes intersect at the common point called origin of the system.
Point P(x,y,z)
Figure: Representation of a point

a x , a y and a z
Unit Vectors.
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Differential length are dx,dy,dz

d l  dx a x  dy a y  dz a z
Differential vector length
Differential surface area
d S x  dydz a x
d S y  dxdza y
d S z  dxdza z
Differential Volume dv=dx dy dz
Cylindrical coordinate systems

Cylindrical coordinate system is the three dimensional version of polar coordinate system.The
surfaces used to define system are plane of constant z which is parallel to xy plane. A cylinder of
radius r with z axis as axis of cylinder.
A half plane perpendicular to xy plane and at an angle with respect to xz plane called azimuth angle
Point(r,φ,z)
The limits of variables 0 ≤ r ≤ ∞

0 ≤  ≤ 2π
-∞ < z < ∞
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
d l  dr a r  d a  dz a z
Differential Surface area
d S r  rddz a x
d S  drdz a
d S z  rdrd  a z
Differential Volume dV  rdrd dz
Spherical Coordinate System:
The surfaces used to define the spherical coordinate system on the three Cartesian axes are
Sphere of radius r,A right circular cone and A half plane perpendicular to xy plane.
a , a and a
Point(r,θ, φ) Unit Vectors r
The limits of variables 0≤r≤∞
0≤θ≤π
0 < φ < 2π
d l  dr a r  rd a  r sin d a
d S r  r 2 sin dd a r
Differential Surface area d S  r sin drd a
d S  rdrd a
Differential Volume dv  r 2 sin dr d d
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
2. Delineate Gauss’s law in terms of integral and differential forms. Also state and
explain Gauss Divergence theorem.
The integral form of Gauss’ Law is a calculation of enclosed charge Qencl using the surrounding
density of electric flux:
∮SD⋅ds=Qencl
Where D is electric flux density and S is the enclosing surface
onsider a charge qq be enclosed by any surface as shown in fig

Now, you write the flux coming out of this weird surface -
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Gauss' Law is the first of Maxwell's Equations which dictates how the Electric Field behaves around
electric charges. Gauss' Law can be written in terms of the Electric Flux Density and the Electric
Charge Density as:
[Equation 1]
In Equation [1], the symbol is the divergence operator.

Equation [1] is known as Gauss' Law in point form. That is, Equation [1] is true at any point in
space. That is, if there exists electric charge somewhere, then the divergence of D at that point is
nonzero, otherwise it is equal to zero.
To get some more intuition on Gauss' Law, let's look at Gauss' Law in integral form. To do this, we
assume some arbitrary volume (we'll call it V) which has a boundary (which is written S). Then
integrating Equation [1] over the volume V gives Gauss' Law in integral form:
[Equation 2]
I probably made things less clear, but let's go through it real quick. As an example, look at Figure 1.
We have a volume V, which is the cube. The surface S is the boundary of the cube (i.e. the 6 flat faces
that form the boundary of the volume).
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Figure 1. Illustration of a volume V with boundary surface S.
Equation [2] states that the amount of charge inside a volume V (= ) is equal to the total
amount of Electric Flux (D) exiting the surface S. That is, to determine the Electric Flux leaving the
region V, we only need to know how much electric charge is within the volume. We rewrite
Equation [2] with more of the terms defined in Equation [3]:
[Equation 3]
An example with the cube in Figure 1 might help make this clear. Look at the point P in Figure 2,
where we have drawn the D field vector:
Figure 2. The D Field on the Surface Can be Broken Down into Tangential (Dt) and Normal (Dn)
Components.
We can rewrite any field in terms of its tangential and normal components, as shown in Figure 2.
From Equation [3], we are only interested in the component of D normal (orthogonal or
perpendicular) to the surface S. We write this as Dn. The tangential component Dt flows along the
surface. If you imagine the D field as a water flow, then only the component Dn would contribute to
water actually leaving the volume - Dt is just water flowing around the surface.
Hence, Gauss' law is a mathematical statement that the total Electric Flux exiting any volume is
equal to the total charge inside. Hence, if the volume in question has no charge within it, the net
flow of Electric Flux out of that region is zero. If there is positive charge within a volume, then there
exists a positive amount of Electric Flux exiting any volume that surrounds the charge. If there is
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
negative charge within a volume, then there exists a negative amount of Electric Flux exiting (i.e.
the Electric Flux enters the volume).
2.Determine the expressions for divergence, gradient and curl in cylindrical and spherical
coordinates systems.
Gradient:
The gradient of any scalar function is the maximum space rate of that function.If the scalar V
represents electric potential, V represents potential gradient.
V V V
V  ax  ay  az  Cartesian coordintes
x y z
W 1 W W
W  a  a  a z  Cylindrical coordinate s
   z
W 1 W 1 W
W  ar  a  a  Spherical coordinate s
r r  r sin  
This operation is called the gradient. V =grad V
Gradient of a scalar is a vector.
Divergence:
The divergence of avector ‘A’ at any point is defined as the limit of its surface
integrated per unit volume as the volume enclosed by the surface shrinks to zero.
1
. A  Lt  A.nds
v 0 v S
It can be expressed as
    
 x y z 

. A   ax  a y  az  Ax ax  Ay a y  Az az 
Ax Ay Az
. A     Cartesian coordinates
x y z
1  (rAr ) 1  ( A )  ( Az )
. A     Cylindrical Coordinates
r r r  z
1  (r 2 Ar ) 1  (sin  A ) 1  ( A )
. A  2  
r r r sin   r sin  
.A =div ADivergence of a vector is scalar quantity.
Curl:
The curl of a vector A at any point is defined as the maximum circulation of A per unit area
as area tends to zero whose direction is normal to the surface.
ax aY az
  
Curl A    A   Cartesian coordinates
x y z
Ax Ay Az
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
a a az
1   
Q   Cylindrical coordinates
   z
Q  Q Qz
ar a sin  a
1   
 T  (4)
r sin  r
2
 
Ar rA r sin  A
a a az
1   
Q   Cylindrical coordinates
   z
Q  Q Qz
ar a sin  a
1   
 T  (4)
r sin  r
2
 
Ar rA r sin  A
3. Compare and delineate the electric field due to charged circular disc and two infinite
uniformly charged sheets.
Consider a charged circular ring of radius ‘r’ placed in XY plane with centre at origin carrying a
charge uniformly along its circumference. The charge density is L c/m.
The point ‘p’ is at a perpendicular distance ‘z’ from the ring

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VINAYAKA MISSION’S RESEARCH FOUNDATION(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

VINAYAKA MISSION’S KIRUPANANDA VARIYAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SALEM

PROGRAM & BRANCH : B.E -ECE

2. Define vector product of two vectors.

3. State divergence theorem.

10. State the Coulomb’s law.

 Non-Uniform Electric Field

17. Clarify electric scalar potential.

18. Define surface integral with an example.

19. What is meant by base vectors?

Cartesian coordinate systems

Figure: Representation of a point

Differential length are dx,dy,dz

Cylindrical coordinate systems

The limits of variables 0 ≤ r ≤ ∞

onsider a charge qq be enclosed by any surface as shown in fig

In Equation [1], the symbol is the divergence operator.

Figure 1. Illustration of a volume V with boundary surface S.

The point ‘p’ is at a perpendicular distance ‘z’ from the ring

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