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Chapter 2
Chapter 2
This chapter includes the related literature and studies of the research. It
will support and explain the ideas and terms to further understand the study.
Related Literature
No-Plastic Policy
The Philippines is the world's third largest source of plastic pollution. Single-
use plastic products is a big contributor to pollution. Plastic bags, straws, coffee
stirrers, water bottles, and sachets are just some of the examples of the products
used by Filipinos only once and then thrown away. These materials can remain in
the environment for 2,000 years or more. The bill, Ban on Single-use Plastic
Providing strong penalties will help in deterring violations and providing for a
phase-out plan and encouraging proper waste disposal, collection, and treatment
There are many impacts of plastic wastes such as the spread of diseases
and negative human health effects. An increase of plastic littering cannot only
affect the local ecosystems but also it may lead to an economic burden. The
negative effects on human health, the environment, and other aspects of society
continue to increase as plastic use and waste increases. Countries around the
world have addressed plastic issues through different approaches ranging from
national bans and policy-making to have an educational awareness programs.
Banning and taxing single- use- plastic is a strategy used to reduce consumption
on a national scale. Over forty nations and cities have banned or taxed the use of
certain kinds of plastic to reduce the negative impacts associated (Ylitalo and
Gerdin, 2009).
There are local governments that have made a “Plastic Free” ordinance to
be followed by their community. There are 15 cities that have the ordinances the
use of plastics. The major problem in implementing this ordinance is the lack of
cooperation of the community people. Plastic wastes, when broken down, can give
a huge impact in the hormone of animals which can eventually affects human too
(Asmuni, 2015).
Plastics
There are various types of plastics and two of the most commonly used are
former is used for plastic bottles and other types of plastic containers that are used
for food and beverages. The latter is more opaque and used for shopping bags,
shampoo containers, milk bottles and ice cream containers (Johnson, 2019).
world produces 300 million tons of plastic at present. This is equal to the weight of
used plastics are made with Polyethylene which accounts to 36% of all plastic
types. Polyethylene produces large amounts of greenhouse gasses, namely,
Methane and ethylene, when exposed to solar radiation (Royer et al., 2018).
fair disciplinary policy. It sets the stage for the external factors that affect the
students. There are many hallmarks of the academic, disciplinary, and physical
The school environment promote student safety and student health. It may
include aspects such as the physical plant, the academic environment, available
physical and mental health supports and services, and the fairness and
adequacy of disciplinary procedures. These aspects are factors to the health and
50% of land area is covered by urban. A rise in the population of an area impacts
Plastic wastes make serious problem in the environment and the health of
humans and animals. A total of 500 billion plastic bags are used every year,
globally. This mass production of plastic bags, once accumulated, affects the
and ocean currents, urban areas, and trade routes. Human population in certain
areas also plays a large role. These plastics can also be used as vectors for
Sanitation
the environment. Cleanliness guarantees survival and protection to all life forms.
By simply placing wastes to proper bins and waste management regulations could
have a great impact in protecting the environment (Singh and Singh, 2019).
Littered plastic bags are not pleasing too look at and can be hazardous. In
due to the lack of waste management of the former. Various efforts were made to
curb usage of plastics, decrease littering and increase waste management. People
are encourage to use reusable bags or containers (Rohana and Yusuf, 2010).
Zero waste for school is one of the solution for keeping the environment
clean. It is not about disposing plastics in landfills but converting plastics through
From the study “Survey on the usage of plastic bags, their disposal and
randomly selected respondents. The results indicated that the larger proportion
(176, 76.52%) of the respondents used plastic bags more frequently than any other
plastic products regardless of their age, occupation, and economic and educational
status. Low price (159, 69.13%) and easy availability (152, 66.08%) were the main
reasons for the widespread utilization of these products. Among the practices used
for disposal of plastic bag wastes, open dumping to surrounding areas (137,
59.56%) was a practice widely used by almost all the residents of the city. Some
of the major problems were animal death (167, 72.60%), blockage of sewage lines
and human health problems (119, 51.73%). The findings of the present study also
indicated that the trend of utilization of plastic bags is increasing from time to time
in spite of a good deal of awareness of the residents about the adverse effects of
these products. In order to reduce the problems associated with plastic bag
wastes, it is recommended to educate the public (1) not to use plastic bags, and
(2) to use eco-friendly alternative materials (bags) made from clothes, natural
fibers and paper. City level legislation is also highly recommended against
indiscriminate use and disposal of plastic bag wastes as well as to end free
Ordinance. It used the descriptive type of research and utilized 120 respondents
variables including age, civil status and respondent’s category affect the effective
single-use plastic bag policies to see if implemented plastic bag ban promote pro-
environmental behaviors and broader support for plastic bag policies. This study
sampled two communities in Rhode Island, one with a single-use plastic bag ban,
Middletown, and one without a single-use plastic bag ban, Warwick, performing
do not show support of a behavioral spillover effect; however, people living in the
town with the implemented plastic bag ban used reusable bags more frequently
than individuals in Warwick and showed greater support for a statewide plastic bag
policy. In addition, age, gender, and environmental worldview (NEP) were
predictors for some pro-environmental behaviors. In all, plastic bag polices could
From the study, “No plastic bag campaign day in Malaysia and the policy
charge of MYR 0.20 (USD 0.06) per plastic bag in supermarkets and grocery
stores. The objective is to reduce plastic bag consumption and save the
environment. However, the campaign has provoked a range of reactions from the
behavior and discusses and explores the various implications of the policy. The
study gathers a questionnaire survey from 262 households in the State of Johor
descriptive statistical analysis as well as T test and correlations analysis has been
performed using the Statistical Software for Social Science. The T test analysis
explains the complex relationship between attitude and behavior. Consumers are
more supportive of the plastic bag ban in the supermarkets but not its extension to
other types of public markets. The study records the consumers’ behavior-
changing process in the three types of anti-consumer behavior, listed as (1) fully
anti-consumption (67 %), (2) partial anti-consumption (33 %) and (3) no anti-
consumption this last group comprising of those who resent and dissatisfy of the
No Plastic Bag Campaign. The first type of fully anti-consumption behavior reveals
the educational Bring Your Own Shopping Bag campaign. The plastic bag levy in
framework that will provide clear guidelines and mechanisms for consumers, the
retailers, supermarkets and the plastic industry. The implications of plastic bag
usage for garbage bin liners as part of the basic requirement of the solid waste
management reveal the urgency to look at the plastic bag levy from the solid waste
clear guidelines and mechanisms for consumers, the retailers, supermarkets and
the plastic industry may be needed. Though the campaign may not achieve the
objective yet to reduce the plastic bag consumption due to the increase in garbage
bin liner usage, the research reveals the urgency to look at the plastic bag levy
from the solid waste management perspective. The enactment of the Solid Waste
and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007 (Act 672) needs to support the anti-
littering regulations mostly associated with the implementation of the plastic bag
The research entitled “Student Attitude and Action Regarding the Single-
Alabama campus regarding the single-use plastic shopping bag. A survey was
perceptions related to the topic, attitude and behaviors toward plastic bags and
with the data collected indicated these findings. First, students’ dominant attitude
toward single-use plastic bags is not consistent with dominant behavior or how
they use plastic bags, and present stimuli in many retail environments are strong
enough that students generally use plastic bags despite conflicting attitudes.
Second, though surveyed students are aware of problems associated with the
plastic bag, these items are a valued part of some students’ shopping experiences.
Finally, a store discount for using reusable bags when checking out may be the
best stimulus to derive consistency between student attitude and student behavior
proposed plan developed specifically for The University according to data findings,
included methods for increasing both recycling rates for plastic bags and use of
the reusable shopping bags on and around the campus (Miller, 2011).
Definition of Terms
and ultimately determine its form and survival (Bhutia, 2016). Operationally,
interest (Habibi et al., 2016). Operationally, this refers to the personnel and
students and personnel are taking to mitigate the plastic wastes in the
campus.
bags plastic sachets, straws or plastic wrappers that are used only once
and thrown away after (Sharma, 2019). Operationally, this refers to the
the campus.
environment.
can be molded into shapes (Royer et al., 2018).Operationally, these are the
single-use plastic wastes that are used by students. Typically, these plastics
are plastic bottles, plastic cups, candy wrappers and plastic bags.
research is conducted.
and animal waste (WHO, 2018). Operationally, this is the cleanliness of the
Figure 1