Discourse Morpheme

-utterance, talk, speech, discussion, and conversation -the smallest grammatical unit in a language
-an extended expression of thoughts or ideas
Two Types of Morpheme:
* The ideas in discourse are not connected or do 1. Free Morpheme
not have a particular structure. 2. Bound Morpheme

Text 1. Free Morpheme

-a large unit of written language -can function independently as a word
-a group of ideas put together to make a point or Examples: house, cat, blood
one central idea
-has a structure which requires the ideas in the 2. Bound Morpheme
discourse to be relevant to each other -a word element attached to a root word
-an actually connected discourse (the main part of a word) to give it another
meaning
Properties of a Well-written Text -written Text -cannot function independently as a word
Examples: affixes (prefixes and suffixes)
1. Organization
-refers to the arrangement of ideas in a text Affix
-a morpheme that is attached to a root word to
* Creating an outline of ideas before you start form a new word
writing can help your work become organized. 1. Prefix
2. Suffix
Outline
-provides a format in which ideas can be Prefix
arranged in a hierarchy-that is, it distinguishes -a morpheme that comes before a root word
the general ideas from the specific or Examples:
subordinating ideas Auto (automobile)
In (incorrect)
2.. Coherence and Cohesion Over (overcharge)
-refer to the connection of ideas and
connection between sentences and between Suffix
paragraphs -a morpheme that comes after a root word
Examples:
* In order for you to assure coherence and -ful (forgetful)
cohesion, you need to use transitional or -ish (childish)
cohesive devices. -ive (active)

3.. Appropriate Language Use Two Varieties of Suffixes

-refers to the acceptable style of language for a
particular form of text
4.. Proper Mechanics
-refers to the conventions of writing which
includes capitalization, punctuation, spelling,
numerals, abbreviations, acronyms and
contractions
Morphology
-the study of words, how they are formed, and
their relationship to other words in the same
language
-analyzes the structure of words and parts of
words, such as root words, prefixes, and
suffixes
1. Inflectional Suffixes
-modify the grammatical class of words by
signaling a change in number, tense, degrees
of comparison, and so on, but they do not shift
the base form into another word class
Inflectional Morphemes Added to Examples Inflectional
Morphemes Added to Examples
-s plural Nouns She got two guitars.
-'s possessive Nouns Zeynep's hair is too long.
-er comparative Adjectives Zeynep hair is longer than Derya.
-est superlative Adjectives Zeynep has the longest hair.
-s 3rd person singular Verbs Zeynep plays the guitar.
present tense
-ed past tense Verbs She played the guitar at the party.
-ing progressive Verbs She is playing the guitar at the party.
-en past participle Verbs She has taken the guitar at the party.
2. Derivational Suffixes
-modify either the part of speech or the actual -making more difficult to understand;
meaning of a word confusing

Derivational Morpheme Meaning Examples

-al
relating to
formal, postal, practical
-less
without
homeless, hopeless
-ous
full of
famous, cautious
brotherhood, neighborhood
-hood
state, condition, quality

Compound Words
-combination of two different words

Examples:

back + ward = backward (towards the reverse direction)

book + shelf = bookshelf (storage of books)
full + moon = full moon (a moon appearing as a bright circle)
six + pack = six-pack (often in reference to a pack of drinks)

Context Clues
-are words, phrases, and sentences that
surround an unfamiliar word and help you
recognize the meaning of an unknown word

1. Synonyms -used when the text has words or

phrases that ae similar in meaning to the unknown
word
Example:

The narrator in the poem was euphoric at his son's

victory, for he cried out triumphantly when the boy
came home.

euphoric
-victorious; triumphant; very happy and excited

Other Examples:

a. This situation is a conundrum -a puzzle.

conundrum
-a confusing or a difficult situation

b.. Humpty Dumpty took great pleasure in

obfuscating the poem's meaning to Alice. His
explanations about the poem were confusing
and complicated.
obfuscating
c. . We are planning a picnic for today. It is
sunny and warm outside. It will be an idyllic
day -just perfect for a picnic.
idyllic

-perfect; very peaceful, happy, and enjoyable

2. Antonyms -words that reveal the opposite meaning
in relation to the unknown word
Example:

Although Mary was willing to play in the snow,

Jack was reluctant because he was so cold.

reluctant

-not willing to do something

a. . Marty is gregarious, not like his brother
who is quiet and shy.
gregarious

-sociable; outgoing; extrovert

b. . The lanky dog was not fat, even though he
ate a lot.
lanky

-skinny
c. . The rich woman gave a paltry sum to the
charity even though she was able to give
much more.
paltry

-very small or too small in amount

3. Examples -are specific details in a text that are
used to clarify the meaning of a word
Example:

Projectiles include those items that are shot forward

such as a cannon shell, bullet, or rocket.

projectiles

-things (such as bullet or rocket) that are shot from

weapon
a. . Famous conquistadors include Cortes, who
conquered Aztec Mexico and Pizarro, who
conquered Inca Peru.
conquistadors

-conquerors; ones that take control of

(a country or city) through the use of force
b. . A sleuth, such as Sherlock Holmes, can be
very helpful in solving crimes.
sleuth

-detective
-someone who looks for information to solve
crimes
c. . Precipitation, such as rain and snow, falls
from the sky.
precipitation

-water that falls to the ground (such as rain

and snow)
4. Definition -is usually signaled by a form of the
verb to be (am, is, are, was, were) or by commas or
dashes
Example:

The prisoner was in a state of wrath—a feeling of

intense anger.

wrath

-extreme anger
a. . To shun someone is to have nothing to do
with that person.
shun

-to avoid deliberately

b. . He seemed to be ill, but it was merely a
ruse, that is, a clever trick to deceive us.
ruse

-a trick or act that is used to fool someone

-a wily subterfuge
-deception
c. . Sedentary individuals, people who are not
very active, often have diminished health.
sedentary

-not doing or involving much physical

activity
5. Explanation -words or phrases that explain the
unfamiliar word's meaning
Example:

An evanescent ring surrounded the moon as it rose.

It was there for a moment, and then it disappeared.

evanescent

-lasting a very short time; brief; momentary

a. . Elis is a blithe young girl. She always
greets everyone with a smile.
blithe

-cheerful; happy, lighthearted

b. . Katie appeared infallible in math class
because she had never gotten a problem
wrong.
infallible

-unerring;
-unfailing
-not capable of being wrong
c. . The tornado annihilated the whole town to
the point that nothing was left standing.
annihilated

-destroyed; eradicated; exterminated;

abolished
Simile

-is identified by the use of “like,”

“as,”
“similar
to,”
and
the like. They compare dissimilar objects that share certain
charactristics

Examples:

1. When he walked into the room, the entire audience

looked up, like flowers turning towards the sun.
2. His headache was as painful as a root canal without the
benefit of laughing gas.
Metaphor

-directly refers to the object being described as being or

previously being the object it is compared or connected to

Examples:

1. The boom of his voice, all thunder and lightning,

echoed through the entire hall.
2. The dog was a jack-in-the-box, trying to jump up on the
visitors.
Essential Learning

A text is a connected discourse, which

means that all ideas in the text must be
related in the sense that they would express
only one main idea, or that the text must
have unity by combining all ideas to
emphasize central idea.