Sport injuries

and PREVENTION
By,
Aya Hany Abd ELRahman
 Sport injuries require special focus on the identification of
injuries, care, prevention and treatment, therapies for injury
management.

 Soccer

 Wrestling
 SPORT INJURIES

The kind of injuries that most commonly

occur during sports or exercise.
 Some sports injuries result from accidents:
others due to poor training practices,
improper equipment or insufficient warm-up
or stretching.
• While it is possible to injure any part of the body when playing
sports, the term sports injuries is commonly used to refer to
injuries of the musculoskeletal system.
 Classified as ..

Sports injuries

traumatic overuse

extrinsic intrinsic

acute chronic
 ACUTE INJURIES

 Characterized by sudden appearance of symptoms

usually associated with a single traumatic incident.
 Pain and loss of function are immediate.

 These can be classified as either:

 Direct:caused by external force as collision between

two players or between player and equipment

 Brusis
 Fracture
 Cuts
 ACUTE INJURIES

 Indirect : caused by internal force as over stretching

a ligament in sudden change direction in turnover
in basketball

 Strain
 Sprain
 Tear
Sprains, strains and bruises

A sprain is an injury that involves the ligaments and

other soft tissues around a joint, such as an ankle
or wrist. It is a stretch or tear of a ligament.

A strain occurs away from a joint and involves a

twisted, torn or over-stretched muscle or tendon,
commonly in the calf, thigh or lower back.
Sprains, strains and bruises

Symptoms and signs:

 Pain at the site of the injury

 Loss of power in the injured area especially

with a sprained joint
 Swelling of the injured area

 Nausea

 Feeling faint

 Pale, cold and clammy skin due to shock

 CHRONIC INJURIES

 Gradual onset and are caused by repetitive

light trauma to soft tissue or bone.
 as a result :
weakness to the injured site
insufficient rehabilitation after injury.

 Pitching a baseball
 Overuse injuries:

*Due to excessive and repeated use of

the same muscle, joint or bone.

*Gradual increase of pain.

 shin splint
Overuse Injuries

11
 Common sport injuries
Ankle sprains : typically occurs when the foot turns inward.

Groin pull: Pushing off in a side-to-side motion causes strain of the inner thigh
muscles, or groin

Hamstring strain: is a tear of the hamstring muscle fibers.

soccer, football, baseball, basketball, and many track and field events.

Shin splints: pain along the outside front of the lower leg, due to
inflammation of thin layer cover bone and by tiny fracture in the bone.
 Common sport injuries
• Tennis elbow (epicondylitis) : is an injury to the muscles on the outside
(lateral aspect) of the elbow that results from overuse or repetitive stress of
the elbow muscle.

Patellofemoral Syndrome : the repetitive movement of your kneecap (patella)

against your thigh bone (femur).
CHRONIC TRAUMATIC
ENCEPHALOPATHY
 WHAT IS CHRONIC TRAUMATIC
ENCEPHALOPATHY (CTE)?
Is a progressive degenerative disease found in people who have had
a severe blow or repeated blows to the head.

The disease was previously called dementia pugilistica (DP), i.e.

"punch-drunk," as it was initially found in those with a history of
boxing.

CTE has been most commonly found in professional athletes

participating in American football, rugby, ice hockey, boxing,
professional wrestling and other contact sports who have repeated
concussions or other brain trauma.
•Main Symptoms include

generally begin 8–10 years after experiencing repetitive

mild traumatic brain injury.

•disorientation
•dizziness
•Headaches

disabilities appear with progressive deterioration

 memory loss
 social instability
 erratic behaviour
THEN

 progressive dementia,
 slowing of muscular movements
 impeded speech
 tremors
 vertigo
 deafness
 suicidality.

Additional symptoms include dysarthria, dysphagia, and

ocular abnormalities - such as ptosis.
Diagnosis of CTE

• CTE cannot currently be diagnosed during lifetime.

• The only known diagnosis for CTE occurs by studying the
brain tissue after death.

CONCUSSIONS
are non-structural injuries and do not result in brain bleeding, which is why
most concussions cannot be seen on routine neuroimaging tests such as CT
or MRI

Acute concussion symptoms (those that occur shortly after an injury) should
not be confused with CTE.

Differentiating between prolonged post-concussion syndrome (PCS,

where symptoms begin shortly after a concussion and last for weeks,
months, and sometimes even years) and CTE symptoms can be
difficult
 WHIPLASH INJURY.
Definition:

 Sudden hyperextension and hyperflexion injury to neck

 An acceleration/ deceleration mechanism of Energy transfer

to the neck

 Whip-like movement
 CAUSES:

RTA commonly- front/ back/ side

Contact sport injuries

Accidental/ intentional blows to head

Child abuse- shaking, hitting

Cervical acceleration-deceleration injury

INCIDENCE:

53% of 5.5 million RTA victims suffered

whiplash injury
 WHIPLASH ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
(WAD)

 Classed by severity of signs and symptoms

 WAD 0 No complaints or physical signs

 WAD 1 Neck complaints but no physical signs
 WAD 2 Neck complaints and musculoskeletal signs
 WAD 3 Neck complaints and neurological signs
 WAD 4 Neck complaints and fracture / dislocation

 Most whiplash injury results from low impact collisions

 SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS

 Neck pain: The hallmark symptom

 Lower Back Pain

 Stif fness

 ↓ ROM

 abnormal sensations arms (burning/ paraesthesia)

 SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS

General neurological

• dizziness
• headache
• blurred vision
• pain on swallowing
• ringing in ears
• irritability
• tinnitus
 SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS

 Psychological-

• memory loss
• cognitive impairment
• sleep disturbance
• fatigue
• depression
• PTSD
 SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS

 Whiplash syndrome-

• continual headache
• pain
• reduced movement
• tingling
• lumbar pains
• fatigue
• sleep disturbance
 Chronic Whiplash

Complex interaction between many factors:

Biological

Psychosocial Legal

Economics Beliefs / Attitudes

Psychological factors are also hypothesized to influence the
existence of whiplash-related cognitive impairments.
 INVESTIGATIONS

 X-rays- exclude #

 CT

 MRI:
- Increase tear in cervical ligament & vasculature
- Disk herniation
 TREATMENT

1-Education:

Explain benign nature of WAD

Avoid confusing and conflicting info

Home / work programmes as effective as

physiotherapy
Teach relaxation and stress management
Educate posture and neck care
2-Medication:
Analgises prevent breakthrough pain

Muscle relaxant- Diazepam/ Baclofen

3-Physical Therapy/ Rehabilitation:

Keep neck moving as normally as possible!

Collars not recommended

Gentle mobilisation

Avoid ‘stiffening-up’

Studies- quicker recovery with gentle

exercise.
Minimally Invasive Pain Management
Procedures

Cervical and Thoracic facet joint injections

 Risk Factors
Muscle
Imbalance

Inadequate Postural
Warm up Defects

Intrinsic

Poor
Overuse
Technique

Age
 HOW CAN WE REDUCE THE RISK
OR HAZARDS?
Health/ Fitness
Skill and technique
Training
hydration
Warm up/ Warm down
Correct clothing and equipment
Correct footwear
No Jewellery
Obeying of the rules
 Treatment depends on the type

and severity of the injury.

 Mild sprain or strain can be

treated at home using RICE

therapy.
 Acute injury management
RICE Method
• R – Rest – 2-3 days with
immobilization
• I – Ice – Reduces pain and
spasm, minimizes cell death and
causes vasoconstriction
• C – Compression – Decreases
swelling by slowing the flow of
fluid to the area
• E – Elevation – Decreases
swelling by encouraging blood to
return to the heart
 Chronic injury management
• Pain killer& NSAIDs

• Immobilization: prevent further damage by reducing movement,

reduces pain, muscle swelling and muscle spasm.
 Chronic injury management
• Corticosteroid injections

• Physiotherapy: using massage, manipulation and special

exercises to improve the range of motion and return the normal
function of injured area

Long-term injury can be treated with a programme of walking and

swimming to help strengthen the muscles in the affected body part

• Heat Treatment: to
increase blood flow
relief pain
increase flexibility
 Chronic injury management
Surgery: in sever injuries
During surgery for a broken bone it may be necessary to fix the bones
with wires, plates, screws or rods, known as open reduction and
internal fixation (ORIF).

Rehabilitation
 Rehabilitation
• Start with alternative training
• Circuit training
• Conditioning
• Endurance
• Flexibility
• Strength training
• Stretching techniques
• Warm-up
• Weight training
 Prevention of sport injuries
• Warm Up
• Cool Down
• Hydration
• Proper Technique
• Equipment
• Physical Conditioning
• Facilities Management
• Balanced Opponents
• Rules and Enforcement
 IF WE DIDN’T TRY AND REDUCE THE RISK
IN SPORT, WHAT COULD HAPPEN?
 Injuries such as pulled muscles, broken bones
etc
 Illnessessuch as heart attack, shock, asthma
attack etc
 Violence such as fighting with the opposition
or referee