Prashanthini Rajagopal

201117010

ENERGY, ENVIROMENT AND BUILDINGS

CALCULATION OF EMBODIED ENERGY OF A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

AIM:
To calculate the operational energy of the building in order to understand a building’s energy needs. For a building to be
deemed ‘energy efficient’ it is important for its operational energy to be low. This not only lowers the building’s electricity usage
(resulting in release of harmful greenhouse gases in the process) but also results in savings for the owner. The first step in
lowering the energy needs is to find the energy usage in the building – which is what the assignment, is aimed at doing.

ABOUT THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING:

The building chosen for the project is a single storey fully air conditioned, 3-bedroom residence in Kolkata. The residence is
approximately 160 sq.m. The materials for the building would be basic, as are many buildings in the city. The walls are made of
brick masonry with plastering on both sides. The roof is made a RCC slab with plastering on the inside. The windows are a single
pane glazing and the door are made of wood.

PLAN:

CAR PARKING
4.0 x 5.0

CALCULATIONS:
Calculating the surface area (m2) of different materials in cardinal directions:

NORTH SOUTH EAST WEST ROOF

BRICK WALL WITH PLASTERING 34.5 33 35 12.4 0
GLAZING 4.5 6 3 0 0
WOODEN DOOR 2.5 2.5 0 0 0
CONCRETE 0 0 0 0 160
 Prashanthini Rajagopal
201117010
DATA FOR SOLAR RADIATION VALUE (CLIMATE CONSULTANT 6.0) – TO CALCULATE A/C LOAD
Daily Average Solar Radiation on Northern surface:

Daily Average Solar Radiation on Southern surface:

Daily Average Solar Radiation on Eastern surface:

Daily Average Solar Radiation on Western surface:

 Prashanthini Rajagopal
201117010
Daily Average Solar Radiation on Roof:

Table showing the Daily average solar radiation in May:

NORTH SOUTH EAST WEST ROOF
Daily average solar 150 W/m2 200 W/m2 350 W/m2 400 W/m2 780 W/m2
2
radiation (W/m )

HEAT GAIN IN THE BUILDING – CALCULATION AIR CONDIIONING LOAD

HEAT GAIN THROUGH CONDUCTION:

QCONDUCTION = (K) (A) (Th – Tc) = (U)(A)∆T

L
FINDING TSO TO INPUT FOR OUTSIDE SURFACE TEMPERATURE (TEMPERATURE OF HOT SURFACE):
TSO = Toutside air + [a x (Sol rad/h)]

a= absorptivity of material
Sol Rad= Solar radiation
h= outside heat transfer coefficient

Given values from Handbook of Energy Conscious Buildings:

Absorptivity of Wall 0.6
Absorptivity of Glazing 0.06
Absorptivity of Wood 0.0
Absorptivity of Concrete Roof 0.65
Outside heat transfer coefficient (ho) 22.7 W/m2K
Inside heat transfer coefficient (hi) 8.3 W/m2K
Temperature of cold surface (indoor) 23°C
Daily average outside are temperature in May 30°C

Calculation Tso
TSO-North-Wall 30+ [0.6 x (150/22.7)] 33.96
TSO-North-Glazing 30+ [0.06 x (150/22.7) 30.40
TSO-North-Door 30+ [0 x (150/22.7)] 30
TSO-South-Wall 30+ [0.6 x (200/22.7)] 35.29
TSO-South-Glazing 30+ [0.06 x (200/22.7)] 30.53
TSO-South-door 30+ [0 x (200/22.7)] 30
TSO-West-Wall 30+ [0.6 x (400/22.7)] 40.57
TSO-East-Wall 30+ [0.6 x (350/22.7)] 39.25
TSO-East-Glazing 30+ [0.06 x (350/22.7)] 30.93
TSO-Roof 30+ [0.65 x (780/22.7)] 52.33
 Prashanthini Rajagopal
201117010
QTotal Conduction = ∑ (U)(A)∆T

Calculation QConduction (W) U- Value calculation of Wall:

QNorth-Wall (2.13)(34.5)( 33.96-23) 805
QNorth-Glazing (5.77)(4.5)( 30.40-23) 188 Thermal conductivity values-
QNorth-Door (3.18)(2.5) (30-23) 56 Kbrick= 0.811
QSouth-Wall (2.13)(33)( 35.29-23) 864 Kplaster= 0.721
QSouth-Glazing (5.77)(6)( 30.53-23) 261
TSO-South-door (3.18) (2.5) (30-23) 56 Thickness of Elements-
QWest-Wall (2.13)(12.4)( 40.57-23) 464 Brick wall= 0.23m
Plaster=0.01m
QEast-Wall (2.13)(35)( 39.25-23) 1211
QEast-Glazing (5.77)(3)( 30.93-23) 137
Heat transfer coefficient-
Q-Roof (3.85)(160)( 52.33-23) 18067
ho=22.7 W/m2K
Qc (Total) ∑ (U)(A)∆T 22109
hi=8.3 W/m2K
(or 22.109 kWh)
Calculation of R-Value-
RTotal = (1/22.7) + (0.01/0.721) + (0.23/0.821) + (1/8.3)
HEAT GAIN THROUGH VENTILATION: RTotal=0.47

Qv = rVr CDT U-Value = 1/0.47 = 2.13W/m2K

r = density of air (kg/ m3) U-Value of Roof:

Vr = ventilation rate (m3/ s) Kconcrete= 1.58
C = specific heat of air (J/ kg-K) Kplastering=0.721
DT = temperature difference (To – Ti) (K) Thickness of RCC Slab= 0.150m
Thickness of plaster=0.01m
Vr =NV/3600 RTotal= (1/22.7) + (0.150/1.58) + (0.01/0.721) + (1/8.3)=0.26
U-Value= 1/0.26=3.85W/m2K
N = number of air changes per hour
V = volume of the room or space (m3) U-Value of Glazing: 5.77 W/m2K

U-Value of Wooden Door: 3.18 W/m2K

Density of air 1.2 kg/m3

Specific heat of air 1005 J/ kg-K

SPACE Volume of Air changes Ventilation Rate Calculation Vr

Room (m3) per hour
Living Room 62.4 5 (62.4 x 5)/ 3600 0.09
Dining + Kitchen 60 6 (60 x 5)/3600 0.08
Bedroom 1 36 5 (36 x 5)/ 3600 0.05
Bedroom 2 31.5 5 (31.5 x 5)/ 3600 0.04
Bedroom 3 37.3 5 (37.3 x 5)/ 3600 0.05
Toilet 1 7.5 9 (7.5 x 9)/ 3600 0.02
Toilet 2 7.5 9 (7.5 x 9)/ 3600 0.02
 Prashanthini Rajagopal
201117010
SPACE Qv Calculation Qv
Living Room (1.2)(0.09)(1005)(7) 780
Dining + Kitchen (1.2)(0.08)(1005)(7) 675
Bedroom 1 (1.2)(0.05)(1005)(7) 422
Bedroom 2 (1.2)(0.04)(1005)(7) 338
Bedroom 3 (1.2)(0.05)(1005)(7) 422
Toilet 1 (1.2)(0.02)(1005)(7) 169
Toilet 2 (1.2)(0.02)(1005)(7) 169
TOTAL 2975 (or 2.975 kWh)

HEAT GAIN THROUGH SOLAR RADIATION –WINDOWS:

All windows in this house are unshaded

NORTH SOUTH EAST WEST
Qs = A[It(τ + aU)] Daily 150 200 350 400
ho average W/m2 W/m2 W/m2 W/m2
A = Area of the surface exposed to radiation solar
I = Total radiation incident on the surface radiation
t
τ = Transmittivity of glass for direct, diffuse and reflected radiations (W/m2)
α = Absorptivity of glass for direct, diffuse and reflected radiations

NORTH SOUTH EAST WEST

GLAZING 4.5 6 3 0

CALCULATION HEAT GAIN (W)

Qs-NORTH WINODWS 4.5 [150[(0.86 + [0.06(5.77) ÷ 22.7] 590
Qs-SOUTH WINODWS 6 [200[(0.86 + [0.06(5.77) ÷ 22.7] 1050
Qs-EAST WINODWS 3 [350[(0.86 + [0.06(5.77) ÷ 22.7] 919
TOTAL 2559 ( or 2.559 kWh)

HEAT GAIN THROUGH INTERNAL GAIN:

Qi = (No. of people × heat output rate) + heat output of lamp

No. of Assumed Activity Rate of heat Total heat Number of hours Cooling load
People Throughout production (kW) production (kW) of in house (kWh) per day
4 ppl
4 Resting 0.080 0.320 12 3.84

Heat from Lights:

Regular Electrical Heat (KW) Hours of usage No. of elements Cooling load
Elements (kWh) per day
Florescent Tube 0.092 6 5 2.76
lights
CFL Lamps 0.012 2 4 0.096

Total cooling load for internal gain= 3.94 kWh

Total Heat transfer in building:

QT = Q c + Q s + Q v + Q i
= 22.109 + 2.559 + 2.975 + 3.94
= 31.5 kWh per day

Approximatly 31.5 kWh of heat is transferred inside the building – cooling load of the building.
 Prashanthini Rajagopal
201117010
Using the cooling load, the tonnage required must be calculated.
Heat dissipated by 1.5 ton split a/c = 3.5 kW
Tonnage required to dissipate 31.5 kW = approx. 9
Five star 1.5 ton split a/c electricity consumption= 0.9 kW
A total of 9 tonnage electricity consumotion= 5.4 kW

Number of hours of usage per day= 5 hrs

Number of days of the period of 1 year to be in use= 245 (use of temperature data)

Total Annual energy consumption = 5.4 kW x 5 x 245 = 5292 kWh

ELECTRICITY LOAD OF APPLIANCES USED IN THE HOUSE:

Household Appliance Load (kW) Number of hours of Total load (kWh)

usage per day
TV 0.250 3 0.75
Refrigerator 0.120 24 2.88
Washing machine 2.5 1 2.5
Vaccuum Cleaner 0.800 1 0.8
TOTAL 6.93

Regular Electrical Load (kW) No. of elements Number of hours of Total Load (kWh)
Elements usage per day
Florescent Tube lights 0.100 5 6 3
CFL Lamps 0.025 4 2 0.2
Ceiling Fans 0.050 7 12 4.2
TOTAL 7.4
TOTAL APPLIANCE LOAD per day= 14.33kWh

TOTAL APPLIANCE LOAD ANNUALLY= 14.44 X 365

= 5270 kWh

TOTAL ELECTRICITY LOAD ANNUALLY = LOAD FROM AIR CONDITIONING + APPLIANCES LOAD
= 5292 kWh + 5270 kWh
= 10,562 kWh

OPERATING ENERGY OF THE BUILDING:

ANNUAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION 10562 kWh

ESTIMATED LIFE SPAN OF THE BUILDING 60 yrs
OPERATING ENERGY ( ANNUAL CONSUMPTION X LIFE SPAN OF BUILDING) 633,720 kWh

Hence, the total operating energy of the building is approximately 6.3lakh kWh