SCHAUM’S SOLVED PROBLEMS SERIES 2500 soxven rropLeMs IN FLUID Be Ee HYDRAULICS Revised First Edition Learn the best strategies for solving tough problems in step-by-step detail. Prepare effectively for exams and save time in doing homework problems. Choose from the largest selection of solved problems yet published on this subject. Use the index to quickly locate the types of problems you most need help with. Save this book for reference in other courses and even for your professional library. c JACK B. EVETT / CHENG LIUSCHAUM’S SOLVED PROBLEMS SERIES 2500 SOLVED PROBLEMS IN FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICSJ Jack B, Evett, Ph.D., Professor of Civil Engineering, and Cheng Liu, MS., Associate Professor of Civil Engineering Technology, both at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Both authors have extensive teaching experience in the domain of fluid mechanics and hydraulics. They are coauthors of a textbook in fuid ‘mechanics for the McGraw-Hill College Division, Project supervision by The Total Book Cover design by Wanda Siediecka. Index by Hugh C. Maddocks, Ph.D. Library of Congress Catalogingrin-Publication Data Evett, Jack B. 2500 solved problems in fluid mechanics and hydraulics / by Jack B. Evett, Cheng Liv. Pp. cm. — (Schaum's solved problems series) ISBN 0.07-01973-0 1. Fluid mechanies— Problems, exercises, ete. 2. Hydraulics Problems, exercises, ete. I. Liu, Cheng, IL Title IIL, Title: Twenty-five hundred solved problems in fluid mechanics and hydraulics. LV. Series. TAISTALES4 1988 620.1'061076 de 19 88-13373, cP. 34567890SHP/SHP 9321 ISBN 0-07-019784-5 (Formerly published under ISBN 0-07-019783-0) Copyright © 1989 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.CONTENTS To the Student List of Abbreviations List of Conversion Factors Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 1 2 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 ‘Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 (Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 (Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS FLUID STATICS FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREAS DAMS FORCES ON SUBMERGED CURVED AREAS BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS SERIES PIPELINE SYSTEMS PARALLEL PIPELINE SYSTEMS BRANCHING PIPELINE SYSTEMS PIPE NETWORKS FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS FLOOD ROUTING FLOW OF COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS FLOW MEASUREMENT DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILITUDE UNSTEADY FLOW PUMPS AND FANS ‘TURBINES HYDRAULIC AND ENERGY GRADE LINES Ra Bk 38 8 & &iv 0 CONTENTS Chapter 23 FORCES DEVELOPED BY FLUIDS IN MOTION Chapter 24 DYNAMIC DRAG AND LIFT Chapter 25 BASIC HYDRODYNAMICS Appendix: Index 684 709To the Student This book contains precisely 2500 completely solved problems in the areas of fluid mechanics and hydraulics. Virtually all types of problems ordinarily encountered in study and practice in these areas are covered. Not only you, but teachers, practitioners, and graduates. reviewing, for engineering licensing examinations should find these problems valuable. To acquaint you with our “approach,” particular steps taken in presenting the problems and their solutions are itemized below. + First and most important of all, each problem and its solution are essentially independent and self-contained. That is to say, each contains all the data, equations, and computations necessary to find the answers. Thus, you should be able to pick a problem anywhere and follow its solution without having to review whatever precedes it. The exception to this is the occasional problem that specifically refers to, and carries over information from, a previous problem. + In the solutions, our objective has been to present any needed equation first and then clearly t0 evaluate each term in the equation in order to find the answer. The terms may be evaluated separately or within the equation itself. For example, when solving an equa- tion that has the parameter “area” as one of its terms, the area term (A) may be ev. uated separately and its value substituted into the equation [as in Prob. 14.209], or it may be evaluated within the equation itself [as in Prob. 14.94) + Virtually every number appearing in a solution is cither “given” information (appearing as data in the statement of the problem or on an accompanying illustration), a previously computed value within the problem, a conversion factor (obtainable from the List of Con- version Factors), or a physical property (obtainable from a table or illustration in the Appendix). For example, in Prob. 1.77, the number 1.49, which does not appear elsewhere in the problem, is the dynamic viscosity (1) of glycerin; it was obtained from Table A-3 in the Appendix. + We have tried to include all but the most familiar items in the List of Abbreviations and Symbols. Hence, when an unknown sign is encountered in a problem or its solution, a scan Of that list should prove helpful. Thus, the infrequently used symbol y is encountered in Prob. 25.6. According to the list, y represents the stream function, and you are quickly on your way to a solution. Every problem solution in this book has been checked, but, with 2500 in all, it is in- evitable that some mistakes will slip through. We would appreciate it if you would take the time to communicate any mistakes you find to us, so that they may be corrected in future printings. We wish to thank Bill Langley, of The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, who assisted us with some of the problem selection and preparabs a (alpha) atm ‘atmos B (beta) bhp Btu or cB c eal ob. G G & g & cf eg. or CG G c. ° ep. @ ‘ G a D Abbreviations and Symbols acceleration or area area absolute angle between absolute velocity of fiuid in hydraulic machine and linear velocity of a point on & rotating body or coefficient of thermal expansion or dimensionless ratio of similitude atmosphere atmospheric angle between relative velocity in hydraulic machines and linear velocity of a point on a rotating body or coeficient of compressibility or ratio of obstruction diameter to duct diameter surface width or other width surface width or other width brake horsepower brake power British thermal unit speed of sound or wave speed (celerity) Celsius or discharge coefficient or speed of propagation, calorie center of buoyancy coefficient of contraction coefficient of discharge drag coefficient friction-drag coefficient {force coefficient ‘cubic foot per second center of gravity Pitot tube coefficient lift coefcient centimeter (10°? m) centipoise center of pressure specific heat at constant pressure specific heat at constant volume coefficient of velocity weir coefficient depth or diameter depth or diameter or drag force thickness of boundary layer thickness ofthe viscous sublayer change in (or difference between) critical depth effective diameter hydraulic diameter mean depth normal depth normal depth ‘modulus of elasticity or specific energy or velocity approach factor hydraulic efficiency elevation ump or turbine efficiency height or surface roughness ‘pump energy turbine,energy exponential frequency of oscillation (cycles per second) or friction factor vilvii 0 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS F Fahrenheit or force R buoyant force fo drag force be horizontal force E lift force fps foot per second FS. factor of safety fe foot i uplift force on a dam K vertical force t acceleration due to gravity or gage height or gram G weight flow rate al gallon (gamma) specific (or unit) weight (Gamma) circulation GN siganewton (10° N) GPa sigapascal (10° Pa) pm gallons per minute h enthalpy per unit mass or height or depth or pressure head or hour fi average height or depth or head fi centhalpy per unit weight H energy head or total energy head hy ‘unit head loss hy vertical depth to center of gravity he vertical depth to center of pressure hy head loss due to friction Hg mercury HGL hydraulic grade line he total head loss bin head loss due to minor losses hp horsepower He, hertz (cycles per second) 1 inflow or moment of inertia 1D inside diameter in inch (infinity) sometimes used as a subscript to indicate upstream J joule kK bulk modulus of elasticity or Kelvin or minor loss coefficient k specific heat ratio eal Kilocalorie (10° cal) kg kilogram (10g) w joule (10°3) km meter (10° m) AN kKilonewton (10° N) kPa kilopascal (10° Pa) kw kilowatt (10° W) L length or lft force or liter A (lambda) model ratio or wave length pound be pound mass L equivalent length L linear dimension in model L linear dimension in prototype m mass or meter th mass flow rate M ‘mass flow rate or molecular weight or moment or torque MB distance from center of buoyancy to metacenter mbar millibar (10"" bar) me metacenter mgd million gallons per day