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MA8151 - MATHEMATICS - I - by WWW - LearnEngineering.in PDF
MA8151 - MATHEMATICS - I - by WWW - LearnEngineering.in PDF
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FORMULA SHEET
n
g.i
Functions:
Let X and Y be two non-empty sets. If there is a rule ‘f’ which associates to every element x X , a
rin
unique element y Y , then such a rule ‘f’ is known as a function or mapping from the set X to the set Y.
ee
If x X is associated to an element of y Y , then y is called image of f and x is called the pre-image
of y under f. We write it as y f x .
gin
The set X is called the domain of f and Y is called the co-domain of f. The set of all images under f is
called the range of f and is denoted by f X .
en
rn
If a function f satisfies f x f x for every number x in its domain, then f is called an even
ea
function.
L
If f satisfies f x f x for every number x in its domain, then f is called an odd function.
w.
ww
Note: Increasing and decreasing functions are also called Monotonic functions.
Limit of a function:
A function f x is said to tend to l as x tends to a from right if to each 0 , there exists 0 such
n
that x a, a , f x l and we write lim f x l
x a
g.i
A function f x is said to tend to l as x tends to a from left if to each 0 , there exists 0 such
rin
that x a , a , f x l and we write lim f x l .
x a
Limit Laws: ee
gin
Suppose that c is a constant and the limits lim f x and lim g x exist. Then
x a x a
(i)
x a x a x a
(ii)
x a x a
ea
f x lim f x
(iv) lim x a
if lim g x 0
w.
x a g x g x x a
limx a
ww
Continuity:
(iii) lim f x f a
x a
Note:
If f x and g x are continuous at ‘a’ and c is constant, then the following functions are also
n
continuous at ‘a’:
g.i
f x
(i) f x g x (ii) cf x (iii) f x g x (iv) , g x 0
g x
rin
Note:
ee
The following types of functions are continuous at every number in their domain:
gin
(i) Polynomials (ii) Rational functions (iii) Root functions (iv) Trigonometric functions
(v) Inverse trigonometric functions (vi) Exponential functions (vii) Logarithmic functions.
en
Suppose that f x is continuous on the closed interval a, b and let N be any number between
f a and f b , where f a f b , then there exists a number c in a, b such that f c N .
L ea
Tangent line:
w.
The tangent line to the curve y f x at the point P a, f a is the line through P with slope
f x f a
m lim
ww
Derivatives:
f a h f a
The derivative of a function f x at a number a denoted by f ' a is f a lim
' if
h 0 h
this limit exists.
d
(i) Derivative of a constant: c 0
dx
n
(iv) The sum and difference rule:
g.i
If f x and g x are both differentiable, then
d d d
f x g x f x g x
dx dx dx
rin
(v) Derivative of the natural exponential function:
d x
dx
e ex
dx dx dx
d d
g x f x f x g x
L
d f x dx dx
dx g x g x
2
w.
d d d
sin x cos x cos x sin x tan x sec2 x
dx dx dx
d d d
sec x sec x.tan x cos ec x cos ec x.cot x cot x cos ec2 x
dx dx dx
d
sin x 1
1 d
cos 1 x
1 d
tan 1 x
1
1 x2
dx 1 x2 dx 1 x2 dx
d
sec1 x
1 d
cos ec 1 x
1 d
cot 1 x
1
1 x2
dx x x2 1 dx x x2 1 dx
n
d 1 d 1
g.i
loge x , logb x
dx x dx x log b
rin
(xi) Derivative of Hyperbolic functions:
d d d
sinh x cosh x cosh x sinh x tanh x sech 2 x
dx
d
dx
ee
cos ec h x cos ec h x.coth x
d
dx
sech x sec hx.tanh x
gin
dx dx
d
coth x cos ech 2 x
dx
en
rn
Note:
A critical number of a function f is a number c in the domain of f such that either f ' c 0 or
Fermat’s theorem:
n
If f has a local maximum or minimum at c, and if f ' c exists, then f ' c 0 .
g.i
rin
The closed interval method:
To find the absolute maximum and minimum values of a continuous function f on a closed
interval a, b : ee
gin
(i) Find the values of f at the critical numbers of f in a, b
(iii) The largest of the values from steps (i) and (ii) is the absolute maximum value, and the smallest
rn
(i) If f ' x changes from positive to negative at c, then f x has a local maximum at c
(ii) If f ' x changes from negative to positive at c, then f x has a local minimum at c.
(iii) If f ' x has no sign change at c, then f x has no local maximum or minimum at c.
n
Concave upward and concave downward:
g.i
If the graph of f lies above all of its tangents on an interval I, then it is called concave upward on I.
If the graph of f lies below all of its tangents on I, it is called concave downward on I.
rin
Inflection point:
ee
A point P on a curve y f x is called an inflection point if f is continuous there and the curve
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changes from concave upward to concave downward or from concave downward to concave upward at P.
en
Concavity test:
(i)
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n
General Solution y ( x) = A cos x + B sin x
y′( x) = − A sin x + B cos x
g.i
y (0) = 2 ⇒ y (0) = A cos 0 + B sin 0
⇒2= A
rin
y′(0) = − A sin 0 + B cos 0
⇒3= B
2.
Hence y ( x) = 2 cos x + 3sin x
(
Solve D 3 + D 2 + 4 D + 4 y = 0 ) ee
gin
Solution: The A.E. is m3 + m2 + 4m + 4 = 0
m 2 ( m + 1) + 4 ( m + 1) = 0
en
( m2 + 4) ( m + 1) = 0
rn
m 2 = −4, m = −1 m = ±2i, m = −1
m1 = 1, m2 = 2i m3 = −2i
ea
∵ R.H .S . = 0, ∴P.I . = 0
w.
y = C .F . + P .I . ∴ y = Ae − x + ( B cos 2 x + C sin 2 x )
d2 y dy
ww
3. Solve −5 −6y = 0
2 dx
dx
(
Solution: Given D 2 − 5 D − 6 y = 0 )
The Auxiliary equation (A.E) is m 2 − 5m − 6 = 0
(m − 6)(m + 1) = 0
The roots are real and distinct.
m = −1, 6
Complementary function is (C.F) = Aem1x + Bem2 x = Ae− x + Be6 x ,
Since R.H .S = 0 ∴ P.I . = 0
y = C .F . + P .I .
Page No: 1
−x 6x
∴ The general solution is y = Ae + Be
4. Solve 4 y′′ + 12 y′ + 9 y = 0
(
Solution: Given 4 D 2 + 12 D + 9 y = 0 )
The Auxiliary equation (A.E) is 4m2 + 12m + 9 = 0
−3
(2 m + 3) 2 = 0 ⇒ m = The roots are real and equal.
2
−3
x
Complementary function is (C.F) = ( A + Bx)emx = ( A + Bx)e 2 ,
Since R.H .S = 0 ∴ P.I . = 0
n
y = C .F . + P .I .
g.i
−3
x
∴ The general solution is y = ( A + Bx)e 2
rin
d2y dy
5. Solve 2
−6 + 13 y = 0
dx dx
(
Solution: Given D 2 − 6 D + 13 y = 0 ) ee
gin
The Auxiliary equation (A.E) is m2 − 6m + 13 = 0
− ( − 6) ± ( − 6 )2 − 4 (1)(13) 6 ± −16 6 ± 4i
en
m= = =
2 (1) 2 2
m = 3 ± 2i (α ± i β )
rn
∴ y = e3 x ( A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x )
w.
6. (
Find the Particular Integral of D 2 + 2 D + 2 y = sinh x )
ww
1 1 e x − e− x e x − e− x
Solution: P.I. = sinh x = ∵ sinh x =
D2 + 2D + 2 D 2 + 2 D + 2 2 2
1 1 1 −x 1 ex e− x
= e x
− e = −
2 D 2 + 2 D + 2 D2 + 2D + 2 2 12 + 2 (1) + 2 ( −1)2 + 2 ( −1) + 2
1 ex
∴ P.I. = − e− x
2 5
Page No: 2
7. (
Find the Particular Integral of D 2 + 3 y = sin 3 x )
1
Solution: P.I =
D +32
sin 3 x ( D 2 = − a 2 = −9 )
sin 3x
=
−9 + 3
− sin 3 x
∴ P.I . =
6
8. (
Find the Particular integral of D 2 + 6 y = sin x cos x )
n
1 sin 2 x
g.i
Solution: P.I . = 2
sin x cos x ∵ sin 2 x = 2sin x cos x ⇒ sin x cos x =
D +6 2
1 sin 2 x
= D 2 = − 22 ( ( ))
rin
2 −4 + 6
1 sin 2 x sin 2 x
= ∴ P.I =
9.
2 2 4
ee (
Find the Particular integral of D 2 + 4 D + 4 y = e −2 x x )
gin
e−2 x x x 1 1 −2 x x
2
D∫ ∫ 2 dx
Solution: P.I = = e −2 x = e −2 x ( x ) = e −2 x x dx = e
( D + 2) 2 (( D − 2) + 2) 2 D2
en
e −2 x x 3
∴ P.I =
6
rn
−1
1 2 1 D2 x2
x2
L
Solution: P.I . = x = = 1 +
2 + D2 D2 2 2
2 1 +
w.
2
1 D2 D4
∵ (1 + x ) −1 = 1 − x + x 2 − ⋯
ww
= 1 − + − ⋯ x 2
2
2 4
2 2
( )
1 D2 2 1 2 D x
= 1 − x = x − (Omitting Higher terms of D2 )
2 2 2 2
1 2 D (2x ) 1 2
= x − ∴ P.I = x − 1
2 2 2
11. ( )
Solve D 2 + 2 D + 2 y = e −2 x + cos 2 x
Solution:
Page No: 3
The A.E. is m2 + 2m + 2 = 0
−2 ± 4 − 8 −2 ± 2i
m= = = −1 ± i
2 2
C.F = e− x [ A cos x + B sin x]
1 1 e−2 x
P.I1 = e−2 x = e −2 x
=
D2 + 2 D + 2 4−4+2 2
1 1 1
P.I 2 = 2 cos 2 x = cos 2 x = cos 2 x
D + 2D + 2 −4 + 2 D + 2 2D − 2
1 2D + 2 2D + 2 −4sin 2 x + 2 cos 2 x
= cos 2 x = 2
cos 2 x =
2D − 2 2D + 2 4D − 4 −20
n
cos 2 x − 2sin 2 x
g.i
P.I 2 =
−10
y = C.F + P.I1 + P.I 2
rin
e −2 x cos 2 x − 2sin 2 x
y = e− x [ A cos x + B sin x ] + −
2 10
12. ( )
Solve D 2 − 4 D + 4 y = e 2 x + x 2 ee
gin
Solution:
The A.E. is m2 − 4m + 4 = 0
( m − 2 )2 = 0
en
m = 2, 2
C .F . = ( Ax + B ) e 2 x
rn
1
P.I1 = e2 x
ea
2
D − 4D + 4
1 1 1 2 x x2 2 x
= e2 x = x e2 x = x e =
L
e
4−8+ 4 2D − 4 4−4 2
w.
−1
1 2 1 21 D2 − 4D 2
P.I 2 = 2 x = x = 1 + x
D − 4D + 4 D − 4D
2 4 4
4 1 +
ww
4
2
1 D2 − 4D D2 − 4D 2 1 D2 D 4 + 16 D 2 − 8 D 3 2
= 1− + − ⋯ x = 1 − + D + − ⋯ x
4 4
4
4
4 16
1 D2 2 2 1 3D 2 2 1 2 3
= 1 + D − + D x = 1 + D + x = x + 2x +
4 4
4 4 4 2
P.I = P.I1 + P.I 2
2x x2 2 x 1 2 3
∴ y = ( Ax + B ) e + e + x + 2x +
2 4 2
Page No: 4
13. ( )
Solve D 2 − 3 D + 2 y = xe 3 x + sin 2 x
Solution:
The A.E. is m2 − 3m + 2 = 0
m = 1, 2
C .F . = Ae x + Be 2 x
1 1 1
P.I1 = 2 e3 x x = e3 x 2
x = e3 x 2 x
D − 3D + 2 ( D + 3) − 3 ( D + 3) + 2 D + 6 D + 9 − 3D − 9 + 2
−1
3x 1 e3 x 1 e3 x D 2 + 3 D
=e x= x= 1 + x
n
D 2 + 3D + 2 2 D 2 + 3D 2 2
1 +
g.i
2
e3 x D 2 + 3D e3 x 3
rin
= 1 −
+ x = x −
2
⋯
2 2 2
P.I 2 =
D 2 − 3D + 2
1 1
sin 2 x =
−4 − 3 D + 2
sin ee
2 x =
1 −2 + 3 D
−2 − 3D −2 + 3D
sin 2 x
gin
−2 + 3D − sin 2 x + 3cos 2 x
= 2
sin 2 x =
4 − 9D 20
en
∴ y = Ae + Be + x − 2 +
2 20
( )
Solve D 2 + 2 D + 1 y = xe − x cos x
ea
14.
L
Solution:
(
Given D 2 + 2 D + 2 y = 0 )
w.
( m + 1)( m + 1) = 0
m1 = −1, m2 = −1 The roots are real and equal.
Complementary function is (C.F) = ( Ax + B)emx = ( Ax + B)e− x
Page No: 5
1 1 1
P.I1 = 2
xe− x cos x = e− x 2
x cos x = e− x x cos x
( D + 1) ( D − 1 + 1) D2
1 1
= e− x
D ∫ x cos x dx = e− x [ x sin x + cos x ]
D
= e− x ∫ [ x sin x + cos x ] dx
n
Cauchy’s homogeneous linear differential equation.
dny d n −1 y d n−2 y
g.i
a0 x n + a1x n −1 + a2 x n − 2 + ... + a n y = f ( x )
dx n dx n −1 dx n − 2
rin
where a0, a1 , a2 ,..., a n areconstants .
d
Procedure: Let x = e z , z = log x, xD = θ , x 2 D 2 = θ (θ − 1) ,...where θ =
dz
d2 y dy
ee
gin
2
15. Solve x − 2x − 4 y = log x
dx 2 dx
(
Solution: x 2 D 2 − 2 xD − 4 y = log x )
en
Put x = e z ⇒ log x = z
rn
xD = θ
x 2 D 2 = θ (θ − 1)
ea
(1) ⇒ θ (θ − 1) − 2θ − 4 y = e z
L
θ 2 − 3θ − 4 y = e z
w.
The A.E. is
m2 − 3m − 4 = 0
ww
(m − 4)(m + 1) = 0
m = 4, − 1
C .F . = e 4 z + e − z
−1
1 1 −1 θ 2 − 3θ
P.I . = 2 z= z = 1 − z
θ − 3θ − 4 θ 2 − 3θ 4 4
−4 + 1
−4
−1 θ 2 − 3θ
= 1 + + ... z
4 4
Page No: 6
−1 θ 2 ( z ) − 3θ ( z )
= z + + ...
4 4
−1 0 − 3(1) − (4 z − 3)
= z + + ... =
4 4 16
(4 z − 3)
∴ y = C.F + P.I = e4 z + e− z −
16
(4log x − 3)
y = Ax4 + Bx−1 −
16
16. ( )
Solve x 2 D 2 − 3 xD + 4 y = x 2 cos ( log x )
n
Solution: Put x = e z ⇒ log x = z
g.i
xD = D '
x D 2 = D ' ( D ' − 1)
2
rin
(1) ⇒ D ' ( D ' − 1) − 3 D ' + 4 y = e 2 z cos z
D ' 2 − 4 D ' + 4 y = e2 z cos z
2
D ' − 2 y = e 2 z cos z
ee
gin
The A.E. is
( m − 2 )2 = 0 m = 2, 2
en
C .F . = ( Az + B ) e 2 z
1 1 1
P.I . = e 2 z cos z = e 2 z cos z = e 2 z ( − sin z ) = −e2 z cos z
rn
( D ' − 2)
2
D' 2 D'
17. (
Solve x 2 D 2 − xD + 1 y = π + log x )
L
(
Solution: x 2 D 2 − xD + 1 y = π + log x ) (1)
w.
Put x = e z ⇒ log x = z
xD = D '
ww
x D 2 = D ' ( D ' − 1)
2
Page No: 7
1 1 1 1 1 1 z 2e z
P.I . = ( )
π e0 z + e z = π e0 z + e z =π + z
2 D '−1
e z = π + ze z = π + z 2e z = π +
0 2
( D ' −1)2 1 0 2
z 2e z 1 2
∴ y = C.F + P.I = ( Az + B ) e + π + = ( A log x + B ) x + π + [ log x] x
z
2 2
18. (
Solve x 2 D 2 − xD − 2 y = x 2 log x )
Solution:
Put x = e z ⇒ log x = z
xD = θ
x 2 D 2 = θ (θ − 1)
n
(1) ⇒ θ (θ − 1) − θ − 2 y = e 2 z z
g.i
θ 2 − 2θ − 2 y = e 2 z z
rin
The Auxiliary equation (A.E) is
m2 − 2m − 2 = 0
m=
2± 4+8 2± 2 3
2
=
2
= 1± 3 ee
gin
m = 1 + 3,1 − 3
C.F = Ae
(1+ 3 ) z + Be(1− 3 ) z
en
1 1
P.I1 = ze2 z = e 2 z z
θ 2
− 2θ − 2 (θ + 2) 2
− 2(θ + 2) − 2
rn
−1
1 e2 z θ 2 + 2θ
ea
2z
=e z = 1 − z
θ 2
+ 2θ − 2 −2 2
L
e2 z e2 z
= 1 +θ z =
[ z + 1]
−2 −2
w.
(1+ 3 ) z (1− 3 ) z e2 z
[ z + 1] , z = log x
ww
∴ y = C .F + P.I = Ae + Be −
2
(1+ 3 ) x2 (1− 3 )
y = Ax [ log x + 1]
+ Bx −
2
Legendre’s linear differential equation:
dny d n−1 y d n−2 y
A0 (a + bx) n + A1(a + bx)n −1 + A2 (a + bx)n − 2 + ... + A n y = f ( x)
dx n dx n −1 dx n −2
where A0 , A1, … ,a & b are constants.
Procedure:
Page No: 8
d
Let ax + b = e z , z = log( ax + b), ( ax + b) D = aθ , (ax + b)2 D 2 = a 2θ (θ − 1) ,...where θ =
dz
ez − b
⇒x=
a
2 d2y dy
19. Solve ( 1 + x ) 2
+ (1 + x ) + y = 2sin log ( 1 + x )
dx dx
Solution:
2
2 d y dy
(1 + x ) 2 + (1 + x ) + y = 2sin log (1 + x )
dx dx
n
Put 1 + x = e z
g.i
z = log (1 + x )
Then ( x + 1) D = D '
rin
( x + 1)2 D 2 = D ' ( D ' − 1)
∴ D ' ( D ' − 1) + D ' + 1 y = 2 sin z
ee
D ' 2 + 1 y = 2 sin z
gin
The A.E. is m 2 + 1 = 0
m = ±i
C .F . = A cos z + B sin z = A cos log (1 + x ) + B sin log (1 + x )
en
1 1 1
P.I . = 2sin z = 2 sin z = 2 sin z
D ' 2+ 1 D ' 2+ 1 −1 + 1
rn
1 1
= 2z sin z = z sin z = z ( − cos z ) = − log (1 + x ) cos log (1 + x )
2D ' D'
ea
∴ y = C.F . + P.I
= A cos log (1 + x ) + B sin log (1 + x ) − log (1 + x ) cos log (1 + x )
L
2
20. Solve ( 3 x + 2 ) y ′′ + 3 ( 3 x + 2 ) y ′ − 36 y = 3 x 2 + 4 x + 1
w.
Solution:
Given ( 3 x + 2 ) 2 y ′′ + 3 ( 3 x + 2 ) y ′ − 36 y = 3 x 2 + 4 x + 1
ww
Put 3x + 2 = e z ⇒ log ( 3 x + 2 ) = z
ez 2
x= −
3 3
Let ( 3x + 2 ) D = 3D '
( 3 x + 2 )2 D 2 = 9 D ' ( D ' − 1)
2
ez 2 ez 2
9 D ' ( D ' − 1) + 3 ( 3D ' ) − 36 y = 3 − + 4 − + 1
3 3 3 3
Page No: 9
2z
9 D ' 2 − 9 D '+ 9 D '− 36 y = 3 e + 4 − 4 e z + 4 e z − 8 + 1
9 9 9 3 3
2z
9 D ' 2 − 36 y = e − 1
3 3
D ' 2 − 4 y = 1 e2 z − 1
27 27
2
The A.E. is m − 4 = 0
m = ±2
2 −2
C .F . = Ae 2 z + Be −2 z = A ( 3 x + 2 ) + B ( 3 x + 2 )
e2 z 1 1 2 z z e2 z ze 2 z log ( 3 x + 2 )
n
1 1 1 2z
P.I1 = = e = z e = = = ( 3 x + 2 )2
2
D ' − 4 27 27 4 − 4 27 2 D ' 54 2 108 108
g.i
1 e0 z 1
P.I 2 = = −
D ' 2 − 4 27
rin
108
2 −2 log ( 3x + 2 ) 1
y = C.F + P.I1 − P.I 2 = A ( 3x + 2 ) + B ( 3x + 2 ) + ( 3 x + 2 )2 +
108 108
21. Solve
dx
dt
+ 5x − 2 y = t,
dy
dt
ee
+ 2 x + y = 0 given that x = y = 0 when t = 0
gin
Solution:
The given equation can be written as
en
( 2 ) × ( D + 5) ⇒ 2 ( D + 5 ) x + ( D + 1)( D + 5 ) y = 0
ea
__________________________
( ( D + 1)( D + 5) + 4 ) y = −2t
L
(D 2
)
+ 6 D + 9 y = −2t
w.
A.E is
ww
m 2 + 6m + 9 = 0
m = −3, −3
∴ C.F = ( At + B )e −3t
1
P.I = 2 (−2t )
D + 6D + 9
−1
−2 D 2 + 6 D
= 1+ (t )
9 9
Page No: 10
−2 D 2 + 6 D −2 2
= 1 − (t ) = t−
9 9
9 3
∴ y = C.F + P.I
2 2
y = ( At + B )e−3t − t −
9 3
eqn (2) =>
dy
2x = − −y
dt
dy 2
= −3( At + B )e −3t + Ae−3t −
dt 9
n
2 2 2
g.i
2 x = 3( At + B )e −3t − Ae −3t + − ( At + B )e−3t + t −
9 9 3
2 2
= 2( At + B )e−3t − Ae−3t +
rin
+ t
27 9
A 1 1
x = ( At + B )e −3t − e −3t + + t
x = 0 when t = 0
2 27 9
ee
gin
A 1
=> B − + =0
2 27
y = 0 when t = 0
en
4
=> B + =0
27
rn
4 2
B=− , A=−
27 9
ea
2 4 1 1 1
∴ x = − t + e−3t + e−3t + t +
9 27 9 9 27
L
2 4 2 4
y = − t + e−3t − t +
9 27
w.
9 27
ww
dx dy
22. Solve − y = t, + x = t2
dt dt
Solution:
Dx − y = t..............(1)
x + Dy = t 2 ..........(2)
(1) × D ⇒ D 2 x − Dy = 1...........(3)
(2) ⇒ x + Dy = t 2 ..............(4)
( )
(3) + (4) ⇒ D 2 + 1 x = 1 + t 2
Page No: 11
n
(1) ⇒ y = Dx − t
g.i
= D A cos t + B sin t + t 2 − 1 − t
d
= A cos t + B sin t + t 2 − 1 − t
rin
dt
y = − A sin t + B cos t + 2t − t
23. Solve
dx
+ 2 y = − sin t ,
dy ee
− 2 x = cos t
gin
dt dt
Solution:
Dx + 2 y = − sin t..............(1)
en
−2 x + Dy = cos t..........(2)
(1) × 2 ⇒ 2 Dx + 4 y = −2sin t...........(3)
rn
( )
(3) + (4) ⇒ D 2 + 4 y = −3sin t...............( A)
ea
The A.E. = m2 + 4 = 0
L
m = ±2i
C.F = A cos 2t + B sin 2t
w.
1 −3
P.I . = 2 ( −3sin t ) = sin t = − sin t
D +4 −1 + 4
ww
Page No: 12
( D − 7 ) x + y = 0..............(1)
−2 x + ( D − 5) y = 0..........(2)
(1) × 2 ⇒ 2 ( D − 7 ) x + 2 y = 0...........(3)
(2) × ( D − 7 ) ⇒ − 2 ( D − 7 ) x + ( D − 5 )( D − 7 ) y = 0..............(4)
(
(3) + (4) ⇒ D 2 − 12 D + 37 y = 0 )
A.E. is m2 − 12m + 37 = 0
m 2 − 12m + 36 + 1 = 0
( m − 6 )2 + 1 = 0
n
( m − 6 ) 2 = −1
g.i
m = 6±i
6t
∴ y=e ( A cos t + B sin t )
rin
(2) ⇒ −2 x = − ( D − 5 ) y
1 5
x= Dy − y
2
1 6t
2
2
ee 2
5
= e ( − A sin t + B cos t ) + 6e6t ( A cos t + B sin t ) − e6t ( A cos t + B sin t )
gin
1
x = ( A + B ) e6t cos t + ( B − A ) e6t sin t
2
dx dy
en
25. Solve + 2 x + 3 y = 0, 3 x + + 2 y = 2e 2t
dt dt
rn
Solution:
The given equation can be written as
ea
Page No: 13
(1) × ( D + 2 ) ⇒ ( D + 2 )2 x + 3 ( D + 2 ) y = 0...........(3)
( 2)×3 ⇒ 9 x + 3 ( D + 2 ) y = 6e 2t ..............(4)
(
(3) − (4) ⇒ D 2 + 4 D − 5 x = − 6e2t )
A.E is
2
m + 4m − 5 = 0
m = 1, −5
∴ C.F = Aet + Be −5t
1
P.I = ( − 6e 2 t )
n
2
D + 4D − 5
g.i
−6 2t
P.I = e
7
rin
∴ x = C.F + P.I
6
x = Aet + Be−5t − e 2t
7
ee
gin
eqn (1) =>
dx
3y = − − 2x
dt
en
−1 dx
y = + 2x
3 dt
rn
−1 t −5t 12 2t t −5t 12 2t
= Ae − 5 Be − e + 2 Ae + 2 Be − e
3 7 7
ea
−1 24
= 3 Aet − 3Be−5t − e 2t
3
L
7
8
y = − Aet + Be−5t + e2t
w.
7
Method of Variation of Parameters:
ww
P.I . = P f1 + Q f2
− f2 R f1R
where P = ∫ dx ; Q = ∫ dx
f1 f 2' − f1' f 2 f1 f 2' − f1' f 2
d2 y
26. Solve + y = tan x by Method of Variation of Parameters.
dx 2
Solution:
( )
Given D 2 + 1 y = tan x
Page No: 14
The A.E. is m 2 + 1 = 0
m = ±i
C .F . = A cos x + B sin x
f1 = cos x, f 2 = sin x
f1 ' = − sin x , f 2 ' = cos x
f1 f 2 '− f1 ' f 2 = cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 1
f2 X sin x tan x sin 2 x 1 − cos 2 x
P = −∫ dx = − ∫ dx = − ∫ dx = − ∫ dx
f1 f 2 '− f1 ' f 2 1 cos x cos x
= − ∫ ( sec x − cos x ) dx = − log ( sec x + tan x ) + sin x
n
f1 X cos x tan x
Q=∫ dx = ∫ dx = ∫ sin x dx = − cos x
f1 f 2 '− f1 ' f 2 1
g.i
P.I . = f1 P + f 2 Q = cos x − log ( sec x + tan x ) + sin x − sin x.cos x
y = A cos x + B sin x + cos x − log ( sec x + tan x ) + sin x − sin x.cos x
rin
d2 y
27. Solve by the Method of Variation of Parameters + y = x sin x
dx 2
Solution:
( )
Given D 2 + 1 y = x sin x
ee
gin
The A.E. is
m2 + 1 = 0
en
m = ±i
C.F . = c1 cos x + c2 sin x
rn
f1 = cos x, f 2 = sin x
f1 ' = − sin x , f 2 ' = cos x
ea
P = −∫ dx = − ∫ dx = − ∫ x sin 2 x dx = − ∫ x dx
f1 f 2 '− f1 ' f 2 1 2
w.
1 1 x 2 1 sin 2 x − cos 2 x
=−
2 ∫ ( x − x cos 2 x ) dx = − + x
2 2 2 2
− (1)
4
ww
x2 x 1
= − + sin 2 x + cos 2 x
4 4 8
f1 X cos x x sin x 1
Q=∫ dx = ∫ dx = ∫ x sin 2 x dx
f1 f 2 '− f1 ' f 2 1 2
1 − cos 2 x − sin 2 x x 1
= x − (1) = − cos 2 x + sin 2 x
2 2 4 4 8
Page No: 15
x2 x 1 x 1
P.I . = f1 P + f 2 Q = cos x − + sin 2 x + cos 2 x + sin x − cos 2 x + sin 2 x
4 4 8 4 8
x2 x 1 x 1
y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x + cos x − + sin 2 x + cos 2 x + sin x − cos 2 x + sin 2 x
4 4 8 4 8
d2y
28. Using method of variation of parameters, Solve + y = sec x
dx 2
Solution:
( )
Given D 2 + 1 y = tan x
n
The A.E. is m 2 + 1 = 0
g.i
m = ±i
C .F . = A cos x + B sin x
f1 = cos x, f 2 = sin x
rin
f1 ' = − sin x , f 2 ' = cos x
f1 f 2 '− f1 ' f 2 = cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 1
P = −∫
f2 X
f1 f 2 '− f1 ' f 2
ee
dx = − ∫
sin x sec x
1
dx = − ∫
sin x
cos x
dx = log(cos x)
gin
f1 X cos x sec x
Q=∫ dx = ∫ dx = ∫ dx = x
f1 f 2 '− f1 ' f 2 1
en
Solution:
Given y′′ + y′ − 2 y = x 2 ⋯ (1)
L
( )
i.e., D 2 + D − 2 y = x 2
w.
m = 1, − 2
m1 = 1, m2 = −2 The roots are real and distinct.
Complementary function is (C.F) = Ae m1x
+ Bem2 x = Ae x + Be −2 x ⋯ (2)
Page No: 16
n
−1
−2c1 = 1 ⇒ c1 =
g.i
2
−1
2c1 − 2c2 = 0 ⇒ c1 = c2 ⇒ c2 =
2
rin
−1 −1 −3
2c1 + c2 − 2c3 = 0 ⇒ 2 + − 2c3 = 0 ⇒ c3 =
2 2 4
−1 −1 −3
P.I . = y p = x 2 + x +
2 2 4
ee
gin
−1 −1 −3
General Solution is y = Ae x + Be−2 x + x 2 + x +
2 2 4
Solve by the Method of undetermined co-efficients y′′ − 4 y = xe x + cos 2 x
en
30.
Solution:
Given y′′ − 4 y = xe x + cos 2 x
rn
i.e., ( D 2 − 4) y = xe x + cos 2 x
ea
Auxiliary equation is m 2 − 4 = 0
m = ±2
L
C.F . = Ae2 x + Be −2 x
w.
Page No: 17
To find P.I.2:
Consider y′′ − 4 y = cos 2 x ⋯ (2)
Let y p2 ( x) = c3 cos 2 x + c4 sin 2 x
n
g.i
y 'p ( x) = −2c3 sin 2 x + 2c4 cos 2 x
2
''
y p ( x) = −4c3 cos 2 x − 4c4 sin 2 x
rin
2
(2) ⇒ −4c3 cos 2 x − 4c4 sin 2 x − 4(c3 cos 2 x + c4 sin 2 x) = cos 2 x
⇒ −8c3 cos 2 x − 8c4 sin 2 x = cos 2 x
Equating the co − efficients,
−1
ee
gin
−8c3 = 1 ⇒ c3 =
8
−8c4 = 0 ⇒ c4 = 0
−1
en
y p2 ( x) = cos 2 x
8
rn
(3 x + 2) x cos 2 x
General Solution is y = Ae2 x + Be −2 x − e −
9 8
ea
Given ( D 2 − 2 D ) y = e x sin x
w.
⇒ m(m − 2) = 0 ⇒ m = 0, 2
C.F . = Ae0 x + Be 2 x = A + Be 2 x
To find P.I.:
Page No: 18
n
−1
g.i
⇒ c2 = , c1 = 0
2
x
−1
rin
⇒ y p = e sin x)
2
−1
General Solution is y = A + Be2 x + e x sin x)
2
ee
gin
en
rn
L ea
w.
ww
Page No: 19
MA8151/ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS – I
INTRODUCTION
n
Integration can be defined as the reverse process of differentiation or as the limit of a sum. Let the
g.i
function f(x) be defined on a closed interval [a, b] and is piecewise continuous there. Then the Riemann
b
integral f (x )dx is defined as
rin
a
b n
f (x)dx Lim f (s ) (xi i x i 1 ) , where a = x0 < x1 < x2 < …<xn = b is a partition of [a, b] into closed
a
n
Max i 0 i 1
R V
continuous inside and on the boundary of the region R or V. One can also think of the multiple integral
in the n-dimensional space ℝ n, denoted by f ( x 1 , x 2 ,, x n ) dx 1 dx 2 dx n
rn
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
ea
Definition
Let f(x, y) be a continuous function in the closed and bounded region R in the two dimensional space ℝ2.
Let the region R be subdivided in any manner into n subregionsR1, R2, …,Rn of areas A1, A2, …,
L
An. Let ( i , i ) be any point in the ithsubregionRi. Then the double integralof f(x, y) over the region
w.
n
R is defined as Lim
n
f ( , ) A
i i i and is denoted by f (x, y) dA or f (x, y) dx dy
Max Ai 0 i 1
ww
R R
1. Area of a region.
n
If f(x, y) = 1 then dx dy Lim
n
A i A, the area of the region R.
R Max Ai 0 i 1
the xy-plane, and bounded by the cylinder 0 z f (x, y), (x, y) R ,the boundary of the region R.
3. Average.
1
A
f ( x, y) dx dy gives the average value of f(x, y) over R, where A is the area ofthe region R.
R
4. Centre of gravity.
Let f(x, y) = (x, y) be the density function (mass per unit area) of a distribution ofmass in the region R
in the xy-plane. Then
(i) M f ( x, y) dx dy gives the total mass of R.
R
1 1
(ii) x x.f ( x, y) dx dy, y y.f ( x, y) dx dy gives the coordinates of thecentre of gravity
n
M R M R
g.i
( x, y) of the mass M in R.
5.Moment of Inertia.
I x y 2 .f ( x, y) dx dy and I y x 2 .f ( x, y) dx dy gives the moment of inertia of themass M in R
rin
R R
about the x and y axes respectively. I0 = I x + Iy is the moment of inertiaof the mass about the origin.
one has to perform two successive integrations. We consider the following three cases.
R = { (x, y) / a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d }
ea
R is a rectangular region with sides parallel to the coordinate axes. For any fixed x [a, b], consider the
d
integral f (x, y) dy . The value of this integral is a function of x and hence can be integrated w.r.t x and
L
c
w.
b
d
we get a c f (x, y) dy dx (2).
ww
Here, we first integrate along the vertical strip PQ (Fig. 1.1) and then slide it from AD to BC parallel to
d b
the x-axis. Similarly we can define f ( x, y) dx dy (3)
c a
i.e., we first integrate along the horizontal strip PQ and then slide it from AB to DC, parallel to the y-
axis. The integrals (2) and (3) are called iterated integrals. Both the integrals give the same value.
Thus for double integrals over a rectangular region with sides parallel to the coordinate axes or
equivalently, for double integrals in which both pairs of limits are constants, it does not matter whether
we first integrate w.r.t x and then w.r.t y or vice versa.
n
R = {(x, y) / (y) ≤ x ≤ (y), c ≤ y ≤ d} where (y) and (y) are continuous functions such that
(y) ≤ (y) for all y [c, d]. (Fig. 5.3) Then
g.i
d (y)
I f ( x, y) dx dy (5)
x (y)
rin
y c
While evaluating the inner integral in (5), y is treated as a constant. The iterated integral in the right
d (y) d (y)
c f (x, y) dx dy or dy f (x, y) dx .
hand side of (5) can also be written as
ee (y) c (y)
gin
Y
en
d D Q C
rn
ea
P' Q'
L
w.
c A P B
ww
O a b X
Fig. 5.1
Y Y
y = (x)
d
R x = (y) R x = (y)
y = (x) c
X X
O a b O
n
Fig. 5.2 Fig. 5.3
g.i
If the region of integration R is such that it cannot be written in one of the forms discussed
rin
above, then we divide R into a finite number of subregions R 1 , R 2, …, R m such that each of these
subregions can be represented in one of the above forms and we get the double integral over R by adding
the integrals over these subregions.
m
Ri
i 1
ee
i.e., f ( x, y) dx dy f ( x, y) dx dy
(6)
gin
R
c (x) b (x)
f ( x, y) dy dx f ( x, y) dy dx
1 ( x ) 2 ( x )
rn
a c
ea
Y
y = (x)
L
w.
R1 R2
y = 1(x) y = 2(x)
ww
O a c b X
Figure 5.4
2 r2
(i) To evaluate the double integral f (r, ) dr d where r1 and r2 are functions of and 1, 2 are
1 r1
constants, we first integrate w.r.t r between the limits r = r 1 and r = r2 keeping fixed and the
resulting expression is integrated w.r.t from 1 to 2. The order of integration is changed when
1 and 2 are functions of r and r1, r 2 are constants.
(ii) The double integral in Cartesian coordinates I f ( x, y) dx dy, can be transformed into a
R
double integral in polar coordinates by substituting x = r cos, y = r sin and dx dy = r dr d.
n
Thus I f (r cos , r sin ) r dr d
g.i
R
Note: If A is the area of the region R enclosed by curves whose equations are in polar coordinates, then
A r dr d.
rin
R
In a double integral, if the limits of integration are constants, then the order of integration is
en
not important. One can integrate w.r.t x and then w.r.t y or vice versa. But in a double integral
with variable limits, the change of order of integration changes the limits of integration.
rn
1 2 x
1. Change the order of integration in x y dy dx and hence evaluate it (May 2012)
0 x2
SOLUTION:
From the limits of integration, it is clear that we have to integrate first with respect to y which
varies from y x 2 to y 2 x and then with respect to x which varies from x 0 to x 1 . The region
of integration is divided into vertical strips. For changing the order of integration, we divide the region of
integration into horizontal strips.
Solving y x 2 and y 2 x , the co-ordinates of A are 1,1 . Draw AM OY . The region of integration
n
is divided into two parts, OAM and MAB.
g.i
For the region OAM, x varies from 0 to y and y varies from 0 to 1. For the region MAB, x varies from 0
to 2 y and y varies from 1 to 2.
rin
1 2 x 1 y 2 2 y
xy dx dy xy dx dy xy dx dy
0 x2 0 0 1 0
ee
2 y
gin
y
1
x2 2
x2
y dy y dy
0
2 0 1
2 0
en
1 2
1 1
y 2 dy y 2 y dy
2
20 21
rn
1
1 y3 1
2
4 y 4 y 2 y 3 dy
ea
2 3 0 2 1
L
2
1 1 4 y3 y 4
2 y 2
w.
6 2 3 4 1
1 1 32 4 1
ww
8 4 2
6 2 3 3 4
1 2 x
3
xy dx dy
8
0 x2
3 4 y
2. Evaluate x y dx dy by changing the order of integration
0 1
SOLUTION:
x : 1 x 2
y: 0 y 4 x2
n
g.i
3 4 y 2 4 x2
x y dx dy x y dy dx
0 1 1 0
rin
4 x2
2
y2
xy dx
1
2 0
ee
2
gin
4 x2
2
0 0 dx ’
x 4 x
2
2
1
en
2
16 x 4 8 x 2
4 x x3 dx
2
rn
2
8 x 2 x3 16 x 4 8 x 2
ea
dx
1
2
L
2
1
x 4 2 x3 8 x 2 8 x 16 dx
w.
21
ww
2
1 x5 2 x 4 8 x3 8 x 2
16 x
2 5 4 3 2 1
1 32 16 64 1 1 8
16 32 4 16
2 5 2 3 5 2 3
1 31 15 56
12 16
2 5 2 3
3 4 y
241
x y dx dy 60
0 1
a a
x
3. Change the order of integration in x y2
2
dx dy and hence evaluate it
0 y
SOLUTION:
aa
x
Given x2 y 2 dx dy
n
0y
g.i
The limits for y varies from y 0 to y a and x varies from x y to x a .
rin
After changing the order of integration, the limits for
x:
y:
0 xa
0 y x
ee y
gin
aa
x
ax
x y=x
dx dy dy dx x=a
0y x2 y 2 00 x2 y 2 x=0
en
a y x
y y=0
tan 1 dx x
rn
x y0
0
ea
a a
tan 1 1 tan 1 0 dx 0 dx
0
0
4
L
a
w.
4
dx
4
x 0 a 0
a
4
0
ww
aa
x
x2 y 2 dx dy 4 a
0y
y y2
4. Change the order of integration in ye x dx dy and hence evaluate it.
0 0
SOLUTION:
x: 0 x y
y: x y
y=∞
y y2 y2
ye x dx dy ye x dy dx x=0
0 0 0 x x=y
n
g.i
y2
1
2y e x dy dx y=0 x
20 x
rin
y
2
1
e
2 0 x
x d y 2 dx
y2
ee
gin
e x y2
1
2 0
1
dx
1
2 0 2 0
xe x dx 1 0 xe x dx
x
x x
en
1 e x e x
1 1
xe x dx x 1
rn
x e x e x
20 2 1
12 0 2 0
ea
1
0 0 0 1
2
L
y2
w.
y
1
ye x dx dy
2
0 0
ww
a 2
b y2
b b
5. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate xy dx dy .
0 0
SOLUTION:
a 2
The region of integration is bounded by y 0 , y b , x 0 and x b y2
b
a 2
Here y varies from y 0 to y b and x varies from x 0 to x b y2
b
After changing the order of integration, the limits for
x: 0 xa
b 2
y: 0 y a x2
a
a 2 2 b 2 2
b y a x
b b a a y=b
xy dx dy xy dy dx
n
0 0 0 0
x=0
g.i
b
a2 x2 y=0
xy 2 a
a
dx
0
2 0
rin
b2 2
ax a x2
a
0
2
2
0 dx
ee
gin
a
b2 x2 x4
a
b2
a x x dx 2 a 2
2 3
en
2a 2 0 2a 2 4 0
b 2 a 4 a 4 b2 a 4
rn
0 0 2
2a 2 2 4 2a 4
ea
a 2 2
b y
b b
a 2b 2
L
xy dx dy
8
0 0
w.
CHANGE OF VARIABLES
ww
By changing the variables using a suitable transformation, a given integral can be transformed
into a simpler integral involving the new variables. Thus in certain cases, the evaluation of a
double or triple integral becomes easier, when we change the given variables into a new set of
variables. Considering the region of integration and the integrand a suitable transformation is
chosen for the change of variables.
Let f(x, y) be continuous over a region R in the xy-plane. Let the variables x, y be changed to
new variables u, v by the transformation x = (u, v), y = (u, v) where the functions (u, v) and
(u, v) are continuous and have continuous first order partial derivatives in the region R in the
uv-plane, which corresponds to the region R in the xy-plane. Then
f (x, y)dx dy F(u, v) | J | du dv where F(u, v) = f((u, v), (u, v)) and
R R
x x
( x, y) u v
n
J 0 is the functional determinant or Jacobian of transformation from
(u, v) y y
g.i
u v
(x, y) to (u, v) coordinates.
rin
For example, to change Cartesian coordinates (x, y) to polar coordinates (r, ), we have x = r
cos, y = r sin . Then, ee
gin
x x
J yr cos r sin r
y sin r cos
r
en
R R
x2 y2 dx dy
e
L
SOLUTION:
Let us transform this integral in polar co-ordinates by taking x r cos , y r sin and dx dy r dr d
ww
x2 y 2 dx dy / 2 e r 2 r dr d
e
0 0 0 0
/2
e
r2 1
2
d r 2 d
0 0
/2
1 e r 2 d
2 0
0
/2 /2
1 1
2 0 1 d 2 d
0 0
1 /2
2 0
x2 y 2 dx dy
e
n
4
g.i
0 0
rin
a a
x2
7. Transform the integral into polar co-ordinates and hence evaluate x2 y2
dx dy
0 y
SOLUTION: ee
gin
The region of integration is bounded by y 0 , y a , x y and x a .
Let us transform this integral in polar co-ordinates by taking x r cos , y r sin and dx dy r dr d
en
/ 4 a sec
r 2 cos2
a a
x2
dx dy r dr d
x2 y 2 r cos r sin
2 2
rn
0 y 0 0
/ 4 a sec
r 3 cos 2
ea
dr d
0 0
r 2 cos 2 sin 2
L
/ 4 a sec 3
r cos 2
w.
r
dr d
0 0
ww
/ 4 a sec
r 2 cos 2 dr d
0 0
/4 a sec
r3
cos d
2
0 3 0
/4
a3 sec3
cos 2
3
0 d
0
/4
a3 1
3 cos 2
cos3
d
0
/4
a3
3 sec d
0
a3 /4
log sec tan 0
3
a3
2 1 log 1 0
n
log
3
g.i
a3
3
log
2 1 0
rin
a a
x2 a3
dx dy log 2 1
0 y x2 y 2 3
ee
gin
8. Find the smaller of the area bounded by y 2 x and x 2 y 2 4
en
SOLUTION:
x 0 y 2 and x 2 y 0 .
L
2 4 x2
The required area dy dx
0 2 x
2
y 2 x
4 x2
dx
0
2
4 x 2 2 x dx
0
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology
2 2
4 x dx 2 x dx
2
0 0
2
x x2
2
x 4
4 x 2 sin 1 2 x
2 2 2 0 2 0
0 2 0 0 4 2 0 0
2
2 square units.
n
g.i
x2 y2
9. Find the area of the ellipse 1
a2 b2
rin
SOLUTION:
a 2
ee
gin
x varies from x 0 to x b y 2 and y varies
b
from y 0 to y b
en
a 2 2
b y
b b
The required area 4 dx dy
rn
0 0
b a 2 2
b y
ea
4 x b
0
dy
0
L
b
a 2
4 b y 2 0 dy
w.
0
b
ww
b
4a
b 0
b 2 y 2 dy
b
4a b 2 1 y y 2
sin b y2
b 2 b 2 0
4a b 2
sin 1 0 0 0
1
b 2
4a b 2
b 2 2
ab
SOLUTION:
n
r a 1 cos
g.i
The required area 2 r dr d
0 r 0
rin
a 1 cos
r2
2 d
0
2 0
a 2 1 cos 0 d
2
ee
gin
0
a 2 1 cos 2 2cos d
en
0
rn
1 cos 2
a 2 1 2cos d
0
2
ea
1 cos 2
a 2 1 2cos d
L
0
2 2
w.
3 cos 2
a 2 2cos d
2
ww
0
2
3 sin 2
a2 2sin
2 4 0
3
a 2 0 0 0 0 0
2
3
a2 .
2
11. Find the area lying inside the circle r a sin and outside the cardioid r a 1 cos
SOLUTION:
Eliminating r between the equations of two curves, sin 1 cos or sin cos 1
2 0 or
(i.e.) 0 or
2
n
For the required area, r varies from a 1 cos to a sin
g.i
and varies from 0 to .
2
rin
/2 a sin
The required area r dr d
a 1 cos
0
/2
r2
a sin ee
gin
d
0 2 a 1 cos
/2
en
1
a 2 sin 2 1 cos d
2
2
0
rn
/2
a2
2 sin 2 1 cos 2 2cos d
ea
/2
a2
L
2 2cos 2 2cos d
0
w.
/2
a cos 2 cos d
2
ww
1
a2 1
22
a 2 1
4
TRIPLE INTEGRALS
Definition Let f(x, y, z) be a function defined and continuous in a closed and bounded region R
in ℝ3. Divide R into n sub regions R1, R 2, …,R n of volumes V1, V2 , …, Vn. Let
(i , i , i ) be any point in the ithsubregionRi. Then the triple integralof f(x, y, z) over the
n
g.i
n
region R is defined as Lim
n
f ( , , ).V
i i i i and is denoted by
Max Vi 0 i 1
rin
R R
b ( x ) h ( x ,y)
ee
The triple integral can be computed by expressing it as the iterated integral
The order of integration can be changed by suitably modifying the limits of integration and if
en
necessary by subdividing the region R into a finite number of subregions, in which case the triple
integral over R is obtained by summing the triple integrals over these subregions. The properties
rn
1. Volume of a region
L
If f(x, y, z) = 1, then the triple integral over R gives the volume V of the region R.
i.e., V dx dy dz.
w.
R
ww
2.Centre of gravity
Let f(x, y, z) = (x, y, z) be the density of a mass in the region R.
Then M f(x, y, z) dx dy dz gives the total mass of the solid in R
R
1
If x
M x.f(x, y, z) dx dy dz
R
1
M
y y.f(x, y, z) dx dy dz
R
1
M
z z.f(x, y, z) dx dy dz , where f(x, y, z) = (x, y, z), then ( x, y, z) is the
R
centre of mass orcentre of gravity of the solid of mass M in the region R.
3. Moment of inertia
If f(x, y, z) = (x, y, z) is the density function of a mass in the region R, then
I x (y 2 z 2 ).f(x, y, z) dx dy dz
R
I y (x 2 z 2 ).f(x, y, z) dx dy dz
R
n
I z (x 2 y 2 ).f(x, y, z) dx dy dz are the moments of inertia of the mass about the
g.i
R
x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively.
rin
12. Find the volume of the sphere x 2 y 2 z 2 a 2
SOLUTION:
y varies from y 0 to y a 2 x 2
x varies from x 0 to x a
rn
a a2 x2 a2 x2 y 2
ea
V 8 dz dy dx
0 0 0
L
a a2 x2
z 0
2
x2 y 2
8
a
w.
dy dx
0 0
ww
a a2 x2
8 a 2 x 2 y 2 0 dy dx
0 0
y
a a2 x2 2
8 a2 x2 2
dy dx
0 0
a 2 x2
a
y 2 a x y 2 2
8 a x2 y 2 sin 1 dx
02 2 a 2 x 2 0
a
a2 x2
8 0 0 0 dx
0 2 2
a
x3
a
2 a x dx 2 a 2 x
2 2
0 3 0
3 a3
2 a 0 0
3
n
4
V a3 .
g.i
3
a a2 x2 a2 x2 y2
dz dy dx
rin
13. Evaluate (Dec. 2011)
0 0 0 a x2 y2 z2
2
SOLUTION:
I
a a2 x2
ee a2 x2 y 2
dz dy dx
gin
Let
0 0 0 a x2 y 2 z 2
2
a2 x2 y 2
a2 x2
en
a
z
sin 1 dy dx
0 0 a x y 0
2 2 2
rn
a a2 x2
0 0
a2 x2
L
a a
2 0
a2 x2
2 0 dy dx y dx
0
w.
0 0
a
a
a2 x x
2 0
a x dx
2 2
a x sin 1 2 2
ww
2 2 2 a 0
a2
0 0 0
2 2 2
a2 x2 y 2
a a2 x2
dz dy dx 2a2
0 0
0 a2 x2 y 2 z 2
8
dz dy dx
14. Evaluate x y z 1
V
3
over the region of integration bounded by the planes
x 0, y 0 , z 0, x y z 1 (Dec. 2011)
SOLUTION:
y varies from y 0 to y 1 x
x varies from x 0 to x 1
n
1 1 x 1 x y
dz dy dx 1
x y z 1 dz dy dx
g.i
V x y z 1 3
0 0 0
3
1 x y
rin
1 1 x
x y z 1
3
dz dy dx
0 0 0
1 1 x
2
ee
x y z 1 2
0
1 x y
dy dx
gin
0 0
1 1 x
1 22 x y 1 2 dy dx
2 0
en
1 1 x
1 1
4 x y 1
2
dy dx
rn
20 0
1 x
1 1 x y 1
1
ea
y dx
2 0 4 1 0
L
1 x
1 1 1
1
y x y 1 dx
w.
2 0 4 0
ww
1 1
1
1
1
2 0 4 1 x 2 0 x 1 dx
1 1 x 1 1
1
dx
2 0 4 4 2 1 x
1 3 x 1
1
dx
2 0 4 4 1 x
1
1 3 x2
x log 1 x
2 4 8 0
1 3 1
log 2 0 0 0
2 4 8
dz dy dx 1 5
x y z 1
V
3
2
log 2
16
n
15. Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x 2 y 2 4 and the planes y z 4 and z 0
g.i
SOLUTION:
rin
Here z varies from z 0 to z 4 y
y varies from y 4 x2 to y 4 x 2
x varies from x 2 to x 2 ee
gin
2 4 x 2 4 y 2 4 x 2
dz dy dx z
4 y
V 0
dy dx
2 4 x 2 0 2 4 x 2
en
4 x 2 4 x 2
2 2
y2
4 y dy dx 4 y
2
dx
rn
2 4 x 2 2 4 x2
ea
2
4 x2 4 x2
2 2
4 4 x 4 4 x dx
2 2 2
L
2
x x
2
4
8 4 x dx 8
w.
4 x 2 sin 1
2
2 2 2 2 2
ww
8 0 2 2
2 2
V 16
SPECIAL CASES
(r, , z)
P(x,y,z)
z
y
O Y
r x
r cos
n
g.i
r sin N(x,y,0)
X
rin
x x x
r z cos r sin 0
J
y
r
z
y
z
y
z
z
sin r cos 0 r ee
gin
0 0 1
r z
R R
(ii). Transformation from Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) to spherical polar coordinates (r, , )
rn
Z
L ea
P(x,y,z)
w.
r
rcos
ww
O Y
φ
rsin
N(x,y,0)
X
x x x
r sin cos r cos cos r sin sin
y y y
J sin sin r cos sin r sin cos r 2 sin
r
z z z cos r sin 0
r
f (x, y, z)dx dy dz f (r sin cos , r sin sin , r cos ) r sin dr d d
2
R R
n
g.i
16. By transforming into spherical polar coordinates , Find the volume of the sphere x 2 y 2 z 2 a 2
Solution:
rin
Changing into spherical polar co ordinates by putting
x r sin cos , y r sin sin , z r cos
We have, ee
gin
dxdydz r 2 sin drd d
Also the volume of the sphere is 8 times the volume of its portion in the positive octant for which r varies from
en
a 2 2
8 r 2 sin drd d
L
0 0 0
w.
a 2 2
8 r 2 dr sin d d
0 0 0
ww
3
a
4 . (0 1)
3
4 a 3
3
( x y 2 z 2 )dx dy dz
2
17. By transforming into cylindrical coordinates, evaluate the integral
taken over the region of space defined by x 2 y 2 1 and 0 z 1 .
Solution:
Here the region of space is enclosed by the cylinder x 2 y 2 1 and the planes z = 0 and z = 1.
r r=0 r=1
n
θ θ=0 θ = 2π
z z=0 z=1
g.i
1 2 1
rin
( x y z ) dxdydz (r z 2 ) r dr d dz
2 2 2 2
V 0 0 0
1 2 1
(r
0 0 0
3
rz 2 ) r dr d dz
ee
gin
1
r z r
1 2
4 2 2
d dz
0 0
4 2
en
0
rn
2
1 2
1 z z 2 1
2
d dz dz
ea
0 0
4 2 0 4 2 0
1
2 2 z 1 1
L
2
dz dz z dz
2
0
4 2 20
w.
1 1
z3 z z3
1
z
ww
2 0
3 0 2 3 0
5
2 3 6