Gas Tables For Compressible Flow Calculations by S M Yahya - by LearnEngineering - in

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Copyright © 2006, 2004, 1990, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
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ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2322-8

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PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD

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Preface to the Fifth Edition
The data given in the previous edition has been thoroughly checked. Errors occurring in some
.i n
pages have been corrected.
This little book has been the companion volume of the author’s book—Fundamentals of Com-
pressible Flow. They together will continue to serve the needs of students, scientists and engineers
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in areas of aerospace, mechanical, chemical and gas engineering.
It is hoped that the new format of this edition will be more convenient to use.
New Delhi
July, 2006
e eri S.M. YAHYA
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Preface to the First Edition
There was a long-felt need for gas tables to support the courses in Gas Dynamics, Turbomachinery
.i n
and Aerodynamics taught at different levels.
These tables have been prepared for compressible fluids of common use. Long and detailed
tables in a wide range covering a number of values of γ = cp /cv besides being expensive are not
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fully used by a majority of students.
Various formulas which form the basis of the tables are also included which will be useful for
ready reference.
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With numerical work of this magnitude it is highly probable that some errors may have crept
in; reference to these errors and suggestions for improvement will be highly appreciated.
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The ranges of various tables have been chosen according to their importance and frequency
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in use.
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New Delhi S.M. YAHYA

July, 1978
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Contents
Preface to the Fifth Edition v
Preface to the First Edition vii
.i n
Notation 1
Introduction 2
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1. Gas Dynamic Properties of Some Gases and Vapours
1.1 Air 14
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1.2 Hydrogen 15
1.3 Carbon Dioxide 16
1.4 Steam 17
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1.5 Freon–21 18
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2. Properties of Standard Atmosphere 19
3. Isentropic Flow of Perfect Gases

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3.1 γ = 1.3 21
3.2 γ = 1.4 28
3.3 γ = 1.67 40
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4. Normal Shocks in Perfect Gases

4.1 γ = 1.3 47
4.2 γ = 1.4
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52
4.3 γ = 1.67 57
5. Oblique Shocks in Perfect Gases

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5.1 Wave Angles for Given Deflections, γ = 1.4 62

5.2 Upstream and Downstream Mach Numbers and Deflections from
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Normal Shock Relations, γ = 1.4 71
6. Flow of Perfect Gases with Friction (Fanno Flow)

6.1 γ = 1.3 75
6.2 γ = 1.4 81
6.3 γ = 1.67 87
7. Isothermal Flow of Perfect Gases with Friction

7.1 γ = 1.3 93
7.2 γ = 1.4 99

x Contents
8. Flow of Perfect Gases with Heat Transfer (Rayleigh Flow)

8.1 γ = 1.3 105
8.2 γ = 1.4 111
8.3 γ = 1.67 117
8.4 Maximum Heat Transfer in Perfect Gases 123
9. Prandtl-Meyer Function with Mach Angles

9.1 α and ω (M) as functions of M 125
9.2 M and α as functions of ω (M)
.i n
130
10. Approximate Velocities and Mach Numbers of Air

Corresponding to Dynamic Heads, and Pressure Ratios
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10.1 Air velocities and Mach numbers as functions of
dynamic heads in mm W.G. 134
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10.2 Air velocities and Mach numbers as functions of
dynamic heads in mm Hg. 135
10.3 Mach Numbers as functions of pressure ratios (γ = 1.4) 136
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11. Manometer Inclinations Required for the Desired Magnification
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of the Deflection 138
12. Static Pressure Drop in Gas Pipe Lines 139

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13. Isentropic Compressor Power 141
14. Pumping Power for Fans and Blowers 143

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15. S.I, Metric and British Units

15.1 Principal dimensions and units 147
15.2 Conversion of Units 148
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Introduction 1
Notation
a Velocity of sound A area of cross-section
c fluid velocity
cp specific heat at constant pressure
cv specific heat at constant volume D hydraulic mean diameter
.i n
f mean coefficient of friction F impulse function
h enthalpy, actual deflection k constant
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L length of the pipe line
1 magnified value of manometer deflection
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Lmax maximum pipe length required for choking conditions

m mass flow rate M Mach number
P power p pressure
e
∆p pressure rise or drop pr pressure ratio
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Qmax maximum heat transfer Q volume flow rate
R Gas constant s entropy
t temperature in °C T temperature in K
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v specific volume w mass flow rate

Z altitude ∆s change of entropy
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α Mach angle, manometer inclination

γ = cp /cv σ wave angle
δ deflection or half wedge angle µ coefficient of viscosity
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ρ density ω(M) Prandtl-Meyer function

η efficiency
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Subscripts
o Stagnation state x upstream of normal shock
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y downstream of normal shock l upstream of oblique shock

2 downstream of oblique shock s isentropic
Superscript
* corresponding to choking conditions (M = 1)
1
*t corresponding to M = (isothermal flow)
γ

2 Gas Tables for Compressible Flow Calculations
Introduction
This section is designed to help the user to make the best use of the data given in the tables.
Detailed explanation of the various theories behind the formulae mentioned in this section are not
included; the user is expected to be aware of these while using the tables. However, some explana-
tory notes and figures have been included.
1. Gas dynamic properties of some vapours and gases
.i n
It is well known that the specific heats (cp and cv) of gases and vapours vary with temperature.
Therefore, the values of the ratio of specific heats, Gas constant and the maximum mass flow
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parameter also vary with temperature. These have been tabulated for a range of temperatures at
given values of pressure.
Only some of the commonly used gases and vapours have been chosen for these tables.
Formulae
γ = cp cv
e eri ...(1.1)
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R = cp − cv ...(1.2)
a = γRT ...(1.3)
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Lγ F 2 I γ +1 OP12
=M G
MN R H γ + 1JK
w T0 γ −1
A * P0 PQ ...(1.4)
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2. Properties of the standard atmosphere

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Values of temperature, velocity of sound, pressure, density and dynamic viscosity of air are tabu-
lated against altitude in the range of 0 to 20,000 meters.
The lapse rate in temperature is 0.65°C for each 100 meters of altitude upto an altitude of
w.
11000 metres.
Kinematic viscosity (µ/ρ) can be determined with the help of the last two columns.
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3. Isentropic flow of perfect gases

Subsonic and supersonic isentropic flows in nozzles and diffusers are shown in figures 1 and 2
respectively. Pressures corresponding to the choking and stagnation states in both the cases are
also shown.
Assumptions
(a) One dimensional isentropic flow
(b) Perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weight.

Introduction 3
p0
M=0
.i n
p
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M<1 p*
M = M* = 1
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p
e M>1
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S
Fig. 1. Isentropic Accelerating Flow

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h
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p0
M=0
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M<1
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p*
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M = M* = 1
p
M>1
Fig. 2. Isentropic Decelerating Flow

Formulas
T0 = T0* = constant ...(3.1)
T 1
=
T0 γ −1 2 ...(3.2)
1+ M
2
γ
FG IJ
.i n
γ
p T γ −1 F γ − 1 M IJ
= G1 +
1− γ
=
H 2 K
2
p0 T0 H K ...(3.3)
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FG IJ F γ − 1 M IJ
1 1
ρ
= G1 +
γ −1
T 2 1− γ
ρ0
=
H K H 2 K ...(3.4)
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T0
γ +1 2
c
M
e
M* = * = 2 ...(3.5)
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c γ −1 2
1+ M
2
γ +1
LMF 2 I FG1 + γ − 1 M IJ OP b
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g
2 γ −1
NGH γ + 1JK H 2 K Q
A 1 ...(3.6)
*
= 2
A M
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F 1 + γM 2
=
F* F γ − 1 M IJ
2 b γ + 1g G1 +
...(3.7)
H 2 K
2
M
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γ +1
FG 2 IJ b g
2 γ −1
H γ + 1K
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A p
× = ...(3.8)
A * p0
M1+
γ −1 2
M
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4. Normal shocks in perfect gases

A normal shock from state X to state Y is shown in figure 3.
Assumptions
(a) One dimensional flow with normal shocks
(b) Constant area duct
(c) Perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weight
(d) Adiabatic flow

Introduction 5
Formulas
T0 x = T0 y ...(4.1)
LM 2 + M OP 2
12
=M
MM 2 γ M − 1PPP
x
γ −1 ...(4.2)
My
2
N γ −1 Q
.i n
x
py 1 + γM 2x 2γ γ −1
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= = M 2x − ...(4.3)
px 1+ γM 2y γ +1 γ +1
FG IJ FG IJ
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γ −1 2 γ −1 2 2γ
Ty
=
1+
2
M x
=
1+
2
Mx
γ − 1 H
M 2x − 1
KH K ...(4.4)
γ −1 2 2
b g
Tx
1+ My γ +1
e
M 2x
2
b g
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2 γ −1
ay FT I
=G J
y
12
HT K
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...(4.5)
ax x
ρy p y Tx
=
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ρx p x Ty ...(4.6)
γ
px FG
γ −1 2 IJ 1− γ
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p0x
= 1+
2HMx
K ...(4.7)
γ
F γ − 1 M IJ
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= G1 +
p0y γ −1
H 2 K
2
y ...(4.8)
py
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p0y p0y p y p x
= ...(4.9)
p0x p y p x p0x
∆s p
= ln 0 x ...(4.10)
R p0y
p0y p0y p y
= ...(4.11)
px py px

py M = 1/ g
Fanno line Y M<1 p*
M<1
M=1
.i n
p* p = constant
l shock M=1
Rayleigh line
Norma
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M>1
M>1
X
e px
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s
Fig. 3. Normal Shock, Fanno and Rayleigh Lines
5. Oblique shocks in perfect gases

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An oblique shock wave is inclined at an angle to the direction of upstream flow. Figure 4 shows an
oblique shock wave at the corner of a wall. Supersonic flow passing through an oblique shock
(wave angle = σ) is deflected through an angle (δ). The same picture is obtained when a supersonic
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flow is deflected through an angle (δ) either over a wedge or a wall corner.
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Oblique
shock
My
w.
M1 = c1/a1
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M2 = c2 /a2
s
Mx
Fig. 4. Flow Through Oblique Shock Wave
Figure 4 shows the upstream and downstream Mach numbers corresponding to a normal shock.

Introduction 7
Assumptions
(a) Perfect gas, with constant specific heats and molecular weight,
(b) adiabatic flow,
(c) absence of body forces,
(d) absence of external work.
Formulas
.i n
M12 sin 2 σ − 2 cot σ
tan δ =
b
2 + M12 γ + cos 2 σ g ...(5.1)
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M x = M1 sin σ ...(5.2)
M y = M 2 sin σ − δ b g ...(5.3)
deflection. e eri
Table 5.1 is used to determine the wave angle for given values of upstream Mach numbers and
Table 5.2 enables calculations of properties downstream of the oblique shock through normal
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shock tables. The gas property ratios corresponding to Mach number Mx can be found from Table
4.2.
6. Flow of perfect gases with friction (Fanno Flow)

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A Fanno line is shown on h-s co-ordinates in figure 3.

Friction in the passage leads to increase in entropy and takes the process towards the choking
conditions (M = M* = 1).
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Assumptions
(a) One dimensional flow with friction,
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(b) Constant area duct,

(c) perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weight,
(d) adiabatic flow.
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Formulas
T0 = T0* = constant ...(6.1)

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p 1 γ +1
=
p *
M FG γ −1 2 IJ
H
2 1+
2
M
K ...(6.2)
c ρ* γ +1
= =M
c *
ρ FG
γ −1 2 IJ
2 1+
H 2
M
K ...(6.3)

T γ +1
=
T *
FG γ −1 2 IJ
H
2 1+
2
M
K ...(6.4)
γ +1
LM 2 FG1 + γ − 1 M IJ OP b 2 γ −1 g
H 2 KP
2
= M
p0 1
.i n
MM
MN bγ + 1g PPQ
p *0 ...(6.5)
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F 1 + γM 2
=
F* LM b g FG IJ OP 12
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γ −1 2 ...(6.6)
N H
M 2 γ +1 1 +
e 2
M
KQ
L max 1 − M 2 γ + 1 bγ + 1g M 2
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= +
4f
D γM 2 2γ
ln
FG γ −1 2 IJ ...(6.7)
H
2 1+
2
M
K
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γ+1
s − s* ⎡ γ +1 ⎤ 2γ
= ln M2 ⎢
cp ⎛ γ −1 2 ⎞⎥ ...(6.8)
⎢ 2 M2 ⎜ 1 + M ⎟⎥
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⎣⎢ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦⎥
7. Isothermal flow of perfect gases with friction

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The combined effect of friction and heat transfer in long ducts can be considered to produce an
isothermal flow model.
e j
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Here the reference values of the properties p , ρ , c , T0 , p 0 and L max are taken at the
*t *t *t *t *t
Mach number
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1
M*t =
γ
Assumptions
(a) One dimensional flow with friction and heat transfer,
(b) Constant area duct,
(c) Perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weight,
(d) Isothermal flow.

Introduction 9
Formulas
p 1
*t
= ...(7.1)
p M
γ
c ρ*t M
= = γ ...(7.2)
c *t ρ
.i n
T0 2γ FG
γ −1 2 IJ
T0* t
=
3γ − 1
1+
H2
M
K ...(7.3)
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γ
p0 1 LM 2 γ FG1 + γ − 1 M IJ OP γ −1
N 3γ − 1 H 2 K Q
= 2
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...(7.4)
p *0t M
γ
L max 1 − γM 2
e j
4f = + ln γM 2
e
...(7.5)
D γM 2
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8. Flow of perfect gases with heat transfer (Rayleigh flow)
A Rayleight line is shown in figure 3. Heat addition increases the entropy and takes the process
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towards the choking conditions, (M = M* = 1). This behaviour imposes a limit to heat addition;
therefore for a given initial Mach Number there is a fixed value of the maximum possible heat
transfer (Qmax). This has been tabulated in Table 8.4.
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Assumptions
(a) One dimensional flow with heat transfer,
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(b) Constant area frictionless duct,

(c) Perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weight.
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Formulas
p 1+ γ
= ...(8.1)
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p *
1 + γM 2
γ
⎡ ⎛ γ − 1 2 ⎞ ⎤ γ−1
⎢ 2 ⎜1 + M ⎟⎥
p0 1+ γ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎥
= ⎢ ...(8.2)
p0 1 + γM ⎣⎢
* 2
γ +1 ⎦⎥
F 1+ γ I 2
T
T
*
= GH 1 + γM JK 2
M2 ...(8.3)

T0
b g FGH γ 2− 1 M IJK
2 1 + γ M2 1 + 2
= ...(8.4)
T0*
e1 + γM j
2
2
ρ c* 1 + γM 2
= =
ρ* c b g
1 + γ M2
...(8.5)
.i n
γ +1
s − s* F1+ γ I γ
ng
cp
= ln M 2 GH
1 + γM 2
JK ...(8.6)
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F = F * = constant ...(8.7)
e j
M2 − 1
2
Q max
e
=
cpT 2 γ + 1 M2b g ...(8.8)
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9. Prandtl-Meyer functions with Mach angles

Supersonic flow of a gas along a wall turning in the clock-wise direction is shown in figure 5.
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Mach wave and the Mach angle (α) are also shown.
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Mach wave
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M>1
a
w.
M
+d
M
Wall
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Fig. 5. Prandtl-Meyer Expansion
Assumptions
(a) Perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weight,
(b) Isentropic flow.

Introduction 11
Formulas
1
sin α = ...(9.1)
M
b g
ω M =
γ +1
γ −1
tan −1
γ −1 2
γ +1
e j
M − 1 − tan −1 M 2 − 1 ...(9.2)
.i n
10. Approximate velocities and Mach numbers of air
At low velocities (M < 0.30) correct values of the velocity of a gas can be determined by measur-
FG IJ
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1 2
H
ing the dynamic head p 0 − p =
2 K
ρc . Conversely the value of the dynamic head required for
obtaining a given velocity can also be determined.
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Knowledge of the temperature of the gas along with the dynamic head gives the value of Mach
Number.
b g
c=
2
RT p 0 − p
e
...(10.1)
ρ
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c
M=
bγRTg 12 ...(10.2)
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For lower velocities dynamic head is measured in millimetres of water (mmW.G) on a vertical
or inclined tube manometer. At higher velocities dynamic head is more conveniently measured in
millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).
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Tables 10.1 and 10.2 give approximate velocities and Mach numbers at the prescribed values
of pressure and temperature; the approximation is less realistic at higher Mach numbers on ac-
count of increasing deviation of the actual flow from incompressible flow conditions. Therefore,
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at higher Mach numbers Table 10.2 gives only rough estimates of the velocity and Mach number.
On account of this discrepancy the use of Table 10.3 is recommended at higher Mach numbers.
11. Measurement of low pressures on inclined manometers.

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Low pressures and velocities of gases can be measured by magnifying the actual manometer
deflection (h) many times. This is done by inclining the manometer tube/tubes by angles shown in
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table 11.
Actual (h) and magnified (A) values of the deflection are shown in figure 6.
Plane of the manometer tubes
h
a Horizontal plane
Fig. 6. Actual (h) & Magnified (A) Values of Deflections in Inclined Tube Manometer

12. Static pressure drop (pr = outlet pressure/inlet pressure) in gas pipe lines
Compressors are required to raise the pressure of gases to compensate for the pressure drop in long
pipe lines. In these tables values of static pressure drop in the pipe lines have been tabulated with
the assumption of isothermal flow. The flow has been further assumed to start with a low Mach
number of M1 = 0.02. Pressure drop has been expressed as pressure ratio
p r = p 2 p1 .
Following relations have been used to compute the values of the pressure ratio:
.i n
p r = φ M1 , γ , f , L D ...(12.1)
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p r = 0.02 2500 − 4 γ f L D ...(12.2)
Following values of the parameters have been covered:
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γ = 1.3, 1, 4
f = 0.002, 0.0025, 0.0030, 0.0035, 0.0040, 0.0050
e
L D = 10 − 2 × 105
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These values of the pressure drop can be employed to obtain the magnitudes of the compressor
power.
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13. Isentropic compressor power

The ideal power required to drive a compressor is given by:
c h
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P′ = m
c ′p T2 s − T1′ = Isentropic power
P′ = m
b γ −1g γ − 1
c ′p T1′ p r ...(13.1)
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The pressure ratio is given by
b
p r = exit pressure entry pressure p 2 p1 = T2 s T1 g b g
γ γ −1
...(13.2)
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For the sake of generality following values have been used in the calculations:
c ′p = 1.0 kJ kg K
ww
T1′ = 300 K
The actual power (for a given pressure ratio) can be calculated by multiplying the values in the
table by the factor k given by:
k = c p × T1 η0 T1′ = c p × T1 300 η0 ...(13.3)

where T1 = actual temperature of the gas at entry
η0 = overall efficiency of the compressor and motor (prime mover) together.

Introduction 13
14. Approximate values of pumping power for fans and blowers

Fans and blower of various sizes are required to raise the pressure of a gas from a few millimetres
of W.G. to large values. Table 14 presents approximate values of the power requirement of fans
and blowers in a wide range.
Power requirement for a specific application corresponding to values of Q and ∆p which do
not appear in the tables can also be found with the help of available data.
Following formulas have been used:
.i n
ν
Q=m ...(14.1)
P = Q ⋅ ∆p η 0 ...(14.2)
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Overall all efficiency η0 = 0.65 (assumed)
P = Q ⋅ ∆p 66.261 kW ...(14.3)
Q is in m3/s ; ∆p is in mm W.G.
15. Dimensions and units

e eri
Principal dimensions and units occurring in gas dynamics are given in Table 15.1. Table 15.2 gives
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the conversion of some units.
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TABLE 1.1
Gas dynamic properties of air at various temperatures
T cp cv γ R a w T0 A∗ p0
K kJ/kg K kJ/kg K kJ/kg K m/s
273 1.004 0.716 1.402 0.288 332.0 0.0404
.i n
373 1.010 0.723 1.397 0.288 387.4 0.0403
473 1.025 0.737 1.390 0.288 435.3 0.0402
ng
573 1.045 0.758 1.379 0.287 476.2 0.0400
673 1.069 0.782 1.367 0.287 513.8 0.0400
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773 1.092 0.806 1.355 0.286 547.3 0.0400
873 1.115 0.828 1.347
e 0.287 580.9 0.0398
973 1.136 0.849 1.338 0.287 611.3 0.0396
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1073 1.154 0.867 1.331 0.287 640.2 0.0396
1173 1.170 0.884 1.324 0.286 666.3 0.0397
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1273 1.185 0.898 1.320 0.287 694.3 0.0395

1373 1.197 0.910 1.315 0.287 719.9 0.0395
1473 1.208 0.920 1.313 0.288 746.3 0.0394
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1573 1.218 0.930 1.309 0.288 770.3 0.0393

1673 1.227 0.940 1.305 0.287 791.7 0.0394
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Gas Dynamic Properties of Some Gases and Vapours 15
TABLE 1.2
Gas dynamic properties of hydrogen at various temperatures
273 14.195 10.071 1.409 4.124 1260.0 0.01068
.i n
373 14.448 10.324 1.399 4.124 1467.2 0.01066
473 14.503 10.380 1.397 4.123 1650.7 0.1065
ng
573 14.534 10.409 1.396 4.125 1816.7 0.01065
673 14.581 10.456 1.395 4.125 1967.9 0.01065
eri
773 14.663 10.538 1.391 4.125 2106.4 0.01064
873 14.779 10.654 e 1.387 4.125 2235.0 0.01059
973 14.930 10.805 1.381 4.125 2355.0 0.0106
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1073 15.115 10.991 1.375 4.124 2466.8 0.01059
1173 15.313 11.188 1.368 4.125 2573.4 0.01058
En
1273 15.518 11.393 1.362 4.125 2674.4 0.01055

1373 15.736 11.611 1.355 4.125 2770.5 0.01053
arn
1473 15.950 11.825 1.349 4.125 2862.8 0.01052

1573 16.166 12.040 1.342 4.126 2952.0 0.0105
1673 16.370 12.245 1.337 4.125 3037.4 0.0105
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1773 16.565 12.440 1.331 4.125 3120.7 0.01047

w.
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TABLE 1.3
Gas dynamic properties of carbon dioxide at various temperatures
273 0.815 0.626 1.302 0.189 259.2 0.0485
.i n
373 0.914 0.725 1.261 0.189 298.1 0.0481
473 0.993 0.804 1.237 0.189 332.6 0.0476
ng
573 1.057 0.868 1.218 0.189 363.1 0.0473
673 1.110 0.921 1.205 0.189 391.5 0.0472
eri
773 1.155 0.966 1.195 0.189 417.9 0.0470
873 1.192 1.003 e 1.188 0.189 442.8 0.0469
973 1.223 1.034 1.182 0.189 466.4 0.0469
gin
1073 1.249 1.060 1.178 0.189 488.8 0.0467
1173 1.272 1.082 1.176 0.190 511.8 0.0466
En
1273 1.290 1.101 1.172 0.189 530.9 0.0467

1373 1.306 1.117 1.169 0.189 550.8 0.0466
arn
1473 1.319 1.130 1.167 0.189 570.1 0.0466

1573 1.332 1.142 1.166 0.190 590.4 0.0465
1673 1.342 1.152 1.164 0.190 608.5 0.0465
Le
1773 1.350 1.161 1.162 0.189 624.2 0.0465

w.
1873 1.357 1.168 1.162 0.189 641.3 0.0465

1973 1.364 1.175 1.161 0.189 657.9 0.0466
ww
2073 1.369 1.181 1.159 0.188 672.1 0.0465

2173 1.374 1.185 1.159 0.189 690.0 0.0464

Gas Dynamic Properties of Some Gases and Vapours 17
TABLE 1.4
Gas dynamic properties of superheated steam at p = 0.981 bar
413 1.997 1.482 1.347 0.515 535.0 0.0297
.i n
433 1.985 1.485 1.336 0.500 537.8 0.0300
453 1.975 1.490 1.325 0.485 539.6 0.0305
473 1.980 1.500 1.320 0.480 547.4 0.0306
ng
493 1.985 1.505 1.318 0.480 558.5 0.0306
eri
513 1.990 1.515 1.313 0.475 565.6 0.0307
533 1.997 1.525 1.310 0.472 574.0 ‘0.0308
553 2.000 1.536 1.302 0.464 578.0 0.0311
573 2.013 1.548
e 1.300 0.465 588.6 0.0310
gin
593 2.025 1.556 1.300 0.469 601.6 0.0308
613 2.040 1.571 1.298 0.469 611.0 0.0308

En
633 2.045 1.584 1.291 0.461 613.8 0.0310

653 2.050 1.594 1.286 0.456 618.8 0.0311
673 2.071 1.607 1.288 0.464 634.4 0.0308
arn
693 2.085 1.619 1.287 0.466 644.9 0.0308
At p = 9.81 bar
453 2.500 1.738 1.438 0.762 704.6 0.0250
Le
493 2.278 1.658 1.374 0.620 648.0 0.0273

533 2.190 1.624 1.348 0.566 637.8 0.0283
w.
573 2.152 1.616 1.332 0.536 639.5 0.0291

613 2.139 1.620 1.320 0.519 648.1 0.0294
ww
653 2.135 1.633 1.307 0.502 654.6 0.0298

693 2.144 1.650 1.299 0.494 667.0 0.0299
733 2.156 1.671 1.290 0.485 677.2 0.0302
773 2.173 1.691 1.285 0.482 691.9 0.0302
813 2.194 1.717 1.278 0.477 703.9 0.0303
853 2.215 1.742 1.271 0.473 716.3 0.0304

893 2.240 1.767 1.267 0.473 731.7 0.0304
933 2.265 1.792 1.264 0.473 746.8 0.0304

TABLE 1.5
Gas dynamic properties of superheated Freon-21 at various temperatures
At p = 0.10 bar
.i n
243 0.531 0.447 1.187 0.084 155.7 0.0705
283 0.578 0.496 1.165 0.082 164.4 0.0713
323 0.622 0.540 1.152 0.082 174.7 0.0733
ng
363 0.661 0.579 1.142 0.082 184.3 0.0698
403 0.695 0.615 1.130 0.080 190.9 0.0705
eri
At p = 1.0 bar
293 0.616 0.521 e 1.182 0.095 181.4 0.0662
313 0.630 0.539 1.168 0.091 182.5 0.0673
gin
333 0.646 0.557 1.159 0.089 185.4 0.0679
353 0.662 0.575 1.151 0.087 188.0 0.0685
373 0.678 0.593 1.143 0.085 190.4 0.0691
En
At p = 10.0 bar
333 0.812 0.644 1.261 0.168 265.6 0.0508
383 0.799 0.645 1.239 0.154 270.3 0.0527
arn
393 0.792 0.647 1.224 0.145 264.1 0.0541

403 0.786 0.651 1.207 0.135 256.3 0.0558
413 0.783 0.655 1.195 0.128 251.4 0.0566
Le
423 0.782 0.658 1.188 0.124 249.7 0.0580

433 0.782 0.663 1.179 0.119 246.5 0.0590
443 0.782 0.667 1.172 0.115 244.4 0.0599
w.
453 0.783 0.672 1.165 0.111 242.1 0.0608

463 0.785 0.676 1.161 0.109 242.1 0.0614
ww
473 0.786 0.681 1.154 0.105 239.4 0.0624
At p = 20.0 bar
403 0.984 0.703 1.396 0.281 397.6 0.0408
423 0.909 0.697 1.304 0.212 342.0 0.0458
443 0.872 0.696 1.252 0.176 312.5 0.0459
463 0.852 0.699 1.219 0.153 293.8 0.0527
473 0.846 0.701 1.207 0.145 287.7 0.0538

Properties of Standard Atmosphere 19
TABLE 2
Properties of standard atmosphere
Z t T a p ρ µ
m °C K m/s bar kg/m3 Ns
2
× 10 6
m
.i n
0 15.00 288.15 340.5 1.0133 1.225 17.93
100 14.35 287.50 340.0 1.000 1.213 17.90
200 13.70 286.85 339.7 0.989 1.202 17.88
ng
300 13.05 286.20 339.5 0.978 1.190 17.84
400 12.40 285.55 338.9 0.966 1.178 17.80
eri
500 11.75 284.90 338.5 0.955 1.167 17.77
600 11.10 284.25

e
338.0 0.943 1.156 17.74
700 10.45 283.60 337.6 0.932 1.145 17.70
gin
800 9.80 282.95 337.3 0.921 1.134 17.66
900 9.15 282.30 337.0 0.909 1.123 17.64
En
1000 8.50 281.65 336.6 0.898 1.111 17.61
1100 7.85 281.00 336.1 0.888 1.100 17.58

arn
1200 7.20 280.35 335.7 0.877 1.090 17.55

1300 6.55 279.70 335.4 0.866 1.079 17.50
1400 5.90 279.05 335.0 0.856 1.070 17.48
Le
1500 5.25 278.40 334.5 0.845 1.058 17.45

w.
1600 4.60 277.75 334.1 0.835 1.048 17.40

1700 3.95 277.10 333.7 0.825 1.037 17.38
1800 3.30 276.45 333.4 0.815 1.027 17.35
ww
1900 2.65 275.80 333.0 0.805 1.017 17.31

2000 2.00 275.15 332.6 0.795 1.006 17.28
2100 1.35 274.50 332.2 0.785 0.996 17.25

2200 0.70 273.85 332.0 0.775 0.986 17.22
2300 0.05 273.20 331.5 0.766 0.976 17.17
2400 −0.60 272.55 331.0 0.756 0.967 17.14
2500 −1.25 271.90 330.6 0.747 0.957 17.12

TABLE 2
Properties of standard atmosphere
Z t T a p ρ µ
m °C K m/s bar kg/m3 Ns
2
× 10 6
m
.i n
2600 -1.90 271.25 330.2 0.737 0.948 17.09
2700 -2.55 270.60 329.7 0.727 0.938 17.05
2800 -3.20 269.95 329.4 0.719 0.929 17.01
ng
2900 -3.85 269.30 329.0 0.710 0.920 16.98
3000 -4.50 268.65 328.7 0.701 0.909 16.95
eri
3500 -7.75 265.40 326.7 0.657 0.863 16.80
4000 -11.00 262.15 324.7 0.616 0.819 16.62
4500 -14.25 258.90 322.7 0.577 0.777 16.45
e
5000 -17.50 255.65 320.7 0.540 0.736 16.27
gin
5500 -20.75 252.40 318.7 0.505 0.697 16.10
6000 -24.00 249.15 316.5 0.472 0.660 15.94
En
6500 -27.25 245.90 314.5 0.440 0.624 15.76

7000 -30.50 242.65 312.4 0.411 0.589 15.60
arn
7500 -33.75 239.40 310.03 0.383 0.557 15.42

8000 -37.00 236.15 308.2 0.356 0.525 15.24
8500 -40.25 232.90 306.0 0.331 0.495 15.06
9000 -43.50 229.65 304.0 0.307 0.466 14.89
Le
9500 -46.75 226.40 301.8 0.285 0.439 14.72

10000 -50.00 223.15 299.6 0.264 0.413 14.54
w.
11000 -56.50 216.65 295.2 0.226 0.364 14.17

12000 -56.50 216.65 295.2 0.193 0.311 14.17
ww
13000 -56.50 216.65 295.2 0.165 0.266 14.17

14000 -56.50 216.65 295.2 0.141 0.227 14.17
15000 -56.50 216.65 295.2 0.120 0.194 14.17
16000 -56.50 216.65 295.2 0.103 0.165 14.17
17000 -56.50 216.65 295.2 0.0878 0.141 14.17

18000 -56.50 216.65 295.2 0.0751 0.121 14.17
19000 -56.50 216.65 295.2 0.0641 0.103 14.17
20000 -56.60 216.65 295.2 0.0548 0.088 14.17

Isentropic Flow of Perfect Gases 21
TABLE 3.1
Isentropic flow of perfect gases (γγ = 1.3)
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
p0
A
0.00 0.000 1.000 1.000 ∞ ∞ ∞
.i n
0.02 0.0214 0.999 0.999 29.268 23.324 29.261
0.04 0.0429 0.999 0.998 14.644 11.679 14.629
0.06 0.064 0.999 0.997 9.774 7.805 9.751
ng
0.08 0.086 0.999 0.995 7.342 5.874 7.312
0.10 0.107 0.998 0.994 5.885 4.720 5.848
eri
0.12 0.1285 0.998 0.991 4.917 3.954 4.872
0.14 0.150 0.997 0.987 4.228 3.410 4.174
0.16 0.171 0.996 0.984 3.712 3.005 3.651
e
0.18 0.193 0.995 0.979 3.312 2.693 3.243
gin
0.20 0.214 0.994 0.975 2.994 2.445 2.917
0.22 0.235 0.993 0.969 2.735 2.245 2.651

0.24 0.256 0.991 0.963 2.520 2.079 2.428
En
0.26 0.277 0.989 0.957 2.340 1.941 2.239

0.28 0.298 0.988 0.951 2.186 1.824 2.078
0.30 0.319 0.987 0.944 2.054 1.724 1.938
arn
0.32 0.341 0.985 0.936 1.939 1.638 1.874

0.34 0.362 0.983 0.928 1.838 1.564 1.759
Le
0.36 0.383 0.981 0.920 1.750 1.498 1.610

0.38 0.403 0.979 0.911 1.672 1.442 1.523
0.40 0.424 0.977 0.902 1.602 1.391 1.446
w.
0.42 0.444 0.974 0.893 1.540 1.347 1.343

0.44 0.465 0.972 0.883 1.484 1.308 1.281
ww
0.46 0.486 0.969 0.873 1.434 1.273 1.225

0.48 0.506 0.967 0.863 1.388 1.241 1.173
0.50 0.526 0.964 0.853 1.348 1.213 1.149
0.52 0.547 0.961 0.842 1.310 1.188 1.103

0.54 0.567 0.958 0.831 1.277 1.165 1.061
0.56 0.587 0.955 0.819 1.246 1.145 1.021
0.58 0.607 0.952 0.807 1.218 1.127 0.984
0.60 0.627 0.948 0.796 1.193 1.111 0.950

TABLE 3.1
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
p0
A
0.62 0.646 0.945 0.784 1.170 1.097 0.918

0.64 0.666 0.942 0.772 1.149 1.084 0.887
.i n
0.66 0.686 0.938 0.760 1.130 1.072 0.859
0.68 0.705 0.935 0.748 1.113 1.062 0.832
ng
0.70 0.725 0.932 0.735 1.097 1.052 0.807
0.72 0.744 0.928 0.723 1.083 1.044 0.783
eri
0.74 0.763 0.924 0.710 1.070 1.037 0.760
0.76 0.782 0.920 0.697 1.059 1.030 0.738
0.78 0.800 0.916 0.685 1.048 1.025 0.718
e
0.80 0.820 0.912 0.673 1.039 1.020 0.698
gin
0.82 0.838 0.908 0.659 1.032 1.015 0.680
0.84 0.857 0.904 0.647 1.025 1.012 0.663
En
0.86 0.875 0.900 0.634 1.018 1.009 0.645

0.88 0.893 0.896 0.621 1.013 1.006 0.629
0.90 0.911 0.892 0.608 1.009 1.004 0.614
arn
0.92 0.929 0.887 0.596 1.006 1.003 0.599

0.94 0.947 0.883 0.583 1.003 1.002 0.585
0.96 0.965 0.878 0.571 1.001 1.0006 0.571
Le
0.98 0.983 0.874 0.558 1.0004 1.0002 0.558

1.00 1.000 0.870 0.546 1.000 1.000 0.546
w.
1.02 1.017 0.865 0.533 1.0003 1.0001 0.534

1.04 1.035 0.860 0.521 1.001 1.0006 0.522
ww
1.06 1.052 0.856 0.509 1.003 1.001 0.511

1.08 1.068 0.851 0.497 1.005 1.002 0.500
1.10 1.085 0.846 0.485 1.008 1.003 0.489
1.12 1.102 0.842 0.474 1.012 1.005 0.479

1.14 1.118 0.837 0.462 1.016 1.006 0.469
1.16 1.135 0.832 0.451 1.021 1.008 0.460
1.18 1.151 0.827 0.439 1.026 1.010 0.450
1.20 1.167 0.822 0.428 1.032 1.012 0.442

TABLE 3.1
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
p0
A
1.22 1.183 0.817 0.418 1.038 1.014 0.434
.i n
1.24 1.198 0.813 0.407 1.045 1.016 0.425
1.26 1.214 0.807 0.396 1.053 1.019 0.417
1.28 1.230 0.803 0.386 1.062 1.022 0.409
ng
1.30 1.245 0.798 0.376 1.070 1.024 0.402
eri
1.32 1.260 0.793 0.365 1.080 1.027 0.398
1.34 1.276 0.788 0.356 1.089 1.029 0.387
1.36 1.291 0.783 e 0.346 1.100 1.033 0.381
1.38 1.305 0.778 0.337 1.111 1.036 0.374
gin
1.40 1.320 0.773 0.327 1.123 1.039 0.367
1.42 1.334 0.768 0.318 1.135 1.042 0.361

1.44 1.348 0.763 0.309 1.148 1.045 0.352
En
1.46 1.363 0.758 0.300 1.161 1.048 0.346

1.48 1.377 0.752 0.292 1.175 1.051 0.340
1.50 1.391 0.748 0.284 1.189 1.055 0.337
arn
1.52 1.405 0.743 0.275 1.205 1.058 0.332

1.54 1.418 0.737 0.267 1.220 1.062 0.326
Le
1.56 1.432 0.732 0.259 1.237 1.065 0.321

1.58 1.445 0.727 0.252 1.254 1.068 0.316
1.60 1.458 0.723 0.245 1.271 1.072 0.310
w.
1.62 1.472 0.717 0.237 1.289 1.075 0.306

1.64 1.485 0.712 0.230 1.308 1.079 0.301
ww
1.66 1.497 0.707 0.223 1.328 1.083 0.296

1.68 1.510 0.703 0.216 1.348 1.086 0.292
1.70 1.523 0.698 0.210 1.369 1.089 0.288
1.72 1.535 0.693 0.203 1.391 1.093 0.283

1.74 1.547 0.687 0.197 1.413 1.097 0.279
1.76 1.559 0.683 0.191 1.436 1.100 0.275
1.78 1.572 0.678 0.185 1.459 1.104 0.271
1.80 1.584 0.673 0.180 1.484 1.108 0.267

TABLE 3.1
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
1.82 1.595 0.688 0.174 1.509 1.111 0.263
.i n
1.84 1.607 0.663 0.168 1.535 1.115 0.259
1.86 1.618 0.658 0.163 1.562 1.118 0.255
1.88 1.629 0.654 0.158 1.589 1.122 0.252
ng
1.90 1.641 0.648 0.153 1.618 1.125 0.248
1.92 1.652 0.644 0.148 1.647 1.128 0.245
eri
1.94 1.663 0.639 0.144 1.678 1.132 0.241
1.96 1.674 0.634 0.139 1.708 1.136 0.238
1.98 1.685 0.629 0.135 1.740 1.139 0.235
e
2.00 1.696 0.625 0.131 1.773 1.143 0.231
gin
2.02 1.706 0.620 0.127 1.807 1.146 0.228
2.04 1.717 0.616 0.122 1.842 1.150 0.225
En
2.06 1.727 0.611 0.118 1.877 1.153 0.222

2.08 1.737 0.606 0.114 1.914 1.156 0.219
2.10 1.747 0.602 0.111 1.951 1.160 0.216
arn
2.12 1.757 0.597 0.107 1.990 1.163 0.213

2.14 1.767 0.593 0.104 2.029 1.166 0.211
Le
2.16 1.776 0.588 0.100 2.071 1.169 0.208

2.18 1.786 0.583 0.097 2.133 1.173 0.205
2.20 1.796 0.579 0.094 2.156 1.175 0.203
w.
2.22 1.805 0.575 0.091 2.199 1.179 0.200

2.24 1.815 0.571 0.088 2.245 1.183 0.197
ww
2.26 1.824 0.566 0.085 2.292 1.186 0.195

2.28 1.833 0.562 0.082 2.339 1.189 0.192
2.30 1.842 0.558 0.080 2.388 1.192 0.190
2.32 1.851 0.553 0.077 2.439 1.196 0.187

2.34 1.859 0.549 0.074 2.490 1.198 0.185
2.36 1.868 0.545 0.072 2.543 1.202 0.183
2.38 1.877 0.541 0.069 2.598 1.205 0.180
2.40 1.885 0.537 0.067 2.654 1.208 0.178

TABLE 3.1
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
2.42 1.894 0.532 0.065 2.711 1.211 0.176
.i n
2.44 1.902 0.528 0.063 2.769 1.214 0.174
2.46 1.910 0.524 0.061 2.829 1.217 0.172
2.48 1.918 0.520 0.059 2.891 1.219 0.170
ng
2.50 1.926 0.516 0.057 2.954 1.223 0.168
2.52 1.934 0.512 0.055 3.019 1.226 0.166
eri
2.54 1.942 0.508 0.053 3.086 1.228 0.164
2.56 1.950 0.504 e 0.051 3.154 1.231 0.162
2.58 1.957 0.500 0.049 3.224 1.234 0.160
2.60 1.965 0.496 0.048 3.295 1.237 0.158
gin
2.62 1.972 0.493 0.046 3.370 1.240 0.157
2.64 1.980 0.489 0.045 3.444 1.242 0.155
En
2.66 1.987 0.485 0.043 3.521 1.245 0.153

2.68 1.994 0.481 0.042 3.600 1.248 0.151
2.70 2.001 0.478 0.041 3.681 1.250 0.150
arn
2.72 2.008 0.474 0.039 3.764 1.253 0.148

2.74 2.015 0.470 0.038 3.849 1.256 0.146
Le
2.76 2.022 0.467 0.037 3.936 1.258 0.145

2.78 2.029 0.463 0.036 4.025 1.261 0.143
2.80 2.036 0.460 0.034 4.116 1.264 0.142
w.
2.82 2.042 0.456 0.033 4.210 1.266 0.140

ww
2.84 2.048 0.453 0.032 4.306 1.268 0.138

2.86 2.055 0.449 0.031 4.404 1.271 0.137
2.88 2.062 0.446 0.030 4.504 1.273 0.135
2.90 2.068 0.442 0.029 4.607 1.275 0.134
2.92 2.074 0.439 0.028 4.713 1.278 0.133

2.94 2.081 0.435 0.027 4.821 1.281 0.131
2.96 2.087 0.432 0.026 4.931 1.283 0.129
2.98 2.093 0.429 0.0256 5.044 1.285 0.128
3.00 2.099 0.426 0.025 5.160 1.288 0.127

TABLE 3.1
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
3.05 2.113 0.417 0.0227 5.461 1.293 0.124
.i n
3.10 2.127 0.409 0.0209 5.781 1.298 0.121
3.15 2.141 0.402 0.0193 6.119 1.304 0.118
3.20 2.155 0.394 0.0177 6.477 1.309 0.115
ng
3.25 2.168 0.387 0.0163 6.857 1.315 0.112
3.30 2.181 0.379 0.0151 7.258 1.319 0.109
eri
3.35 2.193 0.373 0.0139 7.684 1.325 0.107
3.40 2.205 0.366 e 0.0128 8.133 1.329 0.104
3.45 2.217 0.359 0.0118 8.608 1.334 0.101
3.50 2.228 0.352 0.011 9.110 1.338 0.099
gin
3.55 2.239 0.346 0.010 9.640 1.343 0.097
3.60 2.250 0.339 0.0093 10.200 1.347 0.095
En
3.65 2.261 0.334 0.0086 10.792 1.351 0.093

3.70 2.271 0.327 0.0079 11.416 1.356 0.092
3.75 2.281 0.322 0.0073 12.075 1.360 0.088
arn
3.80 2.290 0.316 0.0068 12.769 1.363 0.086

3.85 2.299 0.310 0.0063 13.502 1.367 0.085
Le
3.90 2.308 0.305 0.0058 14.274 1.371 0.083

3.95 2.318 0.299 0.0054 15.087 1.375 0.081
4.00 2.326 0.294 0.005 15.940 1.378 0.079
w.
4.05 2.335 0.289 4.6 × 10−3 16.846 1.382 0.077

4.10 2.343 0.284 4.27 × 10−3 17.796 1.385 0.076
ww
4.15 2.351 0.279 3.9 × 10−3 18.796 1.388 0.075

4.20 2.359 0.274 3.68 × 10−3 19.850 1.391 0.073
4.25 2.367 0.270 3.41 × 10−3 20.953 1.395 0.072
4.30 2.374 0.265 3.17 × 10−3 22.116 1.397 0.070

4.35 2.381 0.261 2.94 × 10−3 23.338 1.400 0.068
4.40 2.383 0.256 2.73 × 10−3 24.622 1.403 0.067
4.45 2.395 0.252 2.54 × 10−3 25.971 1.406 0.066
4.50 2.402 0.248 2.36 × 10−3 27.390 1.408 0.065

TABLE 3.1
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
4.55 2.408 0.243 2.2 × 10−3 28.874 1.412 0.063
.i n
4.60 2.415 0.240 2.05 × 10−3 30.434 1.414 0.062
4.65 2.421 0.235 1.91 × 10−3 32.070 1.417 0.061
4.70 2.427 0.232 1.77 × 10−3 33.786 1.420 0.060
ng
4.75 2.433 0.228 1.65 × 10−3 35.585 1.422 0.059
eri
4.80 2.438 0.224 1.54 × 10−3 37.472 1.424 0.058
4.85 2.444 0.221 1.44 × 10−3 39.448 1.427 0.057
1.34 × 10−3
4.90 2.450 0.217
e 41.518 1.429 0.055
1.25 × 10−3
gin
4.95 2.455 0.214 43.687 1.431 0.0547
5.00 2.460 0.211 1.17 × 10−3 45.950 1.433 0.054
En
6.00 2.543 0.156 32.0 × 10−5 120.100 1.468 0.038

7.00 2.598 0.119 10.0 × 10−5 285.300 1.491 0.029
8.00 2.635 0.094 3.6 × 10−5 625.000 1.508 0.023
arn
9.00 2.662 0.076 1.4 × 10−5 1275.000 1.520 0.018

10.00 2.680 0.063 0.6 × 10−5 2438.000 1.527 0.015
∞ 2.769 0 0 ∞ 1.565 0
Le
w.
ww

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
0.00 0.000 1.000 1.000 ∞ ∞ ∞
.i n
0.01 0.011 0.999 0.999 57.874 45.65 57.869
0.02 0.022 0.999 0.999 28.942 22.834 28.934
0.03 0.033 0.999 0.999 19.300 15.232 19.288
ng
0.04 0.044 0.999 0.998 14.482 11.435 14.465
0.05 0.0548 0.999 0.998 11.592 9.158 11.571
eri
0.06 0.0657 0.999 0.997 9.666 7.643 9.642
0.07 0.0766 0.999 0.996 8.292 6.562 8.263
0.08 0.0876 0.998 0.995 7.262 5.753 7.229
e
0.09 0.0985 0.998 0.994 6.461 5.125 6.425
gin
0.10 0.1094 0.998 0.993 5.822 4.624 5.781
0.11 0.1204 0.9976 0.992 5.299 4.215 5.255

En
0.12 0.1313 0.9971 0.989 4.864 3.875 4.815

0.13 0.1422 0.9966 0.988 4.497 3.588 4.445
0.14 0.1531 0.996 0.986 4.182 3.343 4.126
arn
0.15 0.1640 0.995 0.984 3.910 3.132 3.849
0.16 0.1750 0.9949 0.982 3.673 2.947 3.607

0.17 0.186 0.9943 0.980 3.464 2.786 3.394
Le
0.18 0.1965 0.994 0.978 3.278 2.642 3.205

0.19 0.207 0.993 0.975 3.112 2.515 3.035
0.20 0.218 0.992 0.973 2.964 2.400 2.882
w.
0.21 0.229 0.991 0.9697 2.829 2.297 2.744

ww
0.22 0.239 0.990 0.967 2.707 2.205 2.618

0.23 0.251 0.989 0.964 2.597 2.120 2.503
0.24 0.261 0.988 0.961 2.495 2.043 2.398
0.25 0.272 0.987 0.957 2.403 1.973 2.300
0.26 0.283 0.986 0.954 2.317 1.909 2.211

0.27 0.294 0.9855 0.951 2.238 1.849 2.128
0.28 0.304 0.985 0.947 2.166 1.795 2.051
0.29 0.315 0.983 0.943 2.098 1.745 1.979
0.30 0.325 0.982 0.939 2.035 1.698 1.912

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
0.31 0.336 0.981 0.936 1.976 1.655 1.849
.i n
0.32 0.347 0.979 0.932 1.922 1.614 1.790
0.33 0.357 0.978 0.927 1.871 1.577 1.735
ng
0.34 0.368 0.977 0.923 1.823 1.542 1.683
0.35 0.378 0.976 0.918 1.778 1.509 1.634
eri
0.36 0.389 0.975 0.914 1.735 1.479 1.587
0.37 0.400 0.973 0.909 1.696 1.450 1.543
0.38 0.410 0.972 0.905 1.658 1.424 1.501
e
0.39 0.421 0.970 0.900 1.623 1.398 1.462
gin
0.40 0.431 0.969 0.895 1.590 1.375 1.424
0.41 0.442 0.967 0.891 1.558 1.353 1.388

En
0.42 0.452 0.966 0.886 1.529 1.332 1.354

0.43 0.463 0.964 0.881 1.500 1.312 1.322
0.44 0.473 0.963 0.876 1.474 1.294 1.290
arn
0.45 0.483 0.961 0.870 1.448 1.276 1.261
0.46 0.494 0.959 0.865 1.425 1.259 1.232

0.47 0.504 0.958 0.859 1.402 1.244 1.205
Le
0.48 0.514 0.956 0.854 1.380 1.230 1.178

0.49 0.524 0.954 0.848 1.360 1.216 1.154
0.50 0.534 0.952 0.843 1.340 1.203 1.129
w.
0.51 0.545 0.951 0.837 1.321 1.190 1.106

ww
0.52 0.555 0.948 0.832 1.303 1.178 1.084

0.53 0.565 0.947 0.826 1.287 1.167 1.062
0.54 0.575 0.945 0.820 1.270 1.157 1.042
0.55 0.585 0.943 0.814 1.255 1.147 1.022
0.56 0.595 0.941 0.808 1.240 1.138 1.002

0.57 0.605 0.939 0.802 1.226 1.129 0.984
0.58 0.615 0.937 0.796 1.213 1.121 0.966
0.59 0.625 0.935 0.790 1.200 1.113 0.948
0.60 0.635 0.933 0.784 1.188 1.105 0.932

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
0.61 0.645 0.931 0.778 1.177 1.098 0.915
.i n
0.62 0.655 0.928 0.772 1.166 1.091 0.900
0.63 0.664 0.926 0.765 1.155 1.085 0.885
0.64 0.674 0.924 0.759 1.145 1.078 0.869
ng
0.65 0.684 0.922 0.753 1.136 1.073 0.855
0.66 0.693 0.919 0.746 1.126 1.068 0.841
eri
0.67 0.703 0.917 0.740 1.118 1.063 0.827
0.68 0.713 0.915 e 0.734 1.109 1.058 0.814
0.69 0.722 0.913 0.727 1.102 1.053 0.802
0.70 0.732 0.911 0.721 1.094 1.049 0.789
gin
0.71 0.741 0.908 0.714 1.087 1.045 0.777
0.72 0.751 0.906 0.708 1.081 1.041 0.765
En
0.73 0.760 0.904 0.701 1.074 1.038 0.753

0.74 0.769 0.901 0.695 1.068 1.035 0.742
0.75 0.779 0.899 0.688 1.062 1.031 0.732
arn
0.76 0.788 0.896 0.682 1.057 1.028 0.721

0.77 0.797 0.894 0.676 1.052 1.026 0.711
Le
0.78 0.807 0.892 0.669 1.047 1.023 0.700

0.79 0.816 0.889 0.663 1.043 1.021 0.691
0.80 0.825 0.886 0.656 1.038 1.018 0.681
w.
0.81 0.834 0.884 0.649 1.034 1.017 0.672

0.82 0.843 0.881 0.643 1.031 1.015 0.663
ww
0.83 0.852 0.879 0.636 1.027 1.013 0.654

0.84 0.861 0.876 0.630 1.024 1.011 0.645
0.85 0.870 0.874 0.624 1.021 1.009 0.636
0.86 0.879 0.871 0.617 1.018 1.008 0.628

0.87 0.888 0.868 0.610 1.015 1.007 0.620
0.88 0.897 0.869 0.604 1.013 1.006 0.612
0.89 0.906 0.863 0.598 1.011 1.005 0.604
0.90 0.915 0.861 0.591 1.009 1.004 0.596

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
0.91 0.923 0.858 0.585 1.007 1.003 0.589
.i n
0.92 0.932 0.855 0.578 1.006 1.0025 0.582
0.93 0.941 0.853 0.572 1.004 1.002 0.575
0.94 0.949 0.849 0.566 1.003 1.0014 0.567
ng
0.95 0.958 0.847 0.559 1.002 1.0009 0.561
0.96 0.966 0.844 0.553 1.0014 1.0006 0.554
eri
0.97 0.975 0.842 0.547 1.0008 1.0003 0.547
0.98 0.983 0.839 e 0.541 1.0003 1.0001 0.541
0.99 0.992 0.836 0.534 1.0001 1.000 0.535
1.00 1.000 0.834 0.528 1.000 1.000 0.528
gin
1.01 1.0083 0.831 0.522 1.0001 1.000 0.522
1.02 1.017 0.828 0.516 1.0003 1.0001 0.516
En
1.03 1.025 0.825 0.510 1.0007 1.0003 0.510

1.04 1.033 0.822 0.504 1.0013 1.0005 0.505
1.05 1.041 0.819 0.498 1.002 1.0008 0.498
arn
1.06 1.049 0.816 0.492 1.003 1.0012 0.493

1.07 1.057 0.814 0.486 1.004 1.0016 0.488
Le
1.08 1.065 0.811 0.480 1.005 1.002 0.483

1.09 1.073 0.808 0.474 1.006 1.0025 0.477
1.10 1.081 0.805 6.468 1.008 1.003 0.472
w.
1.11 1.089 0.802 0.463 1.009 1.0036 0.467

ww
1.12 1.097 0.799 0.457 1.011 1.004 0.462

1.13 1.105 0.796 0.451 1.013 1.005 0.457
1.14 1.113 0.794 0.445 1.015 1.0057 0.452
1.15 1.120 0.791 0.439 1.017 1.006 0.447
1.16 1.128 0.788 0.434 1.019 1.007 0.443

1.17 1.136 0.785 0.428 1.022 1.008 0.438
1.18 1.143 0.782 0.423 1.025 1.009 0.434
1.19 1.151 0.779 0.418 1.028 1.010 0.429
1.20 1.158 0.776 0.412 1.030 1.011 0.425

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
1.21 1.166 0.774 0.407 1.034 1.012 0.421
.i n
1.22 1.173 0.771 0.402 1.037 1.013 0.416
1.23 1.181 0.768 0.396 1.039 1.014 0.412
1.24 1.188 0.765 0.391 1.043 1.015 0.408
ng
1.25 1.195 0.762 0.386 1.047 1.016 0.404
1.26 1.203 0.759 0.381 1.050 1.017 0.400
eri
1.27 1.210 0.756 0.376 1.054 1.018 0.396
1.28 1.217 0.753 e 0.371 1.058 1.019 0.392
1.29 1.224 0.750 0.366 1.062 1.021 0.388
1.30 1.231 0.747 0.361 1.066 1.022 0.385
gin
1.31 1.238 0.745 0.356 1.071 1.023 0.381
1.32 1.245 0.742 0.351 1.075 1.024 0.378
En
1.33 1.252 0.738 0.346 1.079 1.025 0.374

1.34 1.259 0.736 0.342 1.084 1.027 0.370
1.35 1.266 0.733 0.337 1.089 1.028 0.367
arn
1.36 1.273 0.730 0.332 1.094 1.029 0.364

1.37 1.280 0.727 0.328 1.099 1.031 0.360
Le
1.38 1.286 0.724 0.323 1.104 1.032 0.357

1.39 1.293 0.721 0.318 1.110 1.033 0.354
1.40 1.300 0.718 0.314 1.115 1.035 0.350
w.
1.41 1.306 0.716 0.309 1.121 1.036 0.347

ww
1.42 1.313 0.713 0.305 1.126 1.037 0.344

1.43 1.319 0.709 0.301 1.132 1.039 0.341
1.44 1.326 0.706 0.297 1.138 1.040 0.338
1.45 1.333 0.704 0.293 1.144 1.042 0.335
1.46 1.339 0.701 0.288 1.150 1.043 0.332

1.47 1.345 0.698 0.285 1.156 1.044 0.329
1.48 1.352 0.695 0.280 1.163 1.046 0.326
1.49 1.358 0.693 0.276 1.170 1.047 0.323
1.50 1.365 0.689 0.272 1.176 1.048 0.320

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
1.51 1.371 0.687 0.268 1.183 1.050 0.317
.i n
1.52 1.377 0.684 0.265 1.189 1.052 0.315
1.53 1.383 0.681 0.261 1.197 1.053 0.312
1.54 1.389 0.678 0.257 1.204 1.055 0.309
ng
1.55 1.395 0.675 0.253 1.211 1.056 0.307
1.56 1.402 0.673 0.249 1.219 1.057 0.304
eri
1.57 1.408 0.670 0.246 1.227 1.059 0.302
1.58 1.414 0.667 e 0.242 1.234 1.061 0.300
1.59 1.419 0.664 0.238 1.242 1.062 0.297
1.60 1.425 0.661 0.235 1.250 1.063 0.294
gin
1.61 1.431 0.658 0.232 1.258 1.065 0.292
1.62 1.437 0.656 0.228 1.267 1.067 0.289
En
1.63 1.443 0.653 0.225 1.275 1.068 0.287

1.64 1.448 0.650 0.222 1.284 1.069 0.285
1.65 1.454 0.647 0.218 1.292 1.071 0.282
arn
1.66 1.460 0.645 0.215 1.301 1.073 0.280

1.67 1.466 0.642 0.212 1.310 1.074 0.278
Le
1.68 1.471 0.639 0.208 1.319 1.076 0.275

1.69 1.477 0.636 0.206 1.328 l.077 0.273
1.70 1.483 0.634 0.203 1.337 1.078 0.271
w.
1.71 1.485 0.631 0.200 1.347 1.080 0.269

1.72 1.494 0.628 0.196 1.357 1.082 0.267
ww
1.73 1.499 0.626 0.194 1.367 1.083 0.265

1.74 1.504 0.623 0.191 1.376 1.085 0.262
1.75 1.509 0.620 0.187 1.387 1.086 0.260
1.76 1.515 0.617 0.185 1.397 1.087 0.258

1.77 1.520 0.615 0.182 1.407 1.089 0.256
1.78 1.526 0.612 0.179 1.418 1.091 0.254
1.79 1.531 0.609 0.177 1.428 1.092 0.252
1.80 1.536 0.607 0.174 1.439 1.094 0.250

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
1.81 1.541 0.604 0.171 1.450 1.095 0.248
.i n
1.82 1.546 0.602 0.168 1.461 1.096 0.247
1.83 1.551 0.598 0.166 1.472 1.098 0.245
1.84 1.556 0.596 0.164 1.484 1.099 0.243
ng
1.85 1.561 0.594 0.161 1.495 1.100 0.241
1.86 1.566 0.591 0.158 1.507 1.102 0.239
eri
1.87 1.571 0.588 0.156 1.518 1.104 0.237
1.88 1.576 0.585 e 0.154 1.531 1.105 0.235
1.89 1.581 0.583 0.152 1.543 1.107 0.234
1.90 1.586 0.581 0.149 1.555 1.108 0.232
gin
1.91 1.591 0.578 0.147 1.568 1.110 0.230
1.92 1.596 0.575 0.145 1.580 1.111 0.228
En
1.93 1.600 0.573 0.142 1.593 1.113 0.227

1.94 1.605 0.570 0.140 1.606 1.114 0.225
1.95 1.609 0.568 0.138 1.619 1.116 0.223
arn
1.96 1.615 0.566 0.136 1.633 1.117 0.222

1.97 1.619 0.563 0.134 1.646 1.118 0.220
Le
1.98 1.624 0.561 0.132 1.659 1.120 0.219

1.99 1.628 0.558 0.129 1.674 1.121 0.217
2.00 1.633 0.555 0.128 1.687 1.123 0.216
w.
2.01 1.638 0.553 0.126 1.702 1.124 0.214

2.02 1.642 0.551 0.114 1.716 1.126 0.213
ww
2.03 1.646 0.548 0.122 1.731 1.127 0.211

2.04 1.651 0.546 0.120 1.745 1.128 0.209
2.05 1.655 0.543 0.118 1.760 1.130 0.208
2.06 1.660 0.541 0.116 1.775 1.131 0.207

2.07 1.664 0.538 0.115 1.790 1.133 0.205
2.08 1.668 0.536 0.113 1.805 1.134 0.204
2.09 1.673 0.534 0.111 1.821 1.135 0.202
2.10 1.677 0.531 0.109 1.837 1.137 0.200

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
2.11 1.681 0.529 0.108 1.853 1.138 0.199
.i n
2.12 1.685 0.527 0.106 1.869 1.139 0.198
2.13 1.689 0.524 0.1043 1.885 1.141 0.197
2.14 1.694 0.522 0.1027 1.902 1.142 0.195
ng
2.15 1.698 0.519 0.1010 1.918 1.143 0.194
2.16 1.702 0.517 0.0996 1.935 1.145 0.193
eri
2.17 1.706 0.515 0.0980 1.953 1.146 0.191
2.18 1.710 0.513 e 0.0965 1.969 1.147 0.190
2.19 1.714 0.510 0.095 1.987 1.148 0.188
2.20 1.718 0.508 0.0935 2.005 1.150 0.187
gin
2.21 1.722 0.506 0.0921 2.023 1.151 0.186
2.22 1.726 0.504 0.0906 2.041 1.153 0.185
En
2.23 1.730 0.501 0.0892 2.059 1.154 0.184

2.24 1.734 0.499 0.0878 2.078 1.155 0.183
2.25 1.737 0.497 0.0865 2.096 1.156 0.181
arn
2.26 1.741 0.495 0.0851 2.115 1.158 0.180

2.27 1.745 0.492 0.0838 2.135 1.159 0.179
Le
2.28 1.749 0.490 0.0825 2.154 1.160 0.178

2.29 1.753 0.488 0.0812 2.173 1.162 0.1765
2.30 1.756 0.486 0.0800 2.193 1.163 0.175
w.
2.31 1.760 0.484 0.0787 2.213 1.164 0.174

2.32 1.764 0.482 0.0775 2.233 1.165 0.173
ww
2.33 1.767 0.479 0.0763 2.254 1.167 0.172

2.34 1.771 0.477 0.0751 2.274 1.168 0.171
2.35 1.775 0.475 0.0740 2.295 1.169 0.169
2.36 1.778 0.473 0.0728 2.316 1.170 0.168

2.37 1.782 0.471 0.0717 2.338 1.172 0.167
2.38 1.785 0.469 0.0706 2.359 1.173 0.166
2.39 1.789 0.467 0.0695 2.381 1.174 0.165
2.40 1.792 0.464 0.0684 2.403 1.175 0.164

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
2.41 1.796 0.463 0.0673 2.425 1.176 0.163
.i n
2.42 1.799 0.461 0.0663 2.448 1.178 0.162
2.43 1.803 0.458 0.0653 2.471 1.179 0.161
2.44 1.806 0.456 0.0643 2.494 1.180 0.160
ng
2.45 1.809 0.454 0.0633 2.517 1.181 0.159
eri
2.46 1.813 0.452 0.0623 2.540 1.182 0.158
2.47 1.816 0.450 0.0613 2.564 1.183 0.157
2.48 1.819 0.448 e 0.0604 2.588 1.184 0.156
2.49 1.823 0.446 0.0595 2.612 1.186 0.155
gin
2.50 1.826 0.444 0.0585 2.637 1.187 0.154
2.51 1.829 0.442 0.0576 2.662 1.188 0.153

2.52 1.832 0.441 0.0567 2.686 1.189 0.152
En
2.53 1.835 0.438 0.0558 2.712 1.190 0.151

2.54 1.838 0.436 0.0550 2.737 1.191 0.150
2.55 1.842 0.434 0.0542 2.763 1.192 0.149
arn
2.56 1.845 0.433 0.0533 2.789 1.193 0.1487

2.57 1.848 0.431 0.0525 2.815 1.195 0.1475
Le
2.58 1.851 0.429 0.0517 2.842 1.196 0.147

2.59 1.854 0.427 0.0509 2.869 1.197 0.146
2.60 1.857 0.425 0.0501 2.896 1.198 0.145
w.
2.61 1.860 0.423 0.0494 2.923 1.199 0.144

2.62 1.863 0.421 0.0486 2.951 1.200 0.143
ww
2.63 1.866 0.419 0.0478 2.980 1.201 0.1425

2.64 1.869 0.417 0.0471 3.007 1.202 0.142
2.65 1.872 0.415 0.0464 3.306 1.203 0.141
2.66 1.875 0.414 0.0457 3.065 1.204 0.140

2.67 1.878 0.412 0.0449 3.094 1.205 0.139
2.68 1.881 0.410 0.0443 3.123 1.206 0.138
2.69 1.884 0.408 0.0436 3.153 1.207 0.1375
2.70 1.886 0.407 0.043 3.183 1.208 0.137

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
2.71 1.889 0.405 0.0423 3.213 1.209 0.136
.i n
2.72 1.892 0.403 0.0417 3.244 1.210 0.135
2.73 1.895 0.402 0.0410 3.275 1.211 0.134
2.74 1.898 0.399 0.0404 3.306 1.212 0.1335
ng
2.75 1.900 0.398 0.0398 3.337 1.213 0.133
2.76 1.903 0.396 0.0392 3.369 1.214 0.132
eri
2.77 1.906 0.395 0.0386 3.402 1.215 0.131
2.78 1.908 0.393 e 0.0379 3.434 1.216 0.130
2.79 1.911 0.391 0.0374 3.467 1.217 0.1297
2.80 1.914 0.389 0.0369 3.500 1.218 0.129
gin
2.81 1.915 0.388 0.0363 3.534 1.219 0.128
2.82 1.919 0.386 0.0357 3.567 1.220 0.1275
En
2.83 1.922 0.384 0.0352 3.602 1.221 0.127

2.84 1.925 0.382 0.0347 3.636 1.222 0.126
2.85 1.927 0.381 0.0342 3.670 1.223 0.125
arn
2.86 1.929 0.379 0.0336 3.706 1.224 0.1245

2.87 1.932 0.378 0.0331 3.741 1.225 0.124
Le
2.88 1.935 0.376 0.0326 3.777 1.226 0.123

2.89 1.937 0.375 0.0321 3.813 1.227 0.1225
2.90 1.940 0.373 0.0317 3.850 1.228 0.122
w.
2.91 1.942 0.371 0.0312 3.887 1.229 0.121

2.92 1.945 0.369 0.0307 3.924 1.230 0.120
ww
2.93 1.947 0.368 0.0303 3.961 1.2305 0.1198

2.94 1.950 0.367 0.0298 4.000 1.231 0.119
2.95 1.952 0.365 0.0294 4.037 1.232 0.1185
2.96 1.955 0.363 0.0289 4.076 1.233 0.118

2.97 1.957 0.362 0.0285 4.115 1.234 0.117
2.98 1.959 0.360 0.0281 4.155 1.235 0.117
2.99 1.962 0.358 0.0276 4.195 1.236 0.116
3.00 1.964 0.357 0.0272 4.235 1.237 0.115

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
3.05 1.976 0.349 0.0253 4.441 1.241 0.112
.i n
3.10 1.987 0.342 0.0235 4.657 1.246 0.109
3.15 1.997 0.335 0.0218 4.884 1.249 0.106
3.20 2.008 0.328 0.0202 5.121 1.253 0.104
ng
3.25 2.018 0.321 0.0188 5.369 1.257 0.101
3.30 2.028 0.315 0.0175 5.628 1.260 0.098
eri
3.35 2.037 0.308 0.0163 5.900 1.264 0.096
3.40 2.047 0.302 0.0151 6.184 1.268 0.0935
3.45 2.056 0.296 0.0141 6.480 1.272 0.091
e
3.50 2.064 0.289 0.0131 6.789 1.274 0.089
gin
3.55 2.073 0.284 12.2 × 10−3 7.113 1.278 0.087
3.60 2.081 0.278 11.38 × 10−3 7.450 1.281 0.085
10.62 × 10−3
En
3.65 2.089 0.273 7.802 1.284 0.083

3.70 2.095 0.268 9.9 × 10−3 8.169 1.287 0.081
3.75 2.104 0.262 9.24 × 10−3 8.552 1.289 0.079
arn
3.80 2.111 0.257 8.63 × 10−3 8.950 1.292 0.077

3.85 2.118 0.252 8.06 × 10−3 9.366 1.295 0.075
3.90 2.125 0.247 7.53 × 10−3 9.800 1.298 0.0738
Le
3.95 2.132 0.243 7.04 × 10−3 10.249 1.300 0.072

4.00 2.138 0.238 6.592 × 10−3 10.719 1.303 0.071
w.
4.05 2.145 0.234 6.16 × 10−3 11.207 1.305 0.069

4.10 2.151 0.229 5.77 × 10−3 11.715 1.308 0.0676
ww
4.15 2.156 0.235 5.4 × 10−3 12.243 1.310 0.066

4.20 2.162 0.221 5.06 × 10−3 12.792 1.312 0.0648
4.25 2.168 0.217 4.74 × 10−3 13.362 1.315 0.0635
4.30 2.173 0.213 4.45 × 10−3 13.955 1.317 0.062

4.35 2.178 0.209 4.17 × 10−3 14.571 1.319 0.0608
4.40 2.184 0.205 3.92 × 10−3 15.210 1.321 0.060
4.45 2.188 0.202 3.68 × 10−3 15.872 1.323 0.058
4.50 2.194 0.198 3.46 × 10−3 16.562 1.325 0.057
5.00 2.236 0.167 1.89 × 10−3 25.000 1.341 0.047

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
6.00 2.295 0.122 63.3 × 10-5 53.180 1.365 0.033
.i n
7.00 2.333 0.093 24.2 × 10−5 104.143 1.381 0.025
8.00 2.359 0.072 10.2 × 10−5 190.110 1.392 0.0195
9.00 2.377 0.058 4.74 × 10−5 327.189 1.399 0.0156
ng
10.00 2.390 0.047 2.36 × 10−5 536.00 1.404 0.0126
eri
∞ 2.45 0 0 ∞ 1.429 0
e
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

TABLE 3.3
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
0.00 0.000 1.000 1.000 ∞ ∞ ∞
.i n
0.02 0.023 0.999 0.999 28.132 21.662 28.113
0.04 0.046 0.999 0.998 14.078 10.851 14.054
0.06 0.069 0.998 0.997 9.397 7.255 9.366
ng
0.08 0.092 0.997 0.995 7.061 5.464 7.021
0.10 0.115 0.997 0.992 5.661 4.392 5.615
eri
0.12 0.138 0.995 0.988 4.733 3.686 4.675
0.14 0.161 0.994 0.984 4.070 3.184 4.003
0.16 0.184 0.992 0.979 3.576 2.809 3.499
e
0.18 0.207 0.989 0.973 3.193 2.522 3.107
gin
0.20 0.229 0.987 0.967 2.886 2.293 2.793
0.22 0.252 0.984 0.961 2.640 2.110 2.535

En
0.24 0.275 0.981 0.954 2.435 1.958 2.320

0.26 0.297 0.978 0.945 2.262 1.833 2.138
0.28 0.319 0.975 0.937 2.115 1.725 1.982
arn
0.30 0.342 0.971 0.928 1.989 1.635 1.848
0.32 0.363 0.967 0.919 1.880 1.558 1.728

0.34 0.385 0.963 0.909 1.784 1.491 1.623
Le
0.36 0.407 0.958 0.899 1.700 1.432 1.529

0.38 0.428 0.954 0.889 1.626 1.381 1.445
0.40 0.450 0.949 0.878 1.560 1.336 1.370
w.
0.42 0.471 0.945 0.867 1.502 1.297 1.300

ww
0.44 0.493 0.939 0.855 1.448 1.262 1.238

0.46 0.513 0.934 0.843 1.401 1.231 1.181
0.48 0.534 0.928 0.831 1.358 1.203 1.128
0.50 0.555 0.923 0.818 1.320 1.178 1.080
0.52 0.575 0.917 0.806 1.286 1.157 1.035

0.54 0.595 0.911 0.793 1.254 1.137 0.994
0.56 0.615 0.905 0.780 1.225 1.120 0.955
0.58 0.635 0.899 0.767 1.200 1.105 0.919
0.60 0.655 0.893 0.753 1.176 1.091 0.885

TABLE 3.3
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
0.62 0.674 0.886 0.739 1.154 1.085 0.854
.i n
0.64 0.693 0.879 0.726 1.135 1.068 0.824
0.66 0.712 0.873 0.712 1.118 1.058 0.796
0.68 0.731 0.866 0.698 1.102 1.049 0.769
ng
0.70 0.750 0.859 0.685 1.087 1.042 0.745
0.72 0.768 0.853 0.671 1.075 1.035 0.721
eri
0.74 0.786 0.845 0.657 1.063 1.029 0.698
0.76 0.804 0.838 e 0.644 1.053 1.024 0.677
0.78 0.821 0.831 0.630 1.043 1.019 0.657
0.80 0.839 0.823 0.616 1.035 1.016 0.638
gin
0.82 0.856 0.817 0.603 1.028 1.012 0.619
0.84 0.873 0.809 0.589 1.022 1.009 0.602
En
0.86 0.889 0.802 0.570 1.016 1.007 0.585

0.88 0.906 0.795 0.563 1.011 1.005 0.569
0.90 0.922 0.787 0.550 1.008 1.003 0.555
arn
0.92 0.938 0.779 0.537 1.005 1.002 0.539

0.94 0.954 0.772 0.524 1.003 1.001 0.525
Le
0.96 0.969 0.765 0.511 1.001 1.0005 0.512

0.98 0.985 0.757 0.499 1.0003 1.0001 0.499
1.00 1.000 0.749 0.487 1.000 1.000 0.487
w.
1.02 1.015 0.742 0.475 1.0003 1.0001 0.475

1.04 1.029 0.735 0.463 1.001 1.0004 0.463
ww
1.06 1.044 0.727 0.451 1.003 1.001 0.452

1.08 1.058 0.720 0.440 1.005 1.0015 0.442
1.10 1.072 0.712 0.428 1.007 1.002 0.432
1.12 1.086 0.705 0.418 1.010 1.003 0.421

1.14 1.100 0.698 0.407 1.014 1.005 0.412
1.16 1.113 0.690 0.396 1.018 1.006 0.402
1.18 1.126 0.682 0.385 1.022 1.007 0.393
1.20 1.139 0.675 0.375 1.027 1.008 0.385

TABLE 3.3
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
1.22 1.152 0.668 0.365 1.032 1.010 0.376
.i n
1.24 1.164 0.661 0.355 1.038 1.011 0.368
1.26 1.176 0.654 0.346 1.044 1.013 0.361
1.28 1.188 0.647 0.336 1.051 1.015 0.353
ng
1.30 1.200 0.638 0.327 1.057 1.017 0.346
1.32 1.212 0.632 0.318 1.065 1.018 0.338
eri
1.24 1.224 0.625 0.309 1.073 1.021 0.332
1.36 1.235 0.618 e 0.300 1.081 1.022 0.325
1.38 1.246 0.612 0.293 1.089 1.024 0.318
1.40 1.257 0.604 0.284 1.098 1.026 0.312
gin
1.42 1.268 0.598 0.276 1.108 1.028 0.306
1.44 1.278 0.591 0.268 1.117 1.030 0.300
En
1.46 1.289 0.585 0.261 1.127 1.032 0.294

1.48 1.299 0.578 0.253 1.138 1.035 0.289
1.50 1.308 0.570 0.246 1.148 1.036 0.283
arn
1.52 1.319 0.565 0.239 1.160 1.038 0.278

1.54 1.329 0.558 0.233 1.171 1.041 0.273
Le
1.56 1.338 0.552 0.226 1.183 1.043 0.267

1.58 1.348 0.545 0.220 1.195 1.045 0.263
1.60 1.356 0.538 0.214 1.207 1.047 0.258
w.
1.62 1.365 0.533 0.208 1.220 1.049 0.253

1.64 1.375 0.527 0.202 1.234 1.051 0.248
ww
1.66 1.384 0.521 0.196 1.247 1.053 0.244

1.68 1.393 0.515 0.191 1.261 1.055 0.239
1.70 1.400 0.508 0.185 1.275 1.057 0.236
1.72 1.409 0.503 0.179 1.290 1.060 0.232

1.74 1.417 0.498 0.175 1.305 1.062 0.228
1.76 1.425 0.492 0.169 1.320 1.064 0.224
1.78 1.433 0.486 0.165 1.336 1.065 0.220
1.80 1.440 0.480 0.160 1.351 1.067 0.216

TABLE 3.3
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
1.82 1.448 0.475 0.155 1.368 1.069 0.213
.i n
1.84 1.456 0.469 0.151 1.385 1.072 0.209
1.86 1.464 0.464 0.147 1.402 1.073 0.206
1.88 1.471 0.459 0.143 1.419 1.075 0.202
ng
1.90 1.477 0.453 0.138 1.435 1.077 0.199
1.92 1.485 0.448 0.135 1.455 1.079 0.196
eri
1.94 1.492 0.443 0.131 1.474 1.081 0.193
1.96 1.498 0.438 e 0.127 1.493 1.083 0.189
1.98 1.505 0.433 0.124 1.511 1.085 0.187
2.00 1.511 0.428 0.120 1.530 1.086 0.184
gin
2.02 1.518 0.424 0.117 1.551 1.088 0.181
2.04 1.525 0.418 0.114 1.571 1.090 0.178
En
2.06 1.531 0.414 0.110 1.592 1.092 0.175

2.08 1.537 0.405 0.107 1.613 1.094 0.173
2.10 1.542 0.404 0.104 1.632 1.095 0.170
arn
2.12 1.548 0.400 0.101 1.656 1.097 0.168

2.14 1.554 0.396 0.098 1.678 1.099 0.165
Le
2.16 1.560 0.391 0.096 1.700 1.101 0.163

2.18 1.566 0.387 0.093 1.723 1.102 0.160
2.20 1.570 0.380 0.091 1.745 1.104 0.158
w.
2.22 1.577 0.378 0.088 1.769 1.106 0.156

2.24 1.582 0.374 0.085 1.793 1.107 0.153
ww
2.26 1.587 0.370 0.083 1.817 1.108 0.151

2.28 1.592 0.366 0.081 1.842 1.110 0.149
2.30 1.596 0.361 0.078 1.865 1.111 0.147
2.32 1.603 0.358 0.077 1.893 1.113 0.145

2.34 1.607 0.354 0.075 1.918 1.115 0.143
2.36 1.612 0.350 0.073 1.945 1.116 0.141
2.38 1.617 0.346 0.071 1.971 1.118 0.139
2.40 1.620 0.341 0.068 1.995 1.120 0.137

TABLE 3.3
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
2.42 1.626 0.338 0.067 2.025 1.121 0.135
.i n
2.44 1.631 0.335 0.065 2.053 1.122 0.133
2.46 1.635 0.331 0.063 2.081 1.123 0.131
2.48 1.639 0.328 0.062 2.109 1.124 0.129
ng
2.50 1.642 0.323 0.060 2.135 1.125 0.128
2.52 1.648 0.321 0.058 2.168 1.127 0.126
eri
2.54 1.652 0.317 0.057 2.197 1.128 0.124
2.56 1.656 0.314 e 0.055 2.228 1.130 0.123
2.58 1.660 0.311 0.053 2.258 1.131 0.121
2.60 1.663 0.306 0.052 2.285 1.132 0.120
gin
2.62 1.668 0.304 0.051 2.321 1.134 0.118
2.64 1.672 0.301 0.049 2.353 1.135 0.117
En
2.66 1.676 0.298 0.048 2.385 1.136 0.115

2.68 1.680 0.295 0.047 2.417 1.137 0.114
2.70 1.682 0.291 0.046 2.445 1.138 0.112
arn
2.72 1.687 0.288 0.045 2.484 1.139 0.111

2.74 1.690 0.285 0.044 2.518 1.141 0.109
Le
2.76 1.694 0.282 0.042 2.552 1.142 0.108

2.78 1.697 0.279 0.041 2.587 1.143 0.107
2.80 1.700 0.276 0.040 2.615 1.145 0.106
w.
2.82 1.704 0.274 0.039 2.660 1.146 0.104

2.84 1.707 0.271 0.038 2.694 1.147 0.103
ww
2.86 1.710 0.268 0.037 2.731 1.148 0.101

2.88 1.713 0.265 0.036 2.768 1.149 0.100
2.90 1.714 0.262 0.035 2.800 1.150 0.099
2.92 1.720 0.260 0.034 2.843 1.151 0.098

2.94 1.723 0.258 0.0337 2.881 1.152 0.097
2.96 1.726 0.225 0.033 2.920 1.153 0.096
2.98 1.728 0.252 0.032 2.960 1.154 0.095
3.00 1.730 0.250 0.031 2.990 1.155 0.094

TABLE 3.3
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
3.05 1.739 0.244 0.0294 3.100 1.157 0.0908
.i n
3.10 1.746 0.238 0.0276 3.205 1.159 0.088
3.15 1.752 0.232 0.0259 3.312 1.162 0.086
3.20 1.760 0.226 0.0245 3.423 1.164 0.083
ng
3.25 1.765 0.221 0.0230 3.536 1.166 0.081
3.30 1.771 0.216 0.0217 3.653 1.168 0.079
eri
3.35 1.776 0.211 0.0204 3.772 1.169 0.077
.3.40 1.782 0.206 e 0.0193 3.895 1.172 0.075
3.45 1.787 0.201 0.0182 4.022 1.173 0.073
3.50 1.790 0.196 0.0170 4.135 1.175 0.071
gin
3.55 1.797 0.192 16.21 × 10−3 4.284 1.177 0.0693
3.60 1.802 0.188 15.32 × 10−3 4.421 1.178 0.0676
En
3.65 1.807 0.184 14.5 × 10−3 4.559 1.180 0.0659

3.70 1.811 0.179 13.7 × 10−3 4.704 1.182 0.0643
3.75 1.815 0.176 12.97 × 10−3 4.849 1.183 0.063
arn
3.80 1.819 0.172 12.28 × 10−3 5.000 1.185 0.061

3.85 1.824 0.168 11.6 × 10−3 5.154 1.186 0.0598
11.02 × 10−3
Le
3.90 1.827 0.165 5.311 1.187 0.0584

3.95 1.832 0.161 10.45 × 10−3 5.472 1.188 0.057
4.00 1.834 0.157 9.94 × 10−3 5.607 1.189 0.056
w.
4.05 1.838 0.154 9.4 × 10−3 5.806 1.191 0.054

4.10 1.842 0.151 8.93 × 10−3 5.978 1.193 0.053
ww
4.15 1.845 0.148 8.48 × 10−3 6.155 1.194 0.052

4.20 1.848 0.145 8.06 × 10−3 6.336 1.195 0.051
4.25 1.852 0.142 7.66 × 10−3 6.519 1.196 0.049
4.30 1.855 0.139 7.28 × 10−3 6.708 1.197 0.0487

4.35 1.858 0.137 6.93 × 10−3 6.900 1.198 0.0477
4.40 1.861 0.134 6.6 × 10−3 7.097 1.199 0.0467
4.45 1.864 0.132 6.28 × 10−3 7.298 1.200 0.0457
4.50 1.865 0.128 6.00 × 10−3 7.455 1.201 0.045

TABLE 3.3
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
4.55 1.869 0.126 5.7 × 10−3 7.712 1.202 0.044
.i n
4.60 1.871 0.124 5.4 × 10−3 7.925 1.203 0.043
4.65 1.874 0.122 5.2 × 10−3 8.143 1.204 0.042
4.70 1.876 0.119 4.9 × 10−3 8.365 1.205 0.041
ng
4.75 1.878 0.117 4.7 × 10−3 8.591 1.206 0.040
eri
4.80 1.881 0.115 4.5 × 10−3 8.822 1.206 0.039
4.85 1.883 0.113 4.3 × 10−3 9.058 1.207 0.0389
4.1 × 10−3
4.90 1.885 0.111
e 9.298 1.208 0.0381
3.9 × 10−3
gin
4.95 1.887 0.109 9.543 1.208 0.0374
5.00 1.888 0.107 3.7 × 10−3 9.720 1.209 0.037
En
6.00 1.918 0.076 165.0 × 10−5 15.680 1.220 0.026

7.00 1.937 0.057 81.0 × 10−5 23.850 1.228 0.019
8.00 1.950 0.045 43.0 × 10−5 34.600 1.232 0.015
arn
9.00 1.960 0.036 24.5 × 10−5 48.250 1.234 0.012

10.00 1.965 0.029 14.5 × 10−5 65.200 1.238 0.009
Le
∞ 1.995 0 0 ∞ 1.248 0
w.
ww

Normal Shocks in Perfect Gases 47
TABLE 4.1
Normal shocks in perfect gases (γγ = 1.3)
Mx My py /px Ty /Tx p0y /p0x p0y /px
1.00 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.832

1.02 0.981 1.046 1.010 0.999 1.875
.i n
1.04 0.962 1.092 1.021 0.999 1.918
1.06 0.944 1.139 1.031 0.999 1.963
1.08 0.927 1.185 1.041 0.999 2.010
ng
1.10 0.911 1.237 1.051 0.999 2.058
eri
1.12 0.896 1.287 1.061 0.998 2.107
1.14 0.881 1.338 1.070 0.997 2.157
1.16 0.867 1.391
e 1.080 0.995 2.209
1.18 0.853 1.444 1.089 0.994 2.262
gin
1.20 0.840 1.497 1.099 0.993 2.316
1.22 0.828 1.552 1.109 0.990 2.372

1.24 0.816 1.608 1.119 0.987 2.428
En
1.26 0.804 1.664 1.128 0.985 2.486

1.28 0.793 1.722 1.138 0.982 2.545
1.30 0.783 1.780 1.148 0.978 2.605
arn
1.32 0.772 1.839 1.158 0.975 2.667

1.34 0.762 1.899 1.167 0.971 2.728
Le
1.36 0.753 1.960 1.177 0.966 2.792

1.38 0.744 2.022 1.187 0.961 2.856
1.40 0.735 2.085 1.197 0.956 2.922
w.
1.42 0.726 2.149 1.207 0.951 2.988

1.44 0.714 2.214 1.217 0.945 3.056
ww
1.46 0.709 2.279 1.227 0.939 3.125

1.48 0.702 2.346 1.237 0.933 3.195
1.50 0.694 2.413 1.247 0.926 3.265
1.52 0.687 2.481 1.257 0.919 3.337

1.54 0.680 2.551 1.268 0.912 3.410
1.56 0.673 2.621 1.278 0.905 3.484
1.58 0.666 2.692 1.288 0.897 3.559
1.60 0.660 2.764 1.300 0.889 3.635

TABLE 4.1
1.62 0.654 2.836 1.310 0.881 3.712

1.64 0.647 2.910 1.320 0.873 3.791
.i n
1.66 0.642 2.985 1.331 0.864 3.870
1.68 0.636 3.060 1.342 0.856 3.991
1.70 0.630 3.137 1.353 0.847 4.031
ng
1.72 0.625 3.214 1.364 0.837 4.155
eri
1.74 0.620 3.292 1.375 0.828 4.196
1.76 0.615 3.371 1.386 0.819 4.281
1.78 0.609 3.451 1.397 0.810 4.366
1.80 0.605
e
3.532 1.407 0.800 4.452
gin
1.82 0.600 3.614 1.420 0.790 4.539
1.84 0.596 3.697 1.432 0.781 4.628
En
1.86 0.591 3.780 1.443 0.771 4.717

1.88 0.587 3.865 1.455 0.761 4.807
1.90 0.583 3.950 1.466 0.751 4.898
arn
1.92 0.578 4.037 1.479 0.741 4.991

1.94 0.574 4.124 1.491 0.731 5.084
1.96 0.570 4.212 1.503 0.721 5.178
Le
1.98 0.567 4.301 1.515 0.711 5.274

2.00 0.563 4.390 1.527 0.700 5.370
w.
2.02 0.559 4.482 1.539 0.690 5.467

2.04 0.556 4.574 1.552 0.680 5.565
ww
2.06 0.552 4.667 1.565 0.670 5.665

2.08 0.548 4.760 1.578 0.660 5.765
2.10 0.546 4.856 1.590 0.650 5.867
2.12 0.542 4.950 1.600 0.639 5.968

2.14 0.539 5.046 1.617 0.629 6.071
2.16 0.536 5.144 1.630 0.619 6.176
2.18 0.533 5.242 1.643 0.609 6.281
2.20 0.530 5.341 1.656 0.600 6.387

TABLE 4.1
2.22 0.527 5.441 1.669 0.590 6.494

2.24 0.524 5.542 1.683 0.580 6.603
.i n
2.26 0.522 5.643 1.697 0.571 6.712
2.28 0.519 5.746 1.711 0.561 6.822
2.30 0.516 5.849 1.725 0.552 6.934
ng
2.32 0.514 5.954 1.738 0.542 7.045
eri
2.34 0.511 6.059 1.753 0.533 7.158
2.36 0.508 6.166 1.767 0.523 7.272
2.38 0.506 6.273 1.781 0.515 7.387
e
2.40 0.505 6.380 1.797 0.505 7.504
gin
2.42 0.502 6.489 1.810 0.496 7.621
2.44 0.499 6.599 1.825 0.487 7.740
En
2.46 0.497 6.711 1.840 0.478 7.857

2.48 0.495 6.822 1.854 0.469 7.977
2.50 0.493 6.935 1.869 0.460 8.098
arn
2.52 0.491 7.050 1.885 0.452 8.220

2.54 0.489 7.163 1.899 0.444 8.343
2.56 0.487 7.278 1.915 0.436 8.467
Le
2.58 0.485 7.394 1.930 0.427 8.592

2.60 0.483 7.512 1.945 0.420 8.715
w.
2.62 0.481 7.629 1.962 0.411 8.845

2.64 0.479 7.748 1.977 0.404 8.973
ww
2.66 0.477 7.865 1.993 0.396 9.101

2.68 0.475 7.988 2.009 0.388 9.231
2.70 0.474 8.770 2.025 0.381 9.361
2.72 0.472 8.233 2.042 0.374 9.494

2.74 0.470 8.351 2.058 0.366 9.626
2.76 0.468 8.481 2.074 0.359 9.760
2.78 0.467 8.606 2.091 0.352 9.895
2.80 0.466 8.733 2.107 0.345 10.031

TABLE 4.1
2.82 0.464 8.859 2.124 0.338 10.167

2.84 0.462 8.987 2.141 0.332 10.305
.i n
2.86 0.461 9.116 2.158 0.325 10.444
2.88 0.459 9.246 2.175 0.318 10.583
2.90 0.458 9.380 2.194 0.313 10.725
ng
2.92 0.456 9.508 2.210 0.306 16.865
eri
2.94 0.455 9.641 2.227 0.300 11.008
2.96 0.454 9.774 2.245 0.294 11.151
2.98 0.452 9.908 2.263 0.288 11.295
e
3.00 0.451 10.041 2.280 0.282 11.450
gin
3.05 0.448 10.385 2.325 0.268 11.735
3.10 0.445 10.733 2.371 0.255 12.183
En
3.15 0.442 11.086 2.418 0.242 12.563

3.20 0.439 11.445 2.465 0.229 13.027
3.25 0.436 11.809 2.513 0.218 13.421
arn
3.30 0.434 12.180 2.561 0.207 13.740

3.35 0.431 12.556 2.611 0.196 14.145
3.40 0.428 12.937 2.661 0.186 14.556
Le
3.45 0.426 13.325 2.711 0.178 14.972

3.50 0.424 13.720 2.762 0.168 15.391
w.
3.55 0.422 14.116 2.815 0.159 15.823

3.60 0.420 14.520 2.868 0.151 16.259
ww
3.65 0.418 14.930 2.922 0.143 16.700

3.70 0.416 15.345 2.976 0.136 17.147
3.75 0.414 15.766 3.031 0.129 17.600
3.80 0.412 16.193 3.087 0.122 18.060

3.85 0.411 16.625 3.144 0.116 18.526
3.90 0.409 17.063 3.201 0.110 18.997
3.95 0.407 17.507 3.259 0.105 19.475
4.00 0.406 17.960 3.317 0.099 19.961

TABLE 4.1
4.05 0.404 18.411 3.378 0.094 20.449

4.10 0.403 18.872 3.438 0.089 20.945
.i n
4.15 0.401 19.338 3.498 0.085 21.447
4.20 0.400 19.810 3.561 0.081 21.956
4.25 0.398 20.288 3.623 0.077 22.470
ng
4.30 0.397 20.771 3.686 0.073 22.999
eri
4.35 0.396 21.260 3.750 0.069 23.516
4.40 0.395 21.755 3.815 0.066 24.049
4.45 0.394 22.255 3.880 0.062 24.588
4.50 0.393
e
22.760 3.945 0.0594 25.181
gin
4.55 0.392 23.272 4.013 0.056 25.683
4.60 0.391 23.789 4.081 0.054 26.241
4.65 0.389 24.312 4.149 0.051 26.804
En
4.70 0.388 24.841 4.218 0.048 27.373

4.75 0.387 25.375 4.287 0.046 27.948
arn
4.80 0.387 25.915 4.358 0.044 28.529

4.85 0.386 26.460 4.429 0.042 29.117
4.90 0.385 27.011 4.502 0.039 29.710
Le
4.95 0.384 27.568 4.574 0.038 30.309

5.00 0.383 28.130 4.646 0.036 30.901
w.
6.00 0.370 40.570 6.271 0.014 44.320

7.00 0.363 55.261 8.189 0.0061 60.140
ww
8.00 0.357 72.220 10.401 0.00283 78.400

9.00 0.354 91.430 12.907 0.0014 99.101
10.00 0.351 112.911 15.710 0.00074 122.25
∞ 0.340 ∞ ∞ 0 ∞

TABLE 4.2
1.00 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.893

1.02 0.981 1.047 1.013 0.999 1.938
.i n
1.04 0.962 1.095 1.026 0.999 1.984
1.06 0.945 1.144 1.039 0.999 2.032
1.08 0.928 1.194 1.052 0.999 2.082
ng
1.10 0.911 1.245 1.065 0.998 2.133
eri
1.12 0.897 1.297 1.078 0.998 2.185
1.14 0.882 1.349 1.090 0..997 2.238
1.16 0.868 1.403
e 1.103 0.996 2.294
1.18 0.855 1.458 1.115 0.994 2.350
gin
1.20 0.842 1.513 1.128 0.993 2.407
1.22 0.830 1.570 1.141 0.991 2.466

1.24 0.818 1.627 1.153 0.988 2.526
En
1.26 0.807 1.685 1.166 0.985 2.587

1.28 0.796 1.745 1.178 0.983 2.650
1.30 0.786 1.805 1.191 0.979 2.714
arn
1.32 0.776 1.866 1.204 0.976 2.778

1.34 0.766 1.928 1.216 0.972 2.845
Le
1.36 0.757 1.991 1.229 0.967 2.911

1.38 0.748 2.055 1.242 0.963 2.979
1.40 0.740 2.120 1.255 0.958 3.049
w.
1.42 0.731 2.186 1.267 0.953 3.120

1.44 0.723 2.253 1.281 0.947 3.192
ww
1.46 0.716 2.320 1.294 0.942 3.265

1.48 0.708 2.389 1.307 0.936 3.338
1.50 0.701 2.458 1.320 0.930 3.413
1.52 0.694 2.529 1.334 0.923 3.489

1.54 0.687 2.600 1.347 0.917 3.567
1.56 0.681 2.673 1.361 0.909 3.645
1.58 0.675 2.746 1.374 0.903 3.725
1.60 0.668 2.820 1.388 0.895 3.805

TABLE 4.2
1.62 0.663 2.895 1.402 0.887 3.886

1.64 0.657 2.971 1.416 0.880 3.969
.i n
1.66 0.651 3.048 1.430 0.872 4.053
1.68 0.646 3.126 1.444 0.864 4.138
1.70 0.641 3.205 1.458 0.856 4.224
ng
1.72 0.635 3.285 1.473 0.847 4.315
eri
1.74 0.631 3.336 1.487 0.839 4.443
1.76 0.626 3.447 1.502 0.830 4.533
1.78 0.621 3.530 1.517 0.822 4.578
e
1.80 0.616 3.613 1.532 0.813 4.670
gin
1.82 0.612 3.698 1.547 0.804 4.762
1.84 0.608 3.781 1.562 0.795 4.855
En
1.86 0.604 3.870 1.578 0.786 4.947

1.88 0.599 3.957 1.593 0.776 5.043
1.90 0.596 4.045 1.608 0.767 5.142
arn
1.92 0.592 4.134 1.624 0.758 5.239

1.94 0.588 4.224 1.639 0.749 5.338
1.96 0.584 4.315 1.656 0.739 5.438
Le
1.98 0.581 4.407 1.671 0.730 5.538

2.00 0.577 4.500 1.687 0.721 5.641
w.
2.02 0.574 4.594 1.704 0.712 5.743

2.04 0.571 4.688 1.720 0.702 5.847
ww
2.06 0.567 4.784 1.737 0.693 5.953

2.08 0.564 4.881 1.754 0.684 6.058
2.10 0.561 4.978 1.770 0.674 6.166
2.12 0.558 5.077 1.787 0.665 6.274

2.14 0.556 5.176 1.805 0.656 6.383
2.16 0.553 5.276 1.822 0.646 6.493
2.18 0.550 5.378 1.839 0.637 6.604
2.20 0.547 5.480 1.857 0.628 6.716

TABLE 4.2
2.22 0.545 5.583 1.875 0.619 6.829

2.24 0.542 5.687 1.892 0.610 6.945
.i n
2.26 0.539 5.792 1.910 0.601 7.060
2.28 0.537 5.898 1.928 0.592 7.176
2.30 0.534 6.005 1.947 0.583 7.294
ng
2.32 0.532 6.113 1.965 0.574 7.412
eri
2.34 0.529 6.222 1.984 0.566 7.532
2.36 0.527 6.331 2.003 0.557 7.653
2.38 0.525 6.442 2.021 0.548 7.775
e
2.40 0.523 6.553 2.040 0.540 7.897
gin
2.42 0.521 6.666 2.059 0.532 8.027
2.44 0.519 6.780 2.079 0.523 8.145
En
2.46 0.517 6.894 2.098 0.515 8.271

2.48 0.515 7.008 2.118 0.507 8.398
2.50 0.513 7.125 2.138 0.499 8.526
arn
2.52 0.511 7.242 2.157 0.491 8.655

2.54 0.509 7.360 2.177 0.483 8.785
Le
2.56 0.507 7.479 2.197 0.475 8.916

2.58 0.506 7.599 2.218 0.467 9.145
2.60 0.504 7.720 2.238 0.460 9.181
w.
2.62 0.502 7.842 2.259 0.453 9.315

2.64 0.500 7.965 2.279 0.445 9.451
ww
2.66 0.498 8.088 2.300 0.438 9.587

2.68 0.497 8.213 2.322 0.431 9.724
2.70 0.496 8.338 2.343 0.423 9.863
2.72 0.494 8.465 2.364 0.416 10.002

2.74 0.493 8.592 2.386 0.409 10.142
2.76 0.491 8.721 2.407 0.403 10.283
2.78 0.490 8.849 2.429 0.396 10.426
2.80 0.488 8.980 2.451 0.389 10.569

TABLE 4.2
2.82 0.487 9.111 2.473 0.383 10.714

2.84 0.485 9.243 2.495 0.376 10.859
.i n
2.86 0.484 9.376 2.518 0.370 11.006
2.88 0.483 9.510 2.540 0.364 11.154
2.90 0.481 9.645 2.563 0.358 11.302
ng
2.92 0.480 9.781 2.586 0.352 11.452
eri
2.94 0.478 9.917 2.609 0.346 11.603
2.96 0.477 10.055 2.632 0.339 11.754
2.98 0.476 10.194 2.656 0.334 11.907
e
3.00 0.475 10.333 2.679 0.328 12.061
gin
3.05 0.472 10.686 2.738 0.315 12.450
3.10 0.469 11.045 2.798 0.301 12.846
En
3.15 0.467 11.409 2.860 0.288 13.247

3.20 0.464 11.780 2.922 0.276 13.656
3.25 0.462 12.156 2.985 0.264 14.071
arn
3.30 0.459 12.538 3.049 0.253 14.492

3.35 0.457 12.926 3.114 0.243 14.920
Le
3.40 0.455 13.320 3.180 0.232 15.354

3.54 0.453 13.791 3.247 0.222 15.795
3.50 0.451 14.125 3.315 0.213 16.242
w.
3.55 0.449 14.536 3.384 0.204 16.700

3.60 0.447 14.953 3.454 0.195 17.156
ww
3.65 0.445 15.376 3.525 0.187 17.715

3.70 0.444 15.805 3.596 0.179 18.095
3.75 0.442 16.239 3.669 0.172 18.575
3.80 0.441 16.680 3.743 0.164 19.060

3.85 0.439 17.126 3.817 0.157 19.553
3.90 0.438 17.578 3.893 0.151 20.051
3.95 0.436 18.036 3.969 0.145 20.556
4.00 0.435 18.500 4.047 0.138 21.068

TABLE 4.2
4.05 0.434 18.969 4.125 0.133 21.586

4.10 0.432 19.445 4.205 0.127 22.111
.i n
4.15 0.431 19.926 4.285 0.122 22.642
4.20 0.430 20.413 4.367 0.117 23.179
4.25 0.429 20.906 4.449 0.113 23.723
ng
4.30 0.428 21.405 4.532 0.108 24.273
eri
4.35 0.427 21.909 4.616 0.104 24.829
4.40 0.426 22.420 4.702 0.099 25.393
4.45 0.425 22.936 4.788 0.095 26.078
4.50 0.424
e
23.458 4.875 0.0917 26.539
gin
4.55 0.423 23.986 4.963 0.088 27.120
4.60 0.422 24.520 5.052 0.085 27.710
4.65 0.421 25.059 5.142 0.081 28.305
En
4.70 0.420 25.605 5.233 0.078 28.907

4.75 0.419 26.156 5.325 0.075 29.516
arn
4.80 0.418 26.713 5.418 0.072 30.130

4.85 0.417 27.276 5.512 0.069 30.751
4.90 0.4167 27.845 5.607 0.067 31.379
Le
4.95 0.416 28.419 5.703 0.0642 32.013

5.00 0.415 29.000 5.800 0.0617 32.654
w.
6.00 0.404 41.833 7.941 0.0296 46.815

7.00 0.397 57.000 10.469 0.0154 63.552
ww
8.00 0.393 74.500 13.387 0.0085 82.865

9.00 0.389 94.333 16.693 0.005 104.753
10.000 0.388 116.500 20.388 0.003 129.217
∞ 0.378 ∞ ∞ 0 ∞

TABLE 4.3
1.00 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 2.055

1.02 0.981 1.051 1.020 0.999 2.107
.i n
1.04 0.962 1.102 1.040 0.999 2.161
1.06 0.945 1.155 1.059 0.999 2.217
1.08 0.928 1.208 l.078 0.999 2.274
ng
1.10 0.913 1.262 1.098 0.999 2.333
eri
1.12 0.898 1.318 1.118 0.998 2.393
1.14 0.884 1.375 1.137 0.997 2.455
1.16 0.871 1.432
e 1.157 0.996 2.518
1.18 0.858 1.490 1.176 0.995 2.584
gin
1.20 0.846 1.551 1.195 0.993 2.649
1.22 0.835 1.611 1.215 0.991 2.718

1.24 0.824 1.672 1.234 0.989 2.787
En
1.26 0.813 1.735 1.253 0.987 2.857

1.28 0.805 1.798 1.273 0.984 2.929
1.30 0.794 1.863 1.293 0.981 3.002
arn
1.32 0.784 1.928 1.312 0.978 3.076

1.34 0.775 1.995 1.332 0.975 3.152
Le
1.36 0.767 2.062 1.352 0.971 3.229

1.38 0.758 2.131 1.372 0.967 3.308
1.40 0.751 2.201 1.394 0.963 3.388
w.
1.42 0.743 2.271 1.412 0.958 3.468

1.44 0.736 2.342 1.433 0.953 3.551
ww
1.46 0.729 2.415 1.453 0.948 3.634

1.48 0.723 2.488 1.475 0.943 3.719
1.50 0.716 2.562 1.497 0.938 3.805
1.52 0.709 2.638 1.516 0.933 3.892

1.54 0.703 2.715 1.537 0.927 3.981
1.56 0.697 2.792 1.560 0.921 4.071
1.58 0.692 2.871 1.580 0.915 4.162
1.60 0.687 2.950 1.605 0.908 4.255

TABLE 4.3
1.62 0.681 3.031 1.624 0.902 4.347

1.64 0.676 3.112 1.646 0.896 4.442
.i n
1.66 0.671 3.195 1.668 0.889 4.538
1.68 0.667 3.278 1.691 0.882 4.635
ng
1.70 0.662 3.365 1.715 0.875 4.734
1.72 0.657 3.448 1.736 0.868 4.833
eri
1.74 0.653 3.535 1.760 0.861 4.933
1.76 0.649 3.622 1.783 0.854 5.036
1.78 0.645 3.711 1.806 0.847 5.139
e
1.80 0.641 3.800 1.832 0.840 5.244
gin
1.82 0.637 3.891 1.853 0.832 5.349
1.84 0.633 3.982 1.878 0.824 5.456
En
1.86 0.630 4.075 1.903 0.817 5.564

1.88 0.626 4.168 1.927 0.809 5.673
1.90 0.623 4.266 1.954 0.802 5.785
arn
1.92 0.619 4.358 1.976 0.794 5.895

1.94 0.616 4.454 2.002 0.786 6.008
Le
1.96 0.613 4.552 2.027 0.778 6.122

1.98 0.610 4.651 2.053 0.771 6.237
2.00 0.607 4.753 2.080 0.763 6.355
w.
2.02 0.604 4.851 2.105 0.756 6.472

2.-04 0.601 4.952 2.131 0.747 6.500
ww
2.06 0.598 5.055 2.157 0.740 6.711

2.08 0.596 5.158 2.184 0.732 6.832
2.10 0.594 5.266 2.213 0.725 6.953
2.12 0.591 5.368 2.238 0.717 7.078

2.14 0.588 5.475 2.266 0.709 7.203
2.16 0.586 5.582 2.293 0.701 7.328
2.18 0.584 5.891 2.321 0.694 7.456
2.20 0.582 5.805 2.354 0.687 7.586

TABLE 4.3
2.22 0.579 5.911 2.378 0.678 7.714

2.24 0.577 6.022 2.405 0.671 7.845
.i n
2.26 0.575 6.135 2.435 0.664 7.977
2.28 0.573 6.248 2.464 0.656 8.110
ng
2.30 0.571 6.367 2.500 0.649 8.245
2.32 0.569 6.478 2.523 0.641 8.379
eri
2.34 0.567 6.595 2.553 0.634 8.517
2.36 0.565 6.713 2.583 0.627 8.654
2.38 0.563 6.831 2.613 0.619 8.794
e
2.40 0.562 6.953 2.651 0.614 8.935
gin
2.42 0.560 7.071 2.674 0.605 9.004
2.44 0.558 7.193 2.705 0.598 9.218
En
2.46 0.556 7.315 2.736 0.591 9.362

2.48 0.555 7.438 2.767 0.584 9.507
2.50 0.554 7.567 2.805 0.578 9.651
arn
2.52 0.552 7.689 2.831 0.571 9.800

2.54 0.550 7.815 2.863 0.564 9.949
Le
2.56 0.548 7.943 2.895 0.557 10.098

2.58 0.547 8.071 2.928 0.551 10.249
2.60 0.546 8.205 2.968 0.545 10.401
w.
2.62 0.544 8.333 2.994 0.538 10.556

2.64 0.543 8.463 3.027 0.531 10.709
ww
2.66 0.541 8.595 3.061 0.525 10.865

2.68 0.540 8.729 3.094 0.518 11.022
2.70 0.539 8.870 3.138 0.514 11.180
2.72 0.538 8.995 3.163 0.506 11.339

2.74 0.536 9.135 3.197 0.500 11.500
2.76 0.535 9.273 3.232 0.494 11.662
2.78 0.534 9.411 3.267 0.488 11.824
2.80 0.533 9.557 3.311 0.483 12.000

TABLE 4.3
2.82 0.532 9.691 3.337 0.476 12.153

2.84 0.531 9.833 3.373 0.471 12.319
.i n
2.86 0.529 9.976 3.409 0.465 12.487
2.88 0.528 10.118 3.445 0.459 12.656
ng
2.90 0.527 10.270 3.492 0.455 12.831
2.92 0.526 10.408 3.518 0.448 12.997
eri
2.94 0.525 10.555 3.555 0.443 13.169
2.96 0.524 10.703 3.593 0.438 13.342
2.98 0.523 10.851 3.630 0.433 13.517
e
3.00 0.523 11.010 3.680 0.428 13.690
gin
3.05 0.520 11.379 3.763 0.415 14.137
3.10 0.518 11.763 3.860 0.402 14.589
En
3.15 0.516 12.154 3.958 0.390 15.048

3.20 0.514 12.551 4.053 0.378 15.515
3.25 0.511 12.954 4.160 0.367 15.989
arn
3.30 0.509 13.363 4.262 0.357 16.471

3.35 0.508 13.779 4.367 0.346 16.960
Le
3.40 0.506 14.201 4.473 0.336 17.456

3.45 0.505 14.620 4.581 0.326 17.959
3.50 0.504 15.075 4.705 0.318 18.471
w.
3.55 0.502 15.504 4.800 0.309 18.988

3.60 0.500 15.951 4.912 0.298 19.514
ww
3.65 0.498 16.404 5.026 0.290 20.047

3.70 0.497 16.864 5.141 0.282 20.588
3.75 0.496 17.330 5.258 0.274 21.135
3.80 0.495 17.801 5.376 0.266 21.691

3.85 0.494 18.279 5.496 0.258 22.253
3.90 0.493 18.764 5.618 0.251 22.823
3.95 0.492 19.255 5.741 0.244 23.400
4.00 0.491 19.761 5.886 0.239 23.990

TABLE 4.3
4.05 0.489 20.255 5.992 0.231 24.577

4.10 0.488 20.764 6.119 0.225 25.175
.i n
4.15 0.487 21.280 6.249 0.218 25.783
4.20 0.486 24.802 6.379 0.213 26.397
ng
4.25 0.485 22.330 6.511 0.207 27.018
4.30 0.485 22.864 6.645 0.201 27.647
eri
4.35 0.484 23.405 6.781 0.196 28.283
4.40 0.483 23.952 6.918 0.191 28.926
4.45 0.482 24.505 7.057 0.186 29.578
e
4.50 0.482 25.081 7.222 0.181 30.250
gin
4.55 0.481 25.630 7.338 0.176 30.901
4.60 0.480 26.202 7.482 0.171 31.574
En
4.65 0.479 26.780 7.626 0.167 32.254

4.70 0.479 27.365 7.773 0.163 32.942
4.75 0.478 27.955 7.921 0.158 33.637
arn
4.80 0.478 28.552 8.070 0.155 34.340

4.85 0.477 29.155 8.221 0.151 35.049
4.90 0.476 29.765 8.373 0.147 35.766
Le
4.95 0.476 30.380 8.528 0.143 36.491

5.00 0.476 31.021 8.700 0.140 37.230
w.
6.00 0.467 44.780 12.165 0.089 53.400

7.00 0.462 61.050 16.250 0.058 72.530
ww
8.00 0.459 79.810 20.960 0.041 94.600

9.00 0.457 101.080 26.300 0.029 119.600
10.00 0.456 124.85 32.260 0.022 147.50
∞ 0.448 ∞ ∞ 0 ∞

TABLE 5.1
Oblique shocks in perfect gases
Wave angles for given deflection (γγ = 1.4, δ = 2°)
M1 σ M1 σ M1 σ
.i n
1.02 83.49 1.62 40.15 2.22 28.32
1.04 80.93 1.64 39.50 2.24 28.05
1.06 79.05 1.66 39.00 2.26 27.80
ng
1.08 77.56 1.68 38.45 2.28 27.54
1.10 76.30 1.70 37.93 2.30 27.30
eri
1.12 75.22 1.72 37.45 2.32 27.05
1.14 68.71 1.74 36.93 2.34 26.81
1.16 65.55 1.76 36.45 2.36 26.51
e
1.18 63.10 1.78 36.00 2.38 26.35
gin
1.20 61.10 1.80 35.50 2.40 26.12
1.22 59.24 1.82 35.10 2.42 25.90

1.24 57.50 1.84 34.70 2.44 25.70
En
1.26 56.15 1.86 34.25 2.46 25.50

1.28 54.75 1.88 33.85 2.48 25.25
1.30 53.50 1.90 33.45 2.50 25.05
arn
1.32 52.30 1.92 33.05 2.52 24.85

1.34 51.15 1.94 32.70 2.54 24.65
Le
1.36 50.10 1.96 32.35 2.56 24.45

1.38 49.12 1.98 32.00 2.58 24.25
1.40 48.15 2.00 31.65 2.60 24.06
w.
1.42 47.27 2.02 31.30 2.62 23.90

1.44 46.42 2.04 30.95 2.64 23.70
ww
1.46 45.60 2.06 30.65 2.66 23.52

1.48 44.82 2.08 30.35 2.68 23.35
1.50 44.05 2.10 30.03 2.70 23.15
1.52 43.35 2.12 29.74 2.72 23.00

1.54 42.65 2.14 29.40 2.74 22.83
1.56 42.00 2.16 29.15 2.76 22.65
1.58 41.35 2.18 28.85 2.78 22.50
1.60 40.75 2.20 28.59 2.80 22.35

Oblique Shocks in Perfect Gases 63
TABLE 5.1
M1 σ M1 σ M1 σ
2.82 22.20 4.05 15.63
.i n
2.84 22.05 4.10 15.45
2.86 21.88 4.15 15.25
ng
2.88 21.74 4.20 15.10
2.90 21.58 4.25 14.94
eri
2.92 21.45 4.30 14.75
2.94 21.30 4.35 14.62
2.96 21.15 4.40 14.45
2.98 21.00
e
4.45 14.30
gin
3.00 20.85 4.50 14.15
3.05 20.53 4.55 14.03

3.10 20.20 4.60 13.88
En
3.15 19.90 4.65 13.75

3.20 19.60 4.70 13.60
3.25 19.29 4.75 13.48
arn
3.30 19.00 4.80 13.35

3.35 18.75 4.85 13.23
Le
3.40 18.45 4.90 13.10

3.45 18.21 4.95 12.98
3.50 17.95 5.00 12.85
w.
3.55 17.70 5.50 11.80

ww
3.60 17.50 6.00 10.91

3.65 17.25 6.50 10.16
3.70 17.05 7.00 9.55
3.75 16.81 7.50 9.00
3.80 16.60 8.00 8.50

3.85 16.40 8.50 8.08
3.90 16.20 9.00 7.70
3.95 16.00 9.50 7.35
4.00 15.81 10.00 7.00

TABLE 5.1
M1 σ M1 σ M1 σ
1.02 1.62 44.65 2.22 31.70
.i n
1.04 1.64 44.00 2.24 31.42
1.06 1.66 43.36 2.26 31.15
ng
1.08 1.68 42.75 2.28 30.85
1.10 1.70 42.15 2.30 30.60
eri
1.12 1.72 41.56 2.32 30.35
1.14 1.74 41.02 2.34 30.10
1.16 1.76 40.50 2.36 29.84
e
1.18 1.78 40.00 2.38 29.60
gin
1.20 1.80 39.47 2.40 29.38
1.22 71.35 1.82 39.00 2.42 29.15

En
1.24 70.80 1.84 38.55 2.44 28.92

1.26 70.30 1.86 38.05 2.46 28.70
1.28 67.38 1.88 37.65 2.48 28.47
arn
1.30 63.50 1.90 37.22 2.50 28.25
1.32 61.05 1.92 36.80 2.52 28.05

1.34 59.08 1.94 36.40 2.54 27.85
Le
1.36 57.45 1.96 36.00 2.56 27.64

1.38 55.96 1.98 35.62 2.58 27.45
1.40 54.65 2.00 35.24 2.60 27.25
w.
1.42 53.42 2.02 34.90 2.62 27.05

ww
1.44 52.30 2.04 34.50 2.64 26.85

1.46 51.24 2.06 34.16 2.66 26.66
1.48 50.25 2.08 33.83 2.68 26.50
1.50 49.35 2.10 33.50 2.70 26.30
1.52 48.45 2.12 33.20 2.72 26.13

1.54 47.62 2.14 32.88 2.74 25.95
1.56 46.81 2.16 32.60 2.76 25.80
1.58 46.05 2.18 32.28 2.78 25.61
1.60 45.35 2.20 31.97 2.80 25.46

TABLE 5.1
M1 σ M1 σ M1 σ
2.82 25.30 4.05 18.60
.i n
2.84 25.15 4.10 18.45
2.86 25.00 4.15 18.27
ng
2.88 24.81 4.20 18.10
2.90 24.67 4.25 17.95
eri
2.92 24.32 4.30 17.78
2.94 24.38 4.35 17.65
2.96 24.21 4.40 17.45
2.98 24.05
e
4.45 17.30
gin
3.00 23.95 4.50 17.17
3.05 23.60 4.55 17.00

3.10 23.30 4.60 16.90
En
3.15 22.95 4.65 16.75

3.20 22.63 4.70 16.62
3.25 22.32 4.75 16.50
arn
3.30 22.05 4.80 16.36

3.35 21.76 4.85 16.25
Le
3.40 21.50 4.90 16.10

3.45 21.23 4.95 16.00
3.50 21.00 5.00 15.89
w.
3.55 20.73 5.50 14.84

ww
3.60 20.50 6.00 14.00

3.65 20.25 6.50 13.27
3.70 20.00 7.00 12.70
3.75 19.80 7.50 12.16
3.80 19.60 8.00 11.70

3.85 19.40 8.50 11.34
3.90 19.20 9.00 11.00
3.95 19.00 9.50 10.70
4.00 18.80 10.00 10.45

TABLE 5.1
M1 σ M1 σ M1 σ
1.02 1.62 50.20 2.22 35.45
.i n
1.04 1.64 49.40 2.24 35.15
1.06 1.66 48.63 2.26 34.90
ng
1.08 1.68 47.90 2.28 34.60
1.10 1.70 47.15 2.30 34.34
eri
1.12 1.72 46.50 2.32 34.00
1.14 1.74 45.83 2.34 33.80
1.16 1.76 45.22 2.36 33.53
1.18
e
1.78 44.65 2.38 33.30
gin
1.20 1.80 44.06 2.40 33.00
1.22 1.82 43.50 2.42 32.80

1.24 1.84 43.00 2.44 32.54
En
1..26 1.86 42.47 2.46 32.30

1.28 1.88 42.00 2.48 32.00
1.30 1.90 41.50 2.50 31.85
arn
1.32 1.92 41.00 2.52 31.65

1.34 1.94 40.60 2.54 31.40
Le
1.36 68.30 1.96 40.15 2.56 31.20

1.38 68.00 1.98 39.73 2.58 31.00
1.40 67.75 2.00 39.30 2.60 30.80
w.
1.42 67.50 2.02 38.91 2.62 30.60

ww
1.44 62.30 2.04 38.50 2.64 30.40

1.46 60.00 2.06 38.15 2.66 30.20
1.48 58.20 2.08 37.80 2.68 30.00
1.50 56.71 2.10 37.43 2.70 29.82
1.52 55.34 2.12 37.10 2.72 29.65

1.54 54.16 2.14 36.76 2.74 29.45
1.56 53.05 2.16 36.43 2.76 29.27
1.58 52.10 2.18 36.10 2.78 29.11
1.60 51.10 2.20 35.80 2.80 28.95

TABLE 5.1
M1 σ M1 σ M1 σ
2.82 28.78 4.05 22.04
.i n
2.84 28.60 4.10 21.90
2.86 28.44 4.15 21.70
ng
2.88 28.30 4.20 21.54
2.90 28.15 4.25 21.36
eri
2.92 28.00 4.30 21.25
2.94 27.81 4.35 21.05
2.96 27.70 4.40 20.90
2.98 27.55
e
4.45 20.78
gin
3.00 27.35 4.50 20.61
3.05 27.00 4.55 20.50

3.10 26.70 4.60 20.35
En
3.15 26.36 4.65 20.21

3.20 26.10 4.70 20.10
3.25 25.80 4.75 19.95
arn
3.30 25.45 4.80 19.85

3.35 25.16 4.85 19.72
Le
3.40 24.90 4.90 19.60

3.45 24.65 4.95 19.50
3.50 24.38 5.00 19.40
w.
3.55 24.14 5.50 18.40

3.60 23.90 6.00 17.60
ww
3.65 23.66 6.50 16.95

3.70 23.45 7.00 16.40
3.75 23.25 7.50 15.93
3.80 23.00 8.00 15.53

3.85 22.80 8.50 15.20
3.90 22.60 9.00 14.90
3.95 22.42 9.50 14.65
4.00 22.25 10.00 14.45

TABLE 5.1
M1 σ M1 σ M1 σ
1.62 2.22 47.50 2.82 39.30
.i n
1.64 2.24 47.14 2.84 39.12
1.66 2.26 46.74 2.86 38.95
ng
1.68 2.28 46.37 2.88 38.76
1.70 2.30 46.00 2.90 38.57
eri
1.72 2.32 45.65 2.92 38.40
1.74 2.34 45.30 2.94 38.25
1.76 65.08 2.36 44.98 2.96 38.10
1.78 65.00
e
2.38 44.65 2.98 37.90
gin
1.80 64.95 2.40 44.35 3.00 37.75
1.82 64.94 2.42 44.04 3.05 37.37

1.84 64.90 2.44 43.75 3.10 37.00
En
1.86 60.90 2.46 43.45 3.15 36.70

1.88 59.20 2.48 43.16 3.20 36.35
1.90 57.90 2.50 42.90 3.25 36.00
arn
1.92 56.80 2.52 42.60 3.30 35.70

1.94 55.83 2.54 42.35 3.35 35.41
Le
1.96 54.95 2.56 42.10 3.40 35.15

1.98 54.15 2.58 41.85 3.45 34.86
2.00 53.40 2.60 41.60 3.50 34.60
w.
2.02 52.75 2.62 41.40 3.55 34.35

ww
2.04 52.10 2.64 41.15 3.60 34.10

2.06 51.50 2.66 40.93 3.65 33.90
2.08 50.90 2.68 40.70 3.70 33.65
2.10 50.35 2.70 40.50 3.75 33.45
2.12 49.84 2.72 40.30 3.80 33.25

2.14 49.35 2.74 40.10 3.85 33.05
2.16 48.88 2.76 39.90 3.90 32.85
2.18 48.40 2.78 39.70 3.95 32.65
2.20 48.00 2.80 39.50 4.00 32.45

TABLE 5.1
M1 σ M1 σ M1 σ
4.05 32.30
.i n
4.10 32.12
4.15 31.96
ng
4.20 31.80
4.25 31.64
eri
4.30 31.50
4.35 31.35
4.40 31.20
4.45 31.05
e
gin
4.50 30.95
4.55 30.80
4.60 30.70
En
4.65 30.56
4.70 30.45
4.75 30.33
arn
4.80 30.22
4.85 30.11
Le
4.90 30.00
4.95 29.90
5.00 29.80
w.
5.50 28.93
ww
6.00 28.25
6.50 27.70
7.00 27.29
7.50 26.92
8.00 26.62
8.50 26.36
9.00 26.15
9.50 25.98
10.00 25.80

TABLE 5.1
M1 σ M1 σ M1 σ
2.22 2.82 54.50 4.05 45.05
.i n
2.24 2.84 54.15 4.10 44.85
2.26 2.86 53.85 4.15 44.64
ng
2.28 2.88 53.55 4.20 44.46
2.30 2.90 53.30 4.25 44.30
eri
2.32 2.92 53.00 4.30 44.13
2.34 2.94 52.73 4.35 44.00
2.36 64.69 2.96 52.50 4.40 43.83
2.38 64.70
e
2.98 52.25 4.45 43.70
gin
2.40 64.71 3.00 52.00 4.50 43.55
2.42 64.72 3.05 51.50 4.55 43.40

2.44 64.73 3.10 50.80 4.60 43.30
En
2.46 64.75 3.15 50.50 4.65 43.15

2.48 64.77 3.20 50.00 4.70 43.00
2.50 64.78 3.25 49.60 4.75 42.90
arn
2.52 64.30 3.30 49.15 4.80 42.75

2.54 62.00 3.35 48.80 4.85 42.67
Le
2.56 60.95 3.40 48.40 4.90 42.50

2.58 60.10 3.45 48.10 4.95 42.45
2.60 59.35 3.50 47.75 5.00 42.35
w.
2.62 58.70 3.55 47.45 5.50 41.47

ww
2.64 58.15 3.60 47.15 6.00 40.80

2.66 57.62 3.65 46.90 6.50 40.30
2.68 57.15 3.70 46.60 7.00 39.85
2.70 56.70 3.75 46.35 7.50 39.50
2.72 56.26 3.80 46.10 8.00 39.23

2.74 55.88 3.85 45.87 8.50 39.00
2.76 55.50 3.90 45.65 9.00 38.80
2.78 55.10 3.95 45.40 9.50 38.67
2.80 54.80 4.00 45.21 10.00 38.50

TABLE 5.2
Oblique shocks in perfect gases (γγ = 1.4)
Upstream and downstream Mach numbers and deflection from
normal shock relations
Mx σ M1 δ My M2
.i n
1.05 60 1.212 2.039 0.953 1.124
1.10 60 1.270 4.018 0.912 1.100
1.15 60 1.328 5.927 0.875 1.081
ng
1.20 60 1.385 7.761 0.842 1.065
1.25 60 1.443 9.515 0.812 1.053
eri
1.30 60 1.501 11.189 0.786 1.044
1.35 60 1.559
e 12.780 0.762 1.038
1.40 60 1.616 14.290 0.739 1.033
1.45 60 1.674 15.720 0.719 1.031
gin
1.50 60 1.732 17.072 0.701 1.029
1.55 60 1.789 18.348 0.684 1.0293

En
1.60 60 1.847 19.553 0.668 1.030

1.65 60 1.905 20.688 0.654 1.032
1.70 60 1.963 21.758 0.641 1.035
arn
1.75 60 2.021 22.766 0.628 1.038
1.80 60 2.078 23.715 0.616 1.042

1.85 60
Le
2.136 24.609 0.605 1.045

1.90 60 2.194 25.453 0.596 1.050
1.95 60 2.252 26.246 0.586 1.055
w.
2.00 60 2.309 26.995 0.577 1.060
2.10 60 2.425 28.368 0.561 1.070

ww
2.20 60 2.540 29.591 0.547 1.081

2.30 60 2.656 30.685 0.534 1.091
2.40 60 2.771 31.664 0.523 1.102
2.50 60 2.887 32.543 0.513 1.112
2.60 60 3.002 33.334 0.504 1.123

2.70 60 3.117 34.049 0.495 1.133
2.80 60 3.233 34.696 0.488 1.142
2.90 60 3.348 35.283 0.481 1.151
3.00 60 3.464 35.817 0.475 1.160

TABLE 5.2
Mx σ M1 δ My M2
3.10 60 3.579 36.305 0.469 1.168

3.20 60 3.695 36.750 0.464 1.176
.i n
3.30 60 3.811 37.158 0.459 1.184
3.40 60 3.926 37.533 0.455 1.191
3.50 60 4.041 37.878 0.451 1.198
ng
3.60 60 4.157 38.196 0.447 1.205
eri
3.70 60 4.272 38.490 0.444 1.211
3.80 60 4.387 38.762 0.441 1.217
3.90 60 4.503 39.015 0.438 1.222
e
4.00 60 4.618 39.249 0.435 1.227
gin
1.05 70 1.117 1.531 0.953 1.025
1.10 70 1.171 3.050 0.912 0.991
En
1.15 70 1.224 4.551 0.875 0.962

1.20 70 1.277 6.027 0.842 0.937
1.25 70 1.330 7.473 0.813 0.916
arn
1.30 70 1.383 8.884 0.786 0.897

1.35 70 1.437 10.258 0.762 0.882
1.40 70 1.489 11.591 0.739 0.868
Le
1.45 70 1.543 12.881 0.719 0.857

1.50 70 1.596 14.127 0.701 0.847
w.
1.55 70 1.649 15.328 0.684 0.838

1.60 70 1.703 16.483 0.668 0.831
ww
1.65 70 1.756 17.592 0.654 0.825

1.70 70 1.809 18.656 0.641 0.820
1.75 70 1.862 19.676 0.628 0.816
1.80 70 1.916 20.652 0.616 0.813

1.82 70 1.968 21.586 0.606 0.809
1.90 70 2.022 22.478 0.596 0.807
1.95 70 2.075 23.331 0.586 0.806
2.00 70 2.128 24.145 0.577 0.805

TABLE 5.2
Mx σ M1 δ My M2
2.10 70 2.235 25.664 0.561 0.8031

2.20 70 2.341 27.047 0.547 0.8028
.i n
2.30 70 2.447 28.308 0.534 0.8035
2.40 70 2.554 29.456 0.523 0.8047
2.50 70 2.660 30.503 0.513 0.806
ng
2.60 70 2.767 31.459 0.504 0.8087
eri
2.70 70 2.873 32.332 0.496 0.811
2.80 70 2.979 33.132 0.488 0.814
2.90 70 3.086 33.865 0.481 0.816
e
3.00 70 3.193 34.537 0.475 0.819
gin
3.10 70 3.299 35.156 0.469 0.822
3.20 70 3.405 35.725 0.464 0.825
En
3.30 70 3.512 36.251 0.459 0.827

3.40 70 3.618 36.736 0.455 0.830
3.50 70 3.725 37.185 0.451 0.833
arn
3.60 70 3.831 37.602 0.447 0.835

3.70 70 3.937 37.988 0.444 0.837
Le
3.80 70 4.044 38.347 0.441 0.839

3.90 70 4.150 38.682 0.438 0.842
4.00 70 4.257 38.993 0.435 0.844
w.
1.05 80 1.066 0.821 0.953 0.970

1.10 80 1.117 1.648 0.912 0.931
ww
1.15 80 1.168 2.478 0.875 0.896

1.20 80 1.218 3.309 0.842 0.865
1.25 80 1.269 4.138 0.812 0.838
1.30 80 1.320 4.963 0.786 0.813

1.35 80 1.371 5.781 0.762 0.791
1.40 80 1.422 6.591 0.739 0.772
1.45 80 1.472 7.390 0.719 0.754
1.50 80 1.523 8.177 0.701 0.738

TABLE 5.2
Mx σ M1 δ My M2
1.55 80 1.574 8.950 0.684 0.723

1.60 80 1.625 9.710 0.668 0.710
.i n
1.65 80 1.675 10.454 0.654 0.698
1.70 80 1.726 11.182 0.641 0.687
1.75 80 1.777 11.893 0.628 0.677
ng
1.80 80 1.828 12.587 0.616 0.668
eri
1.85 80 1.878 13.263 0.605 0.659
1.90 80 1.929 13.921 0.595 0.652
1.95 80 1.980 14.561 0.586 0.644
e
2.00 80 2.031 15.183 0.577 0.638
gin
2.10 80 2.132 16.373 0.561 0.626
2.20 80 2.234 17.491 0.547 0.617
En
2.30 80 2.335 18.541 0.534 0.608

2.40 80 2.437 19.525 0.523 0.601
2.50 80 2.538 20.445 0.513 0.595
arn
2.60 80 2.640 21.306 0.504 0.589

2.70 80 2.741 22.110 0.496 0.585
Le
2.80 80 2.843 22.862 0.488 0.581

2.90 80 2.945 23.564 0.481 0.578
3.00 80 3.046 24.220 0.475 0.575
w.
3.10 80 3.147 24.834 0.469 0.572

3.20 80 3.249 25.408 0.464 0.569
ww
3.30 80 3.351 25.945 0.459 0.567

3.40 80 3.452 26.447 0.455 0.565
3.50 80 3.554 26.918 0.451 0.564
3.60 80 3.656 27.359 0.447 0.563

3.70 80 3.757 27.773 0.444 0.561
3.80 80 3.858 28.162 0.441 0.560
3.90 80 3.960 28.527 0.438 0.559
4.00 80 4.062 28.871 0.435 0.558

Flow of Perfect Gases with Friction 75
TABLE 6.1
Flow of perfect gases with friction (Fanno flow, γ = 1.3)
M p/p* c/c* = ρ*/ρ T/T* p0 /p0* F/F* 4 f Lmax D
0.02 53.617 0.021 1.150 29.268 23.324 1915.510
.i n
0.04 26.806 0.043 1.150 14.644 11.679 474.428
0.06 17.868 0.064 1.150 9.775 7.805 208.052
0.08 13.398 0.086 1.149 7.342 5.874 115.078
ng
0.10 10.716 0.107 1.148 5.885 4.720 72.200
0.12 8.927 0.128 1.147 4.917 3.954 49.020
eri
0.14 7.648 0.150 1.146 4.228 3.410 35.120
0.16 6.690 0.171 e 1.145 3.712 3.005 26.157
0.18 5.943 0.193 1.144 3.312 2.693 20.058
0.20 5.346 0.214 1.143 2.994 2.445 15.730
gin
0.22 4.856 0.235 1.142 2.735 2.245 12.562
0.24 4.450 0.256 1.140 2.520 2.071 10.176
En
0.26 4.104 0.277 1.138 2.340 1.941 8.341

0.28 3.807 0.298 1.136 2.186 1.825 6.904
0.30 3.551 0.319 1.134 2.054 1.725 5.759
arn
0.32 3.326 0.341 1.132 1.939 1.639 4.837

0.34 3.127 0.362 1.130 1.839 1.564 4.085
Le
0.36 2.950 0.382 1.128 1.750 1.499 3.465

0.38 2.792 0.403 1.126 1.672 1.442 2.950
0.40 2.649 0.424 1.123 1.602 1.391 2.520
w.
0.42 2.520 0.445 1.120 1.540 1.347 2.157

0.44 2.403 0.465 1.118 1.484 1.308 1.850
ww
0.46 2.295 0.485 1.115 1.434 1.272 1.588

0.48 2.196 0.506 1.111 1.389 1.241 1.364
0.50 2.106 0.526 1.108 1.348 1.213 1.172
0.52 2.022 0.547 1.105 1.311 1.188 1.007

0.54 1.944 0.567 1.102 1.277 1.166 0.864
0.56 1.872 0.587 1.098 1.246 1.145 0.741
0.58 1.804 0.607 1.095 1.219 1.127 0.634
0.60 1.741 0.627 1.091 1.193 1.111 0.541

TABLE 6.1
0.62 1.682 0.646 1.087 1.170 1.097 0.460
.i n
0.64 1.626 0.667 1.083 1.149 1.084 0.390
0.66 1.574 0.686 1.079 1.130 1.072 0.329
0.68 1.525 0.705 1.075 1.113 1.062 0.276
ng
0.70 1.479 0.725 1.071 1.097 1.052 0.231
0.72 1.435 0.744 1.067 1.083 1.044 0.191
eri
0.74 1.393 0.763 1.063 1.070 1.037 0.157
0.76 1.354 0.782 e 1.058 1.059 1.030 0.127
0.78 1.316 0.800 1.054 1.048 1.025 0.102
0.80 1.280 0.820 1.049 1.039 1.020 0.081
gin
0.82 1.246 0.838 1.045 1.032 1.016 0.062
0.84 1.214 0.857 1.040 1.025 1.012 0.047
En
0.86 1.183 0.875 1.035 1.019 1.009 0.035

0.88 1.153 0.893 1.030 1.013 1.006 0.024
0.90 1.125 0.911 1.025 1.009 1.004 0.016
arn
0.92 1.098 0.929 1.020 1.006 1.003 0.010

0.94 1.072 0.947 1.015 1.003 1.002 0.005
Le
0.96 1.047 0.965 1.010 1.001 1.001 0.0023

0.98 1.023 0.983 1.005 1.0004 1.0002 0.0005
1.00 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.000
w.
1.02 0.978 1.017 0.995 1.0003 1.0001 0.0005

1.04 0.956 1.035 0.989 1.0014 1.0006 0.0020
ww
1.06 0.936 1.051 0.984 1.003 1.001 0.0043

1.08 0.916 1.068 0.978 1.005 1.002 0.0074
1.10 0.897 1.085 0.973 1.008 1.003 0.0112
1.12 0.878 1.102 0.968 1.012 1.005 0.015

1.14 0.861 1.118 0.962 1.016 1.006 0.020
1.16 0.843 1.135 0.957 1.021 1.008 0.026
1.18 0.827 1.151 0.951 1.026 1.010 0.032
1.20 0.810 1.167 0.946 1.032 1.012 0.0382

TABLE 6.1
1.22 0.795 1.183 0.940 1.038 1.014 0.045
.i n
1.24 0.780 1.198 0.934 1.046 1.017 0.052
1.26 0.765 1.214 0.928 1.053 1.019 0.059
1.28 0.751 1.230 0.923 1.062 1.022 0.066
ng
1.30 0.737 1.245 0.917 1.070 1.024 0.074
1.32 0.723 1.260 0.912 1.080 1.027 0.082
eri
1.34 0.710 1.275 0.906 1.089 1.030 0.089
1.36 0.697 1.290 e 0.900 1.100 1.033 0.098
1.38 0.685 1.305 0.894 1.111 1.036 0.106
1.40 0.673 1.320 0.889 1.123 1.039 0.114
gin
1.42 0.662 1.334 0.883 1.135 1.042 0.123
1.44 0.650 1.349 0.877 1.147 1.045 0.131
En
1.46 0.639 1.363 0.871 1.160 1.048 0.139

1.48 0.629 1.377 0.866 1.175 1.052 0.148
1.50 0.618 1.391 0.860 1.189 1.055 0.156
arn
1.52 0.608 1.404 0.854 1.205 1.058 0.165

1.54 0.598 1.418 0.848 1.220 1.062 0.173
Le
1.56 0.588 1.432 0.842 1.237 1.065 0.182

1.58 0.579 1.445 0.837 1.254 1.068 0.190
1.60 0.569 1.458 0.831 1.271 1.072 0.199
w.
1.62 0.561 1.472 0.825 1.290 1.076 0.207

1.64 0.552 1.485 0.819 1.308 1.079 0.216
ww
1.66 0.543 1.497 0.814 1.328 1.083 0.224

1.68 0.535 1.510 0.808 1.348 1.086 0.233
1.70 0.527 1.523 0.802 1.369 1.089 0.241
1.72 0.519 1.535 0.796 1.391 1.093 0.249

1.74 0.511 1.547 0.791 1.413 1.097 0.257
1.76 0.503 1.559 0.785 1.436 1.100 0.265
1.78 0.496 1.572 0.780 1.459 1.104 0.273
1.80 0.488 1.584 0.774 l.484 1.108 0.281

TABLE 6.1
1.82 0.482 1.595 0.768 1.509 1.111 0.289
.i n
1.84 0.475 1.607 0.763 1.535 1.115 0.297
1.86 0.467 1.618 0.757 1.562 1.118 0.307
1.88 0.461 1.630 0.752 1.590 1.122 0.313
ng
1.90 0.455 1.641 0.746 1.618 1.125 0.320
1.92 0.448 1.652 0.741 1.647 1.129 0.328
eri
1.94 0.442 1.663 0.735 1.678 1.132 0.335
1.96 0.436 1.674 e 0.729 1.708 1.136 0.343
1.98 0.429 1.684 0.724 1.740 1.139 0.350
2.00 0.424 1.696 0.719 1.773 1.143 0.357
gin
2.02 0.418 1.706 0.713 1.807 1.146 0.364
2.04 0.412 1.716 0.708 1.842 1.150 0.372
En
2.06 0.407 1.727 0.703 1.878 1.153 0.378

2.08 0.402 1.737 0.697 1.914 1.156 0.386
2.10 0.396 1.747 0.692 1.951 1.160 0.393
arn
2.12 0.391 1.757 0.687 1.990 1.163 0.399

2.14 0.386 1.767 0.682 2.030 1.167 0.406
Le
2.16 0.381 1.777 0.676 2.070 1.169 0.412

2.18 0.376 1.786 0.671 2.113 1.173 0.419
2.20 0.371 1.796 0.667 2.156 1.176 0.426
w.
2.22 0.366 1.805 0.661 2.200 1.179 0.432

2.24 0.362 1.815 0.656 2.245 1.183 0.438
ww
2.26 0.357 1.824 0.651 2.292 1.186 0.444

2.28 0.353 1.833 0.646 2.339 1.189 0.451
2.30 0.348 1.842 0.641 2.388 1.192 0.457
2.32 0.344 1.851 0.636 2.438 1.196 0.463

2.34 0.340 1.859 0.631 2.490 1.199 0.469
2.36 0.335 1.868 0.627 2.543 1.202 0.474
2.38 0.331 1.877 0.622 2.598 1.205 0.480
2.40 0.327 1.885 0.617 2.654 1.209 0.486

TABLE 6.1
2.42 0.323 1.893 0.612 2.710 1.211 0.492
.i n
2.44 0.319 1.902 0.608 2.770 1.214 0.497
2.46 0.316 1.910 0.603 2.829 1.217 0.503
2.48 0.312 1.918 0.598 2.891 1.220 0.508
ng
2.50 0.308 1.926 0.594 2.954 1.223 0.514
2.52 0.305 1.934 0.589 3.019 1.226 0.519
eri
2.54 0.300 1.942 0.585 3.086 1.228 0.524
2.56 0.297 1.950 e 0.580 3.154 1.231 0.529
2.58 0.294 1.957 0.575 3.224 1.234 0.534
2.60 0.291 1.965 0.571 3.295 1.237 0.539
gin
2.62 0.287 1.972 0.567 3.369 1.240 0.544
2.64 0.284 1.980 0.562 3.443 1.243 0.549
En
2.66 0.280 1.987 0.558 3.521 1.245 0.554

2.68 0.278 1.994 0.554 3.601 1.248 0.559
2.70 0.275 2.001 0.549 3.681 1.250 0.564
arn
2.72 0.271 2.008 0.545 3.765 1.253 0.568

2.74 0.268 2.015 0.541 3.849 1.256 0.573
Le
2.76 0.265 2.022 0.537 3.936 1.258 0.578

2.78 0.263 2.029 0.533 4.025 1.261 0.582
2.80 0.260 2.036 0.529 4.116 1.263 0.586
w.
2.82 0.257 2.042 0.525 4.210 1.266 0.591

2.84 0.254 2.048 0.520 4.306 1.268 0.595
ww
2.86 0.251 2.055 0.516 4.404 1.271 0.599

2.88 0.248 2.062 0.512 4.505 1.273 0.604
2.90 0.246 2.068 0.508 4.607 1.276 0.608
2.90 0.243 2.074 0.505 4.713 1.278 0.611

2.94 0.241 2.080 0.500 4.820 1.281 0.616
2.96 0.238 2.097 0.497 4.931 1.283 0.619
2.98 0.235 2.093 0.493 5.045 1.285 0.624
3.00 0.233 2.099 0.489 5.160 1.288 0.628

TABLE 6.1
3.10 0.221 2.127 0.471 5.781 1.299 0.647
.i n
3.20 0.210 2.155 0.453 6.477 1.310 0.664
3.30 0.200 2.181 0.437 7.259 1.319 0.681
3.40 0.191 2.205 0.421 8.133 1.330 0.697
ng
3.50 0.182 2.228 0.405 9.110 1.338 0.711
eri
3.60 0.174 2.250 0.391 10.200 1.347 0.725
3.70 0.166 2.271 0.377 11.420 1.356 0.738
3.80 0.159 2.290 0.363 12.790 1.363 0.751
e
3.90 0.152 2.308 0.351 14.274 1.371 0.762
gin
4.00 0.145 2.326 0.338 15.940 1.378 0.773
4.10 0.139 2.343 0.327 17.796 1.385 0.783

En
4.20 0.134 2.358 0.315 19.848 1.391 0.792

4.30 0.128 2.374 0.305 22.116 1.398 0.802
4.40 0.123 2.388 0.294 24.622 1.403 0.811
arn
4.50 0.118 2.402 0.285 27.390 1.409 0.819
4.60 0.114 2.415 0.276 30.433 1.414 0.827

Le
4.70 0.110 2.427 0.267 33.786 1.420 0.834

4.80 0.105 2.438 0.258 37.472 1.424 0.841
4.90 0.102 2.449 0.250 41.520 1.429 0.848
w.
5.00 0.098 2.460 0.242 45.950 1.433 0.854

ww
6.00 0.071 2.543 0.179 120.1 1.468 0.904

7.00 0.053 2.598 0.138 285.3 1.491 0.936
8.00 0.041 2.635 0.108 625.2 1.507 0.957
9.00 0.033 2.662 0.088 1275.0 1.519 0.972
10.00 0.0277 2.681 0.072 2438.0 1.527 0.983

TABLE 6.2
0.02 54.770 0.022 1.199 28.942 22.834 1778.450
.i n
0.04 27.382 0.044 1.199 14.482 11.435 440.352
0.06 18.251 0.066 1.199 9.666 7.643 193.031
0.08 13.684 0.087 1.198 7.262 5.753 106.718
ng
0.10 10.943 0.109 1.197 5.822 4.624 66.922
0.12 9.116 0.131 1.196 4.864 3.875 45.407
eri
0.14 7.809 0.153 1.195 4.183 3.343 32.511
0.16 6.830 0.175 e 1.194 3.673 2.950 24.197
0.18 6.067 0.196 1.192 3.278 2.643 18.543
0.20 5.455 0.218 1.190 2.964 2.400 14.533
gin
0.22 4.955 0.239 1.188 2.708 2.205 11.596
0.24 4.538 0.261 1.186 2.496 2.043 9.387
En
0.26 4.185 0.283 1.184 2.317 1.909 7.687

0.28 3.882 0.304 1.181 2.166 1.795 6.357
0.30 3.619 0.326 1.178 2.035 1.698 5.299
arn
0.32 3.388 0.347 1.176 1.922 1.615 4.447

0.34 3.185 0.368 1.172 1.823 1.542 3.752
Le
0.36 3.004 0.389 1.169 1.736 1.479 3.180

0.38 2.842 0.410 1.166 1.658 1.423 2.705
0.40 2.695 0.431 1.163 1.590 1.375 2.308
w.
0.42 2.563 0.452 1.159 1.529 1.332 1.974

0.44 2.442 0.473 1.155 1.474 1.294 1.692
ww
0.46 2.333 0.494 1.151 1.425 1.260 1.451

0.48 2.231 0.514 1.147 1.380 1.230 1.245
0.50 2.138 0.534 1.143 1.340 1.203 1.069
0.52 2.052 0.555 1.138 1.303 1.179 0.917

0.54 1.972 0.575 1.134 1.270 1.157 0.787
0.56 1.897 0.595 1.129 1.240 1.138 0.674
0.58 1.828 0.615 1.124 1.213 1.120 0.575
0.60 1.763 0.635 1.119 1.188 1.105 0.491

TABLE 6.2
0.62 1.703 0.654 1.114 1.166 1.092 0.417
.i n
0.64 1.645 0.674 1.109 1.145 1.079 0.353
0.66 1.592 0.693 1.104 1.127 1.068 0.298
0.68 1.541 0.713 1.098 1.109 1.058 0.249
ng
0.70 1.493 0.732 1.093 1.094 1.049 0.208
eri
0.72 1.448 0.751 1.087 1.081 1.041 0.172
0.74 1.405 0.770 1.082 1.068 1.035 0.141
0.76 1.365 0.788 e 1.076 1.057 1.028 0.114
0.78 1.326 0.807 1.069 1.047 1.023 0.092
gin
0.80 1.289 0.825 1.064 1.038 1.018 0.073
0.82 1.254 0.843 1.058 1.031 1.015 0.056

0.84 1.221 0.861 1.051 1.024 1.011 0.042
En
0.86 1.189 0.879 1.045 1.018 1.008 0.031

0.88 1.158 0.897 1.039 1.013 1.006 0.022
0.90 1.129 0.915 1.003 1.009 1.004 0.015
arn
0.92 1.101 0.932 1.026 1.006 1.003 0.0089

0.94 1.074 0.949 1.020 1.003 1.001 0.005
Le
0.96 1.048 0.966 1.013 1.001 1.0006 0.0020

0.98 1.024 0.983 1.006 1.0003 1.0001 0.0005
1.00 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.000
w.
1.02 0.977 1.016 0.993 1.0003 1.0001 0.00046

ww
1.04 0.955 1.033 0.986 1.0013 1.0005 0.0018

1.06 0.933 1.049 0.979 1.003 1.0012 0.004
1.08 0.913 1.065 0.973 1.005 1.002 0.0066
1.10 0.894 1.081 0.966 1.008 1.003 0.0099
1.12 0.875 1.097 0.959 1.011 1.004 0.0138

1.14 0.856 1.113 0.952 1.015 1.006 0.0182
1.16 0.838 1.128 0.945 1.020 1.007 0.023
1.18 0.821 1.143 0.938 1.025 1.009 0.028
1.20 0.804 1.158 0.932 1.030 1.011 0.034

TABLE 6.2
M p/p* c/c* = ρ*/ρ T/T* p0/p0* F/F* 4 f Lmax D
1.22 0.788 1.173 0.925 1.037 1.013 0.039
.i n
1.24 0.773 1.188 0.918 1.043 1.015 0.045
1.26 0.757 1.202 0.911 1.050 1.017 0.0517
1.28 0.743 1.217 0.903 1.058 1.019 0.0582
ng
1.30 0.728 1.231 0.897 1.066 1.022 0.065
eri
1.32 0.715 1.245 0.889 1.075 1.024 0.0716
1.34 0.701 1.259 0.883 1.084 1.027 0.0785
1.36 0.688 1.273 e 0.876 1.094 1.029 0.0855
1.38 0.676 1.286 0.869 1.104 1.032 0.093
gin
1.40 0.663 1.300 0.862 1.115 1.035 0.099
1.42 0.651 1.313 0.855 1.126 1.037 0.107

1.44 0.640 1.326 0.848 1.138 1.040 0.114
En
1.46 0.628 1.339 0.841 1.150 1.043 0.121

1.48 0.617 1.352 0.834 1.163 1.046 0.128
1.50 0.606 1.364 0.828 1.176 1.048 0.136
arn
1.52 0.596 1.377 0.821 1.189 1.052 0.143

1.54 0.586 1.389 0.814 1.204 1.055 0.151
Le
1.56 0.576 1.401 0.807 1.219 1.057 0.158

1.58 0.566 1.413 0.800 1.234 1.061 0.165
1.60 0.557 1.425 0.794 1.250 1.063 0.172
w.
1.62 0.547 1.437 0.787 1.267 1.067 0.179

ww
1.64 0.538 1.448 0.780 1.284 1.069 0.187

1.66 0.529 1.460 0.774 1.301 1.073 0.194
1.68 0.521 1.471 0.767 1.319 1.075 0.201
1.70 0.513 1.482 0.760 1.340 1.078 0.208
1.72 0.505 1.493 0.754 1.357 1.082 0.215

1.74 0.496 1.504 0.747 1.376 1.085 0.222
1.76 0.489 1.515 0.741 1.397 1.088 0.228
1.78 0.481 1.525 0.735 1.418 1.091 0.235
1.80 0.474 1.536 0.728 1.439 1.093 0.242

TABLE 6.2
1.82 0.467 1.546 0.722 1.461 1.096 0.248
.i n
1.84 0.459 1.556 0.716 1.484 1.099 0.255
1.86 0.453 1.566 0.709 1.507 1.102 0.262
1.88 0.446 1.576 0.703 1.530 1.105 0.268
ng
1.90 0.439 1.586 0.697 1.555 1.108 0.274
eri
1.92 0.433 1.596 0.691 1.580 1.111 0.281
1.94 0.426 1.605 0.685 1.610 1.114 0.287
1.96 0.420 1.615 e 0.678 1.633 1.117 0.293
1.99 0.414 1.624 0.673 1.660 1.120 0.299
gin
2.00 0.408 1.633 0.667 1.687 1.123 0.305
2.02 0.402 1.642 0.661 1.716 1.126 0.311

2.04 0.397 1.651 0.655 1.747 1.128 0.317
En
2.06 0.391 1.659 0.649 1.775 1.131 0.323

2.08 0.386 1.668 0.643 1.806 1.134 0.328
2.10 0.380 1.677 0.637 1.837 1.137 0.334
arn
2.12 0.375 1.685 0.632 1.870 1.139 0.339

2.14 0.369 1.694 0.623 1.902 1.142 0.345
Le
2.16 0.365 1.702 0.621 1.935 1.145 0.350

2.18 0.359 1.710 0.615 1.970 1.147 0.356
2.20 0.355 1.718 0.609 2.005 1.150 0.361
w.
2.22 0.350 1.726 0.604 2.041 1.153 0.366

ww
2.24 0.346 1.733 0.598 2.078 1.155 0.371

2.26 0.341 1.741 0.594 2.115 1.158 0.376
2.28 0.336 1.748 0.588 2.154 1.160 0.381
2.30 0.332 1.756 0.583 2.193 1.163 0.386
2.32 0.327 1.764 0.578 2.233 1.165 0.391

2.34 0.323 1.771 0.573 2.274 1.168 0.396
2.36 0.319 1.778 0.567 2.316 1.170 0.400
2.38 0.315 1.785 0.563 2.360 1.173 0.405
2.40 0.311 1.792 0.557 2.403 1.175 0.409

TABLE 6.2
2.42 0.307 1.799 0.553 2.448 1.178 0.414
.i n
2.44 0.303 1.806 0.548 2.494 1.179 0.419
2.46 0.299 1.813 0.543 2.540 1.182 0.423
2.48 0.296 1.819 0.538 2.588 1.185 0.427
ng
2.50 0.292 1.826 0.533 2.637 1.187 0.432
eri
2.52 0.289 1.832 0.528 2.687 1.189 0.436
2.54 0.285 1.838 0.524 2.737 1.191 0.440
2.56 0.281 1.845 e 0.519 2.789 1.193 0.445
2.58 0.278 1.851 0.515 2.842 1.195 0.448
gin
2.60 0.275 1.857 0.510 2.896 1.198 0.453
2.62 0.271 1.863 0.506 2.951 1.200 0.457

2.64 0.268 1.869 0.501 3.007 1.202 0.460
En
2.66 0.265 1.875 0.497 3.065 1.204 0.464

2.68 0.262 1.881 0.493 3.123 1.206 0.468
2.70 0..258 1.886 0.488 3.183 1.208 0.472
arn
2.72 0.256 1.892 0.484 3.244 1.210 0.476

2.74 0.253 1.898 0.479 3.306 1.212 0.479
Le
2.76 0.250 1.903 0.476 3.370 1.214 0.483

2.79 0.247 1.908 0.471 3.435 1.216 0.486
2.80 0.244 1.914 0.467 3.500 1.218 0.489
w.
2.82 0.241 1.919 0.463 3.567 1.220 0.493

ww
2.84 0.238 1.925 0.459 3.636 1.222 0.497

2.86 0.236 1.929 0.455 3.706 1.224 0.499
2.88 0.233 1.935 0.451 3.780 1.226 0.503
2.90 0.231 1.940 0.447 3.850 1.228 0.506
2.92 0.228 1.945 0.443 3.924 1.229 0.509

2.94 0.226 1.949 0.439 4.000 1.231 0.513
2.96 0.223 1.954 0.436 4.076 1.233 0.516
2.98 0.220 1.959 0.432 4.155 1.235 0.519
3.00 0.218 1.964 0.428 4.235 1.237 0.522

TABLE 6.2
3.10 0.207 1.987 0.411 4.657 1.245 0.537
.i n
3.20 0.196 2.008 0.394 5.121 1.253 0.550
3.30 0.186 2.028 0.377 5.628 1.260 0.563
3.40 0.177 2.046 0.362 6.184 1.267 0.575
ng
3.50 0.168 2.064 0.348 6.789 1..274 0.586
eri
3.60 0.160 2.081 0.334 7.450 1.281 0.597
3.70 0.153 2.096 0.321 8.169 1.287 0.607
3.80 0.146 2.111 e 0.308 8.951 1.293 0.616
3.90 0.139 2.125 0.297 9.800 1.298 0.625
gin
4.00 0.134 2.138 0.286 10.720 1.303 0.633
4.10 0.128 2.150 0.275 11.715 1.308 0.641

4.20 0.123 2.162 0.265 12.792 1.312 0.648
En
4.30 0.117 2.173 0.255 13.955 1.317 0.655

4.40 0.113 2.184 0.246 15.210 1.321 0.662
4.50 0.108 2.194 0.237 16.562 1.325 0.668
arn
4.60 0.104 2.203 0.229 18.018 1.330 0.673

4.70 0.100 2.212 0.221 19.583 1.332 0.678
Le
4.80 0.096 2.220 0.214 21.264 1.335 0.684

4.90 0.093 2.228 0.207 23.070 1.339 0.689
5.00 0.089 2.236 0.200 25.000 1.342 0.694
w.
6.00 0.064 2.295 0.146 53.180 1.366 0.730

ww
7.00 0.047 2.333 0.111 104.14 1.381 0.753

8.00 0.037 2.359 0.087 190.11 1.392 0.768
9.00 0.029 2.377 0.069 327.19 1.399 0.779
10.00 0.024 2.391 0.057 535.94 1.404 0.787

TABLE 6.3
0.02 57.753 0.023 1.333 28.132 21.662 1493.072
.i n
0.04 28.862 0.046 1.332 14.078 10.851 369.405
0.06 19.235 0.069 1.332 9.397 7.256 161.762
0.08 14.420 0.092 1.331 7.061 5.465 89.320
ng
0.10 11.535 0.115 1.330 5.661 4.392 55.830
eri
0.12 9.600 0.138 1.327 4.733 3.686 37.892
0.14 8.220 0.161 1.325 4.071 3.183 27.086
0.16 7.187 0.184 e 1.322 3.576 2.810 20.125
0.18 6.381 0.207 1.319 3.193 2.532 15.393
gin
0.20 5.739 0.229 1.317 2.887 2.293 12.110
0.22 5.207 0.252 1.313 2.640 2.110 9.589

0.24 4.766 0.275 1.308 2.435 1.959 7.747
En
0.26 4.392 0.297 1.304 2.262 1.833 6.332

0.28 4.071 0.319 1.300 2.115 1.726 5.225
0.30 3.795 0.342 1.296 1.989 1.635 4.337
arn
0.32 3.549 0.364 1.289 1.880 1.558 3.639

0.34 3.333 0.385 1.284 1.785 1.490 3.063
Le
0.36 3.141 0.407 1.278 1.700 1.432 2.591

0.38 2.968 0.429 1.273 1.626 1.381 2.200
0.40 2.814 0.450 1.267 1.560 1.336 1.868
w.
0.42 2.672 0.472 1.260 1.501 1.297 1.597

ww
0.44 2.545 0.493 1.253 1.450 1.262 1.365

0.46 2.427 0.514 1.245 1.402 1.231 1.168
0.48 2.318 0.534 1.238 1.359 1.203 1.0005
0.50 2.220 0.555 1.232 1.320 1.178 0.855
0.52 2.127 0.575 1.223 1.286 1.157 0.734

0.54 2.042 0.596 1.215 1.255 1.138 0.628
0.56 1.962 0.616 1.807 1.225 1.120 0.536
0.58 1.888 0.635 1.200 1.200 1.105 0.457
0.60 1.819 0.655 1.191 1.176 1.091 0.388

TABLE 6.3
0.62 1.754 0.674 1.182 1.155 1.079 0.329
.i n
0.64 1.693 0.693 1.173 1.135 1.068 0.278
0.66 1.635 0.712 1.165 1.118 1.058 0.234
0.68 1.581 0.731 1.155 1.102 1.050 0.196
ng
0.70 1.530 0.750 1.146 1.087 1.042 0.163
eri
0.72 1.481 0.768 1.137 1.075 1.035 0.134
0.74 1.435 0.786 1.128 1.063 1.029 0.110
0.76 1.391 0.804 e 1.118 1.053 1.024 0.089
0.78 1.350 0.821 1.108 1.043 1.019 0.071
gin
0.80 1.311 0.839 1.099 1.035 1.016 0.056
0.82 1.273 0.856 1.089 1.028 1.012 0.043

0.84 1.237 0.873 1.079 1.022 1.010 0.0325
En
0.86 1.203 0.889 1.070 1.016 1.007 0.0238

0.88 1.170 0.906 1.060 1.012 1.005 0.0167
0.90 1.139 0.922 1.050 1.008 1.003 0.011
arn
0.92 1.108 0.938 1.040 1.005 1.002 0.007

0.94 1.080 0.954 1.030 1.003 1.001 0.0037
Le
0.96 1.052 0.969 1.020 1.0012 1.0005 0.00156

0.98 1.026 0.985 1.010 1.0003 1.0001 0.00037
1.00 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.000
w.
1.02 0.975 1.015 0.990 1.0003 1.0001 0.00035

ww
1.04 0.952 1.029 0.980 1.0012 1.0004 0.0013

1.06 0.929 1.044 0.970 1.0026 1.001 0.0029
1.08 0.907 1.058 0.960 1.005 1.0016 0.005
1.10 0.886 1.072 0.950 1.007 1.002 0.0074
1.12 0.866 1.086 0.940 1.010 1.0034 0.010

1.14 0.846 1.099 0.930 1.014 1.0045 0.0135
1.16 0.827 1.113 0.920 1.018 1.006 0.017
1.18 0.809 1.126 0.911 1.022 1.007 0.021
1.20 0.791 1.139 0.900 1.027 1.008 0.025

TABLE 6.3
1.22 0.774 1.151 0.891 1.032 1.010 0.0291
.i n
1.24 0.757 1.164 0.882 1.038 1.012 0.0335
1.26 0.741 1.176 0.872 1.044 1.013 0.038
1.28 0.726 1.188 0.862 1.051 1.015 0.043
ng
1.30 0.710 1.200 0.852 1.057 1.017 0.047
eri
J.32 0.696 1.211 0.843 1.065 1.019 0.052
1.34 0.682 1.223 0.834 1.073 1.021 0.057
1.36 0.668 1.235 e 0.825 1.081 1.022 0.062
1.38 0.654 1.246 0.816 1.089 1.024 0.067
gin
1.40 0.641 1.257 0.806 1.098 1.026 0.072
1.42 0.629 1.268 0.797 1.108 1.028 0.078

1.44 0.616 1.278 0.788 1.117 1.030 0.083
En
1.46 0.605 1.288 0.780 1.127 1.032 0.088

1.48 0.593 1.298 0.771 1.138 1.035 0.093
1.50 0.582 1.309 0.761 1.148 1.036 0.0975
arn
1.52 0.571 1.318 0.753 1.160 1.039 0.103

1.54 0.560 1.328 0.745 1.171 1.041 0.108
Le
1.56 0.550 1.338 0.736 1.183 1.043 0.113

1.58 0.540 1.347 0.728 1.195 1.045 0.118
1.60 0.530 1.356 0.718 1.207 1.047 0.123
w.
1.62 0.521 1.365 0.711 1.220 1.049 0.128

ww
1.64 0.511 1.374 0.703 1.234 1.051 0.133

1.66 0.502 1.383 0.695 1.250 1.053 0.138
1.68 0.493 1.391 0.687 1.261 1.056 0.142
1.70 0.485 1.400 0.678 1.275 1.057 0.146
1.72 0.476 1.408 0.671 1.290 1.060 0.152

1.74 0.468 1.416 0.664 1.305 1.0615 0.156
1.76 0.460 1.425 0.656 1.320 1.0635 0.161
1.78 0.452 1.432 0.648 1.336 1.065 0.165
1.80 0.445 1.440 0.640 1.351 1.067 0.169

TABLE 6.3
1.82 0.437 1.448 0.634 1.370 1.070 0.174
.i n
1.84 0.430 1.455 0.626 1.385 1.0715 0.178
1.86 0.423 1.463 0.619 1.402 1.073 0.183
1.88 0.416 1.469 0.612 1.419 1.075 0.187
ng
1.90 0.409 1.477 0.604 1.436 1.077 0.191
eri
1.92 0.403 1.484 0.598 1.455 1.079 0.195
1.94 0.396 1.491 0.591 1.474 1.081 0.199
1.96 0.390 1.497 e 0.585 1.492 1.083 0.203
1.98 0.384 1.504 0.578 1.511 1.085 0.207
gin
2.00 0.378 1.510 0.571 1.530 1.086 0.211
2.02 0.372 1.517 0.565 1.551 1.088 0.215

2.04 0.366 1.523 0.558 1.571 1.090 0.219
En
2.06 0.361 1.530 0.552 1.592 1.092 0.222

2.08 0.355 1.535 0.545 1.613 1.094 0.226
2.10 0.350 1.541 0.539 1.632 1.095 0.229
arn
2.12 0.345 1.547 0.534 1.656 1.097 0.233

2.14 0.339 1.553 0.527 1.678 1.099 0.237
Le
2.16 0.335 1.559 0.522 1.700 1.101 0.240

2.18 0.329 1.565 0.516 1.723 1.102 0.244
2.20 0.324 1.570 0.509 1.744 1.104 0.246
w.
2.22 0.320 1.575 0.505 1.770 1.106 0.250

ww
2.24 0.315 1.581 0.499 1.793 1.107 0.254

2.26 0.311 1.586 0.493 1.818 1.108 0.257
2.28 0.306 1.591 0.487 1.842 1.110 0.259
2.30 0.302 1.596 0.482 1.865 1.111 0.262
2.32 0.298 1.601 0.477 1.893 1.113 0.265

2.34 0.294 1.606 0.472 1.920 1.115 0.269
2.36 0.289 1.611 0.467 1.945 1.116 0.272
2.38 0.285 1.615 0.461 1.971 1.118 0.275
2.40 0.281 1.620 0.456 1.995 1.119 0.277

TABLE 6.3
2.42 0.278 1.625 0.452 2.025 1.121 0.280
.i n
2.44 0.274 1.629 0.446 2.053 1.122 0.283
2.46 0.270 1.634 0.442 2.081 1.123 0.286
2.48 0.267 1.638 0.437 2.110 1.125 0.288
ng
2.50 0.263 1.642 0.432 2.135 1.126 0.290
eri
2.50 0.260 1.646 0.428 2.168 1.127 0.294
2.54 0.256 1.651 0.423 2.198 1.129 0.296
2.56 0.253 1.655 e 0.418 2.228 1.130 0.299
2.58 0.249 1.658 0.414 2.260 1.131 0.301
gin
2.60 0.246 1.663 0.409 2.285 1.132 0.303
2.62 0.243 1.667 0.405 2.321 1.134 0.306

2.64 0.240 1.670 0.401 2.352 1.135 0.308
En
2.66 0.236 1.674 0.397 2.385 1.136 0.311

2.68 0.234 1.678 0.393 2.417 1.1375 0.313
2.70 0.231 1.682 0.388 2.445 1.138 0.314
arn
2.72 0.228 1.685 0.385 2.484 1.139 0.317

2.74 0.225 1.688 0.381 2.518 1.141 0.319
Le
2.76 0.222 1.692 0.377 2.552 1.142 0.322

2.78 0.219 1.694 0.373 2.587 1.143 0.324
2.80 0.217 1.699 0.368 2.616 1.144 0.325
w.
2.82 0.214 1.702 0.365 2.658 1.145 0.328

ww
2.84 0.211 1.705 0.361 2.694 1.146 0.330

2.86 0.209 1.709 0.358 2.730 1.148 0.332
2.88 0.207 1.712 0.354 2.767 1.1485 0.334
2.90 0.204 1.715 0.350 2.797 1.149 0.335
2.92 0.202 1.718 0.347 2.843 1.150 0.338

2.94 0.199 1.721 0.343 2.881 1.152 0.340
2.96 0.197 1.724 0.340 2.920 1.153 0.342
2.98 0.195 1.727 0.337 2.960 1.1537 0.343
3.00 0.192 1.730 0.333 2.990 1.154 0.344

TABLE 6.3
Flow of perfect gases with friction (γγ = 1.67)
3.10 0.182 1.744 0.317 3.205 1.159 0.354
.i n
3.20 0.172 1.756 0.302 3.423 1.164 0.362
3.30 0.163 1.768 0.288 3.653 1.168 0.369
3.40 0.154 1.780 0.275 3.895 1.172 0.376
ng
3.50 0.146 1.790 0.262 4.134 1.174 0.381
eri
3.60 0.139 1.800 0.251 4.420 1.178 0.389
3.70 0.132 1.808 0.239 4.703 1.182 0.394
3.80 0.126 1.817 e 0.229 5.000 1.185 0.400
3.90 0.120 1.825 0.219 5.311 1.187 0.404
gin
4.00 0.1145 1.833 0.210 5.608 1.189 0.407
4.10 0.109 1.840 0.202 5.979 1.193 0.413

4.20 0.105 1.846 0.194 6.336 1.195 0.417
En
4.30 0.100 1.852 0.186 6.708 1.197 0.421

4.40 0.096 1.858 0.178 7.098 1.199 0.4246
4.50 0.092 1.864 0.172 7.456 1.200 0.426
arn
4.60 0.088 1.868 0.166 7.925 1.203 0.431

4.70 0.085 1.873 0.159 8.365 1.205 0.434
Le
4.80 0.082 1.878 0.154 8.827 1.207 0.437

4.90 0.079 1.883 0.150 9.300 1.208 0.439
5.00 0.075 1.887 0.142 9.721 1.209 0.440
w.
6.00 0.053 1.918 0.102 15.680 1.220 0.459

ww
7.00 0.040 1.938 0.077 23.850 1.227 0.472

8.00 0.030 1.951 0.059 34.580 1.232 0.479
9.00 0.024 1.960 0.047 48.240 1.235 0.485
10.00 0.0199 1.967 0.038 65.180 1.238 0.489

Isothermal Flow of Perfect Gases with Friction 93
TABLE 7.1
Isothermal flow of perfect gases with friction (γγ = 1.3)
M p/p*t c/c*t = ρ*t/ρ T0 /T0*t p0 /p0*t 4 f Lmax D
0.02 43.853 0.0228 0.897 27.328 1914.515
.i n
0.04 21.926 0.0456 0.897 13.674 473.593
0.06 14.617 0.0684 0.897 9.128 207.311
0.08 10.963 0.0912 0.897 6.858 114.403
ng
0.10 8.770 0.1140 0.897 5.499 71.580
eri
0.12 7.308 0.1368 0.898 4.596 48.440
0.14 6.264 0.1596 0.899 3.953 34.576
0.16 5.481 0.1824
e 0.900 3.472 25.645
0.18 4.872 0.2052 0.900 3.100 19.574
gin
0.20 4.385 0.2280 0.902 2.804 15.274
0.22 3.986 0.250 0.903 2.563 12.127

0.24 3.654 0.273 0.904 2.363 9.762
En
0.26 3.373 0.296 0.905 2.195 7.947

0.28 3.132 0.319 0.907 2.053 6.528
0.30 2.923 0.342 0.908 1.930 5.401
arn
0.32 2.741 0.365 0.910 1.824 4.495

0.34 2.579 0.387 0.912 1.731 3.759
Le
0.36 2.436 0.410 0.914 1.650 3.154

0.39 2.308 0.433 0.916 1.578 2.654
0.40 2.192 0.456 0.918 1.514 2.237
w.
0.42 2.088 0.478 0.920 1.457 1.888

ww
0.44 1.993 0.501 0.923 1.405 1.593

0.46 1.907 0.524 0.925 1.360 1.344
0.48 1.827 0.547 0.927 1.319 1.133
0.50 1.754 0.570 0.930 1.282 0.953
0.52 1.686 0.593 0.933 1.248 0.799

0.54 1.624 0.615 0.936 1.218 0.668
0.56 1.566 0.638 0.938 1.190 0.555
0.58 1.512 0.661 0.942 1.166 0.459
0.60 1.461 0.684 0.945 1.144 0.377

TABLE 7.1
0.62 1.415 0.707 0.948 1.124 0.307
.i n
0.64 1.370 0.729 0.952 1.105 0.248
0.66 1.329 0.753 0.955 1.089 0.197
0.68 1.289 0.775 0.958 1.074 0.154
ng
0.70 1.253 0.798 0.962 1.061 0.119
eri
0.72 1.218 0.821 0.966 1.049 0.089
0.74 1.185 0.844 0.970 1.039 0.065
0.76 1.154 0.866
e 0.974 1.031 0.045
0.78 1.124 0.889 0.978 1.023 0.029
gin
0.80 1.096 0.912 0.983 1.016 0.018
0.82 1.069 0.935 0.987 1.010 0.0095

0.84 1.044 0.958 0.991 1.006 0.0038
En
0.86 1.019 0.980 0.996 1.002 0.0078

0.88 0.997 1.003 1.0007 0.999 0.22 × 10−4
0.90 0.974 1.026 1.005 0.998 0.0013
arn
0.92 0.953 1.049 1.010 0.997 0.0044

0.94 0.933 1.072 1.015 0.997 0.0092
Le
0.96 0.913 1.095 1.020 0.9975 0.015

0.98 0.895 1.117 1.025 0.999 0.023
1.00 0.877 1.140 1.031 1.001 0.0316
w.
1.02 0.859 1.163 1.036 1.004 0.0413

ww
1.04 0.843 1.185 1.042 1.008 0.052

1.06 0.827 1.208 1.047 1.012 0.0635
1.08 0.812 1.231 1.053 1.017 0.076
1.10 0.797 1.254 1.059 1.023 0.088
1.12 0.783 1.277 1.065 1.029 0.102

1.14 0.769 1.299 1.071 1.037 0.116
1.16 0.756 1.322 1.078 1.045 0.131
1.18 0.743 1.345 1.083 1.053 0.146
1.20 0.731 1.368 1.090 1.063 0.161

TABLE 7.1
1.22 0.718 1.391 1.097 1.073 0.177
.i n
1.24 0.707 1.414 1.103 1.083 0.193
1.26 0.696 1.437 1.110 1.094 0.209
1.28 0.685 1.459 1.116 1.106 0.226
ng
1.30 0.674 1.482 1.124 1.119 0.242
eri
1.32 0.664 1.505 1.131 1.132 0.259
1.34 0.654 1.528 1.138 1.146 0.276
1.36 0.645 1.550
e 1.145 1.161 0.293
1.38 0.635 1.573 1.152 1.176 0.310
gin
1.40 0.626 1.596 1.160 1.192 0.328
1.42 0.617 1.619 1.168 1.209 0.345

1.44 0.609 1.642 1.175 1.227 0.362
En
1.46 0.601 1.664 1.183 1.245 0.380

1.48 0.592 1.687 1.191 1.264 0.397
1.50 0.594 1.710 1.199 1.284 0.415
arn
1.52 0.577 1.733 1.207 1.305 0.433

1.54 0.569 1.756 1.215 1.327 0.450
Le
1.56 0.562 1.778 1.224 1.349 0.468

1.58 0.555 1.801 1.232 1.372 0.485
1.60 0.548 1.824 1.241 1.396 0.503
w.
1.62 0.541 1.847 1.249 1.421 0.520

ww
1.64 0.534 1.869 1.258 1.447 0.538

1.66 0.528 1.893 1.267 1.474 0.555
1.68 0.522 1.915 1.276 1.502 0.572
1.70 0.516 1.938 1.285 1.530 0.589
1.72 0.510 1.961 1.294 1.560 0.607

1.74 0.504 1.984 1.303 1.591 0.624
1.76 0.498 2.007 1.313 1.622 0.641
1.78 0.493 2.029 1.323 1.655 0.658
1.80 0.487 2.052 1.132 1.689 0.675

TABLE 7.1
1.82 0.482 2.075 1.342 1.724 0.692
.i n
1.84 0.476 2.098 1.352 1.760 0.709
1.86 0.471 2.121 1.362 1.797 0.726
1.88 0.466 2.143 1.372 1.836 0.742
ng
1.90 0.461 2.166 1.382 1.876 0.759
eri
1.92 0.457 2.189 1.392 1.917 0.775
1.94 0.452 2.212 1.403 1.959 0.792
1.96 0.447 2.235
e 1.413 2.003 0.808
1.98 0.443 2.257 1.424 2.048 0.825
gin
2.00 0.438 2.280 1.434 2.094 0.841
2.02 0.434 2.303 1.445 2.142 0.857

2.04 0.430 2.326 1.456 2.191 0.873
En
2.06 0.426 2.348 1.467 2.242 0.889

2.08 0.422 2.372 1.478 2.294 0.905
2.10 0.417 2.394 1.489 2.348 0.921
arn
2.12 0.414 2.417 1.501 2.404 0.936

2.14 0.409 2.440 1.512 2.462 0.952
Le
2.16 0.406 2.463 1.524 2.521 0.967

2.18 0.402 2.485 1.536 2.581 0.983
2.20 0.398 2.508 1.547 2.644 0.998
w.
2.22 0.395 2.531 1.559 2.708 1.013

ww
2.24 0.392 2.554 1.571 2.775 1.028

2.26 0.388 2.577 1.583 2.843 1.043
2.28 0.385 2.599 1.596 2.914 1.058
2.30 0.381 2.622 1.608 2.986 1.073
2.32 0.378 2.645 1.620 3.061 1.088

2.34 0.375 2.668 1.633 3.138 1.103
2.36 0.372 2.691 1.645 3.217 1.117
2.38 0.368 2.714 1.658 3.298 1.132
2.40 0.365 2.736 1.671 3.383 1.147

TABLE 7.1
2.42 0.362 2.759 1.684 3.469 1.161
.i n
2.44 0.359 2.782 1.697 3.557 1.175
2.46 0.356 2.805 1.710 3.649 1.189
2.48 0.354 2.827 1.724 3.743 1.204
ng
2.50 0.351 2.850 1.737 3.839 1.218
eri
2.52 0.348 2.873 1.750 3.939 1.232
2.54 0.345 2.896 1.764 4.042 1.246
2.56 0.343 2.919
e 1.778 4.147 1.259
2.58 0.340 2.942 1.792 4.255 1.273
gin
2.60 0.337 2.964 1.805 4.366 1.287
2.62 0.334 2.987 1.819 4.481 1.301

2.64 0.332 3.010 1.834 4.599 1.314
En
2.66 0.329 3.033 1.848 4.720 1.328

2.68 0.327 3.055 1.862 4.845 1.341
2.70 0.325 3.078 1.877 4.973 1.354
arn
2.72 0.322 3.101 1.891 5.105 1.367

2.74 0.320 3.124 1.906 5.240 1.381
Le
2.76 0.318 3.147 1.921 5.379 1.394

2.78 0.315 3.169 1.936 5.522 1.407
2.80 0.313 3.192 1.951 5.669 1.419
w.
2.82 0.311 3.215 1.966 5.821 1.432

ww
2.84 0.309 3.238 1.981 5.976 1.445

2.86 0.307 3.261 1.996 6.136 1.458
2.88 0.304 3.283 2.012 6.300 1.471
2.90 0.302 3.306 2.027 6.469 1.483
2.92 0.300 3.329 2.043 6.642 1.495

2.94 0.298 3.352 2.059 6.821 1.508
2.96 0.296 3.375 2.075 7.004 1.521
2.98 0.294 3.398 2.091 7.192 1.533
3.00 0.292 3.421 2.107 7.385 1.545

TABLE 7.1
3.10 0.283 3.534 2.189 8.433 1.605
.i n
3.20 0.274 3.648 2.274 9.631 1.664
3.30 0.266 3.763 2.361 10.998 1.721
3.40 0.258 3.876 2.451 12.555 1.776
ng
3.50 0.251 3.991 2.544 14.327 1.831
eri
3.60 0.243 4.105 2.639 16.341 1.883
3.70 0.237 4.218 2.737 18.626 1.935
3.80 0.231 4.332
e 2.838 21.214 1.985
3.90 0.225 4.447 2.942 24.142 2.035
gin
4.00 0.219 4.561 3.048 27.449 2.083
4.10 0.214 4.675 3.157 31.181 2.130

4.20 0.209 4.789 3.269 35.384 2.176
En
4.30 0.204 4.903 3.383 40.112 2.221

4.40 0.199 5.017 3.500 45.423 2.265
4.50 0.195 5.131 3.619 51.380 2.308
arn
4.60 0.191 5.245 3.742 58.053 2.351

4.70 0.187 5.359 3.867 65.517 2.392
Le
4.80 0.183 5.473 3.995 73.854 2.433

4.90 0.179 5.587 4.125 83.155 2.472
5.00 0.175 5.701 4.258 93.517 2.512
w.
5.50 0.159 6.271 4.965 165.267 2.697

ww
6.00 0.146 6.841 5.738 283.672 2.867

6.50 0.135 7.411 6.578 473.496 3.024
7.00 0.125 7.981 7.486 769.836 3.169
7.50 0.117 8.551 8.461 1221.350 3.306
8.00 0.109 9.121 9.503 1894.190 3.433

8.50 0.103 9.691 10.613 2876.708 3.553
9.00 0.097 10.262 11.789 4285.063 3.667
9.50 0.092 10.831 13.033 6269.795 3.773
10.00 0.0877 11.402 14.344 9020.438 3.875

TABLE 7.2
0.02 42.257 0.0237 0.8751 26.488 1777.227
.i n
0.04 21.128 0.0473 0.8752 13.255 439.327
0.06 14.086 0.0710 0.8756 8.849 192.122
0.08 10.564 0.0946 0.8761 6.650 105.892
ng
0.10 8.451 0.1183 0.8770 5.333 66.159
eri
0.12 7.043 0.142 0.8775 4.458 44.699
0.14 6.037 0.165 0.8784 3.835 31.847
0.16 5.282 0.189
e 0.8795 3.369 23.573
0.18 4.695 0.213 0.881 3.010 17.952
gin
0.20 4.226 0.237 0.882 2.723 13.975
0.22 3.841 0.260 0.883 2.490 11.066

0.24 3.521 0.284 0.885 2.297 8.883
En
0.26 3.251 0.307 0.887 2.135 7.208

0.28 3.018 0.331 0.888 1.997 5.901
0.30 2.817 0.355 0.891 1.879 4.865
arn
0.32 2.641 0.378 0.893 1.777 4.033

0.34 2.486 0.402 0.895 1.687 3.358
Le
0.36 2.347 0.426 0.897 1.609 2.805

0.38 2.224 0.449 0.900 1.539 2.348
0.40 2.113 0.473 0.903 1.478 1.968
w.
0.42 2.012 0.497 0.906 1.424 1.651

ww
0.44 1.921 0.521 0.909 1.375 1.384

0.46 1.837 0.544 0.912 1.331 1.159
0.48 1.761 0.568 0.915 1.292 0.968
0.50 1.690 0.592 0.918 1.256 0.807
0.52 1.625 0.615 0.922 1.225 0.670

0.54 1.565 0.639 0.926 1.196 0.553
0.56 1.509 0.663 0.929 1.170 0.454
0.58 1.457 0.686 0.934 1.147 0.370
0.60 1.408 0.710 0.938 1.126 0.299

TABLE 7.2
0.62 1.363 0.733 0.942 1.107 0.238
.i n
0.64 1.320 0.757 0.947 1.090 0.188
0.66 1.280 0.781 0.951 1.075 0.145
0.68 1.243 0.805 0.956 1.061 0.1098
ng
0.70 1.207 0.828 0.961 1.049 0.0808
eri
0.72 1.174 0.852 0.966 1.039 0.0573
0.74 1.142 0.876 0.971 1.029 0.0386
0.76 1.112 0.899
e 0.976 1.022 0.0242
0.78 1.083 0.923 0.981 1.015 0.0135
62.5 × 10−4
gin
0.80 1.056 0.946 0.987 1.009
0.82 1.031 0.970 0.993 1.004 18.6 × 10−4

0.84 1.006 0.994 0.998 1.001 0.75 × 10−4
En
0.86 0.983 1.017 1.004 0.998 6.0 × 10−4

0.88 0.960 1.041 1.010 0.996 31.8 × 10−4
0.90 0.939 1.065 1.017 0.995 75.8 × 10−4
arn
0.92 0.918 1.088 1.023 0.995 1.36 × 10−2

0.94 0.899 1.112 1.029 0.9958 2.11 × 10−2
Le
0.96 0.880 1.135 1.036 0.997 2.98 × 10−2

0.98 0.962 1.159 1.043 0.999 3.98 × 10−2
1.00 0.845 1.183 1.050 1.0025 5.07 × 10−2
w.
1.02 0.828 1.207 1.057 1.0062 0.0626

ww
1.04 0.813 1.230 1.064 1.0106 0.0753

1.06 0.797 1.254 1.072 1.0157 0.0887
1.08 0.783 1.278 1.079 1.0215 0.1028
1.10 0.768 1.302 1.087 1.028 0.1174
1.12 0.755 1.325 1.095 1.035 0.1325

1.14 0.741 1.349 1.102 1.043 0.1481
1.16 0.728 1.372 1.110 1.051 0.164
1.18 0.716 1.396 1.118 1.061 0.180
1.20 0.704 1.419 1.127 l.070 0.197

TABLE 7.2
1.22 0.693 1.443 1.135 1.081 0.214
.i n
1.24 0.681 1.467 1.144 1.092 0.231
1.26 0.671 1.491 1.153 1.103 0.248
1.28 0.660 1.515 1.162 1.116 0.266
ng
1.30 0.650 1.538 1.171 1.129 0.284
eri
1.32 0.640 1.562 1.180 1.142 0.302
1.34 0.631 1.585 1.189 1.157 0.319
1.36 0.621 1.609
e 1.198 1.172 0.337
1.38 0.612 1.633 1.208 1.187 0.356
gin
1.40 0.604 1.656 1.218 1.204 0.374
1.42 0.595 1.680 1.228 1.221 0.392

1.44 0.587 1.704 1.238 1.238 0.410
En
1.46 0.578 1.727 1.248 1.257 0.428

1.48 0.571 1.751 1.258 1.276 0.447
1.50 0.563 1.775 1.268 1.296 0.465
arn
1.52 0.556 1.798 1.279 1.317 0.483

1.54 0.549 1.822 1.290 1.338 0.501
Le
1.56 0.542 1.846 1.301 1.360 0.519

1.58 0.535 1.869 1.312 1.383 0.537
1.60 0.528 1.893 1.323 1.407 0.555
w.
1.62 0.522 1.917 1.334 1.431 0.573

ww
1.64 0.515 1.940 1.345 1.457 0.591

1.66 0.509 1.964 1.357 1.483 0.609
1.69 0.503 1.987 1.368 1.510 0.627
1.70 0.497 2.011 1.381 1.538 0.645
1.72 0.491 2.035 1.393 1.567 0.663

1.74 0.486 2.058 1.405 1.596 0.680
1.76 0.480 2.082 1.417 1.627 0.697
1.78 0.475 2.106 1.429 1.658 0.715
1.80 0.469 2.129 1.442 1.691 0.733

TABLE 7.2
1.82 0.464 2.153 1.455 1.724 0.749

1.84 0.459 2.177 1.467 1.758 0.767
.i n
1.86 0.454 2.200 1.480 1.793 0.784
1.88 0.449 2.224 1.493 1.830 0.801
ng
1.90 0.445 2.248 1.507 1.868 0.818
1.92 0.440 2.272 1.520 1.906 0.835
eri
1.94 0.435 2.295 1.534 1.946 0.852
1.96 0.431 2.319 1.547 1.986 0.868
1.98 0.427 2.343 1.561 2.029 0.885
e
2.00 0.423 2.366 1.575 2.072 0.901
gin
2.02 0.418 2.390 1.589 2.116 0.918
2.04 0.414 2.414 1.603 2.162 0.934
En
2.06 0.410 2.437 1.617 2.208 0.950

2.08 0.406 2.461 1.632 2.257 0.966
2.10 0.402 2.484 1.647 2.306 0.982
arn
2.12 0.398 2.508 1.662 2.357 0.998

2.14 0.395 2.532 1.676 2.409 1.014
2.16 0.391 2.556 1.691 2.463 1.029
Le
2.18 0.387 2.579 1.707 2.517 1.045

2.20 0.384 2.603 1.722 2.574 1.061
w.
2.22 0.381 2.627 1.737 2.632 1.076

2.24 0.377 2.650 1.753 2.691 1.092
ww
2.26 0.374 2.674 1.769 2.752 1.107

2.28 0.370 2.697 1.785 2.815 1.122
2.30 0.367 2.721 1.800 2.879 1.137
2.32 0.364 2.745 1.817 2.945 1.152

2.34 0.361 2.768 1.833 3.013 1.167
2.36 0.358 2.792 1.849 3.082 1.182
2.38 0.355 2.816 1.866 3.153 1.197
2.40 0.352 2.839 1.883 3.226 1.211

TABLE 7.2
2.42 0.349 2.863 1.899 3.301 1.226

2.44 0.346 2.887 1.917 3.378 1.240
.i n
2.46 0.343 2.911 1.934 3.456 1.255
2.48 0.341 2.934 1.951 3.537 1.269
ng
2.50 0.338 2.958 1.968 3.619 1.283
2.52 0.335 2.982 1.986 3.704 1.297
eri
2.54 0.333 3.005 2.004 3.791 1.311
2.56 0.330 3.029 2.022 3.880 1.325
2.58 0.327 3.053 2.039 3.971 1.339
e
2.60 0.325 3.076 2.058 4.064 1.353
gin
2.62 0.322 3.100 2.076 4.160 1.367
2.64 0.320 3.123 2.094 4.258 1.380
En
2.66 0.318 3.147 2.113 4.359 1.394

2.68 0.315 3.171 2.132 4.462 1.407
2.70 0.313 3.195 2.151 4.567 1.421
arn
2.72 0.311 3.218 2.169 4.675 1.434

2.74 0.308 3.242 2.189 4.785 1.447
2.76 0.306 3.265 2.208 4.898 1.461
Le
2.78 0.304 3.289 2.227 5.015 1.473

2.80 0.302 3.313 2.247 5.133 1.487
w.
2.82 0.299 3.337 2.267 5.255 1.499

2.84 0.297 3.360 2.286 5.379 1.512
ww
2.86 0.295 3.384 2.306 5.506 1.525

2.88 0.293 3.407 2.327 5.637 1.538
2.90 0.291 3.431 2.346 5.770 1.551
2.92 0.289 3.455 2.367 5.906 1.563

2.94 0.287 3.478 2.387 6.046 1.575
2.96 0.285 3.502 2.408 6.189 1.588
2.98 0.283 3.526 2.429 6.335 1.601
3.00 0.282 3.549 2.450 6.485 1.613

TABLE 7.2
3.10 0.273 3.668 2.557 7.286 1.673

3.20 0.264 3.786 2.667 8.182 1.732
.i n
3.30 0.256 3.905 2.781 9.183 1.790
3.40 0.248 4.023 2.898 10.229 1.846
ng
3.50 0.241 4.141 3.018 11.541 1.900
3.60 0.235 4.259 3.143 12.922 1.953
eri
3.70 0.228 4.378 3.271 14.454 2.005
3.80 0.222 4.496 3.402 16.152 2.056
3.90 0.217 4.614 3.537 18.029 2.105
e
4.00 0.211 4.733 3.675 20.104 2.153
gin
4.10 0.206 4.851 3.817 22.391 2.201
4.20 0.201 4.969 3.962 24.911 2.247
En
4.30 0.196 5.088 4.110 27.682 2.292

4.40 0.192 5.206 4.263 30.725 2.336
4.50 0.188 5.324 4.418 34.062 2.380
arn
4.60 0.184 5.443 4.578 37.718 2.422

4.70 0.179 5.561 4.741 41.716 2.464
4.80 0.176 5.679 4.907 46.084 2.505
Le
4.90 0.172 5.798 5.077 50.850 2.544

5.00 0.169 5.916 5.250 56.043 2.584
w.
5.50 0.154 6.507 6.168 89.591 2.769

6.00 0.141 7.099 7.175 139.367 2.939
ww
6.50 0.130 7.691 8.268 211.379 3.097

7.00 0.121 8.282 9.450 313.219 3.243
7.50 0.112 8.874 10.718 454.338 3.379
8.00 0.1056 9.466 12.075 646.325 3.506

8.50 0.0994 10.057 13.518 903.222 3.626
9.00 0.0939 10.649 15.050 1241.856 3.739
9.50 0.0889 11.241 16.668 1682.182 3.847
10.00 0.0845 11.832 18.375 2247.66 3.948

Flow of Perfect Gases with Heat Transfer 105
TABLE 8.1
Flow of perfect gases with heat transfer (γγ = 1.3)
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
0.02 2.299 1.255 0.002 0.00184 0.002
.i n
0.04 2.295 1.254 0.009 0.0073 0.0037
0.06 2.289 1.252 0.0189 0.0164 0.008
0.08 2.281 1.250 0.0333 0.029 0.015
ng
0.10 2.270 1.247 0.0516 0.0449 0.0227
eri
0.12 2.258 1.244 0.073 0.064 0.0325
0.14 2.243 1.239 0.098 0.086 0.044
0.16 2.226 e1.235 0.127 0.110 0.057
0.18 2.207 1.230 0.158 0.138 0.072
gin
0.20 2.186 1.224 0.191 0.167 0.0875
0.22 2.164 1.128 0.277 0.198 1.105

0.24 2.140 1.212 0.264 0.231 0.123
En
0.26 2.114 1.205 0.302 0.265 0.143

0.28 2.087 1.198 0.342 0.300 0.163
0.30 2.059 1.191 0.382 0.336 0.185
arn
0.32 2.030 1.183 0.422 0.373 0.208

0.34 1.999 1.176 0.462 0.408 0.231
Le
0.36 1.968 1.167 0.502 0.445 0.255

0.38 1.936 1.159 0.542 0.481 0.279
0.40 1.904 1.152 0.580 0.516 0.305
w.
0.42 1.871 1.143 0.617 0.551 0.330

ww
0.44 1.837 1.135 0.654 0.585 0.356

0.46 1.804 1.127 0.688 0.618 0.382
0.48 1.769 1.119 0.722 0.649 0.408
0.50 1.736 1.111 0.753 0.680 0.434
0.52 1.702 1.103 0.783 0.708 0.460

0.54 1.670 1.096 0.811 0.736 0.486
0.56 1.634 1.088 0.837 0.762 0.512
0.58 1.600 1.081 0.861 0.787 0.538
0.60 1.567 1.074 0.884 0.810 0.564

TABLE 8.1
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
0.62 1.534 1.067 0.904 0.832 0.589
.i n
0.64 1.500 1.061 0.923 0.852 0.615
0.66 1.468 1.054 0.939 0.870 0.639
0.68 1.436 1.048 0.954 0.887 0.664
ng
0.70 1.405 1.042 0.967 0.903 0.688
eri
0.72 1.374 1.037 0.978 0.917 0.712
0.74 1.344 1.032 0.989 0.930 0.736
0.76 1.314 1.028
e 0.997 0.942 0.758
0.78 1.284 1.023 1.003 0.952 0.781
gin
0.80 1.255 1.019 1.009 0.961 0.804
0.82 1.227 1.016 1.013 0.969 0.825

0.84 1.199 1.012 1.015 0.976 0.846
En
0.86 1.173 1.010 1.0172 0.983 0.867

0.88 1.146 1.007 1.0173 0.987 0.887
0.90 1.120 1.005 1.017 0.991 0.907
arn
0.92 1.095 1.003 1.015 0.995 0.927

0.94 1.070 1.002 1.012 0.997 0.946
Le
0.96 1.046 1.0007 1.009 0.998 0.964

0.98 1.023 1.0002 1.005 0.999 0.982
1.00 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
w.
1.02 0.977 1.0002 0.994 0.999 1.017

ww
1.04 0.956 1.0008 0.988 0.998 1.034

1.06 0.935 1.002 0.982 0.997 1.050
1.08 0.914 1.003 0.975 0.995 1.066
1.10 0.894 1.005 0.967 0.993 1.082
1.12 0.874 1.007 0.958 0.990 1.097

1.14 0.855 1.009 0.950 0.987 1.111
1.16 0.836 1.0127 0.942 0.984 1.126
1.18 0.818 1.016 0.933 0.981 1.139
1.20 0.800 1.020 0.924 0.976 1.153

TABLE 8.1
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
1.22 0.784 1.024 0.914 0.972 1.166
.i n
1.24 0.767 1.028 0.904 0.967 1.179
1.26 0.751 1.034 0.894 0.963 1.192
1.28 0.735 1.039 0.885 0.958 1.204
ng
1.30 0.719 1.045 0.875 0.953 1.216
eri
1.32 0.705 1.051 0.865 0.948 1.227
1.34 0.689 1.058 0.854 0.943 1.238
1.36 0.676 e1.065 0.844 0.938 1.249
1.38 0.662 1.073 0.834 0.932 1.260
gin
1.40 0.648 1.081 0.824 0.927 1.270
1.42 0.635 1.089 0.813 0.921 1.281

1.44 0.622 1.098 0.803 0.915 1.291
En
1.46 0.609 1.108 0.793 0.910 1.300

1.48 0.598 1.117 0.783 0.904 1.309
1.50 0.586 1.128 0.773 0.898 1.318
arn
1.52 0.575 1.138 0.763 0.893 1.327

1.54 0.563 1.149 0.753 0.887 1.336
Le
1.56 0.552 1.161 0.743 0.882 1.344

1.58 0.542 1.173 0.733 0.876 1.352
1.60 0.531 1.185 0.723 0.870 1.360
w.
1.62 0.521 1.195 0.713 0.865 1.368

ww
1.64 0.512 1.213 0.704 0.859 1.376

1.66 0.502 1.227 0.694 0.853 1.383
1.68 0.492 1.241 0.685 0.847 1.390
1.70 0.484 1.256 0.676 0.842 1.397
1.72 0.475 1.272 0.670 0.837 1.404

1.74 0.465 1.288 0.657 0.831 1.411
1.76 0.457 1.305 0.648 0.825 1.417
1.78 0.449 1.322 0.639 0.821 1.423
1.80 0.441 1.340 0.631 0.815 1.430

TABLE 8.1
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
1.82 0.433 1.358 0.622 0.810 1.436
.i n
1.84 0.426 1.377 0.614 0.805 1.442
1.86 0.418 1.397 0.606 0.799 1.447
1.88 0.411 1.417 0.597 0.795 1.453
ng
1.90 0.404 1.438 0.589 0.790 1.459
eri
1.92 0.397 1.451 0.581 0.785 1.464
1.94 0.390 1.482 0.573 0.780 1.469
1.96 0.383 1.505
e 0.565 0.775 1.474
1.98 0.377 1.528 0.557 0.771 1.479
gin
2.00 0.371 1.552 0.551 0.766 1.484
2.02 0.365 1.576 0.543 0.761 1.488

2.04 0.358 1.602 0.536 0.757 1.493
En
2.06 0.353 1.628 0.528 0.752 1.498

2.08 0.347 1.655 0.522 0.748 1.502
2.10 0.341 1.683 0.515 0.744 1.506
arn
2.12 0.336 1.711 0.508 0.739 1.511

2.14 0.331 1.740 0.501 0.735 1.515
Le
2.16 0.325 1.770 0.495 0.731 1.518

2.18 0.320 1.800 0.487 0.727 1.523
2.20 0.315 1.832 0.482 0.723 1.527
w.
2.22 0.310 1.865 0.475 0.718 1.530

ww
2.24 0.306 1.898 0.469 0.715 1.534

2.26 0.301 1.932 0.463 0.711 1.537
2.28 0.296 1.967 0.457 0.707 1.541
2.30 0.292 2.003 0.451 0.703 1.545
2.32 0.287 2.040 0.445 0.699 1.548

2.34 0.283 2.078 0.440 0.696 1.551
2.36 0.279 2.117 0.434 0.693 1.555
2.38 0.275 2.156 0.428 0.688 1.557
2.40 0.271 2.197 0.423 0.686 1.561

TABLE 8.1
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
2.42 0.267 2.238 0.417 0.682 1.564
.i n
2.44 0.263 2.281 0.412 0.678 1.567
2.46 0.259 2.325 0.407 0.675 1.569
2.48 0.255 2.370 0.402 0.672 1.573
ng
2.50 0.252 2.416 0.397 0.670 1.575
eri
2.52 0.248 2.464 0.392 0.666 1.578
2.54 0.245 2.512 0.387 0.663 1.580
2.56 0.242 e2.562 0.382 0.659 1.583
2.58 0.238 2.612 0.378 0.657 1.586
gin
2.60 0.235 2.664 0.373 0.654 1.588
2.62 0.232 2.718 0.368 0.650 1.591

2.64 0.228 2.772 0.364 0.648 1.593
En
2.66 0.225 2.828 0.360 0.645 1.596

2.68 0.222 2.885 0.356 0.642 1.598
2.70 0.219 2.945 0.351 0.640 1.600
arn
2.72 0.217 3.004 0.347 0.636 1.603

2.74 0.214 3.065 0.343 0.634 1.605
Le
2.76 0.211 3.128 0.339 0.631 1.607

2.78 0.208 3.192 0.335 0.629 1.609
2.80 0.206 3.258 0.331 0.627 1.612
w.
2.82 0.203 3.326 0.327 0.624 1.613

ww
2.84 0.200 3.395 0.323 0.622 1.615

2.86 0.198 3.465 0.319 0.619 1.617
2.88 0.195 3.537 0.316 0.617 1.619
2.90 0.193 3.611 0.312 0.614 1.620
2.92 0.190 3.687 0.309 0.612 1.623

2.94 0.188 3.765 0.305 0.609 1.625
2.96 0.185 3.844 0.302 0.607 1.626
2.98 0.183 3.925 0.298 0.605 1.628
3.00 0.181 4.007 0.295 0.603 1.630

TABLE 8.1
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
3.10 0.170 4.451 0.279 0.593 1.638
.i n
3.20 0.161 4.947 0.264 0.583 1.645
3.30 0.152 5.500 0.251 0.574 1.653
3.40 0.143 6.118 0.238 0.566 1.659
ng
3.50 0.136 6.806 0.226 0.558 1.665
eri
3.60 0.128 7.571 0.215 0.551 1.670
3.70 0.122 8.422 0.205 0.544 1.675
3.80 0.116 9.365
e 0.195 0.538 1.680
3.90 0.110 10.411 0.186 0.532 1.684
gin
4.00 0.106 11.570 0.178 0.527 1.688
4.10 0.100 12.850 0.170 0.521 1.692

4.20 0.096 14.265 0.163 0.516 1.695-
En
4.30 0.092 15.825 0.156 0.512 1.698

4.40 0.088 17.545 0.149 0.508 1.701
4.50 0.084 19.440 0.143 0.504 1.705
arn
4.60 0.081 21.518 0.138 0.499 1.707

4.70 0.077 23.803 0.132 0.496 1.709
Le
4.80 0.074 26.309 0.127 0.493 1.713

4.90 0.071 29.056 0.122 0.489 1.714
5.00 0.068 32.060 0.118 0.487 1.715
w.
6.00 0.048 76.970 0.083 0.464 1.732

ww
7.00 0.035 191.300 0.062 0.450 1.742

8.00 0.027 413.400 0.048 0.440 1.748
9.00 0.0216 833.400 0.038 0.434 1.753
10.00 0.0175 1582.00 0.031 0.429 1.756

TABLE 8.2
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
0.02 2.398 1.268 0.0023 0.00192 0.00096
.i n
0.04 2.394 1.267 0.0092 0.0077 0.0038
0.06 2.388 1.265 0.021 0.017 0.0086
0.08 2.378 1.262 0.036 0.030 0.015
ng
0.10 2.367 1.259 0.056 0.0468 0.0237
0.12 2.353 1.255 0.079 0.066 0.034
eri
0.14 2.336 1.251 0.107 0.089 0.0457
0.16 2.317 e1.246 0.137 0.115 0.059
0.18 2.295 1.241 0.171 0.143 0.074
0.20 2.273 1.235 0.207 0.174 0.091
gin
0.22 2.248 1.228 0.245 0.206 0.108
0.24 2.221 1.221 0.284 0.239 0.128
En
0.26 2.193 1.214 0.325 0.274 0.148

0.28 2.163 2.206 0.367 0.310 0.169
0.30 2.131 1.198 0.409 0.347 0.192
arn
0.32 2.099 1.190 0.451 0.384 0.215

0.34 2.066 1.182 0.493 0.421 0.239
Le
0.36 2.031 1.174 0.535 0.457 0.263

0.38 1.996 1.165 0.576 0.493 0.288
0.40 1.961 1.157 0.615 0.529 0.314
w.
0.42 1.925 1.148 0.653 0.564 0.339

0.44 1.888 1.139 0.690 0.597 0.365
ww
0.46 1.852 1.131 0.725 0.630 0.392

0.48 1.815 1.122 0.758 0.661 0.418
0.50 1.778 1.114 0.790 0.691 0.444
0.52 1.741 1.106 0.819 0.720 0.471

0.54 1.704 1.098 0.847 0.747 0.497
0.56 1.668 1.090 0.872 0.773 0.523
0.58 1.632 1.082 0.896 0.796 0.548
0.60 1.596 1.075 0.917 0.819 0.574

TABLE 8.2
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0/p0* T/T* T0/T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
0.62 1.560 1.068 0.935 0.839 0.599
.i n
0.64 1.525 1.061 0.953 0.859 0.625
0.66 1.490 1.055 0.968 0.877 0.650
0.68 1.457 1.049 0.981 0.893 0.673
ng
0.70 1.423 1.043 0.993 0.908 0.697
eri
0.72 1.391 1.037 1.002 0.922 0.721
0.74 1.358 1.032 1.011 0.934 0.744
0.76 1.327 1.028
e 1.017 0.945 0.766
0.78 1.296 1.023 1.022 0.955 0.788
gin
0.80 1.266 1.019 1.025 0.964 0.810
0.82 1.236 1.015 1.027 0.972 0.831

0.84 1.207 1.012 1.028 0.978 0.852
En
0.86 1.179 1.010 1.028 0.984 0.872

0.88 1.151 1.007 1.027 0.998 0.892
0.90 1.125 1.0045 1.025 0.992 0.911
arn
0.92 1.098 1.003 1.021 0.995 0.930

0.94 1.073 1.002 1.017 0.997 0.950
Le
0.96 1.048 1.001 1.012 0.998 0.966

0.98 1.023 1.0002 1.006 0.999 0.983
1.00 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
w.
1.02 0.977 1.0002 0.993 0.999 1.016

ww
1.04 0.955 1.0007 0.985 0.998 1.032

1.06 0.933 1.002 0.978 0.997 1.048
1.08 0.911 1.0033 0.969 0.996 1.063
1.10 0.891 1.005 0.960 0.994 1.078
1.12 0.871 1.007 0.951 0.991 1.092

1.14 0.851 1.009 0.942 0.988 1.106
1.16 0.832 1.012 0.932 0.985 1.120
1.18 0.814 1.016 0.922 0.982 1.133
1.20 0.796 1.019 0.912 0.978 1.146

TABLE 8.2
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0/p0* T/T* T0/T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
1.22 0.778 1.023 0.902 0.975 1.158
.i n
1.24 0.761 1.028 0.891 0.971 1.171
1.26 0.745 1.033 0.881 0.967 1.182
1.28 0.728 1.038 0.869 0.962 1.194
ng
1.30 0.713 1.044 0.859 0.958 1.205
1.32 0.698 1.049 0.848 0.953 1.216
eri
1.34 0.683 1.056 0.837 0.948 1.226
1.36 0.668 e1.063 0.827 0.944 1.237
1.38 0.654 1.070 0.816 0.939 1.247
1.40 0.641 1.078 0.805 0.934 1.256
gin
1.42 0.628 1.086 0.795 0.929 1.266
1.44 0.615 1.094 0.784 0.924 1.275
En
1.46 0.602 1.103 0.773 0.919 1.284

1.48 0.590 1.111 0.763 0.914 1.293
1.50 0.578 1.122 0.753 0.909 1.301
arn
1.52 0.567 1.132 0.742 0.904 1.309

1.54 0.556 1.142 0.732 0.899 1.317
Le
1.56 0.544 1.153 0.722 0.894 1.325

1.58 0.534 1.164 0.711 0.889 1.333
1.60 0.524 1.176 0.702 0.884 1.340
w.
1.62 0.513 1.187 0.692 0.879 1.347

1.64 0.503 1.200 0.682 0.874 1.354
ww
1.66 0.494 1.213 0.673 0.869 1.362

1.68 0.484 1.226 0.663 0.865 1.368
1.70 0.476 1.240 0.654 0.860 1.375
1.72 0.467 1.254 0.644 0.855 1.381

1.74 0.458 1.269 0.635 0.850 1.387
1.76 0.449 1.284 0.626 0.845 1.393
1.78 0.442 1.299 0.617 0.841 1.399
1.80 0.434 1.316 0.609 0.836 1.405

TABLE 8.2
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
1.82 0.425 1.332 0.600 0.832 1.410
.i n
1.84 0.418 1.349 0.592 0.827 1.415
1.86 0.411 1.367 0.584 0.823 1.421
1.88 0.403 1.385 0.575 0.818 1.426
ng
1.90 0.396 1.403 0.567 0.814 1.431
1.92 0.389 1.422 0.559 0.810 1.436
eri
1.94 0.383 1.442 0.551 0.806 1.441
1.96 0.376 1.462
e 0.544 0.801 1.446
1.98 0.369 1.482 0.536 0.797 1.450
2.00 0.364 1.503 0.529 0.793 1.455
gin
2.02 0.357 1.525 0.522 0.789 1.459
2.04 0.352 1.547 0.514 0.785 1.463
En
2.06 0.345 1.569 0.507 0.782 1.467

2.08 0.340 1.592 0.500 0.778 1.471
2.10 0.334 1.616 0.494 0.774 1.475
arn
2.12 0.329 1.640 0.487 0.770 1.480

2.14 0.324 1.665 0.480 0.767 1.483
Le
2.16 0.318 1.690 0.474 0.763 1.487

2.18 0.314 1.717 0.467 0.759 1.490
2.20 0.308 1.743 0.461 0.756 1.494
w.
2.22 0.304 1.771 0.455 0.750 1.497

2.24 0.299 1.798 0.448 0.749 1.500
ww
2.26 0.294 1.827 0.443 0.746 1.504

2.28 0.290 1.856 0.437 0.743 1.507
2.30 6.285 1.886 0.431 0.739 1.510
2.32 0.281 1.916 0.426 0.736 1.513

2.34 0.277 1.947 0.420 0.733 1.516
2.36 0.273 1.980 0.415 0.730 1.519
2.38 0.268 2.012 0.409 0.727 1.522
2.40 0.265 2.045 0.404 0.724 1.525

TABLE 8.2
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
2.42 0.261 2.078 0.398 0.721 1.528
.i n
2.44 0.257 2.114 0.393 0.718 1.530
2.46 0.253 2.149 0.388 0.716 1.533
2.48 0.249 2.185 0.383 0.713 1.536
ng
2.50 0.246 2.222 0.379 0.710 1.540
2.52 0.242 2.260 0.374 0.707 1.542
eri
2.54 0.239 2.298 0.369 0.704 1.544
2.56 0.235 e2.337 0.365 0.702 1.546
2.58 0.232 2.377 0.360 0.699 1.548
2.60 0.229 2.418 0.356 0.697 1.551
gin
2.62 0.226 2.459 0.351 0.695 1.553
2.64 0.223 2.502 0.347 0.692 1.555
En
2.66 0.220 2.545 0.343 0.689 1.557

2.68 0.217 2.589 0.338 0.687 1.559
2.70 0.214 2.634 0.334 0.685 1.561
arn
2.72 0.211 2.680 0.330 0.683 1.563

2.74 0.208 2.727 0.326 0.680 1.565
Le
2.76 0.206 2.775 0.322 0.678 1.567

2.78 0.203 2.823 0.318 0.676 1.569
2.80 0.200 2.873 0.315 0.674 1.571
w.
2.82 0.198 2.923 0.311 0.672 1.572

2.84 0.195 2.975 0.307 0.669 1.574
ww
2.86 0.193 3.028 0.304 0.667 1.576

2.88 0.190 3.081 0.300 0.665 1.578
2.90 0.188 3.136 0.297 0.663 1.580
2.92 0.185 3.191 0.293 0.661 1.582

2.94 0.183 3.248 0.290 0.659 1.583
2.96 0.181 3.306 0.286 0.658 1.585
2.98 0.178 3.365 0.284 0.655 1.586
3.00 0.176 3.424 0.281 0.654 1.588

TABLE 8.2
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
3.10 0.166 3.741 0.265 0.645 1.595
.i n
3.20 0.156 4.097 0.251 0.637 1.603
3.30 0.148 4.465 0.237 0.629 1.609
3.40 0.130 4.878 0.225 0.622 1.615
ng
3.50 0.1275 5.328 0.214 0.616 1.620
eri
3.60 0.125 5.817 0.204 0.609 1.625
3.70 0.119 6.349 0.193 0.604 1.630
3.80 0.113 6.925
e 0.185 0.598 1.633
3.90 0.107 7.551 0.176 0.594 1.637
gin
4.00 0.1026 8.227 0.168 0.589 1.641
4.10 0.098 8.958 0.161 0.585 1.645

4.20 0.093 9.747 0.154 0.581 1.647
En
4.30 0.089 10.598 0.147 0.577 1.653

4.40 0.085 11.515 0.141 0.573 1.654
4.50 0.0818 12.502 0.135 0.569 1.656
arn
4.60 0.078 13.563 0.130 0.567 1.658

4.70 0.075 14.702 0.125 0.564 1.661
Le
4.80 0.072 15.923 0.120 0.561 1.663

4.90 0.069 17.232 0.115 0.558 1.665
5.00 0.0667 15.634 0.111 0.556 1.667
w.
6.00 0.0467 38.946 0.0785 0.536 1.681

ww
7.00 0.0345 75.415 0.058 0.524 1.690

8.00 0.0265 136.62 0.045 0.516 1.695
9.00 0.021 233.88 0.036 0.511 1.699
10.00 0.017 381.62 0.029 0.507 1.702

TABLE 8.3
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
0.02 2.665 1.298 0.0025 0.0021 0.001
.i n
0.04 2.659 1.297 0.0113 0.0085 0.004
0.06 2.651 1.295 0.025 0.0190 0.009
0.08 2.638 1.292 0.044 0.033 0.017
ng
0.10 2.626 1.289 0.069 0.052 0.026
0.12 2.605 1.284 0.097 0.074 0.037
eri
0.14 2.583 1.278 0.131 0.098 0.051
0.16 2.558 e1.273 0.167 0.127 0.065
0.18 2.530 1.266 0.207 0.157 0.082
0.20 2.503 1.259 0.251 0.190 0.100
gin
0.22 2.468 1.251 0.294 0.225 0.119
0.24 2.433 1.243 0.341 0.261 0.140
En
0.26 2.397 1.234 0.388 0.298 0.162

0.28 2.358 1.225 0.436 0.335 0.185
0.30 2.320 1.215 0.485 0.374 0.209
arn
0.32 2.278 1.207 0.531 0.412 0.233

0.34 2.236 1.197 0.578 0.450 0.258
Le
0.36 2.193 1.187 0.623 0.487 0.284

0.38 2.149 1.178 0.667 0.525 0.310
0.40 2.107 1.168 0.710 0.561 0.337
w.
0.42 2.061 1.158 0.749 0.595 0.364

0.44 2.016 1.148 0.787 0.628 0.390
ww
0.46 1.971 1.138 0.822 0.660 0.417

0.48 1.927 1.129 0.855 0.691 0.445
0.50 1.884 1.120 0.887 0.720 0.471
0.52 1.838 1.111 0.914 0.747 0.497

0.54 1.795 1.102 0.939 0.773 0.524
0.56 1.751 1.094 0.962 0.797 0.549
0.58 1.708 1.086 0.982 0.819 0.575
0.60 1.667 1.078 1.001 0.840 0.600

TABLE 8.3
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
0.62 1.625 1.070 1.015 0.859 0.625
.i n
0.64 1.585 1.063 1.028 0.877 0.649
0.66 1.545 1.056 1.039 0.893 0.673
0.68 1.506 1.049 1.049 0.907 0.697
ng
0.70 1.468 1.044 1.056 0.921 0.719
0.72 1.431 1.038 1.061 0.933 0.742
eri
0.74 1.394 1.033 1.065 0.944 0.764
0.76 1.358 1.028
e 1.067 0.954 0.785
0.78 1.324 1.023 1.066 0.962 0.806
0.80 1.291 1.019 1.066 0.970 0.826
gin
0.82 1.257 1.016 1.063 0.976 0.845
0.84 1.226 1.012 1.059 0.982 0.865
En
0.86 1.194 1.010 1.055 0.986 0.883

0.88 1.164 1.007 1.049 0.990 0.902
0.90 1.135 1.005 1.043 0.994 0.919
arn
0.92 1.106 1.003 1.036 0.996 0.936

0.94 1.078 1.0017 1.028 0.998 0.953
Le
0.96 1.052 1.0008 1.019 0.999 0.969

0.98 1.025 1.0002 1.009 0.999 0.985
1.00 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
w.
1.02 0.975 1.0002 0.989 0.999 1.015

1.04 0.951 1.0007 0.979 0.999 1.029
ww
1.06 0.928 1.0017 0.968 0.998 1.043

1.08 0.906 1.003 0.957 0.997 1.056
1.10 0.884 1.0046 0.945 0.995 1.070
1.12 0.863 1.0066 0.934 0.993 1.082

1.14 0.842 1.009 0.922 0.991 1.095
1.16 0.822 1.011 0.910 0.988 1.106
1.18 0.803 1.015 0.898 0.986 1.118
1.20 0.784 1.018 0.886 0.983 1.130

TABLE 8.3
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
1.22 0.766 1.022 0.874 0.960 1.140
.i n
1.24 0.748 1.026 0.861 0.978 1.150
1.26 0.731 1.030 0.849 0.974 1.161
1.28 0.715 1.035 0.837 0.971 1.171
ng
1.30 0.698 1.040 0.825 0.967 1.181
1.32 0.683 1.045 0.813 0.964 1.189
eri
1.34 0.668 1.051 0.801 0.960 1.198
1.36 0.653 e1.057 0.789 0.957 1.208
1.38 0.639 1.063 0.778 0.953 1.216
1.40 0.625 1.070 0.765 0.950 1.225
gin
1.42 0.611 1.077 0.754 0.946 1.233
1.44 0.598 1.084 0.743 0.942 1.240
En
1.46 0.586 1.092 0.731 0.938 1.248

1.48 0.573 1.099 0.720 0.935 1.256
1.50 0.561 1.108 0.708 0.931 1.263
arn
1.52 0.549 1.116 0.698 0.927 1.269

1.54 0.538 1.125 0.688 0.923 1.276
Le
1.56 0.527 1.134 0.677 0.920 1.283

1.58 0.517 1.144 0.667 0.916 1.289
1.60 0.506 1.154 0.656 0.913 1.296
w.
1.62 0.496 1.163 0.646 0.908 1.302

1.64 0.486 1.174 0.636 0.905 1.307
ww
1.66 0.476 1.184 0.626 0.901 1.313

1.68 0.467 1.195 0.617 0.898 1.319
1.70 0.458 1.206 0.607 0.895 1.325
1.72 0.449 1.217 0.598 0.891 1.329

1.74 0.441 1.229 0.589 0.887 1.335
1.76 0.432 1.241 0.580 0.884 1.340
1.78 0.425 1.254 0.571 0.881 1.345
1.80 0.416 1.266 0.562 0.878 1.350

TABLE 8.3
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
1.82 0.409 1.280 0.554 0.875 1.354
.i n
1.84 0.401 1.293 0.546 0.871 1.358
1.86 0.394 1.306 0.537 0.868 1.362
1.88 0.387 1.320 0.529 0.865 1.367
ng
1.90 0.380 1.334 0.521 0.862 1.371
1.92 0.373 1.348 0.514 0.858 1.375
eri
1.94 0.367 1.363 0.506 0.856 1.379
1.96 0.360 1.378
e 0.498 0.853 1.383
1.98 0.354 1.393 0.491 0.850 1.387
2.00 0.348 1.408 0.483 0.848 1.391
gin
2.02 0.342 1.425 0.477 0.844 1.394
2.04 0.336 1.441 0.470 0.841 1.397
En
2.06 0.330 1.457 0.463 0.838 1.401

2.08 0.325 1.475 0.456 0.836 1.404
2.10 0.319 1.490 0.450 0.834 1.408
arn
2.12 0.314 1.509 0.443 0.831 1.411

2.14 0.309 1.527 0.437 0.828 1.414
Le
2.16 0.304 1.545 0.431 0.826 1.417

2.18 0.299 1.563 0.425 0.823 1.419
2.20 0.294 1.580 0.418 0.821 1.423
w.
2.22 0.289 1.600 0.413 0.818 1.426

2.24 0.285 1.620 0.407 0.816 1.428
ww
2.26 0.280 1.640 0.401 0.814 1.431

2.28 0.276 1.660 0.396 0.811 1.433
2.30 0.272 1.678 0.390 0.810 1.435
2.32 0.267 1.700 0.385 0.807 1.438

2.34 0.263 1.721 0.380 0.805 1.441
2.36 0.259 1.742 0.375 0.803 1.444
2.38 0.255 1.764 0.369 0.800 1.446
2.40 0.251 1.783 0.364 0.800 1.450

TABLE 8.3
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
2.42 0.248 1.807 0.359 0.796 1.450
.i n
2.44 0.244 1.830 0.355 0.795 1.453
2.46 0.241 1.853 0.350 0.793 1.455
2.48 0.237 1.876 0.345 0.791 1.457
ng
2.50 0.233 1.897 0.341 0.789 1.459
2.52 0.230 1.923 0.336 0.786 1.461
eri
2.54 0.227 1.947 0.332 0.785 1.460
2.56 0.223 e1.971 0.328 0.783 1.465
2.58 0.220 1.996 0.324 0.781 1.467
2.60 0.217 2.018 0.319 0.780 1.469
gin
2.62 0.214 2.050 0.315 0.778 1.470
2.64 0.211 2.073 0.311 0.776 1.472
En
2.66 0.208 2.098 0.307 0.774 1.474

2.68 0.206 2.125 0.304 0.773 1.476
2.70 0.203 2.148 0.299 0.772 1.477
arn
2.72 0.200 2.179 0.296 0.769 1.479

2.74 0.197 2.207 0.292 0.768 1.481
Le
2.76 0.195 2.234 0.288 0.767 1.482

2.78 0.192 2.263 0.285 0.765 1.484
2.80 0.189 2.287 0.281 0.764 1.485
w.
2.82 0.187 2.320 0.278 0.762 1.487

2.84 0.185 2.350 0.275 0.761 1.488
ww
2.86 0.182 2.379 0.272 0.759 1.489

2.88 0.180 2.409 0.268 0.758 1.491
2.90 0.178 2.435 0.265 0.757 1.492
2.92 0.175 2.471 0.262 0.755 1.494

2.94 0.173 2.502 0.259 0.754 1.495
2.96 0.171 2.533 0.256 0.753 1.496
2.98 0.168 2.565 0.253 0.751 1.498
3.00 0.167 2.587 0.250 0.750 1.500

TABLE 8.3
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
3.10 0.157 2.765 0.236 0.745 1.505
.i n
3.20 0.148 2.941 0.223 0.738 1.511
3.30 0.139 3.127 0.211 0.733 1.515
3.40 0.132 3.324 0.200 0.728 1.520
ng
3.50 0.124 3.521 0.189 0.725 1.524
3.60 0.118 3.750 0.180 0.720 1.528
eri
3.70 0.112 3.980 0.172 0.716 1.532
3.80 0.106 4.221 0.163 0.713 1.535
3.90 0.101 4.473 0.156 0.709 1.538
e
4.00 0.096 4.715 0.148 0.707 1.542
gin
4.10 0.092 5.014 0.142 0.703 1.544
4.20 0.087 5.303 0.136 0.700 1.546
En
4.30 0.084 5.605 0.129 0.698 1.548

4.40 0.080 5.918 0.124 0.695 1.550
4.50 0.077 6.213 0.119 0.694 1.553
arn
4.60 0.074 6.588 0.114 0.691 1.555

4.70 0.070 6.944 0.109 0.689 1.556
4.80 0.067 7.314 0.105 0.687 1.558
Le
4.90 0.065 7.698 0.101 0.685 1.559

5.00 0.062 8.045 0.098 0.685 1.560
w.
6.00 0.044 12.860 0.068 0.672 1.573

7.00 0.032 19.440 0.051 0.664 1.580
8.00 0.0248 28.070 0.039 0.660 1.585
ww
9.00 0.0190 39.051 0.031 0.656 1.587

10.00 0.0159 52.660 0.025 0.653 1.589

TABLE 8.4
Maximum heat transfer in perfect gases
M Qmax /cpT
γ = 1.3 γ = 1.4 γ = 1.67
0.00 ∞ ∞ ∞
.i n
0.10 21.300 20.410 18.400
0.20 5.000 4.800 4.307
ng
0.30 2.000 1.920 1.722
0.40 0.960 0.920 0.825
0.50 0.490 0.468 0.421
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.2475
0.116
0.044
e eri 0.2368
0.111
0.0421
0.2129
0.0994
0.0378
gin
0.90 0.0097 0.0093 0.00836
1.00 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.10 0.00791 0.0076 0.00682

En
1.20 0.0292 0.0280 0.0252

1.30 0.0615 0.0588 0.0528
1.40 0.102 0.0980 0.0880
arn
1.50 0.1511 0.1450 0.130
1.60 0.2065 0.1980 0.178

Le
1.70 0.268 0.257 0.231

1.80 0.337 0.323 0.290
1.90 0.411 0.394 0.354
w.
2.00 0.489 0.468 0.421
2.10 0.574 0.550 0.494

ww
2.20 0.661 0.633 0.569

2.30 0.756 0.725 0.652
2.40 0.854 0.818 0.736
2.50 0.958 0.918 0.826

TABLE 8.4
Maximum heat transfer in perfect gases
M Qmax /cpT
γ = 1.3 γ = 1.4 γ = 1.67
2.60 1.067 1.023 0.920
.i n
2.70 1.179 1.130 1.016
2.80 1.298 1.243 1.118
2.90 1.419 1.360 1.223
ng
3.00 1.546 1.481 1.331
3.50 2.245 2.152 1.934
eri
4.00 3.060 2.930 2.633
4.50 3.978 3.812 3.427
5.00 5.000 4.800 4.314
e
6.00 7.397 7.089 6.373
gin
7.00 10.220 9.796 8.805
8.00 13.480 12.919 11.613
9.00 17.174 16.458 14.794
En
10.00 21.306 20.418 18.354

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
arn
Le
w.
ww

Prandtl–Meyer Functions and Mach Angles 125
TABLE 9.1
Prandtl–Meyer functions and Mach angles
M α ω (M)
γ = 1.3 γ = 1.4 γ = 1.67
1.00 90.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
.i n
1.02 78.63 0.131 0.126 0.113
1.04 74.06 0.367 0.351 0.315
ng
1.06 70.63 0.670 0.637 0.570
1.08 67.81 1.014 0.968 0.865
1.10 65.38 1.400 1.336 1.191
1.12
1.14
1.16
63.23
61.30
59.55
e eri
1.820
2.270
2.740
1.735
2.160
2.607
1.543
1.917
2.310
gin
1.18 57.94 3.233 3.075 2.718
1.20 56.44 3.750 3.558 3.140
1.22 55.05 4.275 4.057 3.573

En
1.24 53.75 4.820 4.569 4.017

1.26 52.53 5.375 5.093 4.469
1.28 51.38 5.944 5.627 4.928
arn
1.30 50.29 6.523 6.170 5.393
1.32 49.25 7.112 6.721 5.864

1.34 48.27 7.710 7.280 6.340
Le
1.36 47.33 8.311 4.844 6.820

1.38 46.44 8.923 8.413 7.300
1.40 45.59 9.542 8.987 7.784
w.
1.42 44.77 10.164 9.565 8.270

ww
1.44 43.98 10.791 10.147 8.756

1.46 43.23 11.421 10.730 9.244
1.48 42.51 12.056 11.317 9.732
1.50 41.81 12.693 11.905 10.220
1.52 41.14 13.333 12.495 10.708

1.54 40.50 13.975 13.086 11.195
1.56 39.87 14.620 13.677 11.681
1.58 39.27 15.263 14.268 12.167
1.60 38.68 15.910 14.860 12.650

TABLE 9.1
M α ω (M)
γ = 1.3 γ = 1.4 γ = 1.67
1.62 38.12 16.556 15.452 13.131
.i n
1.64 37.57 17.203 16.043 13.611
1.66 37.04 17.850 16.633 14.089
1.68 36.53 18.500 17.222 14.564
ng
1.70 36.03 19.144 17.810 15.037
eri
1.72 35.55 19.790 18.397 15.508
1.74 35.08 20.435 18.982 15.976
1.76 34.62 e 21.080 19.565 16.441
1.78 34.18 21.723 20.146 16.903
gin
1.80 33.75 22.360 20.725 17.363
1.82 33.33 23.004 21.302 17.820

1.84 32.92 23.644 21.877 18.273
En
1.86 32.53 24.281 22.450 18.723

1.88 32.13 24.916 23.020 19.170
1.90 31.75 25.550 23.586 19.614
arn
1.92 31.39 26.181 24.151 20.054

1.94 31.03 26.805 24.712 20.491
Le
1.96 30.68 27.435 25.271 20.925

1.98 30.34 28.060 25.827 21.355
2.00 30.00 28.681 26.380 21.782
w.
2.02 29.67 29.300 26.930 22.206

ww
2.04 29.35 29.915 27.476 22.626

2.06 29.04 30.530 28.020 23.042
2.08 28.74 31.120 28.561 23.455
2.10 28.44 31.750 29.097 23.865
2.12 28.15 32.350 29.631 24.271

2.14 27.86 32.952 30.161 24.674
2.16 27.58 33.561 30.690 25.073
2.18 27.31 34.150 31.212 25.468
2.20 27.04 34.750 31.733 25.860

TABLE 9.1
M α ω (M)
γ = 1.3 γ = 1.4 γ = 1.67
2.22 26.77 35.332 32.250 26.249
.i n
2.24 26.52 35.920 32.763 26.364
2.26 26.26 36.503 33.273 27.017
2.28 26.01 37.080 33.780 27.395
ng
2.30 25.77 37.660 34.283 27.771
eri
2.32 25.54 38.233 34.783 28.141
2.34 25.30 38.803 35.279 28.510
2.36 25.07 e 39.372 35.771 28.875
2.38 24.85 39.936 36.261 29.236
gin
2.40 24.63 40.495 36.746 29.594
2.42 24.41 41.052 37.229 29.501

2.44 24.20 41.607 37.708 30.301
En
2.46 23.99 42.158 38.183 30.650

2.48 23.78 42.705 32.655 31.000
2.50 23.58 43.250 39.124 31.337
arn
2.52 23.38 43.790 39.589 31.507

2.54 23.19 44.325 40.051 32.012
Le
2.56 22.99 44.860 40.509 32.344

2.58 22.81 45.390 40.963 32.674
2.60 22.62 45.920 41.415 33.000
w.
2.62 22.44 46.440 41.863 33.324

2.64 22.26 46.960 42.307 33.645
ww
2.66 22.08 47.477 42.749 33.961

2.68 21.91 47.990 43.187 34.277
2.70 21.74 48.500 43.622 34.588
2.72 21.57 49.008 44.053 34.897

2.74 21.41 49.511 44.481 35.203
2.76 21.25 50.011 44.906 35.505
2.78 21.08 50.508 45.328 35.806
2.80 20.93 51.002 45.746 36.104

TABLE 9.1
M α ω (M)
γ = 1.3 γ = 1.4 γ = 1.67
2.82 20.77 51.490 46.161 36.398
.i n
2.84 20.62 51.980 46.573 36.691
2.86 20.46 52.463 46.982 36.980
2.88 20.32 52.943 47.388 37.267
ng
2.90 20.17 53.420 47.790 37.551
eri
2.92 20.03 53.895 48.190 37.832
2.94 19.89 54.365 48.586 38.111
2.96 19.75 e 54.831 48.980 38.387
2.98 19.61 55.300 49.370 38.661
gin
3.00 19.47 55.758 49.757 38.932
3.05 19.14 56.900 50.713 39.600

3.10 18.82 58.020 51.650 40.252
En
3.15 18.51 59.120 52.569 40.890

3.20 18.21 60.202 53.470 41.513
3.25 17.92 61.266 54.355 42.122
arn
3.30 17.63 62.311 55.222 42.720

3.35 17.37 63.341 56.073 43.301
Le
3.40 17.10 64.350 56.907 43.871

3.45 16.85 65.341 57.726 44.430
3.50 16.60 66.318 58.530 44.975
w.
3.55 16.36 67.277 59.316 45.510

ww
3.60 16.13 68.220 60.092 46.032

3.65 15.91 69.150 60.850 46.544
3.70 15.68 70.060 61.595 47.045
3.75 15.47 70.954 62.327 47.535
3.80 15.26 71.833 63.044 48.015

3.85 15.05 72.700 63.748 48.485
3.90 14.86 73.551 64.440 48.946
3.95 14.67 74.388 65.118 49.397
4.00 14.48 75.210 65.785 49.840

TABLE 9.1
M α ω (M)
γ = 1.3 γ = 1.4 γ = 1.67
4.05 14.30 76.020 66.439 50.273
.i n
4.10 14.11 76.815 67.081 50.698
4.15 13.94 77.600 67.713 51.114
4.20 13.78 78.367 68.333 51.522
ng
4.25 13.61 79.123 68.943 51.923
4.30 13.45 79.868 69.541 52.315
eri
4.35 13.29 80.600 70.130 52.700
4.40 13.14 81.321 70.706 53.078
4.45 12.98 82.031 71.274 53.449
e
4.50 12.84 82.730 71.832 53.812
gin
4.55 12.69 83.413 72.380 54.169
4.60 12.56 84.088 72.920 54.520
4.65 12.42 84.751 73.450 54.863
En
4.70 12.28 85.408 73.970 55.201

4.75 12.15 86.051 74.480 55.532
arn
4.80 12.03 86.685 74.990 55.861

4.85 11.89 87.309 75.482 56.178
4.90 11.77 87.923 75.971 56.492
Le
4.95 11.66 88.528 76.449 56.800

5.00 11.54 89.123 76.920 57.104
w.
ww

TABLE 9.2
Mach numbers and Mach angles as functions of ω (M)
ω (M) γ = 1.3 γ = 1.4 γ = 1.67
M α M α M α
.i n
0 1.000 90.000 1.000 90.000 1.000 90.000
0.5 1.049 72.358 1.051 72.098 1.055 71.437
ng
1.0 1.079 67.905 1.082 67.574 1.089 66.732
1.5 1.105 64.833 1.108 64.451 1.117 63.476
eri
2.0 1.128 62.422 1.133 62.000 1.144 60.915
2.5 1.150 60.411

e
1.155 59.950 1.169 58.774
3.0 1.171 58.675 1.177 58.180 1.194 56.920
gin
3.5 1.191 57.138 1.198 56.615 1.217 55.278
4.0 1.209 55.755 1.218 55.205 1.240 53.800
En
4.5 1.228 54.500 1.238 53.920 1.262 52.455
5.0 1.247 53.340 1.257 52.738 1.283 51.200

arn
5.5 1.265 52.270 1.275 51.642 1.305 50.050

6.0 1.282 51.265 1.294 50.619 1.326 48.964
6.5 1.300 50.327 1.312 49.658 1.347 47.950
Le
7.0 1.316 49.442 1.330 48.753 1.368 46.990

w.
7.5 1.333 48.605 1.348 47.896 1.389 46.081

8.0 1.349 47.810 1.366 47.082 1.409 45.216
8.5 1.366 47.054 1.383 46.305 1.430 44.392
ww
9.0 1.383 46.332 1.400 45.566 1.450 43.605

9.5 1.398 45.641 1.418 44.857 1.471 42.848
10.0 1.415 44.978 1.435 44.177 1.490 42.120

11.0 1.447 43.730 1.469 42.894 1.532 40.750
12.0 1.478 42.569 1.503 41.700 1.573 39.470
13.0 1.510 41.485 1.537 40.585 1.615 38.270
14.0 1.541 40.468 1.571 39.537 1.656 37.140

TABLE 9.2
ω (M) γ = 1.3 γ = 1.4 γ = 1.67
M α M α M α
.i n
15.0 1.572 39.508 1.605 38.547 1.696 36.071
16.0 1.603 38.602 1.638 37.611 1.740 35.060
17.0 1.634 37.740 1.673 36.721 1.784 34.089
ng
18.0 1.665 36.923 1.707 35.874 1.828 33.165
19.0 1.695 36.140 1.741 35.065 1.873 32.281
20.0
21.0
22.0
1.727
1.758
1.789
35.394
34.679
33.993
1.775
e
1.810
1.845
eri 34.290
33.548
32.835
1.918
1.964
2.010
31.433
30.615
29.830
gin
23.0 1.820 33.333 1.879 32.148 2.058 29.073
24.0 1.851 32.700 1.915 31.486 2.107 28.339
En
25.0 1.883 32.084 1.950 30.847 2.157 27.629
26.0 1.915 31.493 1.986 30.229 2.207 26.941

arn
27.0 1.945 30.921 2.023 29.632 2.259 26.273

28.0 1.978 30.367 2.059 29.053 2.313 25.624
29.0 2.010 29.831 2.096 28.491 2.366 25.000
Le
30.0 2.043 29.310 2.134 27.945 2.423 24.377

w.
31.0 2.075 28.805 2.172 27.415 2.480 23.777

32.0 2.108 28.315 2.210 26.900 2.540 23.192
33.0 2.142 27.838 2.249 26.397 2.600 22.620
ww
34.0 2.175 27.373 2.289 25.908 2.663 22.061

35.0 2.209 26.921 2.328 25.430 2.727 21.515
36.0 2.243 26.480 2.369 24.965 2.793 20.980

37.0 2.278 26.050 2.411 24.510 2.861 20.456
38.0 2.312 25.630 2.452 24.066 2.932 19.942
39.0 2.347 25.222 2.495 23.631 3.005 19.437
40.0 2.383 24.820 2.538 23.206 3.081 18.942

TABLE 9.2
ω (M) γ = 1.3 γ = 1.4 γ = 1.67
M α M α M α
.i n
41.0 2.418 24.428 2.584 22.790 3.159 18.456
42.0 2.454 24.045 2.626 22.382 3.240 17.980
43.0 2.491 23.670 2.672 21.983 3.325 17.510
ng
44.0 2.528 23.305 2.718 21.591 3.411 17.045
45.0 2.565 22.943 2.765 21.207 3.502 16.590
46.0
47.0
2.603
2.642
22.591
22.245
2.812
e
2.861
eri 20.830
20.459
3.597
3.696
16.142
15.700
gin
48.0 2.680 21.906 2.911 20.096 3.800 15.262
49.0 2.720 21.573 2.961 19.735 3.906 14.832
50.0 2.760 21.246 3.013 19.387 4.018 14.410
En
51.0 2.800 20.925 3.013 19.387 4.136 14.000

52.0 2.841 20.610 3.065 19.041 4.260 13.580
arn
53.0 2.883 20.300 3.119 18.700 4.390 13.168

54.0 2.925 20.000 3.174 18.366 4.526 12.764
55.0 2.967 19.695 3.229 18.036 4.670 12.364
Le
56.0 3.010 19.400 3.287 17.711 4.822 11.968

w.
57.0 3.055 19.110 3.346 17.391 4.983 11.578

58.0 3.100 18.825 3.406 17.076 5.153 11.190
ww
59.0 3.145 18.543 3.470 16.765 5.334 10.806

60.0 3.191 18.265 3.592 16.155 5.525 10.424
61.0 3.237 18.000 3.660 15.857 5.731 10.048

62.0 3.285 17.723 3.727 15.561 5.950 9.675
63.0 3.334 17.457 3.797 15.270 6.185 9.304
64.0 3.383 17.195 3.868 14.983 6.438 8.935
65.0 3.433 16.937 3.941 14.698 6.710 8.571

TABLE 9.2
ω (M) γ = 1.3 γ = 1.4 γ = 1.67
M α M α M α
.i n
66.0 3.484 16.682 4.016 14.417 7.000 8.209
67.0 3.536 16.430 4.094 14.140 7.323 7.850
68.0 3.588 16.182 4.173 13.965 7.670 7.490
ng
69.0 3.642 15.937 4.255 13.593 8.050 7.135
70.0 3.697 15.694 4.340 13.325 8.468 6.782
eri
71.0 3.753 15.455 4.426 13.059 8.928 6.430
72.0 3.810 15.219 4.515 12.800 9.440 6.081
73.0 3.868 14.985 4.608 12.535 10.010 5.733
74.0 3.927 14.754
e
4.703 12.277 10.651 5.387
gin
75.0 3.987 14.525 4.801 12.021 11.378 5.043
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

TABLE 10.1
Approximate velocities and Mach numbers of air at p = 1.0133 bar
t = 25°C (T = 298.15 K and ρ = 1.183 kg/m3 ; a = 347.07 m/s)
Dynamic head Velocity (c) Mach number

(mm W.G.) m/s (M)
0 0.00 0.000
.i n
1 4.07 0.0117
2 5.76 0.0166
ng
3 7.05 0.0203
4 8.14 0.0235
5 9.10 0.0262
10
15
20
e eri
12.87
15.76
18.20
0.0371
0.0454
0.0525
gin
25 20.35 0.0586
30 22.29 0.0643
En
35 24.08 0.0694
40 25.74 0.0742
45 27.30 0.0787
arn
50 28.78 0.0829
55 30.18 0.0270
60 31.53 0.0908
Le
65 32.81 0.0945
70 34.05 0.0981
75 35.25 0.1015
w.
80 36.40 0.1049
ww
85 37.52 0.1081
90 38.61 0.1113
95 39.67 0.1143
100 40.70 0.1173
200 57.56 0.1658

300 70.49 0.2032
400 81.40 0.2346
500 91.00 0.2623
600 99.69 0.2873

Approximate Velocities and Mach Numbers of Air 135
TABLE 10.2
Approximate velocities and Mach numbers of air at p = 1.0133 bar
t = 25°C (T = 298.15 K and ρ = 1.183 kg/m3 ; a = 347.07 m/s)
Dynamic head Velocity (c) Mach number

(mm Hg) m/s (M)
50 106.06 0.306
.i n
60 116.19 0.335
70 125.50 0.362
ng
80 134.16 0.387
90 142.30 0.410
eri
100 150.00 0.432
110 157.30 0.453
120 164.32 0.474
e
gin
130 171.03 0.493
140 177.48 0.511
150 183.71 0.529
En
160 189.74 0.547
170 195.50 0.564

arn
180 201.25 0.580

190 206.76 0.596
200 212.13 0.611
Le
250 237.17 0.683

300 259.81 0.748
350 280.62 0.808
w.
400 300.00 6.865

450 318.17 0.917
ww
500 335.47 0.966

TABLE 10.3
Mach numbers as functions of pressure ratios (γγ = 1.4)
p/p0 M p/p0 M
1.00 0.000 0.74 0.670

0.99 0.120 0.73 0.686
0.98 0.170 0.72 0.702
.i n
0.97 0.209 0.71 0.717
0.96 0.242 0.70 0.732
ng
0.95 0.272
0.94 0.298 0.69 0.748
eri
0.93 0.324 0.68 0.763
0.92 0.347 0.67 0.778
0.91 0.370 0.66 0.794
e
0.90 0.391 0.65 0.809
gin
0.89 0.411 0.64 0.825
0.88 0.431 0.63 0.840
En
0.87 0.451 0.62 0.855

0.86 0.469 0.61 0.871
0.85 0.488 0.60 0.886
arn
0.84 0.505 0.59 0.902

0.83 0.523 0.58 0.918
Le
0.82 0.540 0.57 0.933

0.81 0.557 0.56 0.949
0.80 0.574 0.55 0.965
w.
0.79 0.590 0.54 0.981

0.78 0.607 0.53 0.997
ww
0.77 0.623 0.52 1.014

0.76 0.639 0.51 1.030
0.75 0.655 0.50 1.046

Pressure Ratios and Mach Numbers of Air 137
TABLE 10.3
Mach numbers as functions of pressure ratios (γγ = 1.4)
p/p0 M p/p0 M
0.49 1.063 0.24 1.587

0.48 1.080 0.23 1.615
.i n
0.47 1.097 0.22 1.645
0.46 1.114 0.21 1.676
0.45 1.132 0.20 1.709
ng
0.44 1.150 0.19 1.742
0.43 1.168 0.18 1.778
eri
0.42 1.186 0.17 1.815
0.41 1.204 e 0.16 1.855
0.40 1.223 0.15 1.897
gin
0.39 1.242 0.14 1.941
0.38 1.262 0.13 1.989
0.37 1.282 0.12 2.040
En
0.36 1.302 0.11 2.096

0.35 1.322 0.10 2.157
arn
0.34 1.344 0.09 2.225

0.33 1.365 0.08 2.300
0.32 1.387 0.07 2.385
Le
0.31 1.410 0.06 2.484

0.30 1.433 0.05 2.601
w.
0.29 1.457 0.04 2.746

0.28 1.481 0.03 2.935
ww
0.27 1.506 0.02 3.208

0.26 1.532 0.01 3.693
0.25 1.560 0.00 ∞

TABLE 11
Manometer inclinations required for the desired magnification of the deflection
Magnification required Inclination from the horizontal

(1/h) α = (sin−1 h/1) degrees
2 30
.i n
3 19.47
4 14.47
5 11.53
ng
6 9.59
7 8.21
eri
8 7.18
9 6.38
10 5.74
e
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

Static Pressure Drop in Gas Pipe Lines 139
TABLE 12.1
Static pressure drop (pr = outlet pressure/inlet pressure) in gas pipe lines
(Isothermal flow, f = 0.002 − 0.005, γ = 1.3, M1 = 0.02)
L/D Static pressure ratio, pr = p2 /p1
f = 0.0020 f = 0.0025 f = 0.0030 f = 0.0035 f = 0.0040 f = 0.0050
.i n
10 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999
50 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9997 0.9997
100 0.9997 0.9997 0.9996 0.9996 0.9995 0.9995
ng
250 0.9995 0.9993 0.9992 0.9991 0.9989 0.9987
400 0.9992 0.9989 0.9987 0.9985 0.9983 0.9979
eri
500 0.9989 0.9986 0.9984 0.9982 0.9979 0.9974
600 0.9987 0.9984 0.9981 0.9978 0.9975 0.9968
700 0.9985 0.9981 0.9978 0.9975 0.9970 0.9963
e
800 0.9983 0.9979 0.9975 0.9970 0.9967 0.9958
gin
900 0.9981 0.9976 0.9971 0.9967 0.9962 0.9953
1000 0.9979 0.9973 0.9968 0.9963 0.9958 0.9947

2000 0.9958 0.9947 0.9937 0.9927 0.9916 0.9895
En
3000 0.9937 0.9921 0.9905 0.9890 0.9874 0.9842

4000 0.9916 0.9895 0.9874 0.9853 0.9832 0.9789
5000 0.9895 0.9869 0.9842 0.9816 0.9789 0.9736
arn
6000 0.9874 0.9842 0.9811 0.9779 0.9747 0.9683

7000 0.9853 0.9816 0.9779 0.9742 0.9704 0.9629
8000 0.9832 0.9789 0.9747 0.9704 0.9661 0.9575
Le
8500 0.9821 0.9776 0.9731 0.9685 0.9639 0.9548

9000 0.9811 0.9763 0.9715 0.9667 0.9618 0.9520
w.
1 × 104 0.9789 0.9736 0.9683 0.9629 0.9575 0.9466

1.5 × 104 0.9683 0.9602 0.9520 0.9438 0.9355 0.9187
2.0 × 104 0.9575 0.9465 0.9355 0.9243 0.9130 0.8899
ww
2.5 × 104 0.9465 0.9327 0.9187 0.9044 0.8899 0.8602

3 × 104 0.9355 0.9186 0.9015 0.8841 0.8662 0.8294
4 × 104 0.9130 0.8899 0.8663 0.8419 0.8168 0.7642

5 × 104 0.8899 0.8602 0.8295 0.7975 0.7642 0.6928
6 × 104 0.8663 0.8295 0.7909 0.7505 0.7077 0.6132
7 × 104 0.8419 0.7975 0.7505 0.7003 0.6462 0.5215
8 × 104 0.8168 0.7642 0.7077 0.6462 0.5783 0.4099
1 × 105 0.7642 0.6928 0.6132 0.5215 0.4099 –

2 × 105 0.4098 – – – – –

TABLE 12.2
Static pressure drop (pr = outlet pressure/linlet pressure) in gas pipe lines
(Isothermal flow, f = 0.002 − 0.005, γ = 1.4, M1 = 0.02)
L/D Static pressure ratio, pr = p2 /p1
f = 0.0020 f = 0.0025 f = 0.0030 f = 0.0035 f = 0.0040 f = 0.0050
.i n
10 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999
50 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9997 0.9997
100 0.9997 0.9997 0.9996 0.9996 0.9995 0.9994
ng
250 0.9994 0.9993 0.9991 0.9990 0.9988 0.9986
400 0.9991 0.9988 0.9986 0.9984 0.9982 0.9977
eri
500 0.9988 0.9986 0.9983 0.9980 0.9977 0.9972
600 0.9986 0.9983 0.9979 0.9976 0.9973 0.9966
700 0.9984 0.9980 0.9976 0.9972 0.9968 0.9960
800 0.9982 0.9977
e 0.9973 0.9968 0.9964 0.9955
gin
900 0.9979 0.9975 0.9969 0.9964 0.9959 0.9949
1000 0.9977 0.9972 0.9966 0.9961 0.9955 0.9944

2000 0.9955 0.9943 0.9932 0.9921 0.9910 0.9887
En
3000 0.9932 0.9915 0.9898 0.9882 0.9864 0.9830

4000 0.9910 0.9887 0.9864 0.9842 0.9819 0.9773
5000 0.9887 0.9859 0.9830 0.9802 0.9773 0.9716
arn
6000 0.9864 0.9830 0.9796 0.9762 0.9727 0.9658

7000 0.9842 0.9802 0.9762 0.9721 0.9681 0.9600
8000 0.9819 0.9773 0.9727 0.9681 0.9635 0.9541
Le
8500 0.9808 0.9759 0.9710 0.9661 0.9611 0.9512

9000 0.9796 0.9744 0.9692 0.9640 0.9588 0.9482
w.
1 × 104 0.9773 0.9716 0.9658 0.9600 0.9541 0.9423

1.5 × 104 0.9658 0.9571 0.9482 0.9393 0.9303 0.9121
2 × 104 0.9541 0.9423 0.9303 0.9182 0.9059 0.8809
ww
2.5 × 104 0.9423 0.9273 0.9121 0.8967 0.8809 0.8485

3 × 104 0.9304 0.9121 0.8935 0.8745 0.8551 0.8150
4 × 104 0.9060 0.8809 0.8551 0.8285 0.8010 0.7430

5 × 104 0.8809 0.8485 0.8149 0.7797 0.7430 0.6633
6 × 104 0.8551 0.8149 0.7725 0.7277 0.6800 0.5727
7 × 104 0.8285 0.7797 0.7277 0.6717 0.6106 0.4648
8 × 104 0.8010 0.7429 0.6800 0.6106 0.5322 0.3225
1 × 105 0.7429 0.6633 0.5727 0.4648 0.3225 –

2 × 105 0.3225 – – – – –

Isentropic Compressor Power 141
TABLE 13.1
Isentropic compressor power in kW (cp =1.0 kJ/kg K, T1 = 300 K, γ = 1.3)
m = mass flow rate in kg/s

pr = p2 /p1
1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
1.1 6.671 10.007 13.342 20.014 26.685 33.356
.i n
1.2 12.891 19.337 25.782 38.673 51.564 64.455
1.3 18.724 28.086 37.448 56.172 74.896 93.620
ng
1.4 24.221 36.332 48.443 72.664 96.886 121.107
1.5 29.425 44.137 58.850 88.274 117.700 147.123
eri
1.6 34.367 51.551 68.735 103.102 137.470 171.837
1.7 39.078 58.617 78.156 117.234 156.312 195.390
1.8 43.580 65.370 87.160 130.740 174.320 217.900
e
1.9 47.894 71.840 95.787 143.681 191.574 239.468
gin
2.0 52.036 78.054 104.072 156.108 208.144 260.180
2.1 56.022 84.033 112.044 168.065 224.087 280.109

En
2.2 59.864 89.796 119.729 179.593 239.457 299.321

2.3 63.575 95.362 127.149 190.724 254.299 317.873
2.4 67.163 100.744 134.326 201.489 268.652 335.815
arn
2.5 70.638 105.957 141.276 211.914 282.552 353.190
2.6 74.008 111.011 148.015 222.023 296.031 370.038

2.7 77.279 115.919 154.558 231.837 309.116 386.396
Le
2.8 80.459 120.688 160.917 241.376 321.835 402.293

2.9 83.552 125.328 167.104 250.656 334.208 417.760
3.0 86.564 129.846 173.128 259.693 346.257 432.822
w.
3.5 100.563 150.844 201.125 301.688 402.250 502.813

ww
4.0 113.098 169.646 226.195 339.293 452.390 565.488

4.5 124.479 186.719 248.959 373.438 497.917 622.397
5.0 134.926 202.389 269.852 404.779 539.705 674.631
5.5 144.598 216.897 289.196 433.794 578.391 722.990
6.0 153.615 230.423 307.230 460.845 614.460 768.075

7.0 170.041 255.062 340.083 510.124 680.165 850.207
8.0 184.751 277.126 369.501 554.252 739.002 923.753
9.0 198.107 297.160 396.213 594.320 792.426 990.533
10.0 210.365 315.548 420.731 631.096 841.462 1051.827

TABLE 13.2
Isentropic compressor power in kW (cp =1.0 kJ/kg K, T1 = 300 K, γ = 1.4)
m = mass flow rate in kg/s

pr = p2 /p1
1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
1.1 8.281 12.422 16.563 24.844 33.124 41.406
.i n
1.2 16.041 24.061 32.082 48.123 64.164 80.205
1.3 23.351 35.027 46.703 70.054 93.406 116.757
ng
1.4 30.271 45.406 60.541 90.812 121.083 151.353
1.5 36.845 55.268 73.690 110.536 147.381 184.227
eri
1.6 43.114 64.671 86.228 129.342 172.456 215.570
1.7 49.109 73.663 98.217 147.326 196.434 245.543
1.8 54.856 82.285 109.713 164.569 219.425 274.282
1.9 60.380 90.571
e 120.761 181.141 241.522 301.902
gin
2.0 65.700 98.551 131.401 197.101 262.802 328.502
2.1 70.834 106.251 141.668 212.501 283.335 354.169

2.2 75.795 113.693 151.591 227.386 303.181 378.977
En
2.3 80.598 120.898 161.197 241.795 322.393 402.992

2.4 85.254 127.882 170.509 255.763 341.018 426.272
2.5 89.774 134.661 179.548 269.322 359.095 448.869
arn
2.6 94.166 141.249 188.332 282.498 376.664 470.830

2.7 98.439 147.659 196.878 295.317 393.756 492.195
Le
2.8 102.600 153.901 205.201 307.801 410.402 513.002

2.9 106.657 159.986 213.314 319.971 426.628 533.286
3.0 110.615 165.922 221.230 331.845 442.460 553.075
w.
3.5 129.103 193.654 258.206 387.309 516.412 645.515

ww
4.0 145.789 218.684 291.579 437.368 583.158 728.947

4.5 161.046 241.569 322.092 483.137 644.183 805.229
5.0 175.135 262.702 350.270 525.405 700.540 875.675
5.5 188.251 282.376 376.501 564.7521 753.003 941.253
6.0 200.540 300.810 401.081 601.621 802.161 1002.702

7.0 223.077 334.616 446.154 669.232 892.309 1115.386
8.0 243.418 365.127 486.836 730.254 973.672 1217.090
9.0 262.016 393.023 524.031 786.047 1048.062 1310.078
10.0 279.190 418.785 558.381 837.570 1116.761 1395.951

Pumping Power for Fans and Blowers 143
TABLE 14
Approximate values of pumping power (kW) for fans and blowers
Q (m 3 /s ) ∆p = Pressure rise in millimeters W.G.
1 2 3 4 5
.i n
0.1 0.0015 0.0030 0.0045 0.0060 0.0075
0.2 0.0030 0.0060 0.0091 0.0121 0.0151
0.3 0.0045 0.0091 0.0136 0.0181 0.0226
ng
0.4 0.0060 0.0121 0.0181 0.0241 0.0302
0.5 0.0075 0.0151 0.0226 0.0302 0.0377
eri
1.0 0.0151 0.0302 0.0453 0.0604 0.0755
1.2 0.0181 0.0362
e 0.0543 0.0724 0.0906
1.4 0.0211 0.0423 0.0634 0.0845 0.1056
1.6 0.0241 0.0483 0.0724 0.0966 0.1207
gin
1.8 0.0272 0.0543 0.0815 0.1087 0.1358
2.0 0.0302 0.0604 0.0906 0.1207 0.1509

En
2.5 0.0377 0.0755 0.1132 0.1509 0.1886

3.0 0.0453 0.0906 0.1358 0.1811 0.2264
3.5 0.0528 0.1056 0.1585 0.2111 0.2641
arn
4.0 0.0604 0.1207 0.1811 0.2415 0.3018
5.0 0.0755 0.1509 0.2264 0.3018 0.3773

10.0 0.1509 0.3018 0.4528 0.6037 0.7546
Le
20.0 0.3018 0.6037 0.9055 1.2073 1.5092

50.0 0.7546 1.5092 2.2638 3.0184 3.7730
100 1.5092 3.0184 4.5276 6.0367 7.5460
w.
150 2.2638 4.5276 6.7913 9.0551 11.3189

ww
200 3.0184 6.0367 9.0551 12.0735 15.0918

400 6.0367 12.0735 18.1102 24.1469 30.1837
600 9.0551 18.1102 27.1653 36.2204 45.2755
800 12.0735 24.1469 36.2204 48.2939 60.3673
1000 15.0918 30.1837 45.2755 60.3673 75.4592

1500 22.6378 45.2755 67.9133 90.5510 113.1888
2000 30.1837 60.3673 90.5510 120.7347 150.9183
2500 37.7296 75.4592 113.1888 150.9183 188.6479
3000 45.2755 90.5510 135.8265 181.1020 226.3775

TABLE 14
10 20 30 40 50
.i n
0.1 0.0151 0.0302 0.0453 0.0604 0.0755
0.2 0.0302 0.0604 0.0906 0.1207 0.1509
0.3 0.0453 0.0906 0.1358 0.1811 0.2264
ng
0.4 0.0604 0.1207 0.1811 0.2415 0.3018
0.5 0.0755 0.1509 0.2264 0.3018 0.3773
eri
1.0 0.1509 0.3018 0.4528 0.6037 0.7546
1.2 0.1811 0.3622
e 0.5433 0.7244 0.9055
1.4 0.2113 0.4226 0.6339 0.8451 1.0564
1.6 0.2415 0.4829 0.7244 0.9659 1.2073
gin
1.8 0.2717 0.5433 0.8150 1.0866 1.3583
2.0 0.3018 0.6037 0.9055 1.2073 1.5092

En
2.5 0.3773 0.7546 1.1319 1.5092 1.8865

3.0 0.4528 0.9055 1.3583 1.8110 2.2638
3.5 0.5282 1.0564 1.5846 2.1129 2.6411
arn
4.0 0.6037 1.2073 1.8110 2.4147 3.0184
5.0 0.7546 1.5092 2.2638 3.0184 3.7730

10.0 1.5092 3.0184 4.5276 6.0367 7.5459
Le
20.0 3.0184 6.0367 9.0551 12.0735 15.0918

50.0 7.5459 15.0918 22.6378 30.1837 37.7296
100 15.0918 30.1837 45.2755 60.3673 75.4592
w.
150 22.6378 45.2755 67.9133 90.5510 113.1888

ww
200 30.1837 60.3673 90.5510 120.7347 150.9183

400 60.3673 120.7347 181.1020 241.4693 301.8367
600 90.5510 181.1020 271.6530 362.2040 452.7550
800 120.7347 241.4693 362.2040 482.9387 603.6733
1000 150.9183 301.8367 452.7550 603.6733 754.5917

1500 226.3775 452.7550 679.1325 905.5100 1131.8876
2000 301.8367 603.6733 905.5100 1207.3467 1509.1833
2500 377.2958 754.5917 1131.8876 1509.1833 1886.4792
3000 452.7550 905.5100 1358.2650 1811.0200 2263.7751

Pumping Power for Fans and Blowers 145
TABLE 14
100 200 300 400 500
.i n
0.1 0.1509 0.3018 0.4528 0.6037 0.7546
0.2 0.3018 0.6037 0.9055 1.2073 1.5092
0.3 0.4528 0.9055 1.3583 1.8110 2.2638
ng
0.4 0.6037 1.2073 1.8110 2.4147 3.0184
0.5 0.7546 1.5092 2.2638 3.0184 3.7730
eri
1.0 1.5092 3.0184 4.5276 6.0367 7.5459
1.2 1.8110 3.6220
e 5.4331 7.2441 9.0551
1.4 2.1129 4.2257 6.3386 8.4514 10.5643
1.6 2.4147 4.8294 7.2441 9.6588 12.0735
gin
1.8 2.7165 5.4331 8.1496 10.8661 13.5827
2.0 3.0184 6.0367 9.0551 12.0735 15.0918

En
2.5 3.7730 7.5459 11.3189 15.0918 18.8648

3.0 4.5276 9.0551 13.5827 18.1102 22.6378
3.5 5.2821 10.5643 15.8464 21.1286 26.4107
arn
4.0 6.0367 12.0735 18.1102 24.1469 30.1837
5.0 7.5459 15.0918 22.6378 30.1837 37.7296

10.0 15.0918 30.1837 45.2755 60.3673 75.4592
Le
20.0 30.1837 60.3673 90.5510 120.7347 150.9183

50.0 75.4592 150.9183 226.3775 301.8367 377.2958
100 150.9183 301.8367 452.7550 603.6733 754.5917
w.
150 226.3775 452.7550 679.1325 905.5100 1131.8876

ww
200 301.8367 603.6733 905.5100 1207.3467 1509.1833

400 603.6733 1207.3467 1811.0200 2414.6934 3018.3667
600 905.5100 1811.0200 2716.5300 3622.0400 4527.5503
800 1207.3467 2414.6934 3622.0400 4829.3867 6036.7334
1000 1509.1833 3018.3667 4527.5503 6036.7334 7.546 MW

1500 2263.7751 4527.5503 6791.3252 9055.1006 11.319 MW
2000 3018.3667 6036.7334 9055.1006 12073.4668 15.092 MW
2500 3772.9585 7545.9170 11318.8750 15091.8340 18.865 MW
3000 4527.5503 9055.1006 13582.6504 18110.2012 22.638 MW

TABLE 14
600 700 800 1000 1500
.i n
0.1 0.9055 1.0564 1.2073 1.5092 2.2638
0.2 1.8110 2.1129 2.4147 3.0184 4.5276
0.3 2.7165 3.1693 3.6220 4.5276 6.7913
ng
0.4 3.6220 4.2257 4.8294 6.0367 9.0551
0.5 4.5276 5.2821 6.0367 7.5459 11.3189
eri
1.0 9.0551 10.5643 12.0735 15.0918 22.6380
1.2 10.8661 12.6771
e 14.4882 18.1102 27.1653
1.4 12.6771 14.7900 16.9029 21.1286 31.6930
1.6 14.4882 16.9029 19.3175 24.1469 36.2204
gin
1.8 16.2992 19.0157 21.7322 27.1653 40.7480
2.0 18.1102 21.1286 24.1469 30.1837 45.2755

En
2.5 22.6378 26.4107 30.1837 37.7296 56.5944

3.0 27.1653 31.6929 36.2204 45.2755 67.9133
3.5 31.6929 36.9750 42.2571 52.8214 79.2321
arn
4.0 36.2204 42.2571 48.2939 60.3673 90.5510
5.0 45.2755 52.8214 60.3673 75.4592 113.1888

10.0 90.5510 105.6428 120.7347 150.9183 226.3780
Le
20.0 181.1020 211.2857 241.4693 301.8367 452.7550

50.0 452.7550 528.2142 603.6733 754.5917 1131.8876
100 905.5100 1056.4283 1207.3467 1509.1833 2263.7751
w.
150 1358.2650 1584.6426 1811.0200 2263.7751 3395.6626

ww
200 1811.0200 2112.8567 2414.6934 3018.3667 4527.5503

400 3622.0400 4225.7134 4829.3867 6036.7334 9055.1006
600 5433.0601 6338.5703 7244.0801 9055.1006 13582.6504
800 7244.0801 8451.4268 9658.7734 12073.4668 18110.2012
1000 9055.1006 10564.2832 12073.4668 15.091 MW 22.637 MW

1500 13582.6504 15846.4258 18110.2012 22.637 MW 33.957 MW
2000 18110.2012 21128.5664 24146.9336 30.184 MW 45.275 MW
2500 22637.7500 26410.7090 30183.6680 37.729 MW 56.594 MW
3000 27165.3008 31692.8516 36220.4023 45.275 MW 67.913 MW

S.I. Metric and British Units 147
TABLE 15.1
S.I, Metric and British units
Principal dimensions and units
Quantity Dimensions S.I. Metric British
Length L m m ft
.i n
Mass M kg kgm lbm
Time T s sec sec
Temperature θ K °K °R
ng
Area L2 m2 m2 ft2
Volume L3 m3 m3 ft3
eri
Density M/L3 kg/m3 kgm/m3 Ibm/ft3
Force ML/T2 N = kg m/s2
e kgf lbf
Torque ML2/T2 mN m kgf ft lbf
gin
Velocity L/T m/s m/sec ft/sec
Acceleration L/T2 m/s2 m/s2 ft/sec2
Pressure M/LT2 Pa = N/m2 kgf/m2 lbf/ft2
En
Work and energy ML2/T2 J = Nm kgf m ft lbf

Heat ML2/T2 Joule = J cal Btu
Specific heat L2/T2θ J/kg K cal/kgm °K Btu/lbm °R
arn
Power ML2/T3 Nm/s, J/s kgf m/s ft lbf/sec

Specific entropy L2/T2θ J/kg K cal/kgm °K Btu/lbm °R
Dynamic viscosity M/LT Ns/m2 kgf-sec/m2 lbf-sec/ft2
Le
kg/ms
Kinematic viscosity L2/T m2/s m2/sec ft2/sec
w.
Weight ML/T2 N = kg m/s2 kgf lbf

ww

TABLE 15.2
Conversion of units
Length Pressure
1m = 3.28 ft 1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 105 Pa = 100 kN/m2
1 cm = 0.3937 in = 0.1 MN/m2 = 1.0197 kgf/cm2
1 km = 0.6215 mile = 14.504 lbf/in2
1 ft = 30.48 cm 1 m bar = 10-3 bar = 100 N/m2 = 100 Pa
1 in = 2.54 cm = 10.2 mm W.G.
.i n
1 mile = 1.609 km 1 mm W.G. = 1 kgf/m2 = 9.807 N/m2 = 0.098 m bar
1 nautical mile = 6076 ft = 1.853 km 1 torr = 1 mm Hg = 13.6 mm W.G. = 133.38N/m2
= 1.334 m bar
Area 1 atmosphere = 1.013 bar = 1.033 kgf/cm2
ng
1 m2 = 10.765 ft2 = 14.696 lbf/in2 = 29.921 in Hg
1 cm2 = 0.155 in2 = 760 mm Hg = 10.336 m W.G.
1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2
eri
1 in2 = 6.452 cm2 Density
1 kg/m3 = 0.0624 lbm/ft3
Volume 1 lbm/ft3 = 16.025 kg/m3
1 m3 = 1000 litres = 35.315 ft2
e
gin
1 litre = 1000 cc = 0.001 m3 = 0.0353 ft3 Work and Energy
1 cc = 0.061 in3 1 Nm = 1 Joule = 107 ergs
1 ft 3 = 0.0283 m3 = 28.328 litres = 0.102 kgf m = 0.7374 ft lbf
1 in 3 = 16.387 cm3 1 kgf m = 9.807 Nm = 7.229 ft lbf
En
1 gallon (British) = 8 pints = 4.546 litres 1 ft lbf = 0.1383 kgf m = 1.356 Nm = 1.356 J
= 0.160 ft3 = 277.3 in3
1 pint = 568.25 cc Heat
1 kJ = 1000 J = 0.2388 k cal = 0.9478 Btu
arn
Mass 1 k cal = 427 kgf m = 4.187 kJ = 3.968 Btu

1 kgm = 2.204 lbm 1 Btu = 778 ft lbf = 1.055 kJ = 0.252 k cal
1 lbm = 0.4537 kgm
1 metric ton (tonne) = 0.984 ton Power
Le
1 Nm/s = 1 J/s = 1 watt

Temperature
= 0.102 kgf m/sec = 0.7375 ft lb/sec
°C = F − 32
o
1 kW = 1000 J/s = 102 kgf m/sec = 737.5 ft lbf/sec
w.
1.8
°F = 1.8 °C + 32 = 1.36 metric H.P. = 1.34 H.P. (FPS)
°K = 273.15 + °C = Kelvins (in S.I. Units) 1 metric H.P. = 75 kgf m/sec = 0.735 kW = 0.985 H.P.
ww
°R = 459.4 + °F = 1.8 °K 1 H.P. (FPS) = 550 ft lb/sec = 1.015 metric H.P.

= 0.746 kW
Force
1N = 105 dynes = 0.102 kgf = 0.2248 lbf Dynamic Viscosity
1 kgf = 9.807 N = 2.204 lbf 1 Ns/m2 = 1 kg/ms = 0.102 kgf/m2
1 metric ton = 1000 kgf = 0.0209 lbf sec/ft2 = 10 poise
1 lbf = 4.448 N = 0.4537 kgf 1 lbf sec/ft = 47.847 Ns/m2
Velocity
1 m/s = 3.28 ft/sec Kinematic Viscosity
1 km/hr = 0.621 mile/hr 1 m2/s = 10.76 ft2/sec = 104 cm2/sec = 104 Stokes
1 mile/hr = 1.609 km/hr 1 ft2/sec = 0.0929 m2/s
1 ft/sec = 0.305 m/s
1 knot = 1.689 ft/sec = 0.515 m/s

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Preface to the First Edition

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3. Isentropic Flow of Perfect Gases

4. Normal Shocks in Perfect Gases

5. Oblique Shocks in Perfect Gases

5.1 Wave Angles for Given Deflections, γ = 1.4 62

Normal Shock Relations, γ = 1.4 71

6. Flow of Perfect Gases with Friction (Fanno Flow)

7. Isothermal Flow of Perfect Gases with Friction

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8. Flow of Perfect Gases with Heat Transfer (Rayleigh Flow)

9. Prandtl-Meyer Function with Mach Angles

10. Approximate Velocities and Mach Numbers of Air

12. Static Pressure Drop in Gas Pipe Lines 139

13. Isentropic Compressor Power 141

14. Pumping Power for Fans and Blowers 143

15. S.I, Metric and British Units

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v specific volume w mass flow rate

α Mach angle, manometer inclination

ρ density ω(M) Prandtl-Meyer function

y downstream of normal shock l upstream of oblique shock

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2 Gas Tables for Compressible Flow Calculations

1. Gas dynamic properties of some vapours and gases

2. Properties of the standard atmosphere

3. Isentropic flow of perfect gases

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Fig. 1. Isentropic Accelerating Flow

Fig. 2. Isentropic Decelerating Flow

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4 Gas Tables for Compressible Flow Calculations

T0 = T0* = constant ...(3.1)

4. Normal shocks in perfect gases

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6 Gas Tables for Compressible Flow Calculations

Fig. 3. Normal Shock, Fanno and Rayleigh Lines

5. Oblique shocks in perfect gases

Fig. 4. Flow Through Oblique Shock Wave

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6. Flow of perfect gases with friction (Fanno Flow)

A Fanno line is shown on h-s co-ordinates in figure 3.

(b) Constant area duct,

T0 = T0* = constant ...(6.1)