I.

Decide whether the sentences express definitions or not by marking each column with ( v)
when it does, or (X ) when it does not.
No The sentences ( v)or(X )
1 A heat exchanger is a device designed to efficiently transfer or "exchange"
heat from one matter to another.
2 For efficiency, heat exchangers are designed to maximize the surface area
of the wall between the two fluids, while minimizing resistance to fluid
flow through the exchanger.
3 Electric circuits, which are the most fundamental structures of electrical
engineering, are collections of circuit elements connected together
4 An electric circuit is an idealized mathematical model of some physical
circuit or phenomenon.
5 The most common metals in aircraft construction are aluminum,
magnesium, titanium, steel, and their alloys.
6 The metal present in the alloy in the largest portion is called the base
metal.
7 In the saturated mixture region, the average value of any intensive
property y is determined
8 In oil circuit breaker the contacts of the breaker are made to separate
within an insulating oil.
9 Electrical engineering is concerned with the analysis and design of electric
circuits, systems, and devices.
10 Multitester consists of voltmeter, ohmmeter, and milliammeter
11 Heat of mixing and heats of solution are determined experenmentally and
are available in the handbooks for the more commonly used solutions.
12 There are three primary classifications of heat exchangers according to
their flow arrangement.
13 Another type of steel that is used extensively is stainless steel.
14 No-load losses include core loss, dielectric loss, and copper loss in the
winding due to the exciting current.
15 Heat engine, that consists of two main parts; internal and external
combustions, is a machine that converts thermal energy into
mechanical energy.
16 Selectivity is a measure of the efficiency of the reactor in converting
reagent to the desired product.
17 A convection current involves the movement of energy from one place to
another.
18 An electricity, which is divided into two; AC and DC, is a flow of
electrons to create an invisible pattern of magnetism.
19 Slats, when deployed, allow the wing to operate at a higher angle of
attack.
20 A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout is called a
pure substance.

1
 II. Read the text and choose the most appropriate option for each number. Write (X) on the a,
b, c, or d.

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics which deals with the energy and work of a system. It was born in
the 19th century as scientists were first discovering how to build and operate steam engines.
Thermodynamics deals only with the large scale response of a system which we can observe and measure
in experiments. Small scale gas interactions are described by the kinetic theory of gases. The methods
complement each other; some principles are more easily understood in terms of thermodynamics and
some principles are more easily explained by kinetic theory.
There are three principal laws of thermodynamics which are described on separate slides. Each law leads
to the definition of thermodynamic properties which help us to understand and predict the operation of a
physical system. We will present some simple examples of these laws and properties for a variety of
physical systems, although we are most interested in thermodynamics in the study of propulsion systems
and high speed flows. Fortunately, many of the classical examples of thermodynamics involve gas
dynamics. Unfortunately, the numbering system for the three laws of thermodynamics is a bit confusing.
We begin with the zeroth law.
The zeroth law of thermodynamics involves some simple definitions of thermodynamic equilibrium.
Thermodynamic equilibrium leads to the large scale definition of temperature, as opposed to the small
scale definition related to the kinetic energy of the molecules. The first law of thermodynamics relates the
various forms of kinetic and potential energy in a system to the work which a system can perform and to
the transfer of heat. This law is sometimes taken as the definition of internal energy, and introduces an
additional state variable, enthalpy. The first law of thermodynamics allows for many possible states of a
system to exist. But experience indicates that only certain states occur. This leads to the second law of
thermodynamics and the definition of another state variable called entropy. The second law stipulates that
the total entropy of a system plus its environment cannot decrease; it can remain constant for a reversible
process but must always increase for an irreversible process.

1. The word “which” in “… a branch of physics which deals with … “ refers to …

a. energy b. physics c. thermodynamics d. work
2. It was born in the 19th century … scientists were first discovering how to build and operate steam
engines.
a. after b. before c. for d. while
3. The word “which” in “… the large scale response of a system which we can observe … “ refers to …
a. experiments b. scale c. system d. thermodynamics
4. Small scale gas … are described by the kinetic theory of gases.
a. connections b. experiments c. deals d. principles
5. some principles are more easily understood in terms of thermodynamics and some principles are more
easily … by kinetic theory.
a. clarified b. determined c. described d. explored
6. The word “which” in “… of thermodynamics which are described on … “ refers to …
a. definitions b. laws c. principal d. slides
7. The word “which” in “… thermodynamic properties which help us to understand … “ refers to …
a. definitions b. operations c. properties d. thermodynamics
8. Many of the classical examples of thermodynamics … gas dynamics.
a. except b. exclude c. include d. made of
9. The numbering system for the three laws of thermodynamics is a bit … .
a. attracting b. interesting d. unclear

2
10. The zeroth law of thermodynamics involves …
a. definitions b. equilibrium c. simple d. thermodynamic.
11. Thermodynamic equilibrium leads to the large scale definition of temperature, … the small scale
definition related to the kinetic energy of the molecules.
a. contrasted with b. dealt with c. depending on d. related to
12. The word “which” in “… in a system to the work which a system can … “ refers to …
a. energy b. system c. thermodynamics d. work
13. This law is sometimes taken as the definition of internal energy, and introduces a/an …
a. additional b. enthalpy c. state d. variable
14. The first law of thermodynamics … for many possible states of a system to exist.
a. forbids b. disapproves c. permits d. prohibits
15. The word “its” in “ … a system plus its environment cannot decrease … “ refers to …
a. a reversible process c. the second law
b. an irreversible process d. the total entropy of a system

III. Break the following sentences into their language functions by writing each of the function
into the right columns.

1. Bioprocess engineering is a specialization of chemical engineering which deals with the design and
development of equipment and processes for the manufacturing of products.
2. Thermodynamics, which may include systems, the laws of thermodynamics, and the four state
functions. Systems, is a branch of physics which deals with the energy and work of a system.
3. An airfoil is a structure with curved surfaces designed to give the most favorable ratio of lift to drag
in flight, used as the basic form of the wings, fins, and horizontal stabilizer of most aircraft.
4. The term ideal, that its ideal diode is a two-terminal device having particular symbols and
characteristics, refers to any device or system that has ideal characteristics to provide a basis for
comparison, to make improvements.
5. Conservation of energy, in which the first kind of energy to be recognized was kinetic energy, or
energy of motion, is the principle of physics according to which the energy of interacting bodies or
particles in a closed system remains constant.
6. A bearing, which consists of an inner ring, outer ring, rolling elemnt and a cage, is a machine element
that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion and is used to reduce friction between
moving parts.
7. A fuse, which perhaps is the cheapest and simplest form of protection, and used for
protecting low voltage equipment against overloads and/or short circuits, is a small piece of
wire connected in between two terminals.
8. Energy, that comes in different forms. is the ability to do work.
9. Chemical energy is energy that is stored in chemicals, such as sugar and gasoline, to make someone
or something work.
10. A circuit , that can be classified into linear or non-linear and active or passive, can be referred to as a
space with a conductive path that grants electrons the opportunity to move freely

3
No Main Definition A word classification function
class
1

4
 9

10

IV. Compose definitions (that contain classifications and functions) from the following
sentences:

 A heat exchanger is a device

 It is designed to efficiently transfer or "exchange" heat from one matter to another.

 Heat engine is a machine that converts thermal energy into mechanical energy.
 It consists of two main parts; internal and external combustions.

 Markings on the heads of rivets are used to classify their characteristics.

 These markings may include a raised teat, two raised teats, and a dimple.
 The different markings are to indicate the composition of the rivet stock.

 A cathode is the electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical device.
 Current flows through the electrode.
 In a device that uses electricity, the cathode is the negatively charged electrode.

 The instrumentation amplifier refers to a special-purpose integrated circuit.

 It has differential input and single-ended or differential output.
 The integrated circuit utilizes several operational amplifier.