Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Construction Activities
Construction Activities
PROJECT
SUB SUPER
STRUCTURE STRUCTURE
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PROJECT PLANNING
In planning phase, plan is made and strategies are set, taking into
consideration the company policies, procedures and rules
An alternative which is not only consistent with its goals and concept but
also one that can be accomplished with the evaluated resources.
Decision on a Plan
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Forward Planning
Planner starts from the initial event and builds up the events and
activities logically and sequentially until the end event is reached.
What event comes next?
What are dependent events?
What events can take place concurrently?
Backward Planning
The planner starts with the end event, and arranges the events and
activities until the initial event is reached.
The planner asks himself “if we want to achieve this, what events or
activities should have taken place?
Combined Planning
Combination of both forward planning and backward planning.
At any stage the planner may need to traverse the network back
and forth several times until it is found to be satisfactory.
Questions of the Planner
What event or events must be completed before the particular
event can start?
What event or events follow this?
What activities can be accomplished simultaneously
Resource Classification
Manpower
Material
Machine
Time
Money
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PROJECT SCHEDULING
PROJECT CONTROLLING
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SUB STRUCTURE
Drawings Required
1. Centerline Drawing
2. Layout Plan
Size of Foundation
a. For Main Walls 4’0” Depth
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Survey for top levels
Excavation to approved depth.
Dressing of loose soil.
Making up to cut off level
Constructing dewatering wells and interconnecting trenches.
Marking boundaries of the building.
Constructing protection bunds and drains
Working Procedure
The extent of soil and rock strata is found by making trial pits in the
construction site. The excavation and depth is decided according to the
following guidelines in the site
i. For Isolated footing the depth to be one and half times the width of
the foundation
ii. For adjacent footings with clear spacing less than twice the width
(i.e.) one and half times the length
In this site open foundation pits for columns and trenches for CR Masonry
was carried out. The maximum depth was upto 3m.
Setting out or ground tracing is the process of laying down the excavation
lines and center lines etc. on the ground before the excavation is started. The
center line of the longest outer wall of the building is marked on the ground by
stretching a string between wooden or mild steel pegs. Each peg may be
projected about 25 to 50 mm form the ground level and 2m from the edge of
the excavation. The boundary is marked with the lime powder. The center
lines of other walls are marked perpendicular to the longer walls. A right angle
can be formed by forming 3, 4 and 5 triangles. Similarly, outer lines of the
foundation trench of each cross walls and are set out
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Removal of Excess Soil
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PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE (PCC)
Scope of work
Verifying levels and dimension
Ramming the earth surface
Placing the concrete.
Ramming and finishing the concrete surface
Working Procedure
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ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT
Chemicals Used
Dildrin
Aldrin
Heptachlor
Chlordane
Chloropyripas
20 EC
Equipment
Crow bar
Measuring Jar
Plastic drums 20-lit capacity.
Pouring Jar
Sprayer
Working Procedure
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FOOTING CONCRETE
Drawings Required
Size of Footing
Working Procedure
In this case the footing consists of a simple concrete block projecting out
from the column face on all sides. The shape of the footing is kept same
as the column so that equal projection is obtained for the base concrete.
This offset may be 15 cm. As a thumb rule, the base dimension of the
concrete base should not be less than twice the appropriate lateral
dimension of the column in that direction.
Preparation
The ground over which the filling has to be done should be cleaned off all
grass, loose stones, rubbish of all kinds etc. If there is water in the area, it
should be pumped or bailed out.
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If the plinth depth doesn’t exceed 45cm above ground level and if the
exposed ground is B.C. soil, then remove the BC soil completely to avoid
uneven settlement of the flooring.
Select the refilling material from the excavated stuff and stock it separately
for reuse.
Estimate the quantity of refilling in the plinth and in pits. Judge the quantity
of material available.
Place the order for any further refilling material required.
Engage laborers for refilling.
Keep all tools for refilling and compaction ready.
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Under no circumstances black cotton soil shall be used for filling in plinth
and footing pits.
Working Procedure
After completing the filling and consolidation the surface is left for drying.
And after it gets dry the top surface is leveled using earth rammer. The
base course may be 7.5 to 10 cm tk in cement concrete (1:4:8). The base
concrete is laid over well compacted soil, compacted properly and leveled
to rough surface. It is properly cured. When the concrete has hardened, its
surface is brushed with stiff broom and cleaned thoroughly. It is wetted the
previous night and the excess water is grained
SUPER STRUCTURE
RCC COLUMNS
Batching plant.
Transit mixer
Concrete pump
Vibrators
Chute and C I Pipes.
Scope
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Erection of Column
RCC BEAM
Batching plant.
Transit mixer
Concrete pump
Vibrators
Chute and C I Pipes.
Scope of the work
Erection of beam
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Reinforcement shall be cut and placed as per the structural drawings and
approved bar bending Schedules. Specified cover blocks should be
provided at regular spacing and intervals. Cover blocks should be tied with
reinforcement by using binding wires for preventing misplacement from its
location during concreting.
Placing of concrete
1. Verify the marking, steel reinforcements and formwork and get approvals from
clients by using concrete pour cards.
2. As the Grade beam to be casted monolithic with column and the grades of the
concrete are different, we follow the following procedure.
Working Procedure
All the bricks to use in construction are soaked well in water so that they
don’t absorb water from the mortar. Mortar is spread on the top of the foundation
course over an area to be covered by the edges of the wall. The corner of the
wall is constructed first. The excess mortar from the sides will squeeze out, which
is cleaned off with trowel. The level and the alignment are checked. If the brick is
not in level, they are pressed gently further. After having laid the first course at
the corner, mortar is laid and spread over the first course and the end stretcher is
laid first and hammered it on the laid mortar. Perpends must be kept vertical. This
should be checked, as the work proceeds with the help of straight edge and
square. After having constructed the wall, jointing and pointing is done.
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LINTEL CONCRETE
Working procedure
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Reinforcement
Concreting
Construction joint
The construction joint shall be pre decided and fixed prior to start of the
concreting. It is planned to have two construction joints for main building as
decided. In case of major break down of the Batching plant, the additional
Construction joint may be left. The location of the construction joint shall be at the
one-third span. Construction joint shall be straight and have profile of ‘L’shape so
that successive layer of concrete shall be perfectly bonded with previous laid
layer.
Preparation of construction joint shall include roughening, removing all laitance
adhering to the joint and application of thick slurry before start of the new
concrete.
Concrete of grade M-25 shall be produced from our batching plant and directly
pumped to the location of concrete placement through the pipeline. The pouring
sequence shall be from grid A towards construction joint. Since the grade of
concrete for column is M-40 and surrounding concrete is M-25, sufficient offset
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around column shall be casted with M-40.The offset dimensions shall be
provided by PMC.
Sufficient carpenters along with supervisor shall inspect the behavior of supports
below the slab during the casting. Extra Props shall be stocked below slab to
provide additional supports in case of any failure of supports.
Curing
The curing shall be started immediately after thumb set of the concrete
laid. Hessian clothe /Plastic shall be covered over the set concrete to reduce
moisture evaporation from the concrete during hardening and thus to minimize
shrinkage crazy cracks. These cracks are inheriting property of the concrete
specially appears during casting of flat surfaces.
Final curing shall be done by ponding and stacking water for minimum period of 7
days.
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Follow the prescribed curing and deshuttering schedules.
Observe procedures to control quality of welded joints of structural steel
members.
Evolve a system to check quality of workmanship in all construction
activities.
Keep all revised Indian Standards and codes of practice available in QC
laboratory and have them handy during discussion with client/consultant.
Maintain sequence of construction required under any activity.
Discuss QA/QC issues as a separate agenda during site review meetings
with staff.
Observe regular schedule for maintenance, repairs and calibration of
plants and equipments.
Keep spare parts/materials for laboratory equipments weigh batchers,
batching plant, etc., always keep spare vibrators ready at site.
Carry work instruction cards in pocket while supervising/inspecting works.
Regularly maintain the formats prescribed under ISO 9002 Quality
assurance system
Practice sound house keeping methods to achieve saving, safety and
quality.
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Standard, quality & timely supply of personnel protective equipment.
Neat based and adequate safety auditing and training to site management
team & others
Organization for house keeping and deployment of qualified P& M person.
Incident and injury free work place.
Safety promotional activities.
Availability of recognized health care center.
Adequate provision of fire prevention systems.
No child labour.
No smoking.
Appropriate badges for identification of JMC staffs, contractors and others.
Formation of safety committee.
Workers will be covered under occupation accident policy.
Monitoring of implementation
Before commencing any work on site, Safety Officer is appointed who will
ensure the safety measures at site
The safety measures to be adopted at the site will be the responsibilities
of the Engineer executing the work
The safety officer will go for safety rounds all over the site every day and
advise the concerned Supervisor regarding any unsafe act or condition
and the remedial action required will be implemented.
Safety trainings will be conducted to all workers and staff before they start
their work and as well as at regular intervals.
Those records of trainings will be maintained by safety officer.
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