CONTEMPORARY PERFORMING ARTS

Contemporary Performing Arts

Welcome to the eleventh module of the course on Philippine Contemporary Art from the
Regions. For this chapter, we will discuss the contemporary performing arts, namely film,
theater, dance and music.

In this chapter you will be able to identify various contemporary performing arts and their
different components. You will be able to identify and compare these contemporary performing
arts. You will also learn how to describe and analyze these contemporary performing arts. You
will be able to classify and compare these art forms and research on them. You will also learn the
guide in how to describe and appreciate these performing arts.

Performing Arts
Performing arts consist of art forms in which artists or performers use their voices, move
their bodies and relate to other performers, objects or even to the audience. Performing arts refer
to film, theater, dance and music. They were briefly discussed, with their elements in chapter
two.

Performing arts are different from visual arts discussed in previous chapters because they
move in time and space and are usually done by a group of people of different knowledge and
skills, each one playing a specific role. Analyzing and appreciating film and theater requires
understanding its visual, dramatic, and literary components. For dance, looking into the
knowledge of choreography, technical skills, performance skills and rhythm/tempo is necessary.
For music, focus is on form, context and expression.

Film

The Philippine film industry faced a lot of challenges from the 1960s up to the
years after the fall of Ferdinand Marcos’ regime. The films were described to be lacking in
quality. The lack of payment to stimulate greater output, that could have solved quality
control and economic stability in the film industries, made Hollywood films and other
foreign films preferred over local ones. As a result of this, independent filmmakers
emerged so that they won’t be tied down by the economic thematic, and technical
constraints of the industry, working outside it and experimenting with the medium.

The establishment of the international movement known as the New Wave, made it
possible for directors not to follow traditional techniques, giving rise to a renewed energy
and consciousness to making films. Some of the new techniques used were the on-the-
move camera technique, the use of informal everyday language, the unashamed manner of

Philippine Contemporary Art in the Regions 1

11.0 Contemporary Performing Arts

dealing with sex, and the rebellious approach towards the social conventions and
institutions.

The New Wave directors either showed relevant social topics or hybridized Filipino
topics with Western techniques. They can also be called Alternative filmmakers. These
alternative or independent filmmakers went to film schools where students are exposed to
art films without having to deal with commercialism. Some of these directors decided to
turn to international film festivals when their films were seen as too unconventional locally
and they got their funds from foreign television companies. Examples of these directors are
Raymond Red, Manny Reyes and Nick Deocampo.

Contemporary Filipino directors are brave enough to direct films that portrayed
revolt, labor unionism, social exclusion and class division. These were Lino Brocka, Peque
Gallaga, Ishmael Bernal, Celso Ad Castillo and Marilou Diaz Abaya to name a few. Some
of the issues dealt with by contemporary directors are: the sufferings in Filipino life due to
economic exploitation, feminist issues, moral issues, child labor, a love story in the middle
of a family full of secrets, the interactions of culture and nature and the people who rely
heavily on both for sustenance and identity and issues of the OFW.

NCR. “Himala” by Ishmael NCR. “Shake Rattle and Roll II” by

Bernal, 1982. Peque Gallaga, 1990
(http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_nxU (https://i.ytimg.com/vi/VfGqPP0lLE
b2kYKSvI/TClUMCmfAjI/AA 4/maxresdefault.jpg)
AAAAAAWPs/3zMICGdupO
Y/s1600/Himala-82-sf.jpg)

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CONTEMPORARY PERFORMING ARTS

LAGUNA. “Ang Pinakamagandang Hayop sa Balat

ng Lupa” by Celso A. Castillo, 1974.
(http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_nxUb2kYKSvI/R4ZDBu
63z0I/AAAAAAAADSo/VaCj_zKT-
eg/s400/Ang+Pinkamagandang+Hayop+sa+Balat+n
g+Lupa+-74.jpg)
NCR. “Muro Ami” by Marilou Diaz Abaya,
1999.
(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6
/65/Muro-ami.jpg)

In the late 90s to early 2000s, a New Wave in digital form emerged when digital
media became available. The high definition format came with the digital age.

With the help of foreign and local film festivals, with Cinemalaya as the most
famous, independent films from different regions of the Philippines are promoted.
Raymond Red and Marie Jamora are from NCR, Lino Brocka and Brilliante Mendoza are
from Nueva Ecija, and Pampanga, respectively. Nick Deocampo is from Region 6 Iloilo
and Lav Diaz is from ARMM. From CAR region are Eric de Guia and Kidlat Tahimik.
Christopher Gozum is from Region 1 Pangasinan.

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SORSOGON. “Maynila sa mga Kuko ng MANILA. “Sakay” by Raymond Red, 1995.

Liwanag” (Maynila: In the Claws of Light) by
Lino Brocka, 1975.
(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thum
b/0/0d/Maynilaposter.jpg/220px-
Maynilaposter.jpg)
(http://images-
cdn.moviepilot.com/images/c_scale,h_280,w_280/t_m
p_quality/ptnnfqq7lyjcjgvv7j4q/actors-who-played-
philippine-revolutionary-heroes-through-the-years-
julio-diaz-as-sak-760488.jpg)

MAGUINDANAO. “Mula sa Kung Ano Ang Noon” by

PAMPANGA. “Thy Womb” by
Brillante Mendoza, 2012.
(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
en/2/22/Thy-Womb-poster.jpeg)
Lav Diaz, 2014.
(http://www.raindeocampo.com/wp-
content/uploads/2015/06/Mula-Sa-Kung-Ano-Ang-Noon-
Lav-Diaz.jpg)

PAMPANGA. “Tirador” by Brillante Mendoza, 2007.

(http://en.wikipilipinas.org/images/thumb/6/6c/Tiradormovie.jp
g/150px-Tiradormovie.jpg)

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CONTEMPORARY PERFORMING ARTS

For appreciating and analyzing a film, a typology, a set of concepts to direct the
viewer’s attention to the principal elements in the cinema experience, is used to suggest the
range of qualities within each element of the film. The viewer can examine the elements
under the three components, which are visual, dramatic and literary. They are shown
below:

Image (medium)
I. Visual Texture: rough-smooth, hard-soft, wet-dry
Component Shape: round-pointed, organic-geometric
Size: large-small, exaggerated-reduced
Focus: blurred-distinct, near-distant
Light: natural-artificial, strong-weak
Color: pale-intense, warm-cool, earth-sky
Space: shallow-deep, defined-unlimited
II. Dramatic Sound/Music: emotive-descriptive, faster-slower
Component Language/Direction: spoken-recited, lyrical-literal
Performance/Representation: naturalistic-stylized, accurate-distorted
Montage/Editing: rhythmic-staccato, dominant-subordinate
Movement/Composition: continuous-interrupted, parallel-diagonal
Time: swift-slow, cinematic-chronological
III. Literary Object: whole-fragment, quality-thing
Component Place: open-closed, now-then, familiar-exotic
Event: many-few, probable-unlikely, verbal-visual
Sequence: linear-simultaneous, logical-irrational
Plot: simple-complex, narrative-poetic
Symbol: personal-collective, realistic-abstract,
spectacular-educational

The typology should help you in describing and analyzing a film experience before
interpreting and judging it. You should be guided by the design of the film, meaning, the
organization of the entire work, and its influence on your outlook. The intensity of the
viewer’s aesthetic experience depends on how well he/she puts together these components.
The capacity to put the components together takes time to master, through watching many
films. The typology is only a map or guide showing what to consider or look at when
trying to describe and analyze a film.

Performance Arts and Theater

 Performance Art
Artists who do performance art conceptualize their act in relation to the
minimal props needed to get a concept, idea or advocacy across to the audience.
They use the basic elements of time, space, the performer’s body, and the
audience who will randomly witness their performance. The performance can

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11.0 Contemporary Performing Arts

take place anywhere at any length of time, depending on where and what time it
is best compatible with the concept.

Performance art is not for entertainment, but instead to convey a message

in a dramatic manner. It is different from theater art that it does not depict a set
of fictitious characters following a script. The performance can include action,
spoken words, sounds imitating something or a combination that are essential to
the idea the artists are trying to communicate.

Contemporary performance artists challenge the audience to think about an

issue. The performance may be satire or a commentary, a position on an issue.

BOHOL. Sam Penaso’s “Earth Hour” CAGAYAN DE ORO. Nicolas

performance at Manila Doctors
Hospital, 2015.
(https://www.facebook.com/permalink
.php?story_fbid=836140519781324&i
d=115828015145915#)
Aca, “Sa Pagbabalik Tanaw kay
Yolanda” Performance KaLig-
on, 2012.
(https://www.facebook.com/mic
helle.h.lua/media_set?set=a.102
05099480072876.1073741865.
1420055820&type=3)

QUEZON CITY. “Submergence”, under

Project Bakawan, 2015.
(http://www.projectbakawan.com/index.php/li
ve-art/submergence)

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CONTEMPORARY PERFORMING ARTS

Theater performance, whether on stage, on the street, or other spaces, reflects

human life and different patterns of human behavior. It reveals human strengths,
weaknesses, decisions and consequences and everything else human. It can serve as
entertainment, warning, reminder, propaganda, or a window to human thoughts.

 Theater Arts
Theater arts uniquely use a specific language that applies to visual and
auditory elements, media, techniques and conventions. Its elements, as fully
discussed in chapter two, are varied and complex. They include the physical
presence of the actors, the colors, and shapes of the costumes and scenery, sound
and music, drama, the ideas and emotions expressed by the playwright, among
other things, all interact with each other in space and time to convey the story.

A performance is based on dramatic text staged using techniques of theater

production, and enacted and interpreted by actors, directors, designers and other
personnel before audiences are positioned in the site of the performance. The
dramatic text is a narration of a story with a conflict that develops into a series of
crisis and ultimately a climax. The story can either have a happy or unhappy
ending.

Theater arts uses a combination of gesture, music, dance, sound, speech or

a narrative. Theater takes many forms like plays, musical, opera, ballet or a
combination of contemporary forms.

 Basic theater stages:

o Proscenium
This is also called a picture frame stage. The performance takes
place behind the proscenium opening or frame of the stage. The seats
of the audience face the stage like the seats in a movie theater facing
the screen. This type of stage gives the audience a good view
because the theater actors need to only focus on one direction. It also
enables hiding of objects from the audience’s view, like the sets,
actors not currently performing, theater technology. Anything that
does not need to be seen by the audience can just be hidden from the
proscenium arch, either in the side (“wings”) or the area above the
stage (“fly space”).

(https://cassstudio6.wordpress.com/types/)

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o Arena
This is also called the circle stage. The stage is in the center
surrounded by the audience on all four sides. This is where the stage
may be raised a few feet above the floor, with the audience at a lower
level than the stage. Or the stage may be on the floor level, with the
seats raised on higher levels around it.

(https://cassstudio6.wordpress.com/types/)

o Thrust Stage
This stage has three sides where the audience sit and they are
arranged in a semi-circle that encloses the stage, which is at the
center. The fourth side is used as the background. Often, the stage is
square or rectangular and is usually raised.

(https://cassstudio6.wordpress.com/types/)

o Flexible theater
This is sometimes called the “Black Box” theater because they
are big empty boxed spaces painted black inside. The stage and
seating are not fixed and can be altered to accommodate the needs of
the play.

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CONTEMPORARY PERFORMING ARTS

(https://cassstudio6.wordpress.com/types/)

o Created and Found

This stage space can be any kind of structure that maintains its
original architectural elements intact such as lofts, warehouses,
gyms, etc.

(https://cassstudio6.wordpress.com/types/)

 Styles in Philippine Theater Arts

o Psychological Realism focuses on the problems of individuals.
Describing and diagnosing their anguish and joy, ambition and
frustration, their hope and despair.

QUEZON CITY. Ateneo de Manila University

staging of “A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino” by
Nick Joaquin, 1955.
(http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/172943/ateneo-mounts-
tribute-to-nick-joaquins-a-portrait-of-the-artist-as-
filipino)

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11.0 Contemporary Performing Arts

o Social Realism situates and roots individual problems within the

larger picture of a class society. This is a reaction to the socio-
economic-political issues that confronted Filipinos.

QUEZON CITY. Entablado from Ateneo

staging of “Buwan at Baril” by Chris
Millado.
(http://www.pep.ph/guide/arts-and-
culture/1015/buwan-at-baril-runs-at-the-
ateneo-until-september-1)

o Combination of Realistic and Non-realistic styles uses realistic

situations and combines them with non-realistic ones.

QUEZON CITY. Dulaang UP’s

staging of “Isang Panaginip na Fili”
by Floy Quintos, 1991.
(http://gibbscadiz.blogspot.com/201
0/11/dulaang-up-restages-floy-
quintos-isang.html)

o The Brechtian style is named after the playwright Bertolt Brecht.

His intention was to appeal to his audience’s intellect in presenting
moral problems and reflecting contemporary social realities on stage.
He wished to block their emotional responses and to hinder their
tendency to empathize with the characters and be caught up in the
action instead. He used “distancing” effects to cause the audience to

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CONTEMPORARY PERFORMING ARTS

think objectively about the play, to reflect on its argument, to

understand it and to draw conclusions.
(https://www.britannica.com/art/epic-theatre)

CAGAYAN DE ORO. Xavier Center

for Culture and the Arts (XCCA) and
Dulaang Atenista (DA) staging of
“Ang Sistema ni Propesor Tuko” by
Al Santos.
(http://www.cdodev.com/2009/11/19/a
ng-sistema-ni-propesor-tuko-comedy-
play-at-xu-little-theater/)

o Musical performances use music and dance heavily in the play.

“Diablos” by Denisa Reyes.

(http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/2
08551/denisa-reyes-and-her-
ongoing-dance-with-theater)

o Documentary styles are used in plays dealing with historical events

and persons.

o Short plays are also called dula-tula (drama-poem).

“Iskolar ng Bayan” by Richie Valencia,

1976.
(https://uprepertorycompany.wordpress.co
m/tag/iskolar-ng-bayan/)

Philippine Contemporary Art in the Regions 11

11.0 Contemporary Performing Arts

The typology used for film may also be applied for theater and performance arts.

Dance
Dance is a big part of the Filipino culture. Filipinos dance during weddings, proms,
parties in night clubs, fiestas or during ethnic rituals. In the different Philippine regions,
traditional and folk dances are being reinterpreted into new creative dances performed by
members of the community during festivals like the Sinulog in Cebu and the Dinagyang in
Iloilo. These dances are inspired by folk dances and are blended with contemporary
costume design, masks, props, choreography, carriages, higantes (paper mâché giants) and
music.

CEBU. Sinulog Festival. ILOILO. Dinagyang.

(http://osmiva.com/2013/01/celebrating-sinulog-in- (https://www.fest300.com/festivals/dinagyang)
cebu/)

KALIBO. Ati-atihan.
(http://primer.com.ph/tips-guides/2015/01/18/ati-atihan-2015/)

Dance as a performing art involves rhythmic body movement within a given space,
choreographed based on musical beat. It is an expression of idea or emotion, releasing
energy, or simply taking delight in music and the dance movement itself. It can be

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CONTEMPORARY PERFORMING ARTS

performed by a group of dance performers in front of an audience or by everyone on the

dance floor.

In the Philippines, Filipino creativity surged after liberation from the Americans
after WWII and there were dance revivals and choreographic inventions in the 1950s and
1960s.

Schools put up folk dance troupes like Far Eastern University, Philippine Normal
University (Barangay Folk Dance Troupe), Philippine Women’s University, University of
the Philippines Filipiniana Dance Group and Darangan Cultural Troupe at Mindanao State
University-Marawi. As mentioned in a previous chapter, some contemporary art use folk or
ethnic elements, in the efforts to reconnect with cultural roots in the midst of
modernization. There were also a boom in the ballet, jazz, and hip-hop.

NCR. Saint Benilde Romancon Dance Company NCR. Company of Ateneo Dancers.
(SBRDC) competed at the World Hip-hop (http://www.admu.edu.ph/news/sports/cads-place-4th-
Championship in Las Vegas, Nevada, 2014. uaap-street-dance-after-production-snafu)
(http://benildealumni.com/dlscsbaa/?p=1276)

DAVAO. Siningtala Dance Co.

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMqNWeuMxq8)

Philippine Contemporary Art in the Regions 13

11.0 Contemporary Performing Arts

Ballet Philippines.
(http://globalnation.inquirer.net/112336/ballet-philippines-
us-tour-opening-stirs-filipino-pride)
(http://ballettothepeople.com/2012/06/16/proudly-waving-
the-philippine-flag/)

Ramon Obusan Folkloric Group.

(https://ramonobusanfolkloric.wordpress.com/image-gallery/)

Appreciation of dance as performing art consists of four aspects, which are

knowledge of choreography, technical skills, performance skills and rhythm/tempo. These
are discussed below:

Aspects of Dance Sample evaluation

Knowledge of Choreography Demonstrates excellent knowledge of the
Memory of the routine and execution of the choreography and does it well
moves looks true to the moves that were
choreographed

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CONTEMPORARY PERFORMING ARTS

Technical Skills Dance was performed with great attention to

Pointing of toes, back straight, arm placement
is not sloppy, moves are executed smoothly
Performance Skills
Projection of eye contact to the audience,
having the right facial expressions
considering the theme of the dance, the dancer
is confident with the movements
Rhythm/Tempo
Staying on count and with the beats of the
music
quality of movements, body position,
placement on stage and other details of
dance. Demonstrates an excellent
understanding of dance style
The dancers are able to hold the audience’
attention, their facial expression and
movements touched the audience
Shows a complete understanding of tempo
and beat and stays on rhythm throughout the
dance.

Music

Music is more than just words being sung or instruments being played. It can
penetrate thinking, change our mood, stimulate ideas, create space around man or affect us
in a positive or negative way. Listening to or making music satisfies man’s psychological
and emotional needs. We respond to music physically, emotionally and intellectually, as it
affects our brain functions, moods, mentality, our character and thinking. Music, as a
human activity, is very complex. It involves creativity in putting together melody to
express an experience, a feeling, idea, words, and other things human.

In the 2000s, contemporary music in the Philippines was characterized by its new
genres such as Pop, Emo, Post-hardcore and Post-rock. It is characterized by
improvisation, making use of instruments that are not normally used like gongs and
bamboo. The content of contemporary music can vary from philosophical, social,
commentary, personal or propaganda.

BAGUIO. Session Road.

MANILA. Greyhoundz. (https://kathefrancisco.wordpress.com/20
(https://www.flickr.com/photos/jude4dok/359035 09/09/27/session-road-band/)
4636/in/photostream/)

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11.0 Contemporary Performing Arts

MANILA. Francis M.
(http://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/gma/articles/2007-10-30/2558/Francis-Ms-other-family)

Globalization and technology have affected contemporary music here in the

Philippines. In 2009 it was observed that musicians started using complex chord structures
and sound effects that sounded very different from OPM. Musicians were also
experimenting with the sounds they can make, as any contemporary artist do. Though at
some point, some artists were accused of plagiarizing Westerners because of colonial
mentality, thinking that whatever Western is better.

Famous contemporary Filipino music composers include George Masangkay

Canseco, Raymundo Cipriano Pujante “Ryan” Cayabyab and Francisco Feliciano. Canseco
have written songs that have made some Filipino singers famous. Cayabyab writes music
for full-length ballets, theater musicals, choral pieces, orchestral pieces, commercial
recordings of popular music, film scores and television specials. Feliciano produced more
than 30 major works that include operas, music dramas, liturgical pieces, hymns and songs
for worship.

NCR. Ryan Cayabyab.

(http://abscbnpr.com/jeepney-tv- NCR. George Masangkay Conseco.
honors-iconic-musical-program-ryan- (https://starforallseasons.com/2013/04/23/rememberin
ryan-musikahan-through-second-year- g-george-masangkay-canseco/)
anniversary-concert-2/)

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CONTEMPORARY PERFORMING ARTS

RIZAL. Francisco Feliciano.

(http://skedsearch.com/search?s=ncca&action=SkedName&per_page=6)

In the 1970s, Pinoy rock and pop developed and are still the most popular music
forms in the Philippines. There are also acoustic and folk, in ballad form, promoting
nationalism, possessing easy-listening chords and written in Filipino, English or Taglish
(Tagalong-English).

Some famous contemporary singers include Freddie Aguilar, Apo Hiking Society,
Gary Valenciano, Sampaguita, Kuh Ledesma, Joey Ayala and Francis Magalona. They
have been played in local radio stations, staged concerts, performed in bars or special
events.

BUKIDNON. Joey Ayala. Apo Hiking Society

(http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/3891 (http://www.interaksyon.com/entertainment/apo-
27/lifestyle/artandculture/para-kay-joey-one- hiking-society-give-two-thumbs-up-to-i-do-
good-thing-about-music) bidoo-bidoo/)

Philippine Contemporary Art in the Regions 17

11.0 Contemporary Performing Arts

BACOLOD. Kuh Ledesma. Sampaguita.

(http://weddingsongsandlyrics.blogspot.co (http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/92079/dude-
m/2013/02/kuh-ledesma-i-think-im-in- wheres-my-royalties)
love.html)

In the experimental music scene, there is a category in music that intersects with
visual art. It is sculptural assemblage as sound art. The best known artist in this category
and most influential figure in the experimental Philippine music scene is Lirio Salvador.
He turns sculptural assemblages into musical instruments, which he calls Sandata
(weapon). His usual materials are bows, stainless steel pipes, utensils and discards like
bicycle gears. His instruments make raw sounds and is unlike the regular instruments used
by other artists. Another artist, Mel Araneta, learned sound art from Salvador. His Do-It-
Yourself Oscillator is made of found objects and recycled materials that produce sound
(which he calls noise) with rhythmic patterns and musical beats. He has technical skills and
was able to develop on sculptural assemblage and sound art further. He uses anything he
finds as materials, like old computer parts, soda can tabs, plastics, leather, nylon or metal
strings, wood, etc. and he assembles these together to form musical instruments. They are
not only musical instruments but also beautiful art works.

CAVITE. Lirio Salvador.

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=163eddRhsQY)

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CONTEMPORARY PERFORMING ARTS

Three aspects can be considered when appreciating music and they are discussed
below:

 Form
This refers to the musical elements in the song. For example, the listener
checks if there is a distinct rhythm, what tempo is used, is it written in a
particular style, if it identifies with a particular genre of music like rock, folk,
ballad, blues, rap, pop, etc.

 Context
This refers to events surrounding the song. A way to determine this is by
knowing when the song was composed. It also helps to find out about the
composer’s worldview. What is his/her view on life and humankind? What is his
character?

 Expression
This refers to the meaning of the song. What message is the composer
trying to communicate? What values are held by the singer? What attitudes and
ideas does the song bring out of the listener?

Supplementary Links to Videos and Readings

Videos
 “Performance at Leeroy New's "Gates of Hell" Exhibit” (21:01)
< https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbshrsSSiMw>
 “Philippine Macho Academy opening night performance by Eisa Jocson” (4:28)
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmPKL63mkwY>
 “A Surreal Concert by Lirio Salvador & Elemento at ArtScience Museum” (1:43)
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=163eddRhsQY>
 “The Language of Dance” (13:46)
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZmzzFedyww>
 “Stellar Goes Pop! : Aira Bermudez "All Of Me by John Legend/Gorilla by Bruno
Mars" (7:35)
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjds-_UHyAI>

Readings
 “Dinagyang” (5:00) <https://www.fest300.com/festivals/dinagyang>
 “Contemporary Music” (10:00)
<http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-
sca/music/contemporary-music/>

Philippine Contemporary Art in the Regions 19

11.0 Contemporary Performing Arts

 “Philippine Contemporary Dance” (5:00)

<http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/dance/philippine-
contemporary-dance/>

Glossary
staccato sudden and brief; abrupt, disjointed

proscenium the part of a modern stage in front of the curtain; the wall that
separates the stage from the auditorium and provides the arch that
frames it

propaganda ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are
spread in order to help a cause, a political leader, a government, etc.

satire a way of using humor to show that someone or something is foolish,

weak, bad, etc.; humor that shows the weakness or bad qualities of a
person, government, society, etc.

choreography the art or job of deciding how dancers will move in a performance; the
movements that are done by dancers in a performance

composer a person who writes music

scores the music for a movie or theatrical production

References
Ramirez, Veronica E. Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions. Manila: Vibal Group,
Inc., 2016. Print.

Villaruz, Basilio Esteban. “Philippine Contemporary Dance”. National Commission for Culture
and the Arts. 14 April 2015. Web. 1 June 2016.
<http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/visual-
arts/crossbred-and-emigre-visual-art-in-a-flux/>

Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary

https://www.britannica.com/art/epic-theatre

https://cassstudio6.wordpress.com/types/

20