Example 7.

11, from [1], pages 278 to 281

Example 7.11. A plant requires that 15 kg / s (1984 lb / min) of cooling water will
flow through a condensation equipment for distillation; thus eliminating 270 W
(55270 Btu / min) from the condensers. The water leaves the condenser at 45 ° C.
To reuse water it is planned to cool it by contact with air in a cooling tower of
induced draft.

The design conditions are 30 ° C inlet air dry bulb temperature and 24ºC wet bulb
temperature. The water is to be cooled to 5 ° C below the wet bulb temperature of
the air (thus, to 29 ºC) ; a ratio of air/steam of 1.5 times the minimum value will
be used.

Water compensation will come from a dam at 10 ° C, with a hardness of 500 ppm
(parts / million) dissolved solids.
The circulating water cannot have a hardness greater than 2000 ppm. Regarding
the package that is to be used, it is expected that the value (Ky * a) will be
0.90 kg / (m³ * s) for a speed of the liquid of at least 2.7 kg / (m * s) and for a gas
speed of 2.0 kg / (m * s) (1991 and 1474 lbm / (hr * ft²) respectively.
Calculate the dimensions of the packed section and water compensation required.

Solution. Figure 7.12 represents the flowchart of the operation. The humidity and
the enthalpy of the incoming air is taken from the figure 7.5a (or using the
appropriate functions).
The opetaing chart, Figure 7.13, contains the air enthalpy curve at saturation. In
this graph, the point N represents the condition at the bottom of the tower
(TL1 = 29 ° C and H1 = 72000 J / kg dry air). The operating line will pass
through N and will end in TL1 = 45 ° C.
For the minimum value of Gs', the operating line will have the minimum slope that
will touch the equilibrium curve, and thus it will pass through the point O, where
H2 '= 209 500 J / kg dry air. Therefore, the slope of the line is O'N

where Gs'min = 7.31 kg dry air / s. For gas flow of 1.5 times the minimum,
Gs = 1.5 * 7.31 = 10.97 kg dry air / s . Therefore,

and H2 '= 163000 J / kg dry air, plotted at point O. Therefore, the operating line
is ON. For a liquid flow of at least 2.7 (kg / m * s), the cross section
should be 15 / 2.7 = 5.56 m. For a gas flow of at least 2.0 kg / (m² * s), the
cross section is 10.97 / 2.0 = 5.5 m. Therefore, the last value (5.5) is used, then
in this case the minimum flow of liquid will exceed the minimum an so ensuring
that kv*a = 0.90 .

Frecuentement en los empaques para torres de enfriamiento, solo se posee

k y⋅a o H tOG
y no los coefficientes de fase individuales.
Basis: Cross section 1 m², Gs = 2.0 kg/(m²*s). Th driving force H1* - H1 is obtained
at frequents intervals of tL in figure 7.13, as it is shown.

For compensation water. see Sheet 5

Z = 7.22
HTU = 2.22
NTU = 3.25
 L2 = 15 kg /s
tL2 = 45 ºC
tdbG1 = 30 ºC
twbG1 = 24 ºC
H= 0 m.a.s.l.

Dt = 5 K

r= 1.5

tcomp = 10 °C
da_c = 500 ppm

da_M = 2000 ppm

ky_kmol = 6.2E-05 kmol / ( m2*s)
a= 500 m²/m³
Lu = 2.7 kg/(s*m2)
Gu = 2.0 kg/(s*m2)

Data not used

Q= 270 W

on. The humidity and

a (or using the

curve at saturation. In
m of the tower
g line will pass

he minimum slope that

h the point O, where

s the minimum,

e, the operating line

g / (m² * s), the

e (5.5) is used, then
mum an so ensuring

o, solo se posee
 Data from the last two columns are plotted with H as abscissa.
The area below the curve is 3.25. From equation (7.54)

The packed height Z is: Z = 7.22 m

In this case,
NtOG = 3.25
HtOG = Gs' / ( Ky*a)
HtOG = 2.0 / 0.9 = 2.22 m

Also, from equation (7.54)

NtOG = Z / HtOG
Z= 7.22 m
HtOG = 2.22 m
NtOG = 3.25

Z = 7.22
HTU = 2.22
NTU = 3.25
Example 7.12
1 of 4

2 of 4
3 of 4
4 of 4
Cooling Tower Data

[1]. Pages 274 to 282. Cooling of water with air

Data

This application will be realized with following numerical data (Note 1).

Data for numerial example

Water flow rate entering the tower at the top L2 = 15 kg /s
Temperature of water entering the tower at the tL2 = 45 ºC
Dry bulb temperature of air entering the tower tdbG1 = 30 ºC
Wet bulb temperature of air entering the tower twbG1 = 24 ºC
Local height above sea level H= 0 m.a.s.l.
Máximum cooling temperature will be defined with
a differential temperature Dt above air wet bulb temp.
Dt = 5 K
Air to water flow rate ratio shall be "r" times its
minimum possible value r= 1.5
The compensation water entering the system wil have a
temperature tcomp = 10 °C
and a hardness da_c = 500 ppm
The in the system circulating water should have a
maximum hardness da
_ _M = 2000 ppm
Molar transfer coefficient (Note 3) ky = 6.2E-05 kmol/( m2*s)
Tower effective heat or mass transfer surface a =3)
(Note 500 m²/m³
Liquid unit mass flow rate Lu = 2.7 kg/(s*m2)
Air unit mass flow rate Gu = 2.0 kg/(s*m2)

Air molecular mass Mair = 28.96 kg/kmol

Water specific heat Cpw = 4.1868 kJ/(kg*K)

Heat power disdcarded in condensator Q= 270 W

Required are the dimensions of the packed section and the compensation water requirements.

Table 1, columns 1 and 2

Column 1
The tower packing height calculation is
performed in Table 1 Water temperature at inlet of tower (top)
tL2 = 45 ºC
It follows a description of the procedure, Water temperature at tower outlet (bottom)
column by column tL1 = 29 ºC

Column 1. Liquid temperature tL at Number of sections

the different sections in the tower
The column is built based on the
given water temperatures at tower
inlet tL2 (top of tower) and at tower
outlet tL1 (bottom of tower)
For the calculation, the tower is
divided in N sections.
The range will be divided in a number "N"
of sections
N= 6
Column 1 starts with temperature "t
and ends with temperature "tL1".
Between both temperatures, "N-1"
temperatures are inserted to define
the N sections. All section are defined
with the same temperature differential.

Col. 1 Temperature differential

Liquid DtL = tL2 - tL1 ºC
temperature tL2 = 45 ºC
tL1 = 29 ºC
tL DtL = 16 K
ºC
47 The temperature range is increased in
tL2 45 Top of tower order to facilitate future calculations
42.33 New temperature range: 47 ºC to 25 ºC
39.67 Section temperature increment
37.00 DtL_Sect = DtL / N
34.33 DtL = 16 K
31.67 N= 6 -
tL1 29 Bottom of tower DtL_Sect = 2.67 K
25.5 Temperature at point "i+1"
25 ti+1 = ti - DtL_sect

Column 2 Water vapor saturation curve

f= 100 % H= 0 m.a.s.l.
H= 0 m.a.s.l. (f = 100 %)
tA = 25 ºC hair,sat Sicro_Enthalpy_tdb_f_H
tB = 47 ºC
Saturation curve
1 2
Liquid Equilibrium

temperature curve for tL hair,sat

 saturated air. ºC kJ/kg
(Note 1) 25 #VALUE!
tL hair,sat 25.5 #VALUE!
ºC kJ/kg tN = tL1 = 29 #VALUE!
47 #VALUE! Point B 31.7 #VALUE!
Top 45 #VALUE! Point O 34.3 #VALUE!
42.3 #VALUE! 37.0 #VALUE!
39.7 #VALUE! 39.7 #VALUE!
37.0 #VALUE! 42.3 #VALUE!
34.3 #VALUE! 45.0 #VALUE!
31.7 #VALUE! 47.0 #VALUE!
Bottom 29 #VALUE! Point N Fromm sheet Regresion
25.5 #VALUE! m #VALUE!
25 #VALUE! Point A n = #VALUE!
o #VALUE!

Equation of the saturation curve

h= m*t^2 + n*t + o

m #VALUE!
n #VALUE!
o #VALUE!

Point of tangency

From sheet Equations, the temperature at the

tangency point betwwen equilibrium curve of
saturated air (curve A - B) and the operating
line for minimum air flow rate (line N - O), is
givem by equation (i).

Equation of the saturation curve (Sheet Equations )

h=m⋅t 2 +n⋅t+o
the temperature of the tangency point is
m⋅t 2T - 2⋅m⋅t N⋅tT −n⋅t N −o+h N =0 (Eq . e )
. a .. . . .. . . .. . . . b. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . c . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .
a⋅t2T +b⋅t T +c=0 (Eq .
a=m ( Eq .
m⋅t 2T - 2⋅m⋅t N⋅tT −n⋅t N −o+h N =0 (Eq . e )
. a .. . . .. . . .. . . . b. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . c . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .
a⋅t2T +b⋅t T +c=0 (Eq .
a=m ( Eq .
b=−2⋅m⋅t N (Eq .
c=−n⋅t N −o+h N ( Eq .
−b±√ b2 −4⋅ac
t T= ( Eq .
2⋅a

Column 3
Operation line for the minimum possible Water enthalpy hO'
air flow rate (N-O') h0' = hN + (hT - hN) / (tT - tN) * (t
h N= #VALUE! kJ/kg
G': mass flow rate per unit area hT= #VALUE! kJ/kg
G'min: minimum possible air flow rate t N= 29 ºC
G'min: [ kg / (m²*s)] tT= #VALUE! ºC
It occur for r = 1 with to'= 45 ºC
r= G' / G'min h0' = #VALUE! kJ/kg
For this type of operation (r = 1), the
operation line will have a slope that will
just touch the equilibrium curve (point T)
Thus, it will be tangent to the saturation Point O'
curve. Enthalpy
hO' = #VALUE! kJ/kg
Air enters at the bottom of the tower at Temperature
contition G1 (= N): to' = 45 ºC
tdb = 30 ºC
twb = 24 ºC
H= 0.0 m.a.s.l. The point N
hG0 Sicro_Enthalpy_tdb_twb_H Enthaslpy
hG1 #VALUE! kJ/kg hN = #VALUE! kJ/kg da
fG1 = Sicro_Relative_Humidity_tdb_twb_H Temperature
 fG1 = #VALUE! % tN = 29 ºC

Point O
tO = 45 ºC

Operation line

Operation line (N-O)

Water leaves at the bottom of Minimum air flow rate
the tower in state N
tN = 29 ºC L⋅c pw
Gmin= [ kg/s ] (6 )
hN = #VALUE! kJ/kg S r=1

The operation line for r = 1, is Gmin = L * cpw / Sr=1

the straight line with: L= 15 kg water/s
r = G / Gmin =1 Cpw = 4.19 kJ/(kg*K)
Sr=1 = #VALUE! (kJ/kg)/K
Slope of operation line with r = 1 Gmin = #VALUE! kg a/s
Sr=1 = (hO' - hN) / (tO' - tN)
hO' = #VALUE! kJ/kg
hN = #VALUE! kJ/kg Air flow rate for r = 1
tO' = 45 ºC Gr=1 = Gmin
tN = 29 ºC Gr=1 = #VALUE! kg a/s
Sr=1 = #VALUE! (kJ/kg)/K
Column 4

Operation line for r = 1.5 Exit enthalpy

The line starts from the same point N S= (hG2 - hG1) / (tbsG2 - tbsG1
with the properties at the inlet defined as hG2 = hG1 + S * (tbsG2 - tbsG1)
the state G1.
G= r * Gr=1 hG1 = #VALUE! J/kg
r= 1.5 S= #VALUE! (kJ/kg)/K
The minimum air flow is tbsG2 = 45 ºC
Gr=1 = #VALUE! kg a/s tbsG1 = 29 ºC
The air flow for a ratio r = 1.5 is hG2 = #VALUE! J/kg
G= #VALUE! kg a/s
Column 4 represents a straight line
From equation
between the points N and O
L⋅c pw tN = 29 ºC
Gmin= (6 )
Sr=1 hN = #VALUE! kJ/kg
tO = 45 ºC
the slope for an air flow ratio G r_1. 5 hO' = #VALUE! kJ/kg
corresponding to r = 1. 5 is
L⋅c pw
Gr_1 .5 =
Sr=1 .5
L⋅c
S r=1. 5 = pw (7 )
Gr_1 .5

Slope of line with r = 1.5

sr=1.5 = L * Cpw / Gs
L= 15 kg/s
Cpw = 4.1868 kJ/(kg*K)
Gs = #VALUE! kg a/s
sr=1.5 = #VALUE! (kJ/kg)/K
 Table 1. Tower packing height calculation
1 2 3 3a 4 5 6 7
Liquid Equilibrium Operation Operation Numerical
temperature curve for line for line for integration
saturated ai r = 1 Dh = r = 1.5 Dh = 1/Dh coefficient (2)
tL hair,sat hoper_r=1 hair,sat -hop_r=1 hoper_r=1.5 hair,sat -hop_r=1.5 Ci
ºC kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg 1/(kJ/kg)
47 #VALUE!
tO' 45 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 1
42.33 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 2
39.67 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 2
37.00 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 2
34.33 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 2
31.67 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 2
tN 29 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 1

25.5 #VALUE! Sf(x) =

25 #VALUE!

h0' = #VALUE! kJ/kg

H= 0 m.a.s.l.

Note 2
Integration according the the trapezoidal rule

Comparison between results with the ones presented in the reference [1]

Number of global transfer units Global height of one transfer unit

 HTU = G'S /( ky * a) of gas

Air unit mass flow rate NTU = ###

Gu = 2.0 kg/(s*m2)
Product Ky*a Treybal [1] result is
ky*a : 0.90 kg / ( m *s)
3 NTU = 3.25

HTU = 2.2 m

Treybal [2] result is

HTU = 2.2 m

The difference comes from the values of

the psycrometric properties. This file uses
VBA functions while the reference takes
the values from a graphic.

Free-cross sectional surface of tower

Area of cross sectional surface A

based on the water flow

For a unitary liquid flow of at least

Lu = 2.7 kg/(m2*s)
the cross section of the tower should be
A= L2 / Lu
For a water flow rate entering the tower
L2 = 15 kg/s
A
 A
Thus
A= 5.56 m²

Area of cross sectional surface A

based on the gas flow

For a unitary gas flow of at least

Gu = 2.0 kg/(m²*s)
the cross section of the tower should be
A= Gd / Gu
For a dry air flow rate entering the tower Lu and Gu, are data from manufacturer
(for the case r = 1.5)
Gd = #VALUE! kg a/s
Thus
A= #VALUE! m²

The minimum value will be used, since

then the liquid flow will exceed the
minimum to ensure that ky*a = 0.90.

Thus
A= #VALUE! m²

Water compensation

Application, firstly the exit temperature Absolute humidity of exit air

xa2 = Absolute_Humidity_tdb_f_
Evaporation rate "E" tdb = 39.76
f= 100
1.- Absolute humidity of exit air H= 0
Assuming that the leaving air is basically xa2 = #VALUE!
saturated at Point "O"
fO = 100 %
2.- Absolute humidity of inlet air
Enthalpy at this point O, From page 1
from Table 1, column 4, for t = tO xa1 = #VALUE!
hO = #VALUE! kJ/kg
3.- Humidity change
To determine the value of the absolute Dx2-1 = xa2 - xa1
humidity, the exit temperature has to xa2 = #VALUE!
be found. xa1 = #VALUE!
Dx2-1 = #VALUE!
Air exit temperature tO (initially assumed)
h= Sicro_Enthalpy_tdb_f_H
tO = 39.76 °C Evaporation
fO = 100 % E= Gd * Dx2-1
H= 0 m.a.s.l. From page 7
h= #VALUE! kJ/kg The air flow for a ratio r = 1.5 is
Gd = #VALUE!
Using Solver, a value of the enthalpy Dx2-1 = #VALUE!
hO = #VALUE! kJ/kg E= #VALUE!
has to be found by changing the
value of the temperature

G: molar mass flow rate per unit area [kmol / (m²*s)]

G': mass flow rate per unit area [ kg / (m²*s)]
G' = G [ ( kmol / (m²*s) ) * MB[kg / kmol]
G' = G * MB [kg / (m²*s)]
MB : molar mass of air [kg/kmol]
ky-kmol: molar transfer coefficient in the air [kmol / (m²*s)]
a: effective heat or mass transfer surface [m² / m³]
A: free cross-sectional surface of the tower [m²]
 Help Variables

Water state L1
Water leaving the tower
tL1 = twbG1 + Dt
twbG1 = 24
Dt = 5 K
tL1 = 29 ºC

Air state G1
Ambient air entering the tower
tdb = 30 ºC
twb = 24 ºC
H= 0.0 m
h = Sicro_Enthalpy_tdb_twb_H
h= #VALUE! kJ/kg
x = Sicro_AbsoluteHumidity_tdb_twb_H
x= #VALUE! kg/lg

_ mass transfer coefficient

Molar
ky = 6.2E-05 kmol / ( m2*s)
Air molecular mass
Mair = 28.96 kg/kmol
_ coefficient
Mas transfer
_ ky = kyl * Mair
ky = 6.2E-05 kmol / ( m2*s) Notes
Mair = 28.96 kg/kmol 1.- This data has been taken from [1],
ky = 0.0018 kg / ( m2*s) 2.- The data "Q" is not required. (The u
Q=
Product Ky*a (Note 3) 3.- Frequently in the packaging
Ky*a = Ky*a
ky =
k y⋅a o H tOG
0.0018 kg / ( m2*s)
a= 500 m²/m³ and not the individual phase coefficien
r requirements. Ky*a = 0.90 kg / ( m *s)
3 a value of the product Ky*a is expec

Column 2
Equilibrium curve for saturated air
et of tower (top) (Curve A-B in Figure 1).
The curve is drawn using the function
wer outlet (bottom) hair,sat = Sicro_Enthalpy_tdb_f_H
using a relative humidity
f= 100 %
and the local height
d in a number "N" H= 0 m.a.s.l.
The temperature range was selected as
tA = 25 ºC
emperature "tL2" tB = 47 ºC

atures, "N-1" 1 2
rted to define Liquid Equilibrium
tion are defined temperature curve for
ature differential. saturated air.
(Note 1)
tL hair,sat
ºC kJ/kg
47 #VALUE!
Top 45 #VALUE!
42.3 #VALUE!
39.7 #VALUE!
e is increased in 37.0 #VALUE!
re calculations 34.3 #VALUE!
ge: 47 ºC to 25 ºC 31.7 #VALUE!
Bottom 29 #VALUE!
25.5 #VALUE!
25 #VALUE!

Operation line (N-O)

Water leaves at the bottom of
the tower at
tL1 = 29 ºC
halpy_tdb_f_H
Air enthalpy and absolute humifity at
the inlet
tdb = 30.0 ºC
twb 24.0 ºC
H= 0 m.a.s.l.
 hG1 = Sicro_Enthalpy_tdb_twb_H
hG1 = #VALUE! kJ/kg
xG1 = Sicro_Absolute_Humidity_tdb_twb_H
= hN xG1 = #VALUE! kg w / kg da

The point N in diagram is:

tN = 29 ºC
hN = #VALUE! kJ/kg da

Temperature of inlet water

tO = 45 ºC
tO' = 45 ºC

From above page

m #VALUE! Termperature at the tangency point
n #VALUE!
o #VALUE! −b± √ b 2 −4⋅ac
tN = 29 ºC
t T= (i)
2⋅a
hN = #VALUE! kJ/kg
tT = ( -b + (b^2 - 4*a*c)^0.5 ) / ( 2*a

ations ) a: from (Eq. g)

a= m
a=
b=
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
m= #VALUE! c= #VALUE!
a= #VALUE! tT = #VALUE!

b: from (Eq. h)
b= - 2*m * tN (h) Enthalpy of the saturation curve
(Eq . e ) m= #VALUE! h= m*t^2 + n*t + o
tN = 29 ºC Enthalpy at the tangency point
. . .. . . .. . . b= #VALUE! tT = #VALUE!

(Eq . f)
( Eq . g )
 (Eq . e )
. . .. . . .. . .
with
(Eq . f) c: from (Eq. i) m= #VALUE!
c= -n * tN - o + hN n= #VALUE!
( Eq . g ) n=
tN =
#VALUE!
29 ºC
o=
hT=
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
(Eq . h ) o=
hN =
#VALUE!
#VALUE! kJ/kg

( Eq . i) c= #VALUE!

( Eq . j)

1 2 3 3a Column 3 is a straight line between

N
) / (tT - tN) * (to' - tN) Liquid Equilibrium Operation the enthalpy at 45 ºC
temperature curve for line for h= #VALUE!
saturated ai r=1 Dh =
tL hair,sat hoper_r=1 hair,sat -hop_r=1 and the enthalpy at 29 ºC
ºC kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg h= #VALUE!
47 #VALUE!
45 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
42.3 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
39.7 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
37.0 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
34.3 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
31.7 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
29 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
25.5 #VALUE!
25 #VALUE!

h0' = #VALUE! kJ/kg

H= 0 m.a.s.l.

In column 2, the equilibrium curve

 is evaluated using the obtained
regresion equation
Equation of the saturation curve
h= m*t^2 + n*t + o
m #VALUE!
n #VALUE!
o #VALUE!

Figure 3 contains the air saturation enthalpy For the minimum possible dry air
curve (curve A-B). flow rate, the operation line will start
In this graphic, point N represents the at point N and will touch the equilibrium
watert exit conditions at the bottom of line, thus it will be tangent to the
the tower. equlibrium line (at point T) and will
tN =tL1 = 29 ºC end at point O'. (it is a stright line).
HN = H1 = #VALUE! kJkg da tO' = 45 ºC
hO' = #VALUE! kJ/kg
The water operation line will start at
temperature tO = tO' = tL2 The slope of this minimum flow rate
tL2 = 45 ºC line is
and will end at the state N. sGmin = (hO' - HN) / (tO' - tN)
(bottom of tower). hO' = #VALUE! kJ/kg
hN = #VALUE! kJ/kg
Column 3 represents a straight line tO' = 45 ºC
between the points N and O' tN = 29 ºC
(case r = 1) sGmin = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)
tN = 29 ºC
hN = #VALUE! kJ/kg
tO' = 45 ºC
hO' = #VALUE! kJ/kg
 Column 5
(tbsG2 - tbsG1) Driving enthalpy difference at a point "i" r
bsG2 - tbsG1) Dhi = hair,sat_i -hop_r=1.5_i -
1
Column 6 1.5
Reciproc of driving enthalpy difference

Column 7 Temperature of leaving air

Coefficients for numerical integration Assuming that the air leaves sa
using the trapezoidal rule [1], page 278
a straight line Ci = 1 at both ends Using Goal seek
Ci = 2 in the other elements ent =
tdb =
Column 8 f=
Numerical integration elements H=
f(xi) = Ci * (1/Dhi) ent =
 Column 5 Column7
8 Equation (q) Equations (r)
Dh = h* - h ci = 1 for the first and last terms
integration ci = 2 forall other terms
coefficient (2) Dh: driving enthalpy difference
f(x) at a given height of the tower. Column 8
This heigth is identified, for Equation (p)
example, by the temperature f(x) = 1/Dh * ci

#VALUE! of the liquid of each row.

#VALUE! The analyzed case corresponds Number of global transfer units
#VALUE! to the case r = 1.5 HTU = G'S /( ky * a)
#VALUE!
#VALUE! For example, for the row with Air unit mass flow rate
#VALUE! tL = 45 ºC Gu = 2.0 kg/(s*m2)

#VALUE! hair,sat_45º = #VALUE! kJ/kg Product Ky*a

#VALUE! hoper_r=1.5 #VALUE! kJ/kg ky*a : 0.90 kg / ( m3*s)

Dh = hair,sat - hoper_r
Dh = #VALUE! kJ/kg HTU = 2.2 m

eference [1]

Height of packing tower

 Z= HTU * NTU
HTU = 2.2 m
NTU = #VALUE!
Z= #VALUE! m

Treybal [2] result is

Z= 7.22 m
are data from manufacturer.

umidity of exit air Entrainment loss "W" Compensation rate "M"

Absolute_Humidity_tdb_f_H To estimate the entrainment losses, From equation (11)
°C one assumes that these losses are M=
% a percentage &W of the water flow rate B=
m.a.s.l. &L = 0.2 % W
kg/kg The water flow rate is da_c =
L= 15 kg/s da_M =
W= L * &L % M=
e humidity of inlet air L= 15 kg/s
&L = 0.002 -
kg/kg W= 0.030 kg/s Treybal results
E=
W=
kg/kg Water hardness B=
 kg/kg Compensation water entering the system M=
kg/kg tcomp = 10 °C
kg/kg da_c = 500 ppm
The in the system circulating water should
have a maximum hardness
da_M = 2000 ppm

Elimination rate "B"

w for a ratio r = 1.5 is From equation (13)
kg as/s B= E * ( daM / (daC - daM) ) - W
kg/kg E= #VALUE! kg/s
kg/s W= 0.030 kg/s
da_M = 500 ppm
da_c = 2000 ppm
B= #VALUE! kg/s

Z: Tower packing height [m]

Gd : flow rate of dry air (is a constant) [kg/s]
MB : molar mass of air [kg/kmol]
ky_kmol : molar transfer coefficient in the air [kmol/(m²·s)]
ky : mass transfer coefficient in the air [kg/(m²·s)]
ky = ky_kmol * MB [kg/(m²·s)]
a: effective heat or mass transfer sur [m²/m³]
ky * a Product ky * a [kg/(m3·s)]
A: free cross-sectional surface of the [m²]
h' : enthalpy in the air phase = enthalpy of
humid air (in the bulk phase) [J/kg]
h'*: enthalpy in the air phase (i: at the [J/kg]
that is, in saturated condition)
HTU : Height of Transfer Unit (also, HtG) [m]
NTU : Number of Transfer Units (also, N [-]
Subscripts
B: substance dry air
d: dry air
2: top of the tower
1: bottom of the tower
 1

Cooling Tower Schema

L2 = 15 kg / s
tL2 = Air
45 ºC
Water
2
L2 G
Compensation water 2
tacomp = 10 ºC
dac = 500 ppm
Cooling
tower

W
Q

1 L1 G1
G
1 tdbG1 = 30 ºC
twbG1 24 ºC
Water
tL1 = 29ºC Air
Blowdown water: B
daM = 2000 ppm

Operation flow diagram

1.- This data has been taken from [1], example 7.11, pages 278-279

2.- The data "Q" is not required. (The unit convesion has an error)
57144 [Btu/min] = 1005 kW
3.- Frequently in the packaging for cooling towers, only is known the product

k y⋅a o H tOG
and not the individual phase coefficients. Regarding the packaging that will be used,
a value of the product Ky*a is expected and given as input data.

2
Note 1. Reason of differences.
The reference uses for the determination
of the enthalpy values a reading from
chart. [1], Figure 7.5(a), page 260.

Note 2
From Table 1, page 5 of 8

3
 4

e at the tangency point

Point N
√b 2
−4⋅ac
(i)
tN = 29 ºC
hN = #VALUE! kJ/kg
2⋅a

( -b + (b^2 - 4*a*c)^0.5 ) / ( 2*a )

Point T
tT = #VALUE! ºC
hT= #VALUE! kJ/kg
ºC

he saturation curve
m*t^2 + n*t + o tO = 45 ºC
he tangency point tO' = 45 ºC
ºC
 hO = #VALUE! J/kg
hO ' = #VALUE! J/kg

kJ/kg

a straight line between Operating line for minimum air flow.

Enthalpy hO' at temperature t O'
kJ/kg From Figure 1
hO'−h N hT −h N
=
alpy at 29 ºC
t o'−t N t T −t N
kJ/kg
hT −h N
hO'−h N = ⋅( t −t )
t T −t N o' N
hT −hN
hO'=h N + ⋅ t −t
t T −t N ( o' N )
 6

Driving enthalpy difference at a point "i"

For the case of minimum air (r = 1)
 Dhi = hair,sat,i -hop_r=1,i

G s hO...hO'
kg a/s (kJ/kg)/K kJ/kg
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

Temperature of leaving air

Assuming that the air leaves saturated,
[1], page 278
Using Goal seek
Sicro_Enthalpy_tdb_f_H
39.8 ºC
100 %
0 m.a.s.l.
#VALUE! kJ/kg
 8

Global height of one transfer unit of gas

Trapezoidal rule
Integration of the function f( x) in the
range [a, b ], using the trapezoidal rule
hL_a - h L_b
NTU = ⋅ ∑ f ( x) (s)
2⋅ N
In this calculation the trapezoidal rule is used.

The reference does not indicate the method used.

NTU = (hL_a - hL_b) /(2* N) * Sf(x)

where
hL_in_r=1.5 = #VALUE! kJ/kg
hL_out=r=1.5= #VALUE! kJ/kg
N= 6
Sf(x) = ###

NTU = ### -

Cooling Tower height

The packing height (Z) of a tower can be calculated as
[1], eq. (7.53), page 276

Z = HTU * NTU
HTU = 2.2 m
NTU = #VALUE! -
Z= #VALUE! m

9
10
 11

Compensation rate "M"

From equation (11) M =B+ E+ W ( 11 )
(B + W) * daC / daM
daM
#VALUE! kg/s B=E⋅ −W ( 13 )
0.030 kg/s daC −da M
2000 ppm
500 ppm
#VALUE! kg/s

Treybal results
0.347 kg/s
0.030 kg/s
0.0855 kg/s
0.462 kg/s

12
Comparison between the example calculation table and the table from Treibal

Calculation table, using Sicrometric functions.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Curva de Línea de Línea de Numerical
equilibrio paraoperación operación integration
aire satura para r = 1 para r = 1.5 Dh = 1/Dh coefficient
t hair,sat hoper_r=1 hoper_r=1.5 hair,sat -hop_r=1.5 Ci
kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg 1/(kJ/kg)
25 #VALUE!
25.5 #VALUE!
29 #VALUE! 72 72 #VALUE! #VALUE! 1
31.67 #VALUE! 96 87.7 #VALUE! #VALUE! 2
34.33 #VALUE! 119 103.4 #VALUE! #VALUE! 2
37.00 #VALUE! 143 119.1 #VALUE! #VALUE! 2
39.67 #VALUE! 166 134.9 #VALUE! #VALUE! 2
42.33 #VALUE! 190 150.6 #VALUE! #VALUE! 2
45.00 #VALUE! 213 166.27 #VALUE! #VALUE! 1
Sf(x) =

Table from Treybal [1], page 280

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Curva de Línea de Línea de Numerical
equilibrio paraoperación operación integration
aire satura para r = 1 para r = 1.5 Dh = 1/Dh coefficient
t hair,sat hoper_r=1 hoper_r=1.5 hair,sat -hop_r=1.5 Ci
kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg 1/(kJ/kg)

29 100.0 72 72 28.0 0.0357 1

31.67 114.0 96 92.0 22.0 0.0455 1
34.33 129.8 119 106.5 23.3 0.0429 1
37.00 147.0 143 121.0 26.0 0.0385 1
39.67 166.8 166 135.5 31.3 0.0319 1
42.33 191.0 190 149.5 41.5 0.0241 1
45.00 216.0 213 163.50 52.5 0.0190 1
Sf(x) =
le from Treibal Trapezoidal numerical integration rule

ns. b N
∫ f ( x)⋅dx≈b−a
8 The equilibrium data use

integration
∑
2⋅N k =1
gi⋅f k taken from a graphic (Fig
The equilibrium data res
a use of the functions, is s
f(x) gi =1 para i=1 y N data from Ashrae Funda
Example
gi =2 para i=2 .. . ( N −1) t ºC
45
#VALUE! NTU=(hL2 - hL1)/2*N* (f(x1) + 2*f(x2) + 2*f(x3) + ….+ 2*f(xN-1) + f(xN) ) 29
#VALUE!
#VALUE! NTU = (hL_a - hL_b) /(2* N) * Sf(x) H=
#VALUE! where
#VALUE! hL_in_r=1.5 = 166.3 kJ/kg
#VALUE! hL_out=r=1.5= 72.0 kJ/kg
#VALUE! N= 6 Allthough the large differ
#VALUE! Sf(x) = #VALUE! Sf(x) =
and the value indicated b
NTU = #VALUE! - Sf(x) =
8 the calculated
NTU =
integration and the reference
NTU =
f(x) Treybal table differs from the calculation are quite similar.
table in the values of the psychrometric
properties. Since the reference does
Additionaly, Treibal uses a different no explanation can be gi
0.03575 numerical integration method, where
0.04545 the numerical integration coefficienst are
0.04292 not required (or Ci = 1)
0.03846 The numerical integration used is not
0.03195 indicated and Treybal gives as a
0.02410 final result a NTU value
0.01905
0.23767 NTU = 3.25 -
 1

The equilibrium data used by Treybal is

taken from a graphic (Fig. 7.5a)
The equilibrium data resulting from the
use of the functions, is similar to the
data from Ashrae Fundamentals
Ashrae Functions Treybal
hs kJ/kg hs kJ/kg hs kJ/kg
214.16 212.96 216
94.88 94.41 100

0 m.a.s.l.

Allthough the large difference between the calculated value

#VALUE!
and the value indicated by the reference
0.23767
the calculated
#VALUE!
and the reference
3.25
are quite similar.

Since the reference does not indicate the calculation method,

no explanation can be given.
Equations

Nomenclature 2

Powers 3

Compensation water 4

Point of tangency 5

Number of global units of enthalpy transferen 6

Molar and mass fluxes 7

Numerical integration with the

trapezoidal rule 9

Nomenclature

G: molar mass flow rate per unit area [kmol / (m²*s)]

 G': mass flow rate per unit area [ kg / (m²*s)]
G' = G [ ( kmol / (m²*s) ) * MB[kg / kmol]
G' = G * MB [kg / (m²*s)]
MB : molar mass of air [kg/kmol]
ky-kmol: molar transfer coefficient in the air [kmol / (m²*s)]
a: effective heat or mass transfer surface [m² / m³]
A: free cross-sectional surface of the tower [m²]

Powers

Power taken out from the water Power received by the air ( hum
Pw = L⋅Δh w Pa = G⋅Δh a
Δh w=c pw⋅Δt w Pa :power received by the air [W
Pw = L⋅c pw⋅Δt w (1)
Pw :power extracted from the water [ W ]
G:air flow rate
kg
s [ ]
Δh a :specific enthalpy change
L:water flow rate
[ ]
kg
s of the air [ ]
J
kg
 w pw w
Pw = L⋅c pw⋅Δt w (1)
Pw :power extracted from the water [ W ]
G:air flow rate [ ]
kg
s
Δh a :specific enthalpy change
L:water flow rate [ ]
kg
s of the air [ ]
J
kg
Δh w :enthalpy change of the water
[ ]
J
kg
Δh a =hO ' −h N
hO ' : specific enthalpy of the leav
c pw :specific heat at constant pressure
air, for the case of minimum
of water
[ ]
J
kg⋅K possible air flow rate [ ]
J
kg
Δt w :temperature change of the water [ K ] h N :enthalpy of the entering

air
J
[ ]
kg
Pa = Gmin⋅( H O ' − H N ) (
Gmin ; minimum possible air flow
rate to match the water flow

Compensation water

Compensation water from equations

Considering a compensation ans a M =B+ E+ W
continuous elimination, the mass M⋅da M =( B+W )⋅daC
balance is da
(
B + E+W = B +W ⋅ )
M=B+E+W (11) da
where daC
B + E+W =B⋅ +W
M:compensation rate [ kg/h] da M
B:elimination rate [ kg/h ] daC daC
E:evaporation rate [ kg/h] B−B⋅ =W⋅
da M daM
W:entraiment loss rate [ kg/h] da C daC
B⋅ 1− =W⋅
 M:compensation rate [ kg/h] da M
B:elimination rate [ kg/h ] daC daC
E:evaporation rate [ kg/h] B−B⋅ =W⋅
da M daM
W:entraiment loss rate [ kg/h] da C daC

Water hardness balance

(
B⋅ 1−
da M
=W⋅
)
da M
da C
M⋅da M =( B+W )⋅daC (12 )
da M : hardness weight fraction of
(
B⋅ 1−
da M )
=−W +W

da C
compensation water [ ppm] or [ kg/kg ]
daC : hardness weight fraction of
(
B⋅ 1−
da M )
=−W⋅ 1
(
circulating water [ ppm] or [ kg/kg ]

Point of tangency

Point of tangency Slope of the op

Equation of the enthalpy of the saturation tangent to the s
curve as function of the air temperature hT −hN
=2⋅m⋅t
h=m⋅t 2 +n⋅t+o t T −t N
Value of the enthalpy in the saturation hT −hN =( 2⋅m⋅t
curve at the point of tangency (t =t T ) hT = ( 2⋅m⋅t T +n
hT =m⋅t2T +n⋅t T +o ( Eq . a )
Equating equatio
hT =m⋅t 2T + n⋅t T + o
Tangent at any point of the saturation curve and
dh hT = ( 2⋅m⋅t T +n )⋅(
=2⋅m⋅t +n
dt
Tangent at the point of tangency (T ) m⋅t 2T + n⋅t T +o=( 2
dh m⋅t 2T + n⋅t T +o - h
dh hT = ( 2⋅m⋅t T +n )⋅(
=2⋅m⋅t +n
dt
Tangent at the point of tangency (T ) m⋅t 2T + n⋅t T +o=( 2
dh m⋅t 2T + n⋅t T +o - h
|t=t T=2⋅m⋅t T +n ( Eq . b) m⋅t 2T + n⋅t T +o - h
dt

Number of global units of enthalpy transference of the gas

[1 ], page 277
'
h2
dh' k y ¿ a⋅Z Z
N tOG =∫ '* ' = = (7 .54 )
h ' h −h
G d H tOG
1

N tOG : number of global units of enthalpy

transference of gas . Also denoted as NTU
NTU =N tOG
h:enthaply (kJ/kg )
¿
h : enthalpy at saturation
k y : gas phase mass transfer coefficient (kg/( m²⋅s ))
a:specific interfacial surface [ m2 /m3 ]
Z: Tower packing height [ m ]
Gd :superficial mass velocity of dry gas
[ ]
kg da
s⋅m2
H tOG : global height of one transfer unit of gas [ m ]
also denoted as HTU
HTU=H tOG
 H tOG : global height of one transfer unit of gas [ m ]
also denoted as HTU
HTU=H tOG

Molar and mass fluxes

Application to the example Sh⋅D AB

Molar flux of water vapor between
the water surface at tw = 20 ºC and
k̄ c =
L [
Sh: Sherwood nu
the air flow at temperature ta =32 ºC corresponding ca
with a relative humidity ϕ=25% and DAB :binary diffu
a velocity v = 0 .15 m/s the two gases, at

Molar flux with thw molar concentration pressure and tem

as the driving force
L:characteristic
[ ]
N A = k̄ c⋅( c A1−c A 2 )
kmol
m²⋅s
(t )

Sh⋅D AB
k̄ c =
L [] m
s

N A :molar flux[ ] kmol

m²⋅s
k̄ c :molar transfer coefficient

related to the molar concentration []

m
s
N A= k̄ p⋅( p A1− p A 2 ) [ ]
kmol
m²⋅s
( y)
k̄ c
k̄ p =
[
kmol 1
2
R g⋅T m ⋅s atm
⋅
] ( z)

k̄ p :molar transfer coefficient

related to the partial pressure

m
s []
p:partial pressure [ atm ]

General gas constant

Rg =8314 . 41 J / (kmol⋅K )
Rg =0. 08205685 ( atm⋅m3 ) / (kmol⋅K )

Numerical integration with the trapezoidal rule

Numerical implementation

Illustration of trapezoidal rule used on a sequence of samples (in this case, a non-uniform grid).

Uniform grid
For a domain discretized into N equally spaced panels, or N+1 grid points a =

Non-uniform grid
When the grid spacing is non-uniform, one can use the formula
Z: Tower packing height
 Gd : flow rate of dry air (is a constant)
MB : molar mass of air
ky_kmol : molar transfer coefficient in the air
ky : mass transfer coefficient in the air
ky = ky_kmol * MB
a: effective heat or mass transfer surface
ky * a Product ky * a
A: free cross-sectional surface of the tower
h' : enthalpy in the air phase = enthalpy of
humid air (in the bulk phase)
h'*: enthalpy in the air phase (i: at ther boundary,
that is, in saturated condition)
HTU : Height of Transfer Unit (also, H
NTU : Number of Transfer Units (also, N
Subscripts
B: substance dry air
d: dry air
2: top of the tower
1: bottom of the tower

received by the air ( humid) Power balance From equation

G⋅Δh a Pw = L⋅c pw⋅Δt w (1 ) L⋅c pw
wer received by the air [W ] Pa = G min⋅( hO ' −hN ) (2) Gmin= (6
Sr=1
flow rate [ ]
kg
s
Pw =Pa
L⋅c pw⋅Δt w=G min⋅( hO ' −hN )
the slope for an air flow ratio G r_
corresponding to r = 1. 5 is
pecific enthalpy change (3 ) L⋅c pw
Gr_1 .5 =
f the air [ ]
J
kg
L⋅c pw hO ' −hN
=
G min Δt w
(4 )
Sr=1 .5
L⋅c pw
 a min O' N r=1

flow rate
s[ ]
kg Pw =Pa
L⋅c pw⋅Δt w=G min⋅( hO ' −hN )
the slope for an air flow ratio G r_
corresponding to r = 1. 5 is
pecific enthalpy change (3 ) L⋅c pw
Gr_1 .5 =
f the air [ ]
J
kg
L⋅c pw hO ' −hN
=
G min Δt w
(4 )
S r=1. 5 =
Sr=1 .5
L⋅c pw
hO ' −h N Slope of the operation line Gr_1 .5
pecific enthalpy of the leaving (case of minimum air flow rate) and
r the case of minimum where hO−h N
h −h S r=1. 5 =
le air flow rate [ ]
J
kg
S r=1 = O ' N
Δt w
(5) Δt w

thalpy of the entering L⋅c pw

=S r=1
[ ]
J
kg
G min
L⋅c
G min= pw (6 )
In these equations, the water f
Gmin⋅( H O ' − H N ) (2) S r=1 the air flux G are superficial
minimum possible air flow superficial value is calcualted
ate to match the water flow only fluid passing through the
The reference designate G as
[1 ], equation (7 . 43 )

da C daC
from equations
(
B⋅ 1−
da M )
=−W⋅ 1−
daM
−E
( )
M =B+ E+ W ( 11 ) E
B=−W −
M⋅da M =( B+W )⋅daC ( 12 ) da C
1−
da C da M
(
B + E+W = B +W ⋅ ) ( 13 )
da M E
B=−W −
daC daC da M −daC
B + E+W =B⋅ +W⋅
da M daM da M
daC daC E
B−B⋅ =W⋅ −E−W B=−W +
da M daM da C −da M
da C daC da M
B⋅ 1− =W⋅ −E−W
 da M daM da M
daC daC E
B−B⋅ =W⋅ −E−W B=−W +
da M daM da C −da M
da C daC
(
B⋅ 1−
da M
=W⋅
)
da M
−E−W
B=E⋅
da M
da M

−W ( 13 )
da C da daC −da M
(
B⋅ 1−
da M )
=−W +W⋅ C −E
daM
da C daC
(
B⋅ 1−
da M )
=−W⋅ 1−
( daM )−E
B=E⋅
daM
−W ( 13 )
daC −da M

Slope of the operation curve, which is m⋅t 2T +n⋅t T +o - hN =( 2

tangent to the saturation curve
hT −hN m⋅t 2T +n⋅t T +o - hN =2
=2⋅m⋅t T + n ( Eq . c )
t T −t N 2⋅m⋅t 2T +n⋅t T -2⋅m⋅t N
hT −hN =( 2⋅m⋅t T + n )⋅( t T −t N ) 2⋅m⋅t 2T −m⋅t 2T +n⋅t T −
hT = ( 2⋅m⋅t T +n )⋅( t T −t N ) + h N ( Eq . d ) m⋅t 2T - 2⋅m⋅t N⋅t T −n⋅
. a .. . . .. . . .. . . . b. . . .. . .
Equating equations 2
a⋅t T +b⋅t T +c=0
hT =m⋅t 2T + n⋅t T + o ( Eq . a )
and a=m
hT = ( 2⋅m⋅t T +n )⋅( t T −t N ) + h N ( Eq . d ) b=−2⋅m⋅t N
c=−n⋅t N −o+h N
m⋅t 2T + n⋅t T +o=( 2⋅m⋅t T +n )⋅( t T −t N ) + hN
−b±√ b2 −4⋅ac
m⋅t 2T + n⋅t T +o - hN =( 2⋅m⋅t T +n )⋅( t T −t N ) t T=
 hT = ( 2⋅m⋅t T +n )⋅( t T −t N ) + h N ( Eq . d ) b=−2⋅m⋅t N
c=−n⋅t N −o+h N
m⋅t 2T + n⋅t T +o=( 2⋅m⋅t T +n )⋅( t T −t N ) + hN
−b±√ b2 −4⋅ac
m⋅t 2T + n⋅t T +o - hN =( 2⋅m⋅t T +n )⋅( t T −t N ) t T=
2⋅a
m⋅t 2T + n⋅t T +o - hN =( 2⋅m⋅t T +n )⋅t T -
- ( 2⋅m⋅t T +n )⋅t N

f the gas

hb
from equation (7 .54 ) dh
7 .54 )
h'
2 '
The integral I= ∫ h¿−h can b
dh h
NTU=∫ ( k) a

h'1 h'*−h' evaluated using the trapezoidal rule a

Z h b−ha
NTU
NTU= (l ) I= ⋅∑ f ( x ) (o )
HTU 2⋅N
Z =NTU⋅HTU (m ) with
Gd 1
( m²⋅s)) f ( x )= ⋅c i (p
HTU = (n) Δh
k y⋅a
where Δ h is the driving force
¿
Δh=h −h (q )
g da
⋅m 2 ] and ci is a constant value required
in the trapezoidal rule: equations (
gas [ m ]
ci =1 for the first and ther last term
ci =2 for all other terms
 in the trapezoidal rule: equations (
gas [ m ]
ci =1 for the first and ther last term
ci =2 for all other terms

Sh⋅D AB Molar flux with the mol fraction

k̄ c =
L []m
s as driving force
Sh: Sherwood number for the
corresponding case
[ ]
N A = k̄ y⋅( y A1− y A2 )
kmol
m²⋅s
D AB :binary diffusion coefficient for
the two gases, at the corresponding
k̄ y= k̄ p⋅p [ ]
kmol
m²⋅s

pressure and temperature [ ]m²

s
k̄ y= k̄ c⋅
p
R g⋅T [ ]
kmol
m²⋅s
L:characteristic length [ m ]
N A :molar flux [ ]
kmol
m²⋅s
k̄ y :molar transfer coefficient

related to the mol fraction []

m
s

y:mol fraction
[ ]
kmol
kmol
p:pressure [ atm ]
( or any pressure being used )
[5], page 777
Binary diffusion coefficient at one atmpsphere
and at 298 K

Water vapor in air

DAB = 2.60E-05 m²/s

Mas transfer coefficient in air

ky = kg / ( m2*s)

General gas constant

Rg = 8314.41 J / (kmol*K)
8314.41 / 101325
Rg = 0.082056847 atm*m3 / (kmol*K)
n this case, a non-uniform grid).

grid points a = x1 < x2 < ... < xN+1 = b, where the grid spacing is h=(b-a)/N, the approximation to the integral becomes
[m]
 (is a constant) [kg/s]
[kg/kmol]
fficient in the air [kmol/(m²·s)]
ficient in the air [kg/(m²·s)]
[kg/(m²·s)]
ass transfer surface [m²/m³]
[kg/(m3·s)]
al surface of the tower [m²]
phase = enthalpy of
[J/kg]
phase (i: at ther boundary, [J/kg]
d condition)
Unit (also, HtG) [m]
er Units (also, NtG) [-]

quation
L⋅c pw
(6 )
r=1
e for an air flow ratio G r_1. 5
onding to r = 1. 5 is
L⋅c pw
Sr=1 .5
L⋅c pw
 r=1
e for an air flow ratio G r_1. 5
onding to r = 1. 5 is
L⋅c pw
Sr=1 .5
L⋅c pw
= (7 )
Gr_1 .5

hO−h N
= (8 )
Δt w

se equations, the water flux L and

r flux G are superficial values. A
icial value is calcualted as it were the
luid passing through the area section.
eference designate G as G' s and L as L'.
quation (7 . 43 )

daC
W⋅ 1−
(daM
−E
) M =B+W + E

B=E⋅
da M
−W
( 11 )

(13)
daC −da M
da M
B +W =E⋅
daC −da M
da M
daC M =E⋅ +E
daC −da M
da M

aM
M =E⋅
( daC −da M
+1
) (14 )
 da M

aM
M =E⋅
( daC −da M
+1
) (14 )

( 13 ) da M
−W
M =E⋅
(
da C −da M
+1
) ( 14 )

−W ( 13 )

2
T +n⋅t T +o - hN = 2⋅m⋅t T +n ⋅t T - 2⋅m⋅t T +n ⋅t N
( ) ( )
2 2
T +n⋅t T +o - h N =2⋅m⋅t T +n⋅t T -2⋅m⋅t N⋅t T −n⋅t N
m⋅t 2T +n⋅t T -2⋅m⋅t N⋅t T −n⋅t N −m⋅t 2T −n⋅tT −o+hN =0
m⋅t 2T −m⋅t 2T +n⋅t T −n⋅t N - 2⋅m⋅t N⋅t T −n⋅tT −o+hN =0
2
T - 2⋅m⋅t N⋅t T −n⋅t N −o+h N =0 (Eq . e )
. . . .. . . .. . . . b. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . c . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .
2
T +b⋅t T +c=0 (Eq . f )
m (Eq . g )
−2⋅m⋅t N (Eq . h)
−n⋅t N −o+h N (Eq . i)
−b±√ b2 −4⋅ac
= (Eq . j)
−2⋅m⋅t N (Eq . h)
−n⋅t N −o+h N (Eq . i)
−b±√ b2 −4⋅ac
= (Eq . j)
2⋅a

hb
Applying the trapezoidal rule for the
dh
∫ h¿−h can be integration of the function
h a 1
f ( x )=
he trapezoidal rule as Δh
in the range [ hL_a , h L_b ]
x) (o )
hL_a - h L_b
NTU = ⋅ ∑ f ( x) (s)
2⋅ N
( p)
driving force
(q )
nt value required
rule: equations (r)
t and ther last term
r terms
 rule: equations (r)
t and ther last term
r terms

with the mol fraction Mass transfer coefficient k y

orce k y= M ⋅k̄ y
A1 − y A2 )[ ]
kmol
m²⋅s
(u ) kg kmol
⋅
kmol m²⋅s
[ ]
kmol
m²⋅s
(v )
k y= M ⋅k̄ y
kg
m²⋅s
[ ]
kmol
(w)
T m²⋅s
[ ]
N A = k y⋅( y A1− y A2 )
kg
m²⋅s
(x )

flux [ ]
kmol
m²⋅s
ansfer coefficient

e mol fraction []
m
s

ion
[ ]
kmol
kmol
[ atm ]
sure being used )
Trapezoidal rule

Integration of the function f( x ) in the

Trapezoidal rule

Integration of the function f( x ) in the

range [a, b ], using the trapezoidal rule
hL_a - h L_b
NTU = ⋅ ∑ f (x)
2⋅ N
1

2
3
4
 HH'
G 'S G2S2 dH '' G[dm ] [1 ], page274
' '
Z =HTU⋅NTU I y,a
dH
5 HTU
Z = =
HTU
NTU = ∫
=
⋅ ∫ [m] [m] 1
)⋅A Cooling∫water
k ⋅a H''i−
k y⋅a yH' ' H −H ''
H 1 1 Mi ⋅ k̄ ⋅a
(H NTU= with ¿dIair
y
B y
( I −I )
L'⋅ cp LI y , b h'2y −h
,i 'y
1
=
G's. min t L2 −t L1
6
 7

] (x )
8

9
74 '
h2
1 dh
' k̄ y ¿ a⋅Z Z
ter with ¿dIair
y NTU =N =∫ '* ' = ' =
,i −I 'y ) tOG
' h −h G H tOG
−h 1 h1
d

2 −t L1 HTU =H tOG
Z
NTU = ( Eq . 7 .54 )
HTU
Z =HTU⋅NTU

Gd
HTU =
M B⋅( k̄ y⋅a )⋅A
 [1] Operaciones de transferencia de masa 2/e
Robert E. Treybal
McGraw Hill, 2003

[2]

[3]

http://library.kfupm.edu.sa/ISI/2006/5-2006.pdf

[4]
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT%20Kharagpur/Ref%20and%20Air%20Cond/Ne

http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112105129/pdf/R&AC%20Lecture%2027.pdf

http://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT%20Kharagpur/Ref%20and%20Air%20Cond/pd

[5] Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer

Frank P. Incropera
David P. De Witt
John Wiley and >S>ons
 1995

[6] Thermal Analysis and Design of Cooling Towers

https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=VOoLXLzrLYumwATL2pbgCQ&q=mel709-41&btn
 Lesson 27.KE-42_3000_5 Not free ant more

Aalto University School of science and Technology/ Chemical Engineering

agpur/Ref%20and%20Air%20Cond/New_index1.html

agpur/Ref%20and%20Air%20Cond/pdf/R&AC%20Lecture%2028.pdf
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cal Engineering
30901..233095...2.0..0.175.225.1j1......0....1j2..gws-wiz.....6..35i39.18XpOyfHwEg