ASME BPYCY-2017 ARTICLE2, ARTICLE 2 RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION T-210 SCOPE The radiographic method described in this Article for examination of materials including castings and welds shall be used together with Article 1, General Require- ments, Definitions of terms used in this Article are in Article 1, Mandatory Appendix f, 1-121.1, RT = Radiography Certain product-specific, technique-specific, and application-specific requirements are also given in other Mandatory Appendices of this Article aslisted inthe table of contents, These additional requirements shall also be complied with when an Appendix is applicable to the radiographic or radioscopic examination being conducted. 7-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 7-221 PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS T-221.1 Written Procedure. Radiographic examina: Lion shall be performed in accordance with a writen pro. cedure Each procedure shal includeat least the following information, as applicable {a} material type and thickness range (6) isotope or maximum X-ray voltage used {c) source-to-object distance (D in 1-274.1) {d) distance from source side of abject to film (¢ in 1274.1) {e) source size (Fin T-274.1) {f) film brand and designation {gj screans used 7-221.2 Procedure Demonstration. Demonstration of the density and image quality indicator (1QN) image re- quirements of the written procedure on production or technique radiographs shall be considered satisfactory evidence of compliance with that procedure. 7-222 SURFACE PREPARATION 7-222.1 Materials Including Castings. Surfaces shall satisfy the requirements of the applicable materials spec ification orreferencing Code Section, with additional con ditioning if necessary, by any suitable process to such a degree that the images of surface irregularities cannot mask or be confused withthe image of any discontinuity on the resulting radiograph 7-222.2 Welds. ‘The weld ripples or weld surface ir- regularities on both the inside (where accessible) and outside shall be removed by any suitable process te such a degree that the images of surface irregularities cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity onthe resulting radiograph The finished surface of all butt-welded joints may be flush with the base material or may have reasonably uni- form crowns, with reinforcement not to exceed that spe. cified in the referencing Code Section 7-223 BACKSCATTER RADIATION ‘lead symbol "B? with minimum dimensions of Yin (13mm) in height and %e in. (1.5 mm) in thickness shall bbe attached tothe back ofeach film holder during each posure to determine if backscatter radiation is exposing the film. The lead symbol "B" shall be placed in alocation so thatit would appear within an area on the radiograph that meets the requirements of T-282, VIII-288, or 1X-286, as applicable. 7-224 SYSTEM OF IDENTIFICATION A system shall be used to produce permanent identifi cation on each radiograph traceable to the contract, com ponent, weld or weld seam, or part numbers, as appropriate In addition, the arganization’s symbol or name and the date of the radiograph shall be plainly and permanently included on the radiograph. This identi- fication system does not necessarily require that the in- formation appear as radiographic images. In any case. this information shall not abscure the area of interest, 1-225 MONITORING DENSITY LIMITATIONS OF RADIOGRAPHS Either a densitometer or step wedge comparison film shall be used for judging film density 7-226 EXTENT OF EXAMINATION The extent ofradiographic examination shal be as spe cified by the referencing Code Section 1-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS 7-231 FILM T-231.1 Selection, Radiographs shall be made using industrial radiographic film. a7)ARTICLE 2 1-231.2 Processing, Standard Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Processing, SE-999, of Sections 23 through 26 of Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination, SE-94, may be used as guide for processing film, except that Section 8.1 of SE-999 is not required 1-232 INTENSIFYING SCREENS Intensilying screens may be used when performing radiographic examination in aceardance with this Article 7-233 IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR (IQI) DESIGN 7-233.1 Standard iQ! Design. (QIs shall be either the hole type or the wire type Hole-type IQls shall be manu- factured and identified in accordance with the require ments or alternates allowed in SE-1025, Wire-type IQIs, shall be manutactured and identified in accordance with the requirements or alternates allowed in SE-747, except that the largest wire number or the identity number may be omitted. ASME standard IQIs shall consist of those in Table T-233.1 for hole type and those in Table T-233.2 for wire type. 7-233.2 Alternative IOI Design. 1Qis designed and manufactured in accordance with other national or inter national standards may be used provided the require ments of sither (a) or ()) below, and the material requirements of I-276.1 are met ASME BPVCV-2017 Table 1-233.2 Wire 1Q1 Designation, Wire Diameter, and Wire Identity Sea SaB Wire yn) identiy 033) 7 oa 8 ost) 9 6s) 10 oor) 1 Sec Sap) Wire Wire |_ Wire Wire Diameter in (mm) identity [Diameterin, (mm) identity (oa) oc 254) oose (102) 2 " oot (27) 18 16 aos: (160) 14 19 dose (203) ae 20 aio 1 13) 21 Table T-233.1 Hole-Type 10! Designation, Thickness, and Hole Diameters 1Q1 Thickness Ql Designation in (mm) 013) 019) 025) 032) 038), oss) si) ‘6a 075), 99) 2) 14} 52) 203), 254) 505) 356) ‘.05) 08) 10) 280 7.11 10 b 15 7 20 2 30 a5 40 IT Hole Diameter aT Hole Diameter Toso (1.02) 2.040 (3.02) 2.040 (1.02) 3.050 (1.27) 21060 (1.52) ao7o(n7 2oao: 00) 20) 27 Hole Diameter 09) 620) 30a7) ASME BPYCY-2017 (0 Hole-type IQIs. The calculated Equivalent IQ Sensi- Livity (EPS), per SE-1025, Appendix X1,is equal to or bet- ter than the required standard hole-type IQ) (6) Wire-Type 1QIs The alternative wire [QI essential wire diameter is equal te or less than the required stan- dard 1Q] essential wire 7-234 FACILITIES FOR VIEWING OF RADIOGRAPHS Viewing facilities shall provide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will not cause reflections sha- dows, or glare on the radiograph that interfere with the interpretation process, Equipment used to view radio- graphs for interpretation shall provide a variable light source sufficient for the essential IQ! hole ar designated wire to be visible for the specified density range. The viewing conditions shall be such that light from around the outer edge of the radiograph or coming through low. density portions of the radiograph doesnot interfere with interpretation, T-260 CALIBRATION 7-261 SOURCE SIZE T-2611 Verification of Source Size. ‘The equipment manufacturer's or supplier's publications, such as techni cal manuals, decay curves, ar written statements docu- menting the actual or maximum source size or focal spot shall be acceptable as source size verification T-261.2 Determination of Source Size. When manu: facturer's or supplier's publications are not available source size may be determined as follows (0) X-Ray Machines, For X-ray machines operating at 1,000 kV and less, the focal spot size may be determined in accordance with SE-1165 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging (b) lridium-192 Sources, For Iridium-192, the source size may be determined in accordance with SE-1114 Standard Test Method for Determining the Focal Size of Iridium-192 Industrial Radiographic Sources 7-262 DENSITOMETER AND STEP WEDGE COMPARISON FILM T-262.1Densitometers. Densitometers shall be cali- brated at least every 90 days during use as follows’ (0) Anational standard step tablet or a step wedge ca- libration film traceable to a national standard step tablet and having at least five steps with neutral densities from atleast 1.0 through 4.0, shall be used. Phe step wedge ca- libration film shall have been verified within the last year by comparison with a national standard step tablet un. less, priar te first use, it was maintained in the original light-tight and waterproof sealed package as supplied 31 ARTICLE2, by the manufacturer Step wedge calibration films may bbe used without verification for one year upon apening provided it is within the manufacturers stated shelf life (b) The densitometer manufacturer's step-by-step in structions far the operation of the densitometer shall be followed (6) The density steps closest to 1.0,2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 on the national standard step tablet or step wedge calibra: tion film shall be read, (a) The densitometer is acceptable ifthe density read- ings de not vary by more than +0.05 density units from the actual density stated on the national standard step ta- blet or step wedge calibration film T-262.2 Step Wedge Comparison Films. Step wedge comparison films shall he verified prior to first use unless performed by the manufacturer, as follows (a) The density of the steps on a ster wedge compari son film shall be verified by a calibrated densitometer. () The step wedge comparison filmis acceptable ifthe density readings do not vary by more than £0.1 density units from the density stated on the step wedge compar ison film, T-2623 Periodic Verification. (0) Densitometers, Periodic cablibration verification checks shall be performed as described in T-262.1 at the beginning of each shift, after 8 hr of continuous use. or after change of apertures, whichever comes first (b) Step Wedge Comparisor: Films, Verification checks shall be performed annually per T-262.2. T-262.4 Documentation, (0) Densitometers. Densitometer calibrations required by T-262.1 shall be documented but the actual readings for each step de not have te be recorded Periodic densit- ‘ameter verification checks required by -262.3(a) do not have to be documented. (6) Step Wedge Calibration Films, Step wedge calibra- tion film verifications required by -262.1(a) shall be documented but the actual readings for each step do not have to be recorded (c) Step Wedge Comparison Films. Step wedge compat ison film verifications required by T-252.2 and 1-262.3(b) shall be documented, but the actual readings for each step do not have to be recorded 1-270 EXAMINATION T-271 RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE” A single-wall exposure technique shall be used for radiography whenever practical When it is not practical touse a single-wall technique, a double-wall technique shall be used An adequate number of exposures shall bbe made to demonstrate that the required coverage has been obtained,