2/23/2020

1. How could you establish ownership of the

M&Ms?
2. What was your thinking in making your
“claim”?
3. Why did the total claim exceed the total
number of M&Ms? How did the rules of the
game encourage this outcome?

COMING TO TERMS WITH LIFE ON

A SMALL PLANET
COMING TO TERMS WITH
LIFE ON A SMALL PLANET People-centered development places high priority on
Jan Adams D. Magtanong achieving a harmonious and productive relationship
between people and their environment.

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COMING TO TERMS WITH LIFE ON COMING TO TERMS WITH LIFE ON

A SMALL PLANET A SMALL PLANET

HARMONIOUS Kenneth Boulding explained the two contrasting ways of

conceptualizing human production-consumption
systems:
VS • Cowboy Economics
• Spaceship Economics
EXPLOITATIVE

COWBOY ECONOMY SPACESHIP EARTH

• Humans were exploitative and destructive. • The Earth is completely self reliant.
• After using and wasting an area, they would move to • Humans cannot dispose off their wastes outside.
new areas to exploit.
• All natural resources have to be recycled to sustain the
• They did not bother about natural resources depletion, economies.
because new areas are always available.
• They did not bother about pollution, for when one area • Necessary to reduce consumption and production.
is polluted, they can move to a new one.
• More and more consumption and production are
regarded as a good thing.
• Assuming that natural resources are available infinitely.

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COMING TO TERMS WITH LIFE ON
A SMALL PLANET
Restriction of Access
TOWARDS QUANTIFYING THE LINKS
BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND
ECONOMIC GROWTH
The links between the economy and the environment are
manifold: the environment provides resources to the
economy, and acts as a sink for emissions and waste.
2/23/2020
COMING TO TERMS WITH LIFE ON
A SMALL PLANET
Garret Hardin explained that as resource competition
increases, the classic problem of managing open-access
resources becomes acute.
TOWARDS QUANTIFYING THE LINKS
BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND
ECONOMIC GROWTH
Poor environmental quality in turn affects economic growth
and wellbeing by lowering the quantity and quality of
resources for consumption. In this context, environmental
policies can curb the negative feedbacks from the economy
on the environment (and vice-versa).
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TOWARDS QUANTIFYING THE LINKS

BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS
ECONOMIC GROWTH

The tragedy of the commons is an economic problem that results in

Anthropocene overconsumption, under investment, and ultimately depletion of a common-

pool resource. For a tragedy of the commons to occur a resource must be
scarce, rivalrous in consumption, and non-excludable.

HARDIN ENUMERATED THE FOLLOWING HARDIN ENUMERATED THE FOLLOWING

POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL TRAGEDIES: POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL TRAGEDIES:

Uncontrolled human population growth Air Pollution

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HARDIN ENUMERATED THE FOLLOWING HARDIN ENUMERATED THE FOLLOWING

POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL TRAGEDIES: POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL TRAGEDIES:

Light Pollution Water Pollution

HARDIN ENUMERATED THE FOLLOWING HARDIN ENUMERATED THE FOLLOWING

POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL TRAGEDIES: POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL TRAGEDIES:

Forest Energy resources and climate

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HARDIN ENUMERATED THE FOLLOWING HARDIN ENUMERATED THE FOLLOWING

POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL TRAGEDIES: POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL TRAGEDIES:

Animals Antibiotic Resistance

OVERCOMING THE TRAGEDY OF MANAGING AN OPEN-ACCESS

THE COMMONS RESOURCE

A critical aspect to understanding and overcoming of the
tragedy of the commons is the role that institutional and
technological factors play in the rivalry and excludability of a
good. Human societies have evolved many varied methods
of dividing up and enforcing exclusive rights to economic
goods and natural resources, or punishing those who over
consume common resources over the course of history.
The Case of Coastal Fisheries
Most of the coastal fisheries of Southeast Asia are
approaching or have exceeded maximally sustainable yields,
because of tremendous increases in fishing effort over the last
two decades.

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MANAGING AN OPEN-ACCESS
RESOURCE
The Sea as an Open-Access Resource
Unlike most agricultural and forestry lands which involves
specific property rights, the sea generally is regarded as
common property or an open access resource.
THE CASE OF SAN MIGUEL BAY
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THE CASE OF SAN MIGUEL BAY
The Philippine fisheries accounted for 3.7% of the gross
national product at current prices. The sector employed
about 990,872 persons. Of the divisions comprising the
industry, municipal fisheries continued to contribute the
largest share of fish production. However, the sector is beset
with problems, many of which are best exemplified by the
case of San Miguel Bay (SMB).
THE CASE OF SAN MIGUEL BAY
This bay's open access condition has led to various problems
such as:
• declining fishery resources
• depressed socioeconomic conditions
• illegal fishing
• conflict among resource users
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THE CASE OF SAN MIGUEL BAY

A poor marketing system, low level of fishing technology, People-centered development is about letting people govern
fishermen's noncompliance and authorities' lax the process of development in order to engender 'sustainable'
enforcement of rules and regulations, as well as lack of outcomes. It focuses on improving people's self-reliance,
alternative sources of income further characterize the social justice and calls for changes in the social, political,
condition in SMB. economic, environmental values and practices (Cornwall,
2011; Willis, 2011).

REFERENCES
• Korten, David C. (July–August 1984). "Strategic Organization for People-Centered
Development". Public Administration Review. Business Source Complete. EBSCO.
44 (4): 341–352. doi:10.2307/976080
• Korten, David C. (1990). Getting to the 21st Century. W Hartford, CT: Kumarian
Press. p. 4.
• Bailey, C. (ed.). 1982. Small-scale fisheries in San Miguel Bay, Philippines: Social
aspects of production and marketing. ICLARM Technical Report no. 9, 57 pp.
Institute of Fisheries Development and Research; College of Fisheries, University of
the Philippines in the Visayas, Quezon City, Philippines; ICLARM, Manila,
Philippines; and the United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan.
• OECD Development Assistance Committee (1999). "DAC Guidelines for Gender
Equality and Women's Empowerment in Development Co-operation" (PDF).
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.