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Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid Cancer
MODIFIABLE NON-MODIFIABLE
AGE
MUTATION IN GENOME
HORMONAL CHANGES
ALTERATION IN GENES
INACTIVATION OF TUMOR THAT REGULATE
ACTIVATION OF GROWTH SUPRESSOR GENES APOPTOSIS
PROMOTING ONCOGENES
DECREASED APOPTOSIS
COLONIAL EXPANSION
TUMOR PROGRESSION
MALIGNANT NEOPLASM
Stage IV (stage 4 thyroid cancer): This is the Before surgery, tell the patients to expect
most advanced stage of thyroid cancer, is horseness ( but not voice loss) lasting
further subdivided depending on where the several days after surgery
cancer has spread: After sugery, provide appropriate post
operative care:
Stage IVA: Cancers at this stage have grown Keep patient in semi-fowler’s position
beyond the thyroid gland and may have after he regains consciousness make sure
spread into nearby tissue, or they may have his head is neither hyperextended nor
spread to lymph nodes in the neck and upper flexed, to avoid pressure on the suture
chest, but not to distant sites. line.
Monitor vital sign’s, and then check
Stage IVB: The primary tumor has grown the patient’s dressing neck and back for
into the spine or into nearby large blood bleeding; loosen the dressing and call the
vessels. In this thyroid cancer stage, the physician immidiately if the patient
disease may or may not have spread to lymph complains that the dressings feels tight.
nodes, but has not reached distant sites. Keep a tracheostomy set and oxygen
equipment handy in case of respiratory
Stage IVC: The thyroid cancer cells have
obstruction
metastasized, or spread to distant sites.
Check serum calcium levels every 12
Stage IV anaplastic thyroid cancer (stage 4 hrs because hypocalcemia may develop if
anaplastic thyroid cancer): the parathyroid have been removed.
Anaplastic/undifferentiated thyroid cancers Monitor and observe for potential
are much more aggressive than the other complication such as hemorrhage,
subtypes and are all considered stage IV: hematoma formation, edema of the glottis
and injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Stage IVA: The primary tumor is contained Teach the patient and family about the
within the thyroid gland, although it may or possible signs and symptoms of possible
may not have spread to nearby lymph nodes. complication and those should be
It has not spread to distant organs. reported.
Explained to the patient and family
Stage IVB: The tumor has spread outside of the need for rest, relaxation, and nutrition.
the thyroid gland, and cancer cells may or