PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF MAGNETISM

Magnetism
- Any medium that is capable of attracting iron or steel is
called a magnet

Paleomagnetism
- is the study of the magnetic properties of rocks. It is one
of the most broadly applicable disciples in geophysics,

Electromagnet
- Temporary magnets, magnets that is works because of
electricity.

Used in variety of fields

- Geomagnetism
- Tectonics
- Paleoceanography
- Volcanology
- Paleontology
- Sedimontology

Although there are many ways of potential application, this

fundamental techniques are remarkably uniform. Thus, a grounding
in the basic tools of paleomagnetic study can open doors to many
of these applications.

Types of Magnetism
- Diamagnetism
Diamagnetic materials exhibit a type of magnetism
known as diamagnetism. Materials which are weakly
repelled to the magnet or external magnetic field are
called diamagnetic materials. Diamagnetic materials
have all the Paired electrons.
- Paramagnetism
Paramagnetic materials exhibit a type of magnetism
known as paramagnetism. Materials which are slightly
attracted to a magnet are called paramagnetic
materials. When paramagnetic materials are placed in
the strong external magnetic field, it gets weakly
magnetized.
 - Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetic materials exhibit a type of magnetism
known as ferromagnetism. Materials which are strongly
attracted to a magnet are called ferromagnetic
materials. When ferromagnetic materials are placed in
the strong external magnetic field, it gets strongly
magnetized.
- Anti ferromagnetism
Anti ferromagnetic materials exhibit a type of
magnetism known as anti ferromagnetism. In anti
ferromagnetic materials the magnetic moments of
neighboring electrons point in opposite direction.
- Ferrimagnetism
Ferrite exhibit a type of magnetism known as
ferrimagnetism. The ferrimagnetic materials does not
lose its magnetism even in the absence of external
magnetic field.

Magnetic Field
- Like gravitational fields, it can not be seen or touch. We
can feel the pull of the Earth’s gravitational field on
ourselves and the objects around us, but we do not
experience magnetic fields in such a direct way.
- We know of the existence of magnetic fields by their effect
on objects such as magnetized pieces of metal, naturally
magnetic rocks such as lodestone, or temporary magnets such
as copper coils that carry an electrical current.

Magnetic Moment
- It is created by a current and also depends on the area of
the current loop (The bigger the loop, the better the
magnetic moment).
Magnetic Flux
- The magnetic field is a vector field because, at any point,
it has both direction and
magnitude. Consider the field of a bar magnet. The
direction of the field at any point is given by the arrows,
while the strength depends on how close
the field lines are to one another.

Magnetic Energy
- The energy that is present inside the magnetic field. This
is responsible for the repelling or attraction of various
metals.

Lorentz Force Law

 1. The force is perpendicular to both the velocity v of the
charge q and the magnetic field B.

2. The magnitude of the force is F = qvB sinθ where θ is the

angle < 180 degrees between the velocity and the magnetic field.
This implies that the magnetic force on a stationary charge or a
charge moving parallel to the magnetic field is zero.

3. The direction of the force is given by the right hand

rule. The force relationship above is in the form of a vector
product.

https://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/browse/american-electricians-handbook-sixteenth-
edition/c9780071798808ch01lev1sec04

https://content.ucpress.edu/chapters/11183.ch01.pdf
http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/magfor.html
https://www.explainthatstuff.com/magnetism.html
https://www.physics-and-radio-
electronics.com/physics/magnetism/types-of-magnetism.html