Fault Location on a Mixed Overhead and Underground
Transmission Feeder Using a Multiple-Zone Quadrilateral
Impedance Relay and a Double-ended Travelling Wave Fault
Locator
Junyu Han*, Peter A Crossley †
* University of Manchester, United Kingdom, junyu.han@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk
Keywords: Fault location, Discrete Wavelet Transform,
PSCAD/EMTDC, Matlab.
Abstract
A hybrid relay scheme, which combines the advantages of a
quadrilateral impedance relay and a travelling wave fault
locator for fault location on a mixed overhead and
underground transmission feeder, is described in this paper.
A redesigned quadrilateral impedance relay has the ability to
determine the fault section and displays good performance to
resist the influence of fault resistance on fault location.
However, when a fault occurs close to a junction point where
an overhead line connects with an underground cable, the
impedance relay finds it difficult to determine the fault
section. The travelling wave fault locator now takes
responsibility for discriminating the fault section, and then the
algorithms for the corresponding fault sections will be
employed to calculate the accurate fault location. The
evaluation of this hybrid relay scheme, based on tests for
different fault locations on combined transmission lines, is
simulated using the PSCAD/EMTDC simulator.
1 Introduction
Underground transmission cables can pass through
environmentally sensitive areas, crossing rivers and railway
lines, without visually impairing the landscape. In
environmentally constrained countries, where planning
restricts the construction of new overhead lines, underground
cables will be an essential part of the transmission network,
and future feeders will be constructed using multiple
overhead and underground sections[1]. For example, the
National Grid will bury 8km of a new 400kV feeder, and in
future expects to replace sections of existing overhead feeders
with underground cables in exceptionally environmentally
constrained areas.
Most faults on overhead transmission lines are triggered by
lightning strikes; consequently, after the protection opens the
circuit breaker, the ionised air or transient fault is cleared and
the breaker can be successfully reclosed [2]. However, faults
on underground cables are always permanent and a prolonged
fault can cause severe localised damage, which in the case of
oil filled cables could result in an environmentally damaging
1
oil leak or risk an explosion. Replacing parts of overhead
feeders with underground sections in
socially/environmentally sensitive areas helps to avoid
planning restrictions and prevent public opposition due to
visual intrusion; however, it introduces problems for auto-
reclosure systems designed to restore a line after a transient
fault. For these reasons, it is important to determine whether
the fault is located on the overhead line section or
underground cable feeder, and ensure reclosure is only
activated if the fault is on an overhead section.
Recently, the concept of a hybrid algorithm combining the
impedance and travelling wave techniques to locate faults has
been investigated. The travelling wave algorithm can shorten
the tripping time of the circuit breaker, and the impedance
measurement can detect the faults which are unidentified by
the travelling wave fault locator, such as those faults that are
very close to the measurement location or with a small fault
inception angle [3]. The paper [4] proposes the application of
a hybrid relay for the complex topology of a typical
distribution system. The identification of the fault section was
achieved by the travelling wave measurement, and the fault
distance is estimated by the analysis of apparent impedance.
To identify the fault section on a mixed transmission feeder, a
hybrid relay combining the advantages of a “multi-zone”
quadrilateral impedance relay and a travelling wave fault
locator will be described in this paper. Unlike a conventional
communication aided distance scheme, this paper uses
impedance relays with five forward looking zones to cover
the main protected feeder. The quadrilateral impedance relay
with double end measurement technique can automatically
vary the shape of zones to detect a fault with appropriate
resistance. However, an impedance relay lacking in accuracy
is unable to determine the fault section, when a fault occurs
near the junction point connecting an overhead line with an
underground cable. The travelling wave fault locator now
takes the responsibility for discriminating between
underground and overhead fault sections in the confused
regions. The travelling wave fault locator predetermines the
time difference between the arrivals of the fault instigated
surge at the feeder ends, if the fault was at a junction point.
Irrespective of the fault type, time difference only depends on
fault location when the length of transmission line is fixed, so
these time differences are referred to as reference values.
Comparing the time differences measured following an actual
fault with the reference values obtained for each line-cable
transition, allows the faulty feeder section to be identified.
2 Hybrid Relay Scheme
In future, certain socially/environmentally sensitive
transmission feeders will include underground cable sections.
The network is illustrated in Figure 1, which shows a
confused transmission feeder with three overhead lines
(ଵ ,ଶ ଷ are 60km, 66km and 60km respectively)
and two underground sections (
ଵ and 
ଶ are 6km and Zone 2 20%୓ୌ୐ଵ
7km), simulated using the PSCAD/EMTDC software. The
impedance relay setting at the sending end (S) can receive the
local voltage and current data from the receiving end (R)
through the communication channel.
Juction Point
S R
'LVWDQFH
5HOD\ 8*&
2+/ 2+/ 8*&
Fault Point
Communication Channel
=RQH
=RQH
=RQH
=RQH
=RQH
Figure 1. Impedance relay setting.
2.1 Impedance Relay
Impedance relay according to the ratio of voltage and current
to measure the fault location is a robust device widely used to
protect the transmission feeder. This paper proposes the use
of a special impedance relay with five forward looking zones,
each set to cover a part of the main protected feeder.
Typically, the zone boundary sets at each line-cable junction
can distinguish the fault section, whilst if a fault occurs on an
underground cable close to a line-cable junction, the
impedance relay may decide that the fault is on an overhead
line section and then allow the circuit breaker to auto-reclose.
This may cause severe damage to the cable and risk the health
and safety of people in the vicinity of the cable. To avoid an
incorrect determination by the impedance relay, the boundary
of zone 1 is set at 80% of the first overhead line section, but
not covering the junction point. Consequently, if a fault is
seen in zone 1 (shown in Table 1), the impedance relay
assumes the fault is a transient fault located on an overhead
line section, and allows automatic reclosure of the circuit
breaker. Similarly, if a fault is seen in zone 3 and zone 5,
which respectively cover parts of the second and third
overhead line section, the circuit breaker can auto-reclose.
Zones 2 and 4 are classed as “confused” regions, since each
covers a cable section plus 20% of the overhead sections near
the cable. However, the impedance relay is now unable to
determine whether the fault is on an overhead or an
underground section in these confused regions. For this
reason, a more accurate device for the measurement of fault
location is required; this paper will discuss how a method
based on travelling wave can determine the fault section when
a fault is in zone 2 or zone 4.
The reach of Zone The Operation of
Circuit Breaker
Zone 1 80%୓ୌ୐భ . Recloses after 50ms
Controlled by TWFL
+୙ୋେభ +20%୓ୌ୐ଶ .
Zone 3 60%୓ୌ୐ଶ . Recloses after 50ms
Zone 4 20%୓ୌ୐ଶ Controlled by TWFL
+୙ୋେమ +20%୓ୌ୐ଷ .
Zone 5 80%୓ୌ୐ଷ . Recloses after 50ms
2+/
Table 1: The Operation of Impedance relay
The conventional impedance relay may fail to estimate the
accurate fault location for a fault with large resistance on the
feeder; in particular, if a permanent fault with high resistance
occurs on the underground cable section, the impedance relay
may determine that the fault is on the overhead line section
and allow the circuit breaker to re-energise the feeder. To
eliminate the influence of the fault resistance on the estimated
fault location, a quadrilateral impedance relay, which can
automatically vary the shape of zones according to the
variation of phase angle, will be demonstrated in this paper.
As shown in Figure 2, the zone of the quadrilateral impedance
relay is set according to Table 1. The quadrilateral impedance
relay expands the area of each zone in the “R” direction that
enables it to detect a fault with appropriate resistance, e.g. if a
fault is located in zone 1, zone 1 according to the setting in
Figure.2 can detect the fault with maximum fault resistance
(20Ω). To distinguish the area of each zone, the gap of zone
boundaries is assumed to be 5Ω, i.e. zone 2 can detect a fault
with maximum fault resistance (25Ω). In addition, the lines
in the second and fourth quadrant are separately tilted by 15°
to ensure the quadrilateral impedance relay correctly operates
when a fault with high resistance occurs at a location close to
the measurement point [5].
Typically, the phase angle at the sending end of the feeder
leads the angle at the receiving end, so that real power can be
transmitted across a long transmission line. However, the
phase angles of short circuit current from both sides are
different, which causes the apparent impedance seen by the
relay to be unequal to the amount of line impedance between
fault point and measurement location plus the fault resistance,
i.e. the impedance relay may determine the fault in the wrong
zone [6]. As shown in Fig. 2.2, impedance relay can
determine a fault with 20Ω fault resistance in correct zone
(zone 3) at the Ͳι transmission angle, but it made an incorrect
2
decision when the transmission angle was ͵Ͳι . To solve this From (3), the apparent impedance seen by the relay can be
problem, this paper proposes a “smart” quadrilateral divided into two parts, the line impedance (‫ ) ܛିܐ۾܈‬between
impedance relay that can adjust the angle of reactance line the fault point and the measurement point, and the fault path
based on the phase angle difference between the feeder ends, ሺ۷ ା۷ ሻή‫܀‬
resistance ( ‫) ܎ ܀ ܁‬. As the quadrilateral impedance relay
to estimate apparent impedance more accurately. ۷‫ ܁‬ା‫ܓ‬۷૙
;
calculates the apparent impedance based on the double end
measurement technique, taking the measured phase current
(۷‫܌ܖ܉ ܁‬۷‫ ) ܀‬from both feeder ends, it is able to eliminate the
=/
effect of phase shift on the fault resistance. In Figure 4, the
¡
reactance line in the first quadrant is able to decline according
8*& =RQH to the estimated transmission angle, so that the impedance
¡
=RQH
relay can determine faults in the correct zone.
¡
¡
¡ =RQH 5)
8*&
e
¡
=RQH

e
¡ =/ 7LOWHG$QJOH
e
=RQH

=RQH

=RQH
e
=RQH

e =RQH

=RQH

5
Figure 2. The zone setting in the quadrilateral impedance e
relay

Figure 3 illustrates the fault current transfers from both feeder

ends into the fault point (F) when a phase-earth fault occurs in
the transmission line. The function for estimating apparent
impedance is below: Figure 4. Tilting of the zone 1 top line to avoid pre-fault line
୙ౌ౞ష౏ ୙ౌ౞ష౏
loading.
୔୦ି୉ ൌ ൌ ౖ (1)
୍౏ ା୩୍బ ୍౏ ା ు ୍ు౏
ౖౌ౞
2.2 Travelling Wave Fault Locator
where: ୔୦ିୗ and ୗ is the phase voltage and phase current
୸ ି୸ ଷ୞ The magnitude of voltage and current affected by a fault
measured at point S, and k = బ భ = ు.
୸భ ୞ౌ౞
gradually varies from the fault point to the terminals. This
process is travelling wave propagation. As the fault points and
And, junction points are discontinuities, parts of the travelling
୔୦ିୗ ൌ ୗ ή ୔୦ିୗ ൅ ୉ୗ ή ୉ୗ ൅ ሺୗ ൅ ୖ ሻ ή  ୤ (2) wave reflect when the incident wave reaches them, i.e. the
single-end travelling wave technology has difficulty
From Equation (1) and (2) determining the fault location for a fault on a combined
୙ౌ౞ష౏
transmission line. In this paper, the multi-end travelling wave
୔୦ି୉ ൌ ౖు౏ fault locator utilizes a comparison of the time difference
୍౏ ା ୍
ౖౌ౞ష౏ ు౏ between the first fault surges arriving at both feeder ends,
ሺ୍౏ ା୍౎ ሻήୖ౜
ൌ ୔୦ିୗ ൅ (3) with reference values for faults at junction points to estimate
୍౏ ା୩୍బ
the fault location.
6 =3K6 ) =3K5 5
A travelling wave is a high frequency transient signal which
occurs alongside a steady state component. Extraction of
travelling wave signal is a difficult topic. More recently, the
,6 ,5 application of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) by the
83K6 5I ,I 83K5
,(6 ,(5 travelling wave fault locator to extract the fault surges has
been proved with high reliability [7-8]. The procedure for the
extraction of fault surges using DWT can be summarized as
follows:
=(6 =(5
1. When a fault is determined in the confused zone by
Figure 3. Short-circuit with fault resistance and in-feed from
the quadrilateral impedance relay, the recorded
both sides
current data from both feeder ends is synchronously

3
 sent to the travelling wave fault locator at the
sending end.
2. As the shape of the travelling wave on the faulted
phase is influenced by the waves coupling from the
healthy phase(s) to the faulted phase(s), the real
value of the Clarke transformation matrix is used to
decompose the phase currents into ground and aerial
modes.
ͳ ͳ ͳ
ୈଶ ). Therefore, comparing the time difference measured
following an actual fault with the reference values, the fault
section can be determined. As the propagation speed of the
wave on the fault section ( ˜୤ୟ୳୪୲ ) is known, if the fault
location is on the right side of the junction point, (5) will be
utilized to estimate the fault location. However, when a fault
occurs on the left side of the junction point, the fault location
is obtained by (6). The equation for the error estimation can
be written as (7).
଴ ିଵ ିଵ ୟ ୘౨౛౜౛౨౛౤ౙ౛ ି୘ౚ౟౜౜౛౨౛౤ౙ౛
ଵ ξʹ ୤ୟ୳୪୲ ൌ   ൈ ˜୤ୟ୳୪୲ ሺͷሻ
ቌୟ୪୮୦ୟ ቍ ൌ ൮ ξଶ ξଶ ൲ ൭ୠ ൱ (4) ଶ
ξଷ
ୠୣ୲ୟ Ͳ
ξଷ ξଷ ୡ 
ξଶ ξଶ ୘ ି୘
୤ୟ୳୪୲ ൌ ୤ୟ୳୪୲ୱୣୡ୲୧୭୬ െ  ౚ౟౜౜౛౨౛౤౪ ౨౛౜౛౨౛౤ౙ౛  ൈ ˜୤ୟ୳୪୲ ሺ͸ሻ
where: ଴ is the ground mode, and ୟ୪୮୦ୟ , ୠୣ୲ୟ are ଶ

the aerial modes. 

ȁ୐ ି୐ ȁ
Ψ””‘” ൌ ౗ౙ౪౫౗ౢౢ౥ౙ౗౪౟౥౤ ౛౩౪౟ౣ౗౪౛ౢ౥ౙ౗౪౟౥౤ ൈ ͳͲͲሺ͹ሻ
୐౪౥౪౗ౢ౜౗౫ౢ౪౩౛ౙ౪౟౥౤ౢ౛౤ౝ౪౞

3. The ground mode is frequency dependent and highly where:

attenuating, due to the effect of ground resistivity; ୤ୟ୳୪୲ = The fault location (m).
and consequently the travelling time acquired from
the ground current is not accurate. Therefore, the
aerial mode currents are analysed by the DWT in this 0 2+/ 8*& 2+/ 8*& 2+/ 0

paper.

4. A large wavelet coefficient will occur at the specific 7'

scale and location, when the wavelet function closely 7)

7'
matches the shape of the travelling wave signal.
Wavelet transform coefficients are squared ( ଶ ),
so that abrupt changes in the scale related to the fault 7'

surges can be found.

7 )

7'

Typically, the instant of the maximum wavelet transform

coefficients appears when the travelling surge arrives at the
measurement point. Due to the unequal surge velocity of
waves propagating on the overhead line and underground
cable sections, and the different length of each transmission
section, the first waves arrive at both terminal feeders at
different times. The travelling wave fault locator
predetermines the time difference between the arrivals of the
fault instigated surges at the feeder ends, if the fault is at
junction point between an overhead line and an underground
cable. Irrespective of the fault type, the time difference
referred to as a reference value only depends on the fault
location.
As shown in Figure 5, when a fault occurs at the first
underground cable section, the backward wave (shown in red
lines) propagates to terminal ଵ (୊ ), and the forward wave
arrives at terminal ଶ (୊′ ). The incident wave front arriving
at ଵ will take more time than a fault happening at the first
junction point (shown in blue lines), but the fault wave
arriving at ଶ will take less time. Hence, the time difference
( ୢ୧୤୤ୣ୰ୣ୬ୡୣ ൌ ୊′ െ ୊  ) is less than the reference value
′ transmission line. The impedance relay successfully
(୰ୣ୤ୣ୰ୣ୬ୡୣଵ ൌ ୈଵ െ ୈଵ ). In the same way, the instant of
backward wave surge arriving at ଵ increases to ୈଶ , but ୊′
′
reduces to value ୈଶ when the fault location moves towards
to the second junction point. Hence, the time difference
′
(ୢ୧୤୤ୣ୰ୣ୬ୡୣ ) exceeds the reference value (୰ୣ୤ୣ୰ୣ୬ୡୣଶ ൌ ୈଶ െ
Figure 5. Fault occurs on underground cable section (UGC1)
3 Test Result
To illustrate the operating behaviour of the hybrid relay, a
simple transmission system, as shown in Figure 1, has been
carried out in a PSCAD/EMTDC simulator. The double end
measurement technique for the quadrilateral impedance relay
and the travelling wave fault locator is required. After faults
simulated on the combined transmission line, a Matlab model
of the locator was evaluated using the PSCAD/EMTDC. The
sampling time step was chosen as 0.8 μ• and the algorithm
was tested using data obtained at various fault locations with
a range of fault resistances.
3.1 Impedance Relay
Table 2 illustrates how the impedance relay performed when
the faults occurred at different locations on the combined
determined the fault zone when faults occurred at the junction
point or on the underground cable section, whilst there were
some incorrect determinations of the fault sections, marked as
red data in the table and corresponding to faults that occurred
around the boundary of a zone. For example, when a phase to

4
ground fault occurred at 78.54km on the first overhead line 4 is able to detect a fault with the setting fault resistance
section, the impedance relay falsely determined that the fault (35ષ ). From the simulation results, the “smart” quadrilateral
was in zone 3 but not in zone 2, and then the circuit breaker impedance relay displays better performance to resist the
was allowed to re-energise the line. That issue is acceptable, effect of fault resistance on fault section.
as faults on the overhead line are usually transient, and
reclosure for transient faults is an important method to Fault Transmission Transmission Angle
improve the reliability of the transmission system. resistanc Angle 30° 10°
e(ࢹ) Tilted No Tilted Tilted No Tilted
The impedance relay also delivered an incorrect response line line line line
when a phase to earth fault occurred at 47.40 km on the first 17 Zone4 Zone4 Zone4 Zone4
overhead line section. As the results show, the impedance 18 Zone4 Zone4 Zone4 Zone5
relay did not report the correct zone (zone 1), but indicated 19 Zone4 Zone4 Zone4 Zone5
the fault was in the confused zone (zone 2). For a fault in the 20 Zone4 Zone5 Zone4 Zone5
confused zones, the backup protection of a travelling wave
35 Zone4 - Zone4 -
fault locator is activated to decide if the fault is located on the
overhead or the cable. Consequently, the zone boundary is set 36 Zone5 - Zone4 -
on the OHL sections and well clear of the junction points; this 38 Zone5 - Zone4 -
ensures that the impedance relay is able to trip the correct 39 Zone5 - Zone5 -
zone for a permanent fault on the UGC section. Table 3: The Influence of Fault Resistance on Quadrilateral
Impedance relay
Line section Fault Zone Trip
3.2 Travelling Wave Fault Locator
Location Theoretical Practical
After simulating the fault at each line-cable connection point,
(km) zone Zone the four reference values and the propagation velocity of
42.00 Zone1 Zone1 waves on the overhead line and underground cable section
OHL1 47.40 Zone1 Zone2 were obtained, and shown in Table 4. The time difference
48.60 Zone2 Zone2 obviously reduced when the fault location moved away from
Junction point 1 60.00 Zone2 Zone2 the first junction point to the last junction point.
60.30 Zone2 Zone2
UGC1 ܶோଵ ܶோଶ ܶோଷ ܶோସ ܸைு௅ ܸைு௅
64.74 Zone2 Zone2
Junction point 2 66.00 Zone2 Zone2 300 226.4 2.992ൈ 1.630ൈ
-214.4ߤs -299.2ߤs
78.54 Zone2 Zone3 ߤs ߤs ͳͲ଼ ݉Τ‫݉ ଼Ͳͳ ݏ‬Τ‫ݏ‬
79.86 Zone3 Zone3 Table 4: The Measurement Results of the Reference Value
OHL2 and the Propagation Velocity
118.14 Zone3 Zone4
126.72 Zone4 Zone4
Junction point 3 132.00 Zone4 Zone4 3.2.1 Fault occurring in the first OHL section close to
132.70 Zone4 Zone4 junction point
UGC2
137.67 Zone4 Zone4
Junction point 4 139.00 Zone4 Zone4 A single phase to ground fault occurred at 59.5 km from the
148.00 Zone4 Zone5 measurement location on the first overhead line. From Figure
6, the time difference was calculated as: ୢ୧୤୤ୣ୰ୣ୬ୡୣ =
OHL3 150.40 Zone4 Zone5
0.3005048- 0.3002 = ͵ͲͶǤͺɊ• , which exceeded the
151.60 Zone5 Zone5 ୰ୣ୤ୣ୰ୣ୬ୡୣଵ . That meant the location of fault was on the first
Table 2: The Operation Result of Impedance Relay Device overhead line.
for Fault on Combine Transmission line
V
This “smart” quadrilateral impedance relay is able to locate a V

fault with appropriate fault resistance in the correct zone. For

example, a fault was assumed at 139km (corresponding to the
last junction point), and the phase angle shift between feeder
ends varies from 30° to 10°. If the reactance line of each zone
in the first quadrant is fixed and parallel to the “R” direction
as in Figure 2, the impedance relay, of which zone 4 is
designed to detect a fault with fault resistance equal to or Figure 6. Single phase fault occurring on overhead line
lower than 35ષ , only can detect a fault with maximum fault belonging to zone 2
resistance (19ષ), so it failed to reach expected standards.
Then, the reactance line in the first quadrant is set to decline 3.2.2 Fault occurring in the first UGC section close to
depending on the transmission angle as in Figure 4, and zone junction point

5
 4 Conclusion
A single phase to ground fault occurred at 0.5 km on the
second underground cable section. Figure 7 shows the instant This paper proposes a hybrid relay scheme for a fault on a
the travelling wavelet arrived at both feeder ends of the combined transmission line consisting of three overhead lines
combined transmission line. The time difference was: and two underground cable sections. The quadrilateral
ୢ୧୤୤ୣ୰ୣ୬ୡୣ = 0.3005 – 0.300212 =ʹͺͺɊs, which was lower impedance relay is a robust device that can determine the
than୰ୣ୤ୣ୰ୣ୬ୡୣଵ , but larger than ୰ୣ୤ୣ୰ୣ୬ୡୣଶ , i.e. the location of majority of faults in the correct section. In order to reduce the
fault was on the second underground cable section. effect of fault path resistance and load current, a quadrilateral
impedance relay is employed, which can adjust its reactance
V
line based on the phase angle difference between the feeder
V
ends to estimate apparent impedance more accurately. The
quadrilateral impedance relay can locate a fault with high
resistance in the confused zone, and prevent the circuit
breaker from de-energising the line to avoid health and safety
risk to the general public. For the faults in the confused zone,
this paper proposes the backup protection of a travelling wave
fault locator based on the double-end measurement
technology to discriminate the fault section. Comparing the
Figure 7. Single phase fault occurring on the second
time differences measured following an actual fault with the
underground cable
reference values allows the faulty feeder to be estimated. The
simulation results show that the proposed hybrid relay is
Table 5 shows the simulation results of the travelling wave
capable of determining the fault section on combined
fault locator for faults at different fault locations on the
transmission lines.
combine transmission line. The travelling wave fault locator
can identify the fault section with high accuracy for most
faults, but it was difficult to distinguish the fault section, References
when the fault location was too close to the junction point. As
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132.10km UGC2 -219.2 132.396 4.223% [7] Qin Jian, Chen Xiangxun ; Zheng Jianchao, “Travelling
138.90km UGC2 -296.8 138.802 1.397% Wave Fault Location of Transmission Line Using
Junction point 4 -299.2 Wavelet Transform”, Power System Technology, vol.1,
139.10km OHL3 -302.4 139.479 0.633% pp. 533 – 537, (1998).
Table 5: Fault Location Estimated by Travelling Wave Fault [8] Magnago, F.H, “Fault Location Using Wavelets”, Power
Locator Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, pp. 1475 – 1480,
(1998).