2017 Nineteenth International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), Menoufia University, Egypt, 19-21 December 2017
Improved Ground Distance Protection for
Cascaded Overhead-Submarine Cable
Transmission System
Ahlam D. Zahran, Nagy I. Elkalashy , Mahmoud A. Elsadd, Tamer A.Kawady, Abdel-Maksoud I. Taalab
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University, 32511 Shebin Elkom, Egypt
Mahmoud.ElSadd@sh-eng.menofia.edu.eg
Abstract—This paper presents an improved distance protection
algorithm for detecting ground faults in transmission systems with
cascaded overhead-submarine cable segments. The mathematical
core of the proposed distance protective function considers the
charging currents of both overhead and underground cable
segments. Hence, an accurate detection of the fault event van be
realized. On the other hand, the proposed algorithm overcomes
the non-homogeneity of the composite transmission systems, via
updating the calculated impedance for faults in the remote section.
For evaluation purposes, a detailed simulation is utilized for a real
400 kV Taba-Al-Aqaba inter-tie composite transmission using the
ATPDraw program. However, developing the phasor computation
and the distance relaying algorithm are processed in Matlab. The
obtained results are analyzed and compared with the conventional
core of the distance relaying function, where the results emphasize
the efficacy of the presented distance scheme for composite
overhead-cable lines.
Index Terms— Transmission systems, Composite lines,
Distance relays, Shunt capacitors.
I. INTRODUCTION
T
RANSMISSION systems have been established for
transferring the electrical energy from the power plants to
the substations near the loads. Power is usually transmitted
through overhead transmission lines. However, the majority of
the new construction looping is underground transmission cable
due to environmental and aesthetic concerns. These cables are
connected to the existing overhead lines forming cascaded
overhead-cable transmission lines [1]. Unfortunately, cables
have impedance lower than the overhead line due to the smaller
spacing between the cable conductors. Furthermore, the cable
zero-sequence impedance angle is less than the corresponding
angle for the overhead lines owing to the cable sheath. Also,
the smaller spacing between the cable conductors and the
sheath as well as the higher dielectric constants of the cable
insulations enlarge its capacitances significantly [2-3].
Due to environmental conditions, more than 80% of the
transmission lines faults are single phase to earth ones.
Therefore, a reliable protection for this fault type is required
[4]. On the other hand, unit protection tools with pilot schemes
such as current differential, phase comparison, and directional
comparison methods can be used with underground
transmission lines as a result of their relatively short lengths.
978-1-5386-0990-3/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
778
However, reliable pilot communication channel unfortunately
cannot be sometimes laid in the cable trench. As example, for
the 400 kV inter-tie Egypt and Jordan with a composite
transmission line crossing the Aqaba Gulf, it is not appropriate
to include a pilot circuitry. Therefore, distance protection is
considered as a primary protection for the composite
transmission line [5], [6].
Distance protection concept depends on simple RL model
in measuring the impedance between the relay and fault point.
Distance protection operates when the measured impedance
enters the adopted operation characteristics. The non-
homogeneity of the cable and overhead sections results in
inconsistent ratios of reactance to resistance and the zero
sequence to the positive sequence impedances for each line
segment. Thus, combining overhead line and cable segments
together influences the performance of the distance function
letting the fault be more distant from its geometrical point [7-
9]. Moreover, the significant shunt capacitors with the cable
segments may seriously affect the performance of the distance
function with simple series RL model in particular. These
effects may lead to unnecessary tripping of the local relay or
undesirable acceleration of the remote one [5].
In 1997, the IEEE Relaying Committee suggested different
setting rules for composite lines. Since, these suggestions
depend strongly on the cable parameters, setting calculations
for such lines become more complicated [10]. Another method
was proposed in [11] for composite lines by identifying the
faulted segment whether to be either in the cable section or in
the overhead section. This was done by extracting the DC
component of the fault current using the DFT (Discrete Fourier
Transform) digital filtering computation and its derivates with
respect to time. However, the shunt capacitance may affect its
performance remarkably [12-13].
In 2005, Moore et. al. employed the conventional distance
computation depending on lumped element network modeling
with PI representation to include the shunt capacitances in
computation [14]. However, using the conventional distance
protection function in fault impedance measurements may
affect its performance seriously [15-17]. Therefore, modifying
the distance protection core considering the electrical
characteristics of both the cable and the overhead line in
addition to the shunt capacitances is clearly required.
 In this paper, an improved ground distance protection for is still applicable by updating the voltage and currents for both
composite lines is proposed. The proposed algorithm includes line junctions similarly.
the shunt capacitances into the algorithm derivation facilitating
the overcoming the composite transmission line problem itself.
A typical 400 kV system with composite inter-tie Taba-Aqaba. The conventional distance algorithm compares between the
fault impedance and its adopted setting, where the setting
calculation depends on the line parameters. For composite
lines, in particular, the X/R and Z0/Z1 ratios (X is the line
reactance, R is the resistance, Z0 is the zero sequence
impedance and Z1 is the positive sequence impedance) for the
cable segment differs for the corresponding ones for the
overhead line. Also, the contribution of the shunt capacitors is
not considered by the conventional distance function, where the
computed fault impedance is computed as [8],
Ea (1)
Z R = mZ 1 =
I a + k0 I0
where m is the per unit length of fault distance from the relay
location as a percentage of the total line length. Z1 is the
positive sequence impedance of the total line length. Ea is the
phase voltage and Ia is the phase current. ZR is the relay
measured impedance up to the fault point and k0 is the zero
sequence compensation factor. I0 is measured zero-sequence
current. As the capacitance effect is not involved in (1), this
effectively causes errors in the relay reach [18-20].
Unlike the conventional distance relay [21], the improved
distance function is derived based on medium transmission line
model using Π representation as illustrated in Fig. 2.a. This
modeling is advantageous with its suitability for both
Fig. 1 Description of the proposed distance relaying. submarine cables and overhead lines with its own distributed
parameters for each segment with the equivalent Π
is selected for simulation purposes using the ATP-EMTP representation. As illustrated in the aforementioned figure, the
program. Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) algorithm is used selected system is assumed to be fed from both line ends and
to extract the fundamental components, and then the improved the fault distance is assumed to be at per unit length m from
distance relaying computation is applied. Different simulated relay location. The positive, negative, and zero sequence
test cases are analyzed using Matlab. The results corroborated a equivalent circuits are represented in Fig. 2.b and Fig. 2.c for a
significant improvement of the distance relaying computation phase-to-ground fault in the first and second segments
with utilizing the proposed computation methodology. respectively.
Referring to Fig. 2.b, the positive, negative, and zero
II. IMPROVED GROUND DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNCTION sequence voltage components at the fault point (E1f, E2f, E0f)
Fig. 1 illustrated a simplified flowchart to clarify the and the corresponding components at the relaying point (E1, E2,
proposed distance protection procedure in either the first or the E0) for a phase-to-ground fault in the first section are computed
second line sections. Then, the trip decision is issued based on as follows.
the comparison between the fault impedance measurements and EY
the setting characteristics. First, the measured voltages and E1 f = E1 − mZ 1−1 ( I 1 − 1 1−1 ) (2)
currents are estimated and then the corresponding positive, 2
negative and zero sequence components are computed. Then, a E 2Y1−1
preliminary fault distance is estimated to decide if the fault is E 2 f = E 2 − mZ 1−1 ( I 2 − ) (3)
localized in the first or the second section. If the fault is 2
localized in the second line section, the updated voltage and E 0Y0 −1
current sequence components are calculated at the junction of E 0 f = E 0 − mZ 0 −1 ( I 0 − ) (4)
both lines, then the final fault distance can be estimated 2
accurately from the junction point and added to the whole where Z1-1, Z2-1, and Z0-1 are the positive, negative and zero
length of the first section. The proposed procedure is presented sequence impedances of the first section respectively.
using a transmission tie of two different sections. If the Similarly, Y1-1, Y2-1, and Y0-1 are the positive, negative and zero
transmission system contains three sections, the same concept sequence admittances of the first section. For a solid phase-to-
ground faults, the phase voltage at the fault point Eaf equals to

779
zero which is equivalent to the summation of the sequence
components such as:
E af = E1 f + E 2 f + E 0 f = 0 (5)

Substituting (2), (3) and (4) in (5), it yields;

E1mZ 1 −1 I 1Y1 −1
E af = E1 − mZ 1 − 1 I 1 −
2
E 2 mZ 1 −1 I 2Y1 −1 (6)
+ E 2 − mZ 1 −1 I 2 −
2
E 0 mZ 0 − 1 I 0Y0 −1
+ E0 − =0
2
Considering,
E1 + E 2 + E 0 = E a  ሺ͹ሻ
Š‡ǡ

c. Symmetrical components for phase-to-ground fault in the second section.

Fig. 2 Proposed line modeling for the modified distance function.

Y1 ( E1 + E 2 ) mZ 0−1 E 0Y0
E a − mZ1−1 ( I a + k 0 I 0 + − ) = 0 
2 2Z 1−1
ሺͺሻ
› ”‡ƒ””ƒ‰‹‰ ሺͺሻǡ ‹– ›‹‡Ž†• –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ second order
polynomial represented as,
a. The selected line circuit models.
§ E Z Y ·
0 .5Y1 Z 1−1 ¨¨ E 1 + E 2 + 0 0 −1 0 ¸¸ m 2
Y1 Z 1−1 ¹  ሺͻሻ
©
− Z 1−1 ( I a + k 0 I 0 ) m + E a = 0
The above equation can be written in the form;

Am 2 − Bm + C = 0 ሺͳͲሻ
™Š‡”‡ǡ
§ EZ Y ·
A = 0.5Y1−1Z1−1 ¨¨ E1 + E2 + 0 0 −1 0 −1 ¸¸ ǡ
© Y1−1Z1−1 ¹

B = −Z1−1(Ia + k0I0 ) ǡƒ† C = Ea Ǥ

b. Symmetrical components for phase-to-ground fault in the first section (J: the
junction point).
Accordingly, the estimated fault distance can be obtained
by solving (10), where two possible solutions of the per unit
length fault distance m during phase-to-ground faults are
available. One of them is neglected owing to its extremely high
value exceeding the overall transmission system length. When
the second solution has a negative a negative fault distance, it is
interpreted as the fault is before the relaying point (upstream
the relay). For a positive fault distance, it indicates that the
fault is in the downstream direction of the relaying point. For
forward faults, the per unit fault distance m with less than or
equal to one values means that the fault point is in the first

780
section (overhead sgment). It is worthy to note that (10) is TABLE I
computed based on the associated line parameters of the first ACTUAL AND CALCULATED FAULT DISTANCE FOR 10:100% FAULTS ALONG
section with reasonably accurate estimated fault distance. Then, COMPOSITE LINE WITH MEASURING FROM THE OVERHEAD SIDE.
the relay measured impedance up to the fault point is computed Calculated
Calculated
as, fault
Actual fault Calculated fault Final
Fault distance
distance fault distance estimated
Z R = mZ 1− 1 (11) location (km) using
Faulted (km) from distance (km) using fault
(% line updating at
Section the relay (km) using updating at distance
length) the first
When the per unit estimated fault distance m from (10) is point (11)
junction (19)
the second
greater than one, this can be interpreted as the fault is in the junction.
second section. Then, a remarkable error is expected for the 10 4.36 4.3780 -21.2965 -25.0019 4.3780
estimated fault distance m owing to performing the related First 20 8.72 8.6827 -15.4796 -20.6708 8.6827
computation based on the parameters of the first line section section 30 13.08 13.0785 -9.5110 -16.2513 13.0785
40 17.44 17.4455 -3.5211 -11.8712 17.4455
only. Then, the need for updating the corresponding fault
50 21.8 21.4325 2.0982 -7.7805 22.098
distance estimation procedure based on the parameters of the Second
60 26.16 23.3327 4.9916 -5.7519 24.99
Section
second line segment after the junction point of both line 70 30.52 26.9879 10.6948 -1.9089 30.6948
sections. In this case, the new equivalent circuit in Fig. 1.c is Third
80 34.88 30.7390 16.8518 2.0366 35.6366
utilized to calculate accurately the measured impedance using a 90 39.24 34.8372 23.4104 6.2175 39.8175
Section
100% 43.6 33.1380 20.6228 9.3 42.9
new estimated fault distance m as follows.
Y1−1 Y
I1J = I1 − E1 − 1−1 E1 J (15)
The updated voltage and current values at the junction point 2 2
between the first and the second sections are first compensated Y1−1 Y
and then used to compute the updated voltage drop as, I2J = I2 − E 2 − 1 −1 E 2 J (16)
2 2
E 1Y1−1 (12)
E 1 J = E 1 − Z 1 −1 ( I 1 − ) Y0 −1 Y
2 I0J = I0 − E 0 − 0 −1 E 0 J (17)
EY 2 2
E2 J = E 2 − Z 1−1 ( I 2 − 2 1−1 ) (13)
These values are then used to compute the new per-unit length
2
fault distance m in the second section from the junction point.
E0Y0−1
E0 J = E0 − Z 0−1 ( I 0 − ) (14) Then, (9) is modified as,
2
§ E Z Y ·
0.5Y1−2 Z1−2 ¨¨ E1 J + E2 J + 0 J 0−2 0−2 ¸¸ m 2
© Y1−2 Z1−2 ¹ (18)
− Z1−2 ( I aJ + k 0−2 I 0 J ) m + EaJ = 0
where Z1-2 and Z0-2 as well as Y1-2 and Y0-2 are the corresponding
values for the second section. Then, the final updated fault
impedance is estimated as,

Z R = Z1−1 + mZ1− 2 (19)

where, m is the per unit estimated fault distance of the second

section from the junction point.

III. SIMULATED SYSTEM

A deep investigation was carried out based on a 400 kV,
43.6 km Inter-tie Taba–Aqaba composite circuit as described
in Fig. 3. It consists of a 20 km single circuit overhead line
Fig. 3 One line diagram of Taba-Aqaba composite inter-tie transmission line
starting from the 400 kV Taba substation to the Egyptian
submarine cable side, 13.6 km single circuit three-single core
submarine cable connecting both the Egyptian and Jordanian
networks, and finally a 10 km double circuit overhead line
connecting the submarine cable with the 400 kV Aqaba
substation. Therefore, it is an ideal system for evaluating the
proposed distance relaying function for the composite lines.

781
 The system was modeled using the ATPDraw program. The
prepared simulated fault cases are extracted from the ATP to be
processed by the proposed distance relay function described in
the previous section. Also, a conventional quadrilateral digital
distance relay is also modeled for comparison purposes. The
first zone was set to 80 % of the circuit positive phase sequence
impedance. Where the first part of considered transmission line
represents 46% of the total line length, the second part is ended
at 77% of the total line length, and the third part is ended at
100% of the total line length. Thereby, the first zone covers the
first and second parts. The responses of relays situated at Taba
substation was examined as evaluated in the following section.
included in the fault path is an overhead line. Similarly, the
response a fault at 70% of the cable sectionis demonstrated in
Fig. 6 for a fault at 60% of the total Taba-Aqaba composite line
length. Unlike the proposed algorithm, the conventional one
allocated the fault as an external one out of Zone1. The
response for faults external of Zone1 at 90% of the total
composite line length is shown in Fig. 7 having a clear
underreach with the conventional distance protectionas well.
Therefore, the conventional distance protection will underreach
for internal faults, while the proposed algorithm identified this
fault successfully as internal ones in both all cases.

IV. EVALUATION OF THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM FOR TABA- 100

Actual Fault position
AQABA INTER–TIE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 90 Fault position using proposed algorithm

For evaluation purposes, different single phase-to-ground 80

faults along the transmission line were applied with different
fault distances. As shown in Fig. 3, there are two junction 70

FAULT DISTANCE
points. For each case, the proposed algorithm was first applied 60 single circuit single circuit Double circuit
cable section
to determine the fault impedance with taking into account the overhead section overhead section

faulted section. Then, the fault impedance is tested with the 50

presetting distance characteristics to visualize whether the fault 40

is into the tripping zone or not. Table I summarizes the
simulation results for different faults along the line length from 30

10 to 100 % of the total Taba-Aqaba composite line described 20

in Fig. 3. Also, it shows the calculated fault distance at the
10
relaying point with updating the related quantities at both
junctions J1 and J2. Its last column illustrates the estimated 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
fault distance using the proposed algorithm, whereas the shaded FAULT DISTANCE %LINE
cells are the corresponding final computed distances. For the
faults in the first section, the estimated fault distance is directly Fig. 4 Fault position identification for faults along composite line Taba-
calculated without the updating procedure as updating the Akaba.
related phasors results in a negative distance calculation. For
faults in the second section, the estimated distance without the 18

updating procedure provides higher values of the first section 16

length. Then, the updating procedure provides the correct
estimation of the fault distance. A further updating step to the 14
junction J2 gives a negative value which assure locating the
fault the second junction point. For the faults in the third 12
section, two updating steps are required to correctly estimate
10
the fault distance.
X (ohm )

The actual fault distances and the corresponding estimated 8

fault ones have been drawn in Fig. 4. It can be seen that the
proposed algorithm values for the fault distances are very close 6

to the actual ones in the overhead section, underground cable 4

section and also for the parallel circuit section. Therefore, the
faulty section determination task in the distance protection has 2
setting charactristic
proposed distance performance
been correctly achieved. conventional distance performance
0
The next step is to evaluate the performance of proposed 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
distance relaying algorithm with respect to the conventional R(ohm)

distance protection using the same prepared test cases. Fig. 5 Fig. 5 Proposed and conventional distance protection performances for solid
shows the corresponing response of the proposed and the faults along the overhead section.
convetional algorithms for faults located along the first
overhead section by showing the impedance locus diagram for
different solid faults in the first section of the considered
composite line. As depicted from the results, both tested
algorithms shows similar performances as the line segment

782
 18 18

16 16

14 14

12 12

10
X(ohm)

10

X(ohm)
8 8

6 6

4 4
setting charactristic setting charactristic
2 2
conventional distance performance conventional distance performance
proposed distance performance proposed distance performance
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
R(ohm)
R(ohm)
Fig. 6 Impedance locus diagram for solid single phase-to-ground fault case at
60% of total Taba-Akaba line length using conventional and purposed Fig. 8 Impedance locus diagram for phase-to-ground external fault case at 90%
algorithms of total Taba-Akaba line length using conventional and proposed algorithms.

18

16
25
conventional algorithm
14
using updated compensation factor
12 Improved algorithm
20
10 J1 J2
X(ohm)

8
15
6
E rror(% )

4
setting charactristic 10
2 conventional distance performance
proposed distance performance
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
R(ohm) 5

Fig. 7 Impedance locus diagram for phase-to-ground internal fault case at 70%
of total Taba-Akaba line length using conventional and proposed algorithms.
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Fig. 8 shows the impedance locus diagram for an external fault percentage(%ZL)

fault case at 90% of the total Taba-Aqaba composite line

length. The conventional algorithm allocated the fault outside
all the adopted three zones due to the resulting underreach
case. However, the proposed algorithm correctly indicate the V. PROPOSED ALGORITHM PERFORMANCE FOR A FIELD CASE
fault in the second zone. Then, comparing the fault impedance
error with both the proposed and conventional algorithms, the
estimation error of the fault impedance calculation is greatly
decreased with the proposed algorithm as seen in Fig. 9.
Fig. 9 Error percentages for fault impedances along composite line Taba-
Akaba using conventional and proposed algorithms
ON INTER –TIE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM TABA-AQABA
A single line-to-ground solid fault occurred just behind the
distance relay at Al-Aqaba substation on December 21, 2005.
The remote end relay, which is the second main distance
protection, detects a solid single line-ground fault in the
reverse direction, so it did not issue a trip decision and the
circuit breakers are still closing at the Jordanian side (Aqaba
station). On the contrary, the distance relay which is the main
distance protection at Taba substation unfortunately
recognized the occurring fault as a forward one in the first
zone and issued an instantaneous tripping.

783
 The afforementioned case was tested with the developed considered in the proposed algorithm. Moreover, the problems
simulatuon as well. As depicted in Fig. 10, the conventional of non-homogeneity of the parameters of different line sections
distance protection has a severe underreach status, while the parameters were perfectly eliminated by the proposed
resistive reach setting is extended to cover a wide range of algorithm. The proposed algorithm has been tested with a 400
fault resistances. With the extended resistive reach setting, kV inter-tie composite line which connecting both of the
overreach occurred similarly with the simulatd field test case as Egyptian and Jordanian networks. The performance of the
demonstrated in Fig. 11 showing a similar perofmance to those distance relay is investigated with both the conventional
practically in the recorded accident. The proposed algorithm, mathematical core and the improved algorithm. Results have
however, identified correctly such faults as into the second proved that the proposed scheme eliminates the effects of the
zone as seen in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11. This corroborated th remarkable error sources of distance relays with such lines
correct peformance for dealing with faults in composite lines. including the fault capacitance effects and fault distances as
compared with the conventional core of distance relays with an
18 average error lower than 2.5 % of the line length.
16
VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
14
The authors are expressing their gratitude to the electrical
12 authorities of the Egyptian and Jordanian countries for
releasing the transmission system data and fault records.
10 Special thanks to the technical administration at Taba
X(ohm)

8
substation for their cooperation.

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IX. APPENDIX

d1
h1
h2

h3

h4

Fig. 12 Tower configuration for the single circuit overhead section in

Taba-Aqaba Cascaded Transmission Line

785