2019 2nd International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Power Systems (ICHVEPS) - Bali - Indonesia
Study of Increasing Surge Impedance Loading (SIL)
and Voltage at DEPOK Substation by Changing
TASIK-DEPOK 500 kV Transmission Line's
Configuration
Fajar Tri Wardana
PT PLN (Persero) UIW Aceh
PT PLN (Persero)
Jakarta, Indonesia
fajar.tw@pln.co.id
Abstract— In electric power systems, good electric power
transmission is vital to occupy the load requirements. Power
transmission capacity on transmission lines restricted by Surge
Impedance Loading (SIL). When the transmission line loaded at
its SIL value, then the transmission line will be purely resistive.
If the transmission line is purely resistive, then the value of drop
voltage will decrease and will improve the power quality. The
voltage that below its reasonable value would cause the electrical
equipment does not work in the maximum performance. When a
transmission line SIL level is increased, the capacity of a
transmission line will also increase. Increasing the level of SIL
can be done by changing the configuration of the transmission
line. The conversion is done inter alia, expand the diameter of the
conductor, increasing the distance between sub-conductor,
increasing the number of sub-conductor per phase, and
decreasing the gap between phases. From all of these variations,
it can be seen that the value of SIL and drop voltage of 500kV
transmission line TASIK-DEPOK. From the results obtained, it
can be concluded that the value of the largest SIL occurs when
the number of sub-conductor as much as 6 pieces with the sub-
conductor distance between 80cm. The highest SIL is 2429.45
MW, and the highest %voltage of DEPOK bus is 96.81%.
Keywords—transmission line, surge impedance loading, drop
voltage
I. INTRODUCTION
Electric Power System generally divided into three
subsystems that are generating electricity, transmission and
distribution. Transmission is using to drain a large amount of
electrical power. The transmission system is using high
voltage to drain electrical power. It is aimed at decreasing
losses caused by conductor dissipation. When the voltage is
increased, then the electric current will decrease. When
electric current decreases, then it will be decreasing the
dissipation losses. The transmission line has a restriction
capability to drain power electrical. One restriction is the line
conductor temperature limit. When an electrical current is
flowing in a line conductor, it will arise some heat caused by
dissipation. This temperature limit will restrain the amount of
current flow within the conductor and directly will restrain the
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Rudy Setiabudy
Electrical Engineering Department
University of Indonesia
Jakarta, Indonesia
rudy@ee.ui.ac.id
amount of electric power that could be flowed, when a large
amount of current flow in the transmission line, the voltage at
receiver sides will be lower than sender sides. The more
significant amount of current flow makes an immense value of
the voltage drop in the transmission line. Commonly used
ways for overcoming voltage drop are by using reactive power
compensator on the receiver side, the increasing voltage at the
sender side and increasing the level of surge impedance
loading (SIL) on its line. The last ways will be discussed in
this paper.
In this paper, a study case will be performed on the 500 kV
Jawa-Bali grid. By changing the line’s configuration, which
also changes inductance and capacitance of the line, at the
same time, it will change surge impedance loading (SIL) level.
Changing the line’s configuration purposed to get a higher
level of surge impedance loading (SIL) and will be observed
the drop voltage value on the connected bus. The purpose of
this study is to obtain a relationship between surge impedance
loading (SIL) and drop the voltage on the transmission line so
that it can decrease drop voltage in Jawa-Bali 500 kV
transmission line. The reviewed line on this paper is TASIK-
DEPOK line.
II. THEORY REVIEW
A. Surge Impedance Loading (SIL)
Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) is defined as active
power/loading (MW) consumed by a resistive load through a
line in which its value as the same as surge impedance value on
its line. While surge impedance is a characteristic impedance
(Zc) of the specified line. The transmission line produces
reactive loading MVAr) as a result of its natural capacitance.
MVAr amount produced is dependent on its capacitive
reactance (XC) and voltage in the line. Not only produces
MVAr, but also the transmission line absorbs reactive loading
to produces the magnetic field. The magnetic field strength is
dependent on the magnitude of the current flow in the line and
the line’s natural inductive reactance (XL). Absorbed reactive
097
load also dependent on the current flow and XL. When the
transmission line is loaded on its SIL level, this line will have
the same amount of both produced and absorbed MVAr. So
that, the transmission line will appear in its nature resistive.
Absorbed and produced reactive power in the transmission line
can be expressed as,
= (1)
= (2)
When line is loaded on its SIL level,
=
= Therefore, to change and increase the SIL level, can be
= L/C
Where V: phase to phase voltage at receiver side (VR)
I: current at receiver side (IR).
As known before Zc = / , The SIL level is occur when
ratio between voltage and current (at receiver side) is equal to
Zc in its line. Active power (MW) magnitude in SIL level can
be expressed as,
= [ ] (4)
/
and current IR at SIL level can be written as,
= [ ]
√ /
When a line is loaded below its SIL, then the line will supply
reactive load into the system. Otherwise, when a line is loaded
over its SIL, then the line will absorb reactive load from the
system, so it will decrease the voltage. SIL chart is generally
can be shown as,
Figure 1. Line SIL characteristic
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B. Surge Impedance Loading Increasing Method
From Eq. (4), it can be seen that SIL is dependent on
characteristic impedance (Zc). Zc is also dependent on the
inductance and capacitance of the line. On formulizing
transmission line impedance and capacitance, it can be seen
that affect variable is the value of the line geometric mean
distance (GMD or DEq) and geometric mean radius (GMR or
r' or Ds). As known before, the line inductance and capacitance
can be rewritten as,
= 0.7411 log (6)
.
= (7)
√
performed by changing transmission line geometric mean
distance (GMD) and geometric mean radius (GMR)
(3) magnitude. GMD and GMR magnitude can be changed by
changing the transmission line configuration. In this study, SIL
magnitude will be increased. Thus, transmission line
configuration can be performed in several ways, inter alia:
 Close phase distance, it will decrease GMD, so that
inductance will decrease and SIL will increases.
 Dissociate sub-conductor distance, it will increase GMR
and decrease inductance and also increase SIL.
(5)
Figure 2. Bundle conductor arranged from 4 conductor
 Increasing conductor diameter, it will increase GMR and
decrease inductance and also increase SIL.
 Increase sub-conductor on each phase, GMR will increase,
the inductance will decrease and also increase SIL.
By applying these methods above, inductance will decrease
and capacitance will increase automatically, so that SIL will
increase. With increasing SIL, drop voltage will decrease.
C. Transmission Line characteristic on SIL Level
Transmission line characteristic can be expressed as,
= cosh( ℓ) + sinh( ℓ) (8)
098
IR will change in SIL situation, therefore Eq.(8) can be written A. X and Y Transmission Line Calculation
as, Because of using bundle conductor and various transmission
line configuration, so the 500 kV Jawa-Bali X and Y
On SIL level, transmission line calculation needs more attention. Geometric
Mean Radius (GMR) for each configuration of bundle
= (9) conductor can be expressed as,
TABLE 1.
GMR FORMULAS FOR EACH BUNDLE CONDUCTOR
By substitute eq.(09) into (08) obtained, CONFIGURATION

= cosh( ℓ) + sinh( ℓ) Number

of Configuration GMR Formula
= [cosh( ℓ) + sinh( ℓ)] (10) conductor

Remembering ,

= = + (11) 2 =√

cosh( ℓ + ℓ) = cosh ℓ cos ℓ + sinh ℓ sin ℓ

sinh( ℓ + ℓ) = sinh ℓ cos ℓ + cosh ℓ sin ℓ (12)

3 = ′
Eq.(10) can be written as,

= (cosh ℓ + sinh ℓ)(cos ℓ + sin ℓ) (13)

= (cosh ℓ + sinh ℓ) ∠ ℓ (14)

Where : attenuation constant [neper/mile] 4 = 1.09

: Phase angle constant [radian/mile].

From Eq. (14) can be seen that voltage magnitude at receiver

side is depends on α magnitude and its phase angle is depends 6 = 1.272 ′
on β magnitude.
III. 500 KV JAWA BALI GRID SIMULATION
Where ′ is GMR of every ACSR stranded conductor used in
In this study, the observed object is a drop voltage on a bus.
the bundle conductor, ′ and d is in meter and also GMR
Conductor diameter (either aluminum or steel), sub-conductor
produced is in meter. Especially for line capacitance
distance, sub-conductor number in a bundle conductor and
calculation, ′ is changed by r (radius) of the ACSR stranded
phase spacing will become a variable. TASIK-DEPOK line
conductor.
will be selected for observed. It is because this line, from Tasik
Substation to Depok Substation, has 279,5 km long. The
B. Vertical Line Configuration
performed variation will significantly be seen. Through data
Vertical line that used in 500 kV Jawa-Bali grid is generally
was obtained from PT PLN (Persero) P2B Jawa-Bali, can be
double vertical. There is a difference in Deq/GMD and Ds/GMR
made a 500 kV Jawa-Bali grid simulation using ETAP
calculation for double vertical line configuration. Deq and Ds
(Electrical Transient and Analysis Program) 12.6.0. This
calculation can be written as below,
simulation will perform load flow simulation, so the voltage at
each bus while the grid operates can be known. Especially on
the transmission line, parameters that need to be inputted to =
ETAP will be entered based on calculation before. It is because
variations carried out throughout the study will directly affect =
the value of these parameters. Parameters which needs to be
inputted on transmission line rating in ETAP is reactance (X) =
and susceptance (Y).

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 = (15) • Line configuration : Double vertical
Phase distance and TASIK-DEPOK line configuration as
and the calculation for Ds can be expressed as, seen in Figure 4.
From the rating and data, magnitude of each parameters can
be carried out and written as,
=
L = 0.4259 (mH/phase/km)
C = 0.0266 (μF/km to neutral)
= X = 0.1337 (ohm/phase/km)
Y = 8.3481 (μSiemens/km)
= Zc = 126.5648 (ohm)
SIL = 1975.2729 (MW)
= (16) On Jawa-Bali 500 kV grid, TASIK-DEPOK line connects
between Tasik substation busbar and Depok substation busbar.
The load is flow from Tasik to Depok. Depok busbar is also
Furthermore, inductance and capacitance of the double vertical
connected to Gandul substation and Cibinong substation.
line can be written as,
Moreover, on Depok substation busbar is installed two units
500 MVA IBT (Inter Bus Transformer) 500 kV/150 kV.
= 0.461 log (17)
A. Changing Radius of Gannet ACSR
. Because of using ACSR conductor, the radius change
= (18) variation is performed not only to the steel strand but also
aluminum strand. Data obtained from the simulation can be
Where, L : Inductance (mH/phase/km) seen in Table 2. The blue row is an original rating of the used
C : Capacitance (μF/km to neutral) conductor. Radius variation is performed by increase and
Deq : Mutual GMD (m) decreases the stranded conductor radius. From Table 2, it can
Ds : Self GMD (m) be seen that inductance and reactance magnitudes will increase
while the radius is shortened. Otherwise, it will decrease while
the radius is extended. At the same time, capacitance and
susceptance magnitudes will increase while the radius is
extended and will decrease while the radius is shortened. This
is because while the radius is extended, r' and also GMR will
increase.
With this effect, it will impact to characteristic impedance
(Zc), SIL, and voltage magnitude at DEPOK bus. The impact
can be seen in Table 2. While inductance decrease and
capacitance increase, Zc will decrease, and SIL will increase.
Furthermore, DEPOK voltage will increase because the drop
voltage in TASIK-DEPOK line has decreased. In Table 2, the
highest DEPOK voltage magnitude is on the sixth row, where
the stranded conductor radius is the widest.
TABLE 2.
PARAMETER DATA DUE TO CHANGE CONDUCTOR RADIUS
∆V (%)
Figure 3. Double vertical line configuration r St r Al SIL %V
No TASIK-
(cm) (cm) (MW) DEPOK
DEPOK
IV. CASE STUDY
1 0.12 0.16 1946.14 96.08 7.08
500 kV transmission line from extra high voltage substation 2 0.13 0.17 1953.851 96.09 7.07
in Tasik to Depok is using double vertical configuration.
TASIK-DEPOK line has 279.5 km long. TASIK-DEPOK 3 0.14499 0.1858 1964.932 96.11 7.05
rating and data can be seen below, 4 0.14499 0.2 1970.396 96.12 7.05
• Conductor : Gannet ACSR 5 0.1581 0.20335 1977.657 96.13 7.03
• Number of steel/aluminum : 7/26
6 0.17 0.25 1994.073 96.16 7.02
• Radius of steel/aluminum :0.1581cm/0.20335 cm
• Number of sub-conductor per phase : 4
• Sub-conductor distance : 40 cm
• Bundle conductor configuration : Quadruple

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B. Changing Sub-Conductor Distance From the data above, it can be seen that the more the number
TASIK-DEPOK line uses quadruple bundle conductor with of sub-conductors used in bundle conductor, the greater the SIL
a 40 cm long distance between each stranded conductor. Data magnitude and the higher the DEPOK bus voltage. For each
obtained from the simulation results can be seen in Table 3. distance variation between sub-conductors, the same
The distance between sub-conductor variation in a bundle conclusion can be drawn that the farther the distance between
conductor is performed by distancing and bringing the distance the sub-conductors, the greater the SIL magnitude and the
closer. From Table 3, it can be seen that the farther the distance higher the DEPOK bus voltage.
between sub-conductors, the inductance and reactance
magnitudes will be smaller and vice versa. While for the TABLE 4.
PARAMETER DATA DUE TO CHANGE THE NUMBER OF SUB-
capacitance and susceptance magnitudes will be greater when
CONDUCTOR
the distance between the sub-conductors farther and vice versa.
This is because the change in distance between sub-conductors Number ∆V (%)
Spacing SIL %V
will affect the GMR value of the bundle conductor. The farther No of Sub- TASIK-
(m) (MW) DEPOK
the distance between the sub-conductors, the greater the GMR conductor DEPOK
magnitude and vice versa. From the influence on the parameter
1 4 0.4 1977.66 96.13 7.03
magnitudes above, the value of Zc, SIL and the voltage on the
DEPOK bus will also change. The farther the distance between 2 0.2 1504.13 95.39 7.74
the sub-conductors, the lower the magnitude of Zc and the 3 0.3 1561.20 95.49 7.65
greater the value of SIL. Furthermore, it will cause the voltage
drop magnitude to be smaller, and the voltage on the DEPOK 4 2 0.4 1604.40 95.56 7.57
bus will be increased. 5 0.5 1639.59 95.61 7.52
TABLE 3.
PARAMETER DATA DUE TO CHANGE SUB-CONDUCTOR 6 0.6 1669.51 95.66 7.48
DISTANCE 7 0.2 1645.94 95.62 7.48
∆V (%) 8 0.3 1738.68 95.76 7.36
Spacing SIL %V
No Zc (ohm) TASIK-
(m) (MW) DEPOK 9 3 0.4 1811.08 95.88 7.25
DEPOK
10 0.5 1871.53 95.97 7.18
1 0.2 142.1458 1758.758 95.79 7.31 11 0.6 1924.00 96.05 7.12
2 0.3 133.0315 1879.254 95.98 7.15 12 0.2 1918.02 96.03 7.1
3 0.4 126.5648 1975.273 96.13 7.03 13 0.3 2079.59 96.28 6.91
4 0.5 121.5488 2056.787 96.25 6.95 14 6 0.4 2211.79 96.48 6.78
5 0.6 117.4505 2128.557 96.36 6.88 15 0.5 2326.50 96.65 6.68
6 0.7 113.9853 2193.264 96.46 6.81 16 0.6 2429.45 96.81 6.58
7 0.8 110.9837 2252.583 96.55 6.76

C. Changing Number of Sub-Conductor D. Changing Phase Distance

On TASIK-DEPOK line, the number of sub-conductors
used is 4 Gannet ACSR. The variation that will be performed
is to change the number of sub-conductors into 2, 3, and 6. For
each change in the number of sub-conductors, there will also
be a variation of the distance between sub-conductors as much
as 5 data. Simulation data for variations in the number of sub-
conductors can be seen in Table 4.
Changing the number of sub-conductors in a bundle
conductor will affect the calculation of the GMR from the
bundle conductor. So, it will affect the value of the
transmission line parameters. The reactance magnitude will be
decreased while the number of sub-conductors is multiplied
and vice versa. Otherwise, the susceptance magnitude will be
increasing while the number of sub-conductors is multiplied
and vice versa.
Changing phase distance is performed by changing the
vertical distance between A, B, C phase, and also by changing
the horizontal distance between one circuit with another.
Simulation data for the changing phase distance can be seen in
Table 5.
Changing the phase distance can change the transmission line
parameters magnitude. It can be seen in Table 5, the reactance
magnitude will decrease, and the susceptance magnitude will
increase when the phase distance gets closer and vice versa.
This is because changing the inter-phase distance will change
the GMD value of the line. GMD will decrease when the phase
distance gets closer and vice versa.
With the influence on the transmission line characteristic, the
SIL magnitude and the DEPOK bus voltage will change. Both
of them will increase when the phase distance is getting closer.
But bringing the inter-phase distance closer in practice also has

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to consider several things, because the phase distance affects V. CONCLUSION
the air insulation strength between the line conductor.
1. The highest SIL and DEPOK bus voltage is obtained
TABLE 5.
PARAMETER DATA DUE TO CHANGE THE PHASE DISTANCE when the number of sub-conductors is 6 with 60 cm
spacing.
∆V (%) 2. The highest SIL is 2429.4543 MW and DEPOK
DAB DBC DAC D SIL %V
No TASIK- bus %voltage is 96.81%
(m) (m) (m) (m) (MW) DEPOK
DEPOK 3. The highest SIL level and DEPOK bus voltage for each
changing is:
1 9.7 12.2 21.9 29 1969.799 96.12 7.05
∆V (%)
2 9.7 13 22.7 27 1962.623 96.11 7.05 SIL %V
No Change Type TASIK-
(MW) Depok
3 9.7 12.2 21.9 28 1972.435 96.12 7.05 DEPOK
Sub-conductor
4 10 12.2 22.2 27 1969.559 96.12 7.05 1 1994.07 96.16 7.02
diameter
5 9.7 12.2 21.9 27 1977.657 96.13 7.03 Sub-conductor
2 2252.58 96.55 6.76
6 9.7 12.2 21.9 26 1978.33 96.13 7.04 spacing
7 9.7 11 20.7 27 1996.197 96.16 7.02 Number of
3 2429.45 96.81 6.58
sub-conductor
8 9.7 12.2 21.9 25 1981.625 96.14 7.03 4 Phase distance 2037.95 96.22 6.97
9 8 12.2 20.2 27 2011.97 96.18 7
10 9.7 10 19.7 27 2015.784 96.19 6.99 VI. SUGESSTION
11 7 12.2 19.2 27 2037.956 96.22 6.97 Because the stranded conductor used is ACSR Gannet with a
total number of strands is 33 strands, it will be difficult to
determine the ACSR GMR value. In this study the GMR value
E. Result Analysis of stranded conductors uses the approach of ′. To obtain a
Increasing the SIL level and DEPOK bus voltage, it can be result that is closer to real, the GMR formula of stranded
performed by increasing the diameter of the conductor ACSR, conductor should be determined first. Further research can also
distancing the sub-conductors spacing in a bundle conductor, be done for channels with horizontal configurations.
increasing the number of sub-conductors and get closer the
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