EE 660

Applications of Power Electronics to Power Systems

Instructor: Prof. Anshuman Shukla

Email: ashukla@ee.iitb.ac.in
Office: Power Electronics Lab 2, EE Main Building
Lecture hours: Slot 8
Lecture: 5
Power Flow and Dynamic Stability Considerations

I2X cosφ = E1 sinδ I2X sinφ = E1 cosδ – E2

P = E2I2cosφ =

Q2= E2I2sinφ =

Similarly, Q1= E1I1sinφ =

By varying the amplitude and phase

angle of the voltage injected in
series, both the active and reactive
current flow can be influenced.
FACTS Controllers Categories

• Series Controllers
Variable impedance, such as capacitor, reactor, etc., or a
power electronics based variable source.
All series controllers inject voltage in series with the line.

• Shunt Controllers
Variable impedance, variable source, or a combination of these.
All shunt controllers inject current into the system at the point
of connection.

• Combined Series-Series Controllers

Each series controller provide independent series reactive
compensation for each line but also transfer real power among
the lines via the power link.
FACTS Controllers Categories

• Combined Series-Shunt Controllers

Current is injected into the system with the shunt
part and voltage in series in the line with the
series part of the controller.
There can be a real power exchange between the
series and shunt controllers via the power link.

• FACTS Controllers with Storage

A controller with storage is much more effective for controlling the

system dynamics than the corresponding controller without the storage.
IEEE Terms and Definitions

Flexibility of Electric Power Transmission: The ability to accommodate changes in the

electric transmission system or operating conditions while maintaining sufficient
steady state and transient margins.

Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS): Alternating current transmission systems

incorporating power electronic-based and other static controllers to enhance
controllability and increase power transfer capability.

FACTS Controller: A power electronic-based system and other static equipment that
provide control of one or more AC transmission system parameters.
Uncompensated Line: Loading conditions
Transmission lines produce reactive power (Mvar) due to their
natural capacitance. The amount of Mvar produced is dependent
on the transmission line's capacitive reactance(XC) and the voltage
(kV) at which the line is energized. The Mvar produced is:

The amount of MVar used by a transmission line is a function of

the current flow and inductive reactance. The MVar used is:

The surge impedance loading or SIL of a transmission line is the MW loading of a

transmission line at which a natural reactive power balance occurs, i.e., the line's
MVar usage is equal to the line's MVar production.
SIL occurs when:

when a line is loaded above its SIL it acts like a

shunt reactor - absorbing Mvar from the system,
and when a line is loaded below its SIL it acts like
a shunt capacitor - supplying Mvar to the system.
Uncompensated Line: Loading conditions

The voltage profile along the line varies as the loading varies. For P = Pn (SIL) the
voltage profile is flat. The voltage variation at the midpoint is maximum for the
symmetrical line as the load varies from zero to maximum value.

Surge Impedance Loading

Surge Impedance
 For light loads, the absorption is less than the
generation and voltage in the line tends to rise.
On the other hand, at loads exceeding Surge
Impedance Loading (SIL), the absorption is higher
than the generation and the voltage tends to fall.

By connecting series capacitors and shunt

inductors/capacitors in the line, we can control the
reactive power flow in the line to limit the voltage
variations and increase (active) power transfer capability.

Static Shunt Compensation

Steady state transmittable power can be increased and the voltage profile along the line
controlled by appropriate reactive shunt compensation.

Shunt connected, fixed or mechanically switched reactors are applied to minimize line
overvoltage under light load conditions, and shunt connected, fixed or mechanically
switched capacitors are applied to maintain voltage levels under heavy load conditions.
Static Shunt Compensation
It is possible to control the overall voltage profile of such a line by
creating a midpoint voltage bus and connecting a controllable reactive-
power (Q) source, called a var compensator, to it so that below SIL, the
var compensator absorbs Q, and above SIL, it supplies Q.

Var compensation is thus used for voltage regulation at the midpoint (or some intermediate) to
segment the transmission line.

it is not important to hold the midpoint voltage Vmc at 1-pu voltage, especially if there is no load
connected to it. Also, it is not necessary to have a controllable var source at the midpoint; instead, an
adequately sized fixed- or switched-shunt reactor could be used to keep the overvoltage within limits.